I · •~ .

, VI 9
' ean• by Euc1·tdea. . ltantitativc b
""~ils
l) (jive a g~ometnc definition nSeornetr l Otii11 u
j) space. G~ve an example of for each of.Yh? '~~
an eve t e fi0 \tl~i
What dowe mean. . by dimensi on.? Horyday. ob·~ect tha
1lowi
Ilg: •
~-!In~
'"'
) I
' n,,fine an ang e m geometric .t w ts dillle . l call Point U l'llt,1►
~) V" . • f . I ernis "'' ' ns1ori rcpr ' tie 1·
" 5001e portion o a ctrc e? Disti · . · what is th tclatcu csc11t , '~e
~1
..,\".
• f · ngu1sh eV to \he Cilch &l!t,... ---z~i,
W}lat 1s p ane geometry? What do .among righ Crtcx? 'w 1111% or th;.'.~11t, '·'!':·;.,
~ What is a polygon? How do we rn:s it mean for I~ angles, s1~~t dow~ «Jf ~;:.~~o~":, ~4
i
, 1~

~ . 8 feW simple polygons. asure the Peri;cs lo be Pa,g1i, angi"''t.tri ~~'~, ~, "=t.
What ·are the formulas for the circu c. ctcr of uP:Pcndicu:· Qc:11tc ~ 9,~ 1cit1~ ¾i. ~~
in . h I I ntierenc Ygon7 r or fl&J~ ; •11 ~t
.. •!'Id '.!lt!t 'r-'tf)
I/ vescribe ow we ca cu ate the Volum e and area f Dc~,lllta1te1
8) .,,~at are the sea ling laws for area andes and surface nr~" n circle?
VY•• r. Vo 1
tune? r- "'1.1S of 11 r
1
ebti~ ~ri
cta~ ' · ~~
•Pl;~,;~~
9) · . What is a sunace-area-to-volume ratio? How d cxpl~in. •cw simple ·ut11e11it ·
10luui&ii,t4®
1--·
. . ocs U11s ratio h -
C angc I'f
three.dim .
Cfls1~
"~or
~id
e
n..c
,Jletber each of the foll~wing stateme nts make
I• •
we lllak
ean
n.i1 ObJl'N.
,J_ , --1.1.
sense (or . 5
r- rly false). Exp am your reasonang. • ''llJttt hi
bclet The twO highways look like straight lines and th · . · ~ clearly true) &Iler'/ 111'Qt1tt7
11) The ci~ park _is triangular in shape and has two ~y intersect twice. or doea not "'akt
12) My bedroom is a rectangular prism that rneasu angles.
13) Kara walked around the circular pond fo a poi~~s 2 ~eet by IO fe~t by. fi
. n ft
1101
oes lltakt 1t
tt~ (flr

4 8
1) · direetly across the pond to the same point. Jamie rnon tthe 9Pposite side, antJt. . _·lttake •e 11st
IS}
. k b 11 . sh
· b_as. et a /s ap 1 _
l'k . ea us ave ar . d arn1e s
ea right circ~lar cylinder. _ nve before Kara. wam at the sanic
aae
bl...,

butl~m .a 1ence across my rectangular backyard -I ·r,,qi

- . , can create two tr• · Ooes not
l --- , , . .. . . . .. iangutar Yards. lllakt le11t
J 17_22) Angles and Circles.-Find the degree measure of the angle that subt. · .
f , - ~ 1. • . .. I . . . 1 . 2· ends the following parts of .
. .
17). 2 crrcle 18. 6 crrcle 19. 5 circle .20. ..:. circle ~ . acircle.
. . · 3 2I. 9 circle 22 : .
. .Solution: i7) ·!2.x3600
' .. '
= 18011
. . 6
!
18} x 3600 = 600 . .
.
·1·9) I 3
.
.. 6 circle
60° =.72° sx
· lO) ¾x3600:240° 21) ;x360' :80° . . 22+360'=JOO'
~ 23--30) Fractions of Circles. Find the fraction of a circle subte,nded by the following angles. . ·
· 23) 45° 24) 6° . 25L 120° 26) 90° .
1
. 27) 36° . 28) 60° 29) 300° jo)nso
. · 45° 1· · . · . · 6°·, · 1
Solution: 23) 45°_= _· 25 = S Cu:cle
= 0._1_ 24} 6~ = = 0.01667= Circle
3600 3600 60
. '' . 120° 1 .' • ' ' . . 90° . . 1
25) 120°=·
3600
=~?~~J Crrcle · ~6} 90°_= 3600 =0.25~ Circle
4
. · .: . 36° ~ · l . . ·lS}. 600=· 600 =0.16667~!circl~·
27) 36°.= - - = 0.1 = - Crrcle · a 6
. .. . . .• 360° : . 10 .. ' ' . 360 .· .
:· ·. . . . ·. ·-300° ·. · ·s . o-· 2250·-0625=~Circle·
..:· ._ . . . 29)309°= -
0
~0.83=- Crrcle 30)~25 -
3600 - • . · 8 ·
:-
J 3L'l~ . . .360 . 6 . ound tothe~tenth. .•
~l ~! tircle Practi~e. Find the c.ircumfen:nce. and of the foilowing circles. R ~ .
area
.. ~ij -~. ~ ,circle with a radius ~f 8 met,~ . . . , .· . . _.· . . . ·. . _, = 2(31428)(8);., SOC~ ·
•·. _. .· Area=m-2=3.1428x 8~=201.13' and Circumference of circle- 2. 1tr _1 • ·

~ ~-~ith a radius of 3 kilometers·. _ . _· . . .· · : . · · = ~= 2(3.1428)(3)= ~S.85 _.

~ · Area=m-2=3.1415 xJ2=28.271 and Circumferenceofcircle 2 ·, . · .· ·
tire~.w~h a dia~r 23 feet.- · . (8&~1) . / of · : · _ ,u = i(J.i248)(23) =72.3 ft .
.' ~ • nr."=3.1428 x(23)2 =41S.S tr .Gd Circumference ofc~cle- 2 ·
.. . . : .. •: . - . . .
 • lt£'.01111, m ,! ( I ) (Motiule-2 F undamental Mathematical Conc~e
ls
tlJ••H~ ,., , ,, ,,,t,111811V • -- .:..:.w. - - )
f I◄"• 11> A I•'
111
"'
'
" • ,. • 1, • • ., 11 ., " • ,,t.1 1 ••• " ' '' . "'i A • " ,' ' • (,'l 61 om.I
. I I I • H • •• 1
C irc umfer c.-ncc o f c •1rc I c = 2 ;u = 2(3 . 1428) (4.5) = 28 •2 8
,' o r 11111, n {
1
' ' '" ~•, .. ,,. , ,,f4!1 ,nlllhucters
1111
., , 1 " ,·II•'" " 11 It u '- ' 'H 1 ., 125< , .6 mm1 ond
Circ-umfercnc e of c ircle = 2 m = 2(3. l 428) (20) = 125 7
"' 1 1- 1-" 20 - mm
~•.!lnli'tfl.i. , \,,'fl 1 noric-ta Il l 1. .5 kdo rnc lcrs
11
J6) A '- 1rd •' ' " ' : ' ' ~· g ,, (0 .75) 1 - 1.76 and Circumference o f circle= 2 n r = 2(3.'1428)(0.75) =
,...... ,~fl l " " ••n; A'
14 2 9 42
i C'ft. r " ' , •ArN•"'.· Ui.c T a b le I 0 . 2 .to fiin d t h e perimeter
. an d area o f t he follow ing figures .
_,,,- .J 7-421 l'l"[ m.- r,-.. 11 111 • •
J?} A :uiua r c sca le p11rk with sides oflength 6 miles
:,;o1t,r lon; A rca • Lengt h x Width = 6 x 6 = 36 m:,
Perimeter = 6 + 6 + 6 + 6 = 24 mi
.JS) A recun.gular env elope with a length of8 inches and a width of 14 inches
S-oluti1ln: Arca = L x W = 8 x 14 = 112, Perimeter= 8 + 8 + 14 + 14 = 44
3'9) A parall~(ogram with sides of length 8 feet and 30 feet and a di.stance between tbe 30-foot sides of
fett 4
SoJu:tion: Area of paralle logram= Base x Height= 30 x 4 = 120 fr, Perimeter= 2(base+side)= 2(8+30) == 76
40) A square with sides of length 1.4 centimeters.
Solution: Area= L x W = ( l.4)2 = 1.96, . Perimeter= 1.4 + 1.4 + 1.4 + l.4 == 5.6
41 ) ~ rectango.lar postage stamp with a length of2.2 centimeters and a width of2.0 centimeters (ADs.21 )
Smauon.: Area = L x W = 2.2 x 2 .0 = 4.4 cm2, Perimeter= 2 .2 + 2.2 + 2.0 + 2.0 == 8.4
42) A parallelogyam with sides of length 4.5 feet and 12.2 feet, and a distance between the 12.2-foot
s ides of3.6 feet
Solution: Ar ea= L x h = 12.2 x 3.6 = 43.92, Perimeter= 2 (4.5 + 12.2) = 33.4
43--46) Triangle Geometry. Find the perimeter and area of the following triangles.
43
1 Solution:
P = a + b + c = 6 + 8 + l O = 24 units,
6
l . l - 2
Area= - (base (height) = - (8)(6) = 24 uruts
2 2
44) Solution
P =a+ b + c = 2.5 + l.875 + 3.125 = 7.5 units,

Area=.!._ ( l.5)(3.125) = 2.3437 units2

3.llS 2

·~ s }:
I
.s
Solution
P = a +b +c =5 + 8 + 5 =
Area = -1 (3 )(8 ) = I 2umts~
2
. '
18 units,

Solution
P = a + b + c = 24 + 13 + 13 = 50,
Area= 1/2(24)(5) = 60

..
4 7) Window Space. A picture window has a length o~ 8 feet and a height of 6 - - - >- f t ~
feet, witla a semicircular cap on each end (see Figure). How much metal
trim is needed for the perimeter of the entire window, and how much glass 6ft
i~ needed fo r the opening nf the window? .
Solution . A reci.ang lc with length = 8 a_nd he1~t = 6. . _ .
The two s emicircular caps together rr,ake a single crrcle, whose radius 1s 3 feet.
The perimeter = Perimeter (rectangular porti1;m ) + Perimeter (Semi-Circle portion)
The perimeter = 2 x 8 + 2 1t r "" 2 x 8 + 2 n . · 3 = 3_4.8_5 ft _
The Area = area (rectangular portion)+ area (Sem1-C1rcle portion)
2
-1 he Area = 6 x g + n x 3 = 7~.27 rt2.
) A Running Track. A ,:-unmng track has str.aight legs ofl~ngth 100 yards that are
48
<,O yanh apart (see Figure). What " the length of the (mner lane of the) track,
including the circular legs, and what is the area of the infield of the tra.c k? .

I
131,n, d
r ~r,rin,._~cr
• or nuu1ini; Ira<~ • 22(n(l\1r) imctc
D

Arca • 100 x c,o + 1

r l l !lien,· .

11 r • (,0(10
2
~
ll-11
I( 5
---.:" .
· b•cu lul Jf(,fd,., ! I
+ I(IO + f IOO f

T'K,~ , .• ,
• •• .

• . ,., Ii C t" ,, \()

~
J• •
11•i1dlll# :;1•1fl• ,.r ,r " igurr, 1howln1 th• • 0 1111 l . • 1,,, ' • I ., •
1•) •c• •__
- su ,po~r tluat chr stnirs 1·be at a at.,rrrn• clon
I to ,. ><oUh ,1 .. ~••. l• ,1
,._io•
1
co a,e I
1 rov,n-d In thnt .••••7 · "l • ••d .,. ""d
II '""•'••• '•••••••
,1 1

Afca "" I- x b >< I, (height • 11 feet t llil ~C • 12.,cct)

r
I. ._., 11,
• 111. •~•I ..,
"-t.f ~
., •~
2
Arca • - x I:? fl x 11 ft ==.66 square fcct
2
5') .,
' c•tcatation
• R,quin-d.
• • Th• end views oflwo dill<rrnt barns t
- sh•"'" ,n
1 ,.
0 Figure- W1tboul calculating, decide w1IIC
. h ••d 2, .:,•\

•.,_s tbOgreater area. Esplain bow you know. ,:. :i. /

~
,.uoo: Fig (a) haS greater area as compared to fig (b). In this figure tota
1 ».-~~ I
/ ,
•""' of t,arnS equal . area of square and area of triangle. As ~
. to the r--.• I
l
sho" dn 'f~ · Both has sa~e area of square but d_ilfercnt area of • , • '--.,_J
. and compared

~r~
trianB"(ar
1 part,on. And the diagram shows fig (a) triangle has greater area ·
..,ithout calculation. by observing
. diagrams
- .we concluded that: fig (a) barn h:is grcata area
to lhc

to fig (b) t,arnS· . . . . " ""'

SI) .,.rldC Lot. A parkillC tot is shaped like a parallelogram
aod 1,o,utded on_ four sides by streets, as sbOWD in Figure.
)ID11' . .is
much aspltall (in square yards) . needed to pave

ttae parking lot?

~ptioJAr"4 = ease
ffeight . -
X . (Area of the parallelogram)
Afe8 • !SO yard x!SO yard "' 27000 yards' . .. .
52) . Cit)' Park- J1ientl! sltOWS a dty park in '
die. a"8P" of • parallelof:111tD with • · : ·• · ·
n,eta11gulal' p1ayground In tbe center. If ---
al _but tbe playground ·is covered with
· ......, w1tat area is covered witb grass? .
§llpliga; City park bas a shape o( parallelogram -
with a rectangle playground in the centre.
To final the total area of city park covered
by grass exoept playground is to find the
area of parallelogram and area of rectangle.
of paralleloiiram .. L x ff
be taken which can make, or·draWII·perpendicular
So.
·Ler.base
· Area·
should · · to its beil!I' So L" 9()m and
2
Area of paraUelogram • 90 111 x60 rn "' 5400111 · ·
Area of rectangle • L x W · · (L "' 20 111 , W"' SS nt)
Area of rectangle = SS III x 20 111 = JI 00 rn2 · ·
~
~otal area of city park .. ,._ of parallelogram t area of rectaD31e. ·
find 8'155 total .,. we must subuact the ungr&SS area or ploYgrounil area- niea. •
~ covered by grass .. 5400 111 -1100 111 .t300 rn2
. 2
2

. ·~■i:Pl
"'
8.s?J. 'IJle,Qjy means. the total are covered by grass is 4300 ,n2. .
Obied!, Use.the ronnulas in Table I0.3 to answer the followlll& quc
 • t Con~
· Honey A TextBook of Quantitative Reasoning (I) (Module-2 Fundamental Ma\hcma ical
53 ) A competition swimmin g pool is 50 meters long, 30 meters wide, and 2.5 meters de~p. How ffllltla
·
water does the pool bold?
·Solution • V=L x W x H
Length= 50 meters, Weight "" 30 meters, Height = 2.5 meters
The pool holds = V == 50 x 30·x 2.5 • 3750 meter cube.
54) Ail arena has a floor that meHure s 40 meten by ~O meters, with a ceiling 8 meters high. How mucla
air does it hold, in coble meters? in liters? ·
Solution V = Length x Width x I lcight
Length = 40 meters, Width =- 50 meters, Height = 8 meters
V • 40 x 50 x 8 "" 16000 meters cube. And v - 16,000,000 meters •
55) An air duct in a stadium has a circular cross section with a radius of 18 inches and a length of 40
feet. ~bat is the volume of the duct, and how much paint (in square feet) is needed
to paint ~e
exterior of the duct?
Solution Radius = 18 :t' ·hes, . · length= 40 feet
Radius = 18 inches x I·.feeth l.Sfeet ·
12 me es
Volume o_fthe air duct= Volume of a cylinder = nrh = 3.142 x (l.5)2 x (4~) = 282.78 ft3
·
The exterior of the duct=. curved surface area of cylinder = 2 mh = 2(3.142) (l.5)(40) = 377.04 fr
Thus, the amount of paint needed is 377-ft' · . .
W <? a~e assuming here that ~hei:e are no circular end pieces cin the duct that need to be pointed
of there ar
end pieces, the area would u~crease by= 7t x (1.5)2= 14.l ft2 ·. - . . e
. A grai~ s_torage buildi~g is ~-h~mispherical shell with. a radius of 30 _meters. What bthe volllllle
of
56)
. the ~uddm~? How much pamt IS needed to cover the exterior of the building· ?. · ·
Solution Radius = 30 m · • · · · : . . · · . I
,
' .. : 4.
erical shell, we use formula: Volume of sphere = 1t r~ · -
To find volume of h~misph
3
. ' . .·. 1 ~ 4 ' 3 ·2 '. .1
So, for hemisphere Volume ofhemisphere= .-x- nr =- itr .. .
- · · : 2 · 3 - .· ,3 _; . , -·
. . . - ·. 2 .. . 2 - . . -. -. .
Volume of hemisphere= -~ 7t {30 m)3: =· ~3 ~ 7t X27000 m-~ =·56548
3
.67 m 3· .: . • .

~ · , 3 : ·
· · To find the area of paint ~eeqed t_o co'ver exterio~ of building - ..· - . . . . _ . . •. _·:
Area= 4 1t r2.=:41t (30 m)2 = 4 1t x.90~ m = 11309.?"m\ ·Paint needed to cover the exteriQr ofbuil ·
2

-. 57) Three ~nnis balls fit- perfectly )Vhen stac~ '.in:: •. cyli~diical .caL . '\Vhich b:greater.
circumference of the can or the height of the can? ·Explainyour reasoning. · .. •:.· . ·, ; ,.. . ·. .
Solution of
Circumference the. can =: 21tr. Length of each ball is,2r: _The heighthf the ~canis-equal to
of
height. the stracked balls. So, can height =-3(2r) = 6r. Since,"21t > 6, the distance .around is greater
. the height. Circumference is greater, because it is.n diameters (of a tennis ball) lon~· wh~ as th~. he'
· .its only 3 diameter tall. - : ' · . -· - · : · .,, _· .. ~- · ··
58) Water Canal. A wate·r canal has a rectangular cross section 3 meten
wide ~nd ; meten d~~ .
much water is contained in a 30-meter len&tli of the canal? How much water does it hold after6
of the water has evapo ·ated? .. · · ··
Solution . Rectangle cross section: . :. ~eight= 3 m, height~ 2 m; •. length.= 30 m. .· ..· . .·
A ~ater c~l has a rectangular cross section, so the volume of water in water canal is its Jength ·
width times its depth. Then, ;__ -Volume of water,,,; L x _w x h~-3 m x 2 m ~ 30m= 180
60 3
Wat~ h~ld for 60% -= 180m x
3
=108 m ·
. . 100 -· .
.~ ·
3 3
· Total water = 180 m - 108 n(evaporated= 72 m _ • _ . · · ·- ·

72 m3 of water remaining after 60% of water has evaporated. · · - ·. ·. , • ·

59) Water Reservoir. "The water reservoir for~ city is shaped like ·_a rectapgalar prisni.250
60 meten wide, and 12 meten deep. ~t ,he end of the ~•Y, the reservoir is.70o/e-full B_
·water must be added ove~night:to ml t~e reservoir? - . . · · . . •· . . .

133"
 ( I) (Modul""l Fund •~ l\ll~ n111c-a_l_<.'omT t' l
Hone A Text Book of Qui nt ibltivc Rru onin
• 60m. I IC'ight • 12m
Reclangul?r Reservoir. Length • 250m. Widlh times it~
Lhc volume of water i., its length til'llCS iu width
~"'~r he \\Dier reservoir has rectangular prism, so• 2.$0m x 60m l( 12m • I80.000m '
8

V ~eplh, 1hen Volume of water .,. L "' W "' L

•
70 )( I 80,000 m1 • I 26.000 m '
e end of day, reservoir is 70% full. So.
100
~(h
126,000 rn ' • , 4000 m'
water needed lo full the r~ervoir • 180,000 m' -
1 1 of water added overnight to fill the reservoir.
folD
0 111 us or? feet that b J rut blah or an oll drum
5400 ~ Which holds mol'C!: an oll drum with II radi
~· u. , 1
of 1.5 feet that is 4 feet hiah?
2
t,0) ,.ritb f1Ican . y :::s n x h x It
I 1•
jQII V =- 3.1 4x( 2lx 3 = 37.7f\''
lr ~ 2
v.:nl can 2• y = n x r x h2
• 3
V= 3.14 x 1.5 x 4 = 28.27 ft
r_volume.
t ii dr<'wn, with the large radius but smaller height, has large radius of 2.1 feet or in a 30-
O
ls there more wood in a 40-foot-high tree
trun k with a
"""'J!!,!S: The firs trees can be regarded as ricbt
~~- trunk with a radius of 2.4 feet? Assu that the me
bl) root-high ti:ee
2 h .
·rcular cybnders. J
ci Tree 1: V = 7t x r x
2
~ V= 3.14; 2.1 x 40 = 554.2 ft
Tree 2: V= n x r x h 2 •
_
y = 3.14 x 2.4 x 30 = 542. 59
t.ree. . . .
t tree has greater volume than ~e second a new conc ert hall usm g a scale factor
Mod el. Supp ose you build an architectural mod el of
fhe f~ 1 a::.-___.-
") Arch11!!1tec~tu!!.!r
62-<I" :.----- to the height of the scale model?
of }O.will th height of the actual concert ball compare
62) . Bow Seal: factor= 30, .Act~al hei~t pf concert= 30 x model height
the model
~ . the actual height of concert hall is 30 tlffies greater than of the scale model?
ThiS =h e surface area -ofthe actual concert hall compare to the surface area
,1) Bow . .
. · .
Scale factor = 30,
OJ •
ea of concert hall= actual length x actual width of hall
(30 x model length) x (30 x model width)
~-..t..
= (30x30) x(model length x model width)=
900 x model surface area
Acroal sw u,ce ar area-.
the actual surface area is 900 times as greater as compared to model surface
This m ' eans .
compare .to the volume of the scale model?
) How will the volum~ J?fthe actual concert hall
64 , . . •
Solution Scale factor -.30, x actual height {30xmodel length) x(30 x model
of conc ert hall = actu al leng th x actu al weig ht
~ol um e ·
xmod el heig ht) . , ..
width ) x (30
= (JOxJOx30)xmodel length xmodel width
xmodel height= 27000 x model volume
0 times greater as compared volume of scale model.
. This means, the actual volume of concert hall is 2700
itectural .model of a new office complex using a scale
65-67) Architectural Model: Suppose you build an arch
factor of 80.
compare to the height of the.scale model?
65) How will the height of the actual office complex .
~ . Scale factor= 80, Actual height of office comple~ = 80 x model height.
s greater as large as the height of the model.
This means, actual height of office complex will be 80·time the
66) How will the amount ~f paint needed for the exterior of the actual office complex compare to
. amount of paint needed for the scale model?
§filutl@ Scale factor = 80 J
point fo i" · · f ' · · e com plex exter ior of mode
Amount of of point for actual offic
office complex. r ex enor O = 80 x model of am?unt
·
This mea th exte rior of actual office complex is 80 times greater as
comp ared: mo~e ~ctua l amo unt. of pain t need ed for
e complex. .
6~ Suppo amount of pamt for exterior of model offic al office complex mlb
e complex and the actu
111arbJ~ yHou wanted to fill both the scale model offic · 'red for the
.... ow m ti mes the number of marbles required for the model would be requi
actual build' any
~lDg?

--------,,~! 13~4rll- - - - - - - - -
 "' '"'" I\ I " ' ' '''",&. ,,r )>11ui111 n 1i.-... Nra•"'1in
~,.,"'"'D ~,-,ik- f 1h :h lf' - 1111 Yi-41
N,\. '". 11111rhlt'S for lll' IU ft l hu iltf ing • -~·tual huiaihl IC •~tual raint needed
No. ,,f rnnrt,/,-s fi ,r 11 ,·111n l h11ild111g . • (HO • model height) J1C (80 J1C mod~ •ctual office \llrfth ......._
o flk<" " i1h 111.-11 hk~ l C 1 1110unt of Plilll) . -:-:"~
.. (~() ' so ' ~II) ' ""-'Jd ht•i,-: hl .. moJ\!I amount of r•int )( IC (IO lll '
... 5 1.WOO , No. of nuirhle~ for model building. model Office Ytith llllrbl ~
'll1is m ~·arts. the 110 . o f mnrhlcs for ftclunl building • · cs.
for m,"1d bu il.f ing. Ill 51 2000 times ll'Cltc,
6S-7 1>Ou11dnn,ling ) ' our Sjzc. Suppose you m 1 . •• ~Oll1plrtd to no 0r
dt•prh im'ttast>d by a factor of 4 • •a
cally quadrupled la •lze-t · .........
6S) By wbaf factor has your arm lea th I · bat II, )'01r latipa,
S olution · Scale factor =- 4 . A I Dtreucd? • ..........
No_w y our present lenb>th is 4 x act ctulall present length • Quadrupf' .
This means, your anns lennth . u~ ength. , mg your actual JenDf&.
· b c.• 1s 4 tim • . . .....
16 m efon;it is now 64 · - • es increased as co ,
69) By what factor b~ Jn. ~f your arm length. mpared to pr~vious length. If YOUr
Solution: Your waist size . your wautsize increuec1, . . : . .- . ann lens..•
70) By what factor h _1s a m~surement oflength, ;o it ha . . . ,
Solution
Cl th.
Scale·
. r
fact':!~
amount of material requireds tcreased by
.
fa~tor of 4.
or your clothes increased?
a .
.
.
o mg covers surface area . . . . ..
which you ·have grown is 4 and _there for scales with .the quadru ied o . .·
Present surface area ~ 4 x , so ~our surface area grows by a factor p. f scale f~ctor. The sale factcr ~-
length x4 . . · · - '..
- . x
.
- (4 4) =.previous length xprevious
· • . . · x previous width. ._• . . _ .VJ
Thi - previous width= 16 x . . . . . . . .
s ?Jeans, your presenting .clothin . . .. prev1~us surface area. . .. .
matenaJ. If your shirt used 2 g material: ts 16: times greater as compared to . .
. material. . .. · . . . . . . - .squareyard~ of material _before it now uses 16 x 2 - 32prev1ous-~
-·· . ·. · " . . . ' . . .' · · . - <lWU'eYBr°as
. '.
has.your
71) B h 8
. y w ~t factor weight i-n~~eased? ,,. :: . _; . . . . . . :: . . ' . . fl
Solution . Scalefactor=4 -..: · .· •.- ··. . ·: . ., . ,.
. Your w~ight _dq,epds voJ~~e~ ~hich on scales .wi;h ._. ..· · -:· .. · -.·. -· _ · .:
~ ·
new weight are therefore (4)3 = 64 times the .., Id . 1·the cube.of th~ ~~e .fact~. Your new vohime .....
h . b . . . rr o vo ume. Your weight IS the funcf f .. -
_ as mcr~se y a_factor .of_ 64. If your.old weight ·was -100 · · d _ ·· - . IOD ? your volume, l
poun~. . ~ .' .- . . . •.· . . . . - '..' . . . . . -~un._s, your ne~ _'Ne1ght IS ~x100 = 6498
. 72-?4) Comparing· ,People. Consi~er_a person n~rned ·sam, :~h~.- ~-20% taller than.you btit ro · . ·· .
exactly the_s~me.way. ~That 1s, Sam looks hke a larger vers1.0n of you.) ·•.. · .. . . ,_ - P portioned 1
, 72) · How taJI are you7 How taU is Sam? .-_ · ·' . ' · · .· : .
Solution 20 .•. ~Sa~ 'i~·~001o_.: }a~l~ ~a~ yo~. -~_ow su~p~se yow:_~ -~ ft in ~eight_than o~20o/o of Y~heiak
. is -x6 ft=l.2 ft,- :·-Total height= 6 ft+ 1.2 ft= 7.2 ft. · · -~ · ·
. 100 _-. . . ... -,,' _. · .- . . . : >. · , · :_ .· . . ·. , ... . .. . . . .
. So, 7.2 ft is .the height of Sam~.Thus,' ·_. Your heiW,It is 6ft and Sam height is 7.2 ft. :· · • .:. ~
73) -What size ;s·your.waist?_Wh~t size is San1's waist? · . -• _, .. · : . ._,.. : - ~· · . :·. ·~ ·:.~ ·.: . .
Solution /\.nswer will vary, As waist.~ize is like a perimeter. Therefore your waist size in 20% smaller than Sam.
. just like other .linear dimensions of height,·width and depth..If you had a 32 in waist :size then ~.. waist "°
. ~ize is ·20 x32 in~6-.4 in · .. ··. . -_ .·,, . . . •. ~- . ·. _.. :. · ·.·.
t 100 . .. . .. :· .. .· .. 1
. ' t. ~~ .

Total waist ==" 32in +-64 ~ ~ 38A in '{ ,·

So, Sam J aist size is 38.4 ~. . Thus, .: . . -. · · ' · ·' · ·•;. -: 1
••

Your waist size is 32in and same waist size ·in 38.4in. .. .. . ,
74)' : How much~~ you weigh? Haw ~uch·d~ Sam ~eigh? . ·. . :_ ·_. . ·. :; '. . . ·..· ·_ . .
Solution As weight depends on volume. As ~e know, Sam weight IS ~% JJ1ore than Y~· ._.
· .· . 20 . .. . . --
. If yo~ weight is _100 pounds then ~~'s w~igh~ is ·l 00 * 1OOpoun~ =.= ~o -~~ds. . ..,. . ..~;
Sam's wei~ ~ 100 po~ds + 20 pooods = 12~p~u!1~-- · . , , ... ·, .' ·> ,.·. ·};: ·. ,·: . .'
1_28f'I"'- #
So Sam·weight in i20 pounds Thus, . Your weight IS 100 pounds then S.ilm we1~_JS _
' • al

[usj.
 Hone A TntBook of ,anti1a1ive Rca,onin I Module.-2 fundamerttal Mathematic.I c°" "
.l~ or rco lc-1 Squirrels Bnd humans arc both fllllltlmllls thot stay worm through mc:tabolas"' \hat
)s "''1
e in the body volflme. Mammals must con.<itantly generate internal heat to r~lace the heat that
,,)6 131-es P :ichrough the l'W f ~ area of their skin.
,. . 1ose t d h ,
weY I terrn~, how o~ t e 1rnr 1 •~e-area-tu-\'t,l11me ralln of • 11quirr~I u,mpare h, that of a
cric111
Jri g being? .
~~)b""'~" . of 3 soup can (a squiri:cl) anJ a trash_ can_(a human), compute their surfoce area, a~ vo\u~s. lind
. T)ltnk :trca-to-volume ratios. nmt you will discover tlu1t the surfncc:-orcu-tc,.vulurne rnuo for llq\nne\s \s
3
~7'
~t,eir surf 1 t of humans. Another way to unJcrstnnJ this fo~t: surface nrca BCalcs with the square of the sca\e
10
surfacc-area-t(;volumc ra~io
· 13rgi.."' th< t 1- volume scales with the cube of the scale factor. Thus the
f:t.:tol'• ,,h~heasn obiects are scaled up (and in fact, it scales with the reciprocal of the scale factor).
dcerc:t5cs ''• e must J
1
maintain
•
a b'1gher" rate of metabolism to replace the heat lost throu&h t he • ki n:
,,,11ieh •n:~'~unurns? Based on your amwer, .wh~ch _animal would you expect to eat more food in
1e) 9q11irrt~ •ts body weight each day? Explain. • . .
0
prorort• " to :ace-area-to-volume ratio depends on size of object which is inversely .related. ·
• •A~ su; ve to maintain a higher rate of metabolism to replace the heat loss through skin.
11
~ (,. sQ~1'.rrrr;:: h:s higher m~tabolism rate, so squirrels needs more food to eat in proportion to its body
' S sQUI . .
· ,. . ch day. · - . · · · .
,,eight ea etabolism rate, higher the food mtake needed to replace t~e he3:t loss throu$h the skm.
}-{ighcr lhedmMoon. Both the . Moon and Earth are thought to have formed with similar in~ernal
~) ~ e s about 4.6 billion years ago. Both worlds gradually lose this internal heat to space as ·
r., 1 peratur . . . , . . . . .
ttnt t passes out through their surfaces. . ·. · . ·_ • •
tbe he~ eter of Earth is about four times the diameter of the Moon. How does the surface-area-to-
m fbe d1aDl
ratio of Earth compare to that of the Moon? . . ·
.
·
•
. . .
.

. ,,otuote The Moon"s surface-area-to-volume ratio is four (i.e..·the·~cale factor) .times as large as Earth's.
~ ed on your answer to Exerdse _77, which would you expect to. have a hc;.tter interior tQday: Eart~
78) :;.be Moon? Why?.Use your answer to explain_why ·E ~rt~· remains·volcanicallr a~tive today, ~bile
the Moon bas no a~tive volcano_es. : · . • .. : . ·. .. .· •, .. : · ·
. As the Moon's surface-area-to-volume rat10 1s 4hmes as .great as Earth.. '
S@! flOD ' · ·
~his means lar~er the ratio, layer, the heat- loss. Therefore, lesser the hotter interior. So,
Earth is the one which you expect t~ have a hotter-interior today_. _. . · . · . .
As the Earth has smaller valu~ of.su~f~ce -area-:to-v.oluni.~ .ra!i~,.this means, a smali ·amount of internal
heat i? Jost as compared to the !Vfoon s mternal heat lost which 1S much greater.' · . . ·. , , . -
volume while Earth'· rema· I · II
. why.
That's the Moon's internal
. . . no
. have.
hat is _lost. arid . active . . 105 vo camca y
active today. · . · . . · _ . • ·. · , . . .
79) Comparing Balls. Consider -~ softball with a radiu~ of
approximat~ly 2 inches ·a d - b
. h es... C onipute the .ap·proximate surf:a. · n a·d ow1·IDg
~-
. a ra d'ms of approx1ma
with
. t eIy 6 me · ball
· . . .. . ce area "n volume for
both balls. Then fiind the surface:,area-to-volume ratio for both balls ·: Wh" h b 1 -.
ratio? . ·· · -. . .. • . . IC . a 1 has the larger ·
Solution The ~urface area to volume ratio· of the b~wling ·b all s.hould b -ii3 th. -· , . . <.·. . . .·.' ,·.
bowling ball is•3 times.as 1ar%e· Comput~g directly: ,_ e e r~tio of the softball, b~use the
The surface area of the softball is 41t x 22 = 50.3in2
4 - - . .
Its volume is - ,r x 2" _ 3 3
3 -
3
5
d.• · . · - ·
· m .an its s~rfa~e-area to volume.ratio· is 1.5. ·, ·
The surfac~ area f th b . . . . . .
.
4
°
e owlmg ball .is 41t x 62 = 452.4 in2, . ·.. . : . -- _ .
Its volume is - 7r x 63 = 904 . 3 • . • •- . :• -
Asex 3 -·.. . .~zn ,and its sur~~earea to_·vo~um_e.r3:tio is 0.5.
80) Peete~, the ,ratio of the b li .. . . . .. . . .
£.!mm,arine .pf . ow. ng ball IS 1/3 the ratio of the softball .
---..::..:.:a~n~e£1ts. Earth has d' . - .
approximately 340() ki a ~ un of app!l)ximately 6400 ~
Sllrface area and vol lometen (assuming that the planets are • -
ume for both plan..._
~.a.·
Which p1anet has•.-die
 - _, .,,,k ofQ uen tito tivc Rc11son
I lon e _ A 1 <' • 0 in I Module-2 Fundamental Ma th
Solur, ·on .-o
., r E
-~: ..!! .J.-='
--4h : r -
640 0 km ,
Sur f;ice am ., 4nrl ... 4n (64 J
2
~
00km) • 4n (40 ,96 0,0 00k m)
4 • 514,718,540.4km2 • 5.\S·.t(J'i.-i
4
Volume of Earth • - ,rr·1 -= -n(
64 00 km )'• l.10>< 1012 km) . "IQ"
3 3
Surface _ area- to-volume rati.o • Surfaccnrca S.l Sx lo'
- - - - i::s - - - • 4.6
-Volume 1.lOxlOu 8 x 10•-12 • 4 l""""
Fo r l\111~ · ·68 >eu -
r = J-t00 km, Surface are a= 4nr2 = 4n (3400 km 2 .
) .. 4n (11 560 00km2)
. . • •
Volume ofM ars = 4 m· =3_x(340 l 4 1 . 4 · • 1.4S,c U)'i._,
3
0km} = x(3.9304><_to' 0km 3 )=1.65>
<1011k
3 m1
• 111191'

Surface-area-to-volume ratio= Su
rface-area = 1.45 x 1os =O 8788 x
.. · · · · Vo lume
to'-11 - 0 8 .
Co mp ari son -
1.65 x 1011 • • - • 788~1o-3-a.1tq
·· · ·
Mars has larger surface-ar~-to-vo et
lume ratio, which is 8. 79:x l 0-2 as com
pared to Earth wbic •
A PP LI CA TI O N O F PY ll!R II- . 91 11 11 91 - hsa4.61,qt4
HA lJU l{ t.A 1~ 1 11 t,Ul<
Th e Pythagorean Theorem . E\1
~ . . _
Recall that a right triangl~ contain :
s one right angie. Th~ side opp:osi
The other two sides are called legs. te the right angle is.called the .
... _ .
The ~ertices of the ~gles in _right a
.: · ·. ·
.tri~~le-~e ~sually_ labeled ~ith the ~~
: . . . - . . . . . ~
. the right angle. The side oppo~1te ang ita~ letten ~. B,.am ~' with~ .
le~ _IS s1~e ~'-the SI~~ oppo:e angl~ B
IS ~•d~ b, am
C is the h}1)(n11Jse~. Ir
~
IQ
'S
j!
"Cl
C
CD · b= 3
e-
a>
D. 1..,,1._ _ _
_ _ _.;a,,, ·.
Base ·. C'-....._- - - - -
. . · Th~ figure at the right a= 4 ,_ , ; ~
· is a · right -triangle . with . legs
measuring 3 units and 4 units and
a hypotenuse measu~ing 5. units.
Each ·side of the triangle is also the Squar~ of the = sum of the squares
side of a square. T~e number of hy
··square units in the area of the lar potenuse of the two lep
gest square _is equal to the sum of
the numbers of square units in the
areas of the smaller squares..· - 52 :s: 32 + 42
. ; The Greek· mathematician Py
thagoras is generally credited , 25 = 9 + 16
. with the discovery .that the · squ
are ·or the hypotenuse of a -right
triangle.is equal to the s~m of the _
squares of the two legs. This ~ cal
. . _· 25 ~ 25 .
Pythagor ean Theorem · led the Pythagorean Theor em.
. · _. · · - . . -· · .·
If a and b are the lengths of the leg . . . _ . .
·
2
hypotenuse, then ·c = a +. b2• .
2
If the lengths of two sides of a rigM
s of a right triangle and c is the len
I
, ..
gth of the
.
l2cm S a ·n
. n
"triangk are known, the Pythagorea . . _
be used to find the length of the thi n Theorem can . C
rd side. .
· Consider a right triangie . with: . .· .
legs_that measure -S cm and 12
Pythagorean Theorem, with · · cm. Use the c2 • ff +..'12
· ·· · _ · _· ·
A= sa nd b =12, to find the length · · · , c2 • 9 +ri
of the hypotenuse: (If you Jet a=
result will be the same.) 12 and b =·5, the c1 • 25-+ 14'
Take the square root of each side · · · c1 =- 169
of the equation..
The length of the hypotenuse is 13.
cin.
v?- •.V-
c• 1,
137