PR 1st Sem Prelims

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1ST SEM PRELIMS September 19 2023 7:20 - 8:00
COVERAGE: KINDS OF QR DESIGN, QR ACROSS DIFF. FIELDS, VARIABLES 11C Salinas, Lizbeth Lhen L.
Practical Research 2
INTERRUPTED TIME SERIES DESIGN
Employs multiple measures before and after the
experimental intervention
Kinds of QR Design It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that

has only one pretest and one posttest
Users of this design assume that the time threats
NOTE: QR = Quantitative Research
such as history or maturation appear as regular
RESEARCH DESIGN changes in the measures prior to the intervention.
The overall strategy that you choose in order to
integrate the different components of the study in PRE-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
a coherent and logical way, thereby ensuring you A designs with the least internal validity
will effectively address the research problem. One type of pre-experiment, the single group, pre-
test-post-test design, measures the group two
times, before and after the intervention.
NON-EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH
External variables are introduced.
The variables are not deliberately manipulated nor
is the setting controlled
Researchers collect data without making changes or
introducing treatments
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Allows the researcher to control the situation Main purpose is to observe, describe and
It allows the researcher to answer the question, document aspects of a situation as it naturally
"What causes something to occur?" occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting point
Allows the researcher to identify cause and effect for hypothesis generation or theory development
relationships between variables and to distinguish TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
placebo effects from treatment effects. SURVEY
Creswell, 2003 - used when the researcher intends
CLASSES OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH to provide a quantitative or numeric description of
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN trends, attitudes or opinions of a population by
Controls for both time-related and group-related studying a sample of that population
threats.
Two or more differently treated groups and random BIVARIATE CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
assignment to these groups. Obtain scores from two variables for each subject,
The researchers have control over the experimental then use them to calculate a correlation coefficient.
treatment and the power to place subjects in The term bivariate implies that the two variables
groups are correlated (variables are selected because they
are believed to be related).
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
The researcher can collect more data, either by PREDICTION STUDIES
scheduling more observations or finding more Use correlation co-efficient to show how one
existing measures. variable (the predictor variable) predicts another
TYPES OF QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN (the criterion variable).
NON-EQUIVALENT CONTROL GROUP DESIGN
the chance failure of random assignment to MULTIPLE REGRESSION PREDICTION STUDIES
equalize the conditions by converting a true The over-all prediction in an equation that adds
experiment into this kind of design, for purposes of together the predictive power of each identified
analysis. variable.
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EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Used to investigate causal relationships. They The output of this research focuses on how human
examine whether one or more pre- existing behavior relates with another people and also the
conditions could possibly have caused subsequent individual differences that may affect human
differences in groups of subjects. relations.
COMPARATIVE DESIGN EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY

involves comparing and contrasting two or more Many educational principles in understanding
samples of study subjects on one or more variables, human behavior are the offshoot of this research
often at a single point of time.
Specifically, this design is used to compare two SOCIAL SCIENCE
distinct groups on the basis of selected attributes The method employed in this type of quantitative
such as knowledge level, perceptions, and social research are mostly typically the survey and
attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms. the experiment.
Variables
EVALUATE RESEARCH
seeks to assess or judge in some way providing
information about something other than might be A characteristics or attribute of an individual or an
gleaned in mere observation or investigation of organization that can be measured or observed and
relationships. that varies among people or organization being
studied.
METHODOLOGICAL
the implementation of a variety of methodologies
THE NATURE OF VARIABLES AND DATA
forms a critical part of achieving the goal of NOMINAL VARIABLES
developing a scale-matched approach, where data Represents categories that cannot be ordered in
from different disciplines can be integrated any particular way.
These are variables whose data are non-numeric
QR Across Diff. labels that do not reflect quantitative information
Fields ORDINAL VARIABLES

ANTHROPOLOGY Represents categories that can be ordered from
Many discoveries in this field like human behavior smallest to greatest.
in the society, racial conflicts and human evolution It refers to variables where there is a meaningful
have given enormous contributions to the order or categories but there is no measurable
improvement of human life. distance between categories
COMMUNICATION INTERVAL VARIABLES

Researchers are often interested in how an Values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
understanding of a particular communication numbers.
phenomena might be generalized to a larger It is a variable whose data values are ranged in a
population. real interval and can be as large as from negative
infinity to positive infinity.
MEDICINE
This tends to be predominantly observational RATIO VARIABLES
research based on surveys or correlational studies. Have values that lie along an evenly dispersed
Experimental research designs may enhance the range of numbers when there is an absolute zero.
quality of medical education.

KINDS OF VARIABLES
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that probably cause influence or affect
outcomes.
They are invariably called treatment, manipulated,
antecedent or predictor variables
DEPENDENT VARIABLES
Those that depend on the independent variables;
they are the outcomes of the influence of the
independent variable.
INTERVENING OR MEDIATING VARIABLES

“stand between” the independent and dependent
variables and they show the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable.
CONTROL VARIABLES
Special type of independent variables that are
measured in a study because they influence the
dependent variable.
Researchers use statistical procedures (analysis of
covariance [ANCOVA]) to control these variables
CONDOUNDING VARIABLES
Those that are not actually measured or observed
in a study. They exist but their influence cannot be
directly detected in a study.
EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES RELATED TO A

PHENOMENON
• Phenomenon: Climate Change
• Examples of variables related to climate change:
1. Sea level
2. temperature
3. The amount of carbon emission
4. the amount of rainfall

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PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2 1ST SEM PRELIMS September 19 2023 7:20 - 8:00

Kinds of QR Design It differs from the single-group pre-experiment that

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN

Pakisabi po if may mali. Thank you and do well ! 1/3

EX-POST FACTO RESEARCH DESIGN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

COMPARATIVE DESIGN EDUCATION AND PSYCHOLOGY

Fields ORDINAL VARIABLES

COMMUNICATION INTERVAL VARIABLES

Pakisabi po if may mali. Thank you and do well ! 2/3

INTERVENING OR MEDIATING VARIABLES

EXAMPLES OF VARIABLES RELATED TO A

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