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    Chapter 15 Hormones & Endocrine Glands - Lecture Notes

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    The document discusses hormones and endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that are secreted into the blood and carried to target organs where they control various body processes. Specifically, it describes the hormones adrenaline and insulin. Adrenaline is released during stressful situations and has effects such as increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose levels. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise and enables cells to absorb glucose and maintain normal blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, resulting in high blood glucose and glucose in the urine.

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    Chapter 15 Hormones & Endocrine Glands - Lecture Notes

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    api-3728508
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    The document discusses hormones and endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that are secreted into the blood and carried to target organs where they control various body processes. Specifically, it describes the hormones adrenaline and insulin. Adrenaline is released during stressful situations and has effects such as increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose levels. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise and enables cells to absorb glucose and maintain normal blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, resulting in high blood glucose and glucose in the urine.

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    The document discusses hormones and endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that are secreted into the blood and carried to target organs where they control various body processes. Specifically, it describes the hormones adrenaline and insulin. Adrenaline is released during stressful situations and has effects such as increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose levels. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise and enables cells to absorb glucose and maintain normal blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, resulting in high blood glucose and glucose in the urine.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    3K views5 pages

    Chapter 15 Hormones & Endocrine Glands - Lecture Notes

    Uploaded by

    api-3728508
    The document discusses hormones and endocrine glands. It defines hormones as chemical substances produced by endocrine glands that are secreted into the blood and carried to target organs where they control various body processes. Specifically, it describes the hormones adrenaline and insulin. Adrenaline is released during stressful situations and has effects such as increasing heart rate, breathing rate, and blood glucose levels. Insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise and enables cells to absorb glucose and maintain normal blood glucose levels. A lack of insulin causes diabetes mellitus, resulting in high blood glucose and glucose in the urine.

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    of 5

    Chapter 15: Hormones & Endocrine Glands

    Students should be able to:

    1. Define hormones.
    2. State the principal roles of hormone adrenaline in boosting blood
    glucose levels and give examples of situations in which this may
    occur.
    3. Describe the signs (increased blood glucose level, glucose in urine)
    and treatment (administration of insulin) for those with diabetes
    mellitus.

    15.1 Coordination by Hormonal & Nervous Control

    Types of Coordination

    Nervous Hormonal
    Coordinating
    Messages are
    transmitted using Impulses (Electrical) Hormones (chemical substances)

    Coordinating
    Neurones (nerve cells) Blood
    Messages are
    transmitted through

    The response is usually The response is usually


    • Rapid • Slow
    • Usually localized • May affect more than one
    (affect only a small target organ
    area / small group of
    muscles)

    • Just like nervous control, hormones are also produced in response to a


    stimulus
    • ***Definition of hormones:
    o A chemical substance produced in minute (small) amounts
     By endocrine glands and secreted directly into the blood
     To be transported to one or more target organs
     Where it carries out its effect by controlling metabolism,
    growth, sexual reproduction and other body processes
     After which it is destroyed in the liver
    o Looking at the definition of hormones, are there any differences
    between it and enzymes?
    • Types of Hormones:
    o Growth hormones

    1
    o Sex hormones (testosterone in males/oestrogen in females)
    o ***“Fight or Flight” hormone (adrenaline)
    o ***Regulate blood glucose concentration (insulin)

    15.2 Action of Adrenaline

    • Generally, responses triggered by hormones are not as fast as nervous


    responses, except Adrenaline (The “fight or flight” hormone)

    15.2.1 Adrenaline
    • Where it is produced  adrenal glands, situated above the kidneys
    • When it is produced  Stimulus such as
    o Anger
    o Anxious
    o Excitement
    o Frustration / Stress
    • Adrenaline is produced to prepare the body for fast / rapid action
    o Hence it is called “fight” or “flight” hormones

    15.2.2 Summary of Effects of Adrenaline

    Target Organ Effects of adrenaline Purpose & results


    Liver 1) Increases rate of 1) To increase blood sugar
    conversion of: Glycogen  level so that more glucose is
    Glucose available for energy
    2) Arterioles dilate (become production (esp in muscles)
    wider) 2) Person feels active
    Heart 1) Rate & Force of heartbeat 1) Send more blood
    increases containing oxygen and
    2) Arterioles dilate glucose to skeletal & heart
    muscles
    2) Heart thumps rapidly
    Breathing 1) Breathing rate increases 1) To breathe in more air and
    center of 2) Arterioles in lungs dilate increase blood flow to lungs
    brain and so that more oxygen is
    gaseous absorbed into blood & more
    exchange carbon dioxide is got rid of
    organs from it
    2) Person breathes rapidly
    (panting)
    Muscles 1) Become tense 1) To prepare them for
    (skeletal) 2) Arterioles dilate immediate action and
    increase blood flow to them
    2) Person trembles and feels
    tense

    2
    Blood vessels Constrict (diameter becomes 1) Send less blood to these
    of skin & gut smaller) regions so more blood can
    flow to the muscles, liver and
    lungs
    2) Person looks pale, mouth
    becomes dry
    Eye: radial Contract  Pupils (opening) 1) To allow more light to
    muscles or become bigger enter eye to form brighter
    iris images  helps to detect
    visual dangers in
    surroundings
    2) Pupils dilate

    3
    15.3 Action of Insulin

    15.3.1 Insulin
    • Where it is produced  islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
    • When it is produced  Stimulus: Increase in blood glucose level

    15.3.2 Effect of insulin

    High blood
    glucose level
    detected in

    Islets of
    Langerhans
    secretes insulin
    Blood glucose
    level returns to
    Insulin normal
    1) Converts
    excess glucose  glycogen
    2) Stimulate absorption of glucose by
    cells  so it could be broken down Glycogen stored
    for respiration in liver &
    muscles

    15.3.3 Effect of Lack of Insulin


    o Without insulin, body cannot use or store glucose
    o As a result  blood glucose increase above normal  excess
    glucose are excreted in urine
    o This disorder is called diabetes mellitus

    15.3.4 Diabetes Mellitus


    o Symptoms:
    o High blood glucose level
    o Presence of glucose in urine
    o The person who suffer from the condition tends to
    o Become dehydrated because when glucose is excreted in
    urine, an equivalent amount of water has to be excreted 
    Interferes with the water reabsorption in the nephrons (See
    Chapter on Excetion)
    o Lose weight and show muscular weakness because body cells
    turn to proteins and fats for energy supply (since cells cannot
    absorb glucose and unable to use glucose to produce energy)

    4
    o If left untreated  lead to diabetic shock / coma or death
    o Treatment: Diet control & taking regular doses of insulin via
    injection

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