NC Engineering Mathematics Red Spot 2018-3

NATIONAL CERTIFICATE ENGINEERING
COURSES
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
(340/13/S02)
QUESTION AND ANSWER GUIDE
THE RED SPOT

Contents
CHAPTER ONE: BASIC ALGEBRA...................................................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Indices .....................................................................................................................................................................................................3
1.2 Logarithms ............................................................................................................................................................................................4
1.3 Formulae ................................................................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER TWO: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................11
2.1 Quadratic theory .............................................................................................................................................................................11
2.2 Solving quadratic equations .....................................................................................................................................................13
2.3 Quadratic graphs ............................................................................................................................................................................16
2.4 Simultaneous equations ..............................................................................................................................................................20
CHAPTER THREE: GRAPHS ...........................................................................................................................................................................23
3.1 Linear Graphs ...................................................................................................................................................................................23
3.2 Polar Graphs ......................................................................................................................................................................................24
3.3 Exponential growth and decay ................................................................................................................................................25
3.4 Determination of laws..................................................................................................................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATE GEOMETRY........................................................................................................................................34
4.1 Gradient Formula ...........................................................................................................................................................................34
CHAPTER FIVE: TRIGONOMETRY .............................................................................................................................................................35
5.1 Definitions ..........................................................................................................................................................................................35
5.2 Identities .............................................................................................................................................................................................35
5.3 Solving triangles ..............................................................................................................................................................................37
5.4 Angles of elevation and Angles of depression .................................................................................................................40
5.5 Practical trigs ....................................................................................................................................................................................45
CHAPTER SIX: RADIAN MEASURE .............................................................................................................................................................47
CHAPTER SEVEN: MENSURATION (AREAS AND VOLUMES) ......................................................................................................50
7.1 Plane figures and solids...............................................................................................................................................................50
7.2 Frusta ....................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 1

7.3 Zone of Sphere .................................................................................................................................................................................58
CHAPTER EIGHT: APPROXIMATE METHODS......................................................................................................................................59
8.1 Approximate Methods for Area...............................................................................................................................................59
8.2 Approximate Methods for Volume ........................................................................................................................................66
CHAPTER NINE: BINOMAL EXPANSION.................................................................................................................................................71
9.1 The series method ..........................................................................................................................................................................71
9.2 The Pascal’s Triangle Method ..................................................................................................................................................74
CHAPTER TEN: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS..........................................................................................................................................74
10.1 General derivatives ........................................................................................................................................................................74
10.2 First principles .................................................................................................................................................................................75
10.3 Turning points..................................................................................................................................................................................77
10.4 Tangents and normal....................................................................................................................................................................81
10.5 Rates of change ................................................................................................................................................................................84
CHAPTER ELEVEN: INTEGRAL CALCULUS ...........................................................................................................................................85
11.1 General integrals .............................................................................................................................................................................85
11.2 Definite integrals ............................................................................................................................................................................85
11.3 Area under curves ..........................................................................................................................................................................87

CHAPTER ONE: BASIC ALGEBRA
1.1 Indices
1.1.1 =
= = = [5]
– –
1.1.2 Simplify =
– –
= = =7 [5]
1.1.3 Evaluate ( )-1/2 =

√
√
= √
= = [3]
√
√
1.1.4 Evaluate 5(3x0) = 5 x 3 x 1

= 15 [2]
. / . /
1.1.5 Simplify =
√
= = [5]
1.1.6 Evaluate ( ) =
= = 106 – 6 =1 [3]
1.1.7 Simplify = = [5]
1.1.8 Simplify =, -, - = 2y [5]
( ) ( )
1.1.9 Evaluate = ( )
( ) ( )
= = 24 = 16 [3]
1.1.10 Find the value of =( )( )( )
= (23 – 4) (35 – 3) (74 -4) = 2-1 x 32 x 1 = or 4.5 [5]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1.1.11 = ( )
= = = or 4.5 [5]
1.1.12 = +
= (32 – 4) (55 – 4) + (33 – 4) (53 – 4) = + = [5]
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
1.1.13 Simplify
⁄ ⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
⁄ ⁄ ⁄ ⁄
22 x 31 = 4 x 3 = 12 [5]
1.2 Logarithms
1.2.1Given that ut = 49, find in terms of t
ut = 72
log ut = log72
t =2
= 2 t-1 [5]
– –
1.2.2 Evaluate =
–
= = =
= [3]
1.2.3 Solve log x4 – log x3 = log 3x – log 2x
log ( ) = ( )
log ( ) = log ( )
log = log ( ) = [3]

– – –
1.2.4 Simplify = =
–
= =
= [3]
– – –
1.2.5 Evaluate = =
= = = [3]
1.2.6 Solve + 3 =4
+ 3 =4
+ 3 =4
- 4 + 3 = 0, now a quadratic equation in
Let =y
y2 – 4y + 3 = 0
(y – 3) (y – 1) = 0
y = 1 or 3
Hence, y = = 1 or =3
x = 31 or 33
x = 3 or 27 [5]
1.2.7 Solve 3x = 9
log 3x = log 32
x log 3 = 2 log 3
x=2 [2]
√
1.2.8 Epress Log in terms of log 2, log 3 and log 5.
√
√
(Law 1, i.e. Log MN = Log M + Log N)
√
√ – √ (Law 2, i.e. Log( ) = Log M – Log N)
Log 53 + Log 2 – Log 33 (applying law 3 gives)

3 Log 5 + Log 2 – 3 Log 3 [3]

1.2.9 Solve 4 2x – 1 = 5x + 2
log (4 2x – 1) = log (5x + 2)
(2x -1) log 4 = (x +2) log 5
1.2 x- 0.6 = 0.699x + 1.398
0.51x = 2
x = 3.9 [5]
1.2.10 Solve 2x+1 = 32x−5
Log (2x+1) = Log (32x−5)
(x+ 1) log 2 = (2x – 5) log3
0.30x + 0.30 = 0.96x – 2.4
0.66x = 2.7
x = 4.09 [5]
1.2.11Solve the equation: log (x −1) + log (x + 8) = 2log (x +2).
Log (x -1) (x + 8) = Log (x + 2)2
x2 + 7x – 8 = x2 + 4x + 4
3x = 12
x=4 [3]
1.2.12 Solve the equation: log (x2- 3) – log x = log 2
Log (x2 – 3) (x-1) = log 2 (x2 – 3x) (x - 3) = 0
x2- 3 = 2x x(x – 3) + 1(x – 3) = 0
x2 -2x - 3 = 0 (x + 1) (x – 3) = 0
x2 -3x + x - 3 = 0 x = -1 or 3 [5]
1.2.13 Solve 3x +1 = 22x – 3
log 3x +1 = log 22x – 3
(x + 1) log 3 = (2x – 3) log 2
x log 3 + log 3 = 2x log 2 – 3 log 2
0.477x + 0.477 = 0.6020x – 0.9030

x (0.6020 – 0.477) = 0.9030 + 0.477
x= = 11.05 [5]
1.2.14 Show that ( )
( )( )( )=1 [2]
1.2.15 Log(x – 1) + log (x + 1) = 2 log (x + 2)

Log {(x – 1) (x + 1)} = log(x + 2)2
x2 – 1 = x2 + 4x + 4
4x = -5
x= [3]
1.2.16 Solve log (x + 4) + log (x – 3) = 2 log (x – 3)
Log { – } = log – 2
Cancelling out log gives: ( – ) – –
x2 – 3x + 4x – 12 = x2 -3x -3x + 9
x2 + x – 12 = x2 -6x + 9
x2 + x – x2 + 6x = 12+ 9
7x = 21
x=3 [5]
1.2.17 Given . Show that
Changing everything to base c gives
Thence the fraction reduces to = c, And [5]

1.2.18 Solve 4x – 6(2x) – 16 = 0
(2x)2 – 6(2x) – 16 = 0
Let 2x = y
Thus y2 – 6y – 16 = 0
Solving by factorisation gives (y + 2) (y – 8) = 0
y = -2 or 8 = 2x
Taking logarithms to base 10 knowing that there is no logarithm for a negative number
Log 2x = 23
x log 2 = 3 log 2
x=3 [5]
1.3 Formulae
1.3.1Transpose the formula P = to make x the subject
√
.
√
Multiplying both sides by√ gives: √
Dividing both sides by P gives: √ =
Squaring both sides gives: * +
Factoring out x gives: * +
Dividing both sides by (a + c) gives: x = [5]

1.3.2 In an electrical alternating current circuit the impedance Z is given by:
Z =√ ( ) . Transpose the formula to make C subject and hence evaluate C when Z =
130,
R = 120, and L = 0.32
Squaring both sides gives
Z2 = ( )
Taking the square root of both sides gives

Z=
=R + -1
R + - =1
=1
c=
Hence, c =
= 35 x 10-6. [5]
1.3.3 An approximate relationship between the number of teeth, T, on a milling cutter, the diameter
of cutter, D, and depth of cut, d, is given by T = . Determine the value of D when T = 10 and d =
4 mm.
TD + 4Td = 12.5D
D (12.5 – T) = 4Td
D= = = = 64 mm [5]
1.3.4 Make k subject = .
3c – 5k = 4kx – 2bx
3c + 2bx = 4kx + 5k
4kx + 5k = 3c + 2bx
k (4x + 5) = 3c + 2bx
k= [5]

1.3.5 Transpose for R2 in
R2 = [5]
1.3.6 The velocity, V, of water in a pipe occurs in the following formula:-
Express V as the subject of the formula and find its value when h = 0.614, L = 168, d = 0.250 and g =
9.81. [5]
v2 =
v = √* + = √* +
= 0.773

CHAPTER TWO: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
2.1 Quadratic theory

2.1.1 Find A, B and C given that y = -2x2 + 5x – 2 as shown below
y
x
A B
C y = f(x)
C is the value of y when x is zero i.e. -2 (from the equation)

Solving the equation by factorization
-2x2 +4 x + x – 2 = 0
-2x(x – 2) +1(x – 2) = 0
(-2x +1) (x – 2) = 0
(-2x +1) =0 or (x – 2) = 0
x = ½ or 2
By inspection A = ½ and B = 2. Therefore A = ½, B = 2 and C = - 2 [5]
2.1.2 Find the equation whose roots are ⁄ ⁄
( )( ) , hence
i.e. [5]

2.1.3 Find the equation whose roots are 2 and 3.
Using the quadratic theory
x2 – (sum of roots) x + (product of roots) = 0.
x2 – (2 + 3) x + (3 x 2) = 0.
x2 – 5 x + 6 = 0.
Or from (x -2) = 0 and
(x – 3) = 0
(x -2) (x-3) = 0, since both brackets are equal to zero
x2 -2x -3x +6 = 0
x2 – 5 x + 6 = 0 [5]
2.1.5 Two resistors, when connected in series, have a total resistance of 40 ohms. When connected
in parallel their total resistance is 8.4 ohms. If one of the resistors has a resistance R x ohms:
(a) Show that - 40 Rx + 336 = 0
Let the resistors be R and Rx
For resistors in series, we add the two resistances
For resistors in parallel, we product over sum
R + Rx = 40 ………………………..(i)
= 8.4 …………………………(ii)
From equation (i) R = 40 – Rx

–
Therefore equation (ii) becomes ( = 8.4
– )
Solving for Rx
– = 8.4 [(40 – Rx) + (Rx)] = 336
+ 40 Rx = 336
Hence - 40 Rx + 336 = 0 shown. [5]
(b) Find the resistance of each
Solving for Rx from - 40 Rx + 336 = 0
√
Using formula;

√
Or
Or
Using equation (i), if = 28, R = 12 or if = 12, R = 28. [5]
2.2 Solving quadratic equations

2.2.1 The area of a rectangle is 18.3 cm2 and its width is 2.7 cm shorter than its length. Calculate the
dimensions of the rectangle.
Area = length x width = 18.3
Where, length = width + 2.7
Therefore 18.3 = (W + 2.7) (W) = W2 + 2.7W
W2 + 2.7W -18.3 = 0
Using the quadratic equation
√
=
√
=
= -5.84 cm or 3.14 cm (neglect negative answer)
Therefore length = 5.84 cm and width = 3.14 cm. [5]

2.2.2 The total area of the metal template shown is 425.6 cm2. Find the value of r.
425.6 = [27 x (14 +r)] – ½
425.6 = 378 + 27r – ½
½ – 27r + (425.6 – 378) = 0
½ – 27r + 47.6 = 0
1.57r2 – 27r + 47.6 = 0
A = ½ , b = -27 and c = 47.6
Using the quadratic formula
√
=
√
=
= 2.46 or 15.2
R = 2.46 since 15.2 is not feasible. [10]

2.2.3 Two circles have diameters which differ by 4 cm. If the sum of their areas is 146 cm 2, what are
their radii?
Let bigger diameter be D cm and hence smaller diameter is (D- 4) cm.
+ = 146
D2 + D2 – 8D + 16 = = 185.892 973 5
2D2 –8D – 169.892 973 5 = 0

Solving the quadratic equation by formula
√
√
=
= 11.4 or -7.4 (neglect negative dimension)

Bigger Diameter = 11.4 cm, hence bigger radius = 5.7 cm
Smaller Diameter = 11.4-4
= 7.4cm, hence smaller radius = 3.7 cm. [10]
2.2.4 Solve the following equation by completing the square method
2x2 = 12x + 14
2x2 – 12x – 14 = 0
x2 -6x – 7 = 0
x2 – 6x = 7
x2 -6x +( ) = ( ) + 7
( ) = √
x= 4
= -1 or 7 [5]
2.2.5 Solve the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 by completing the square method
x2 + =-
x2 + +( ) =( ) -

( ) =
√
√
[5]
2.3 Quadratic graphs

2.3.1Plot the graph of y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 for values of x fro x = -2 to x = 4. Use the graph to find the
solutions to the following curves [4]
(a) -2x2 + 3x + 6 = 0 [2]
(b) -2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 [3]
(c) -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0 [3]
(d) -2x2 + x + 5 = 0 [3]
Solution
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -8 1 6 7 4 -3 -14
The graph of y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 is shown below;
(a) The curve y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 and y = 0 intersect at A and B when x = -1.13 and x = 2.63 and these are the solutions to
the graph y = -2x2 + 3x + 6.
(b) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)

with 0 = -2x2 + 3x + 2 (ii)
shows that if 4 is added to both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations become the same.
Hence 4 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of y = 4 and the original equation y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 are C and D
where x = -0.5 and x = 2 and these become the roots to equation -2x2 + 3x + 2 = 0.
(c) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)
with 0 = -2x2 + 3x + 9 (ii)
shows that if -3 is subtracted form both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations become the same.
Hence -3 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of y = -3 and the original equation y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 are E and F
where x = -1.5 and x = 3 and these become the roots to equation -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0.
(d) Comparing y = -2x2 + 3x + 6 (i)
with 0 = -2x2 + x + 5 (ii)
shows that if 2x + 1 is added to both sides of equation (ii) the right hand side of both equations will be the same. Hence
2x + 1 = -2x2 + 3x + 6 = y. The points of intersection of the curve y = 2x +1 and the original equation which is y = -2x2 +
3x + 6 are G and H where x = -1.36 and x = 1.85 and these become the roots to the fourth equation i.e. -2x2 + 3x + 9 = 0.
2.3.2 Plot the graph of y = - x2 + 5x + 2 for values of x such that -2 ≤ x ≤ 7. By making use of the graph
and drawing suitable straight lines, find the solutions of the following equations:
i.- x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 ii. - x2 + 5x + 8 = 0 iii. - x2 + 5x - 4 = 0 iv. - x2 + x + 3 = 0.
i. x = -0.35 or 5.45
ii. x = -1.3 or 6.3
iii. x =1.0 or 4.0
iv. x = -1.4 or 2.4 [15]

2.3.3 Plot the graph of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 for values of x such that -2 ≤ x ≤ 4. Determine from the
curve, the coordinates and nature of the turning point of the graph. Use the graph to find the roots
of the following curves;
(i) - 2x2 + 4x + 7 = 0
(ii) - 2x2 + 4x + 4 = 0
(iii) - 2x2 + 4x + 12 = 0
(iv) - 2x2 + x + 6 = 0.
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
y -9 1 7 9 7 1 -9
A graph of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 is shown below

The turning point on the graph occurs at x = 1, y = 9, i.e. at coordinates (1; 9) and is a maximum
turning point since the values of y on either side of the turning point are less than at the turning
point.
(i) y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 0 intersect at x = -1.12 and x = 3.12, hence the roots of the
function are -1.12 and 3.12.
(ii) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + 4x + 4, the difference is y = 3. The points of
intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 3 are -0.73 and 2.73
(iii) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + 4x + 12, the difference is y = -5. The points of
intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = -5 are -1.65 and 3.65
(iv) Comparing y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and 0 = - 2x2 + x + 6, the difference is y = 3x +1. The points of
intersection of y = - 2x2 + 4x + 7 and y = 3x +1 are -1.50 and 2.00

[15]
2.3.4 Solve graphically the quadratic equation 2x2 – 6x – 9 = 0, for values of x from x = -2 to x = 5.
[9]

2.4 Simultaneous equations
2.4.1 Solve the equations simultaneously,
2x – y = 4
x+y=5
Only three co-ordinates need be calculated for each graph since both are straight lines.
x 0 1 2
y = 2x - 4 -4 -2 0
x 0 1 2
y=5-x 5 4 3
The point of intersection is at (3; 2) since this is the only point which lies simultaneously on both
lines.
Then x = 3 and y = 2 is the solution of the simultaneous equations. [5]
2.4.2 Solve the following simultaneous equations graphically.

Solution:[x = 4; y = 2] [5]
2.4.3. Solve the simultaneous equations
4 (x – 2) = 5 (1 – y)
26x + 3y + 4 = 0
4x + 5y – 13 = 0 (x 3)
26x + 3y + 4 = 0 (x 5)
118x + 59 = 0
x = - 0.5
(-0.5 x 12) + 15y – 39 = 0
15y = 39 + 6
15y = 45
y=3 [5]
2.4.4 Determine graphically the solutions of the following simultaneous equations
y = x2 + x + 1 and y = 4 – x [5]

y = 15x2 + 21x – 11 and y = 2x – 1 [5]

2x2 + y = 4 + 5x and x + y = 4 [5]

CHAPTER THREE: GRAPHS
3.1 Linear Graphs

3.1.1 When an effort E Newton is applied to a machine, it is found that the Resistance R can be
overcome and that an effort E and the Resistance R are connected by the formula given by E = a +
bR. An effort of 3.5 N overcomes a Resistance of 5 N, while an effort of 5.3 N overcomes a Resistance
of 8 N. Find:-
i. The constants a and b [4]
3.5 = a + 5b … … … … i
5.3 = a + 8b … … … … ii
1.8 = 3b
b = 0.6
Substituting for b in equation i. ; a = 3.5 – (5 x 0.6) = 0.5
ii. The effort required to overcome a Resistance of 10 N [2]
E = 0.5 + (0.6 x 10)
= 6.5 N

3.2 Polar Graphs
3.2.1 Draw the polar curve r = 3θ between θ = 0 and θ = [15]
θ 0 π
r = 3 0 1.57 3.14 4.17 6.28 7.85 9.42 11.0
θ 2π
r = 3 12.57 14.14 15.71 17.28 18.85 20.42 21.99 23.56
and and
and
π 0 and 2π
3.2.2 Plot the polar graph of r = 3 sin θ between 0 o and 360o using 30o intervals. [15]
A table of values at 30o intervals is produced as shown below.

θ 0 30o 60o 90o 120o 150o 1800
r = 3 sin θ 0 1.5 2.6 3.0 2.6 1.5 0
θ 210o 240o 270o 300o 330o 360o

r = 3 sin θ -1.5 -2.6 -3.0 -2.6 -1.5 0
3.3 Exponential growth and decay

3.3.1 A belt is in contact with a pulley for a sector of θ = 1.073 radians and the coefficient of friction
between pulley and belt is μ = 0.27. Determine the tension on the taut side when tension on the
slack side is given by T0 = 23.8 newtons, given that these quantities are related by the law T = T 0 eμθ.
If we want the transmitted force (T – T0) to be increased to 25 newtons, assuming that T 0 remains
at 23.8 newtons and θ at 1.073 radians, determine the coefficient of friction. [6]
T = T0 eμθ = 23.8 e (0.27 x 1.073)

= 23.8 x 1.336 4
= 31.81 newtons

For the transmitted force to be 25 newtons, T becomes 23.8 + 25, then
48.8 = 23.8 e (μ x 1.073)
2.050 = e1.073μ
ln 2.050 = 1.073μ
0.7178 = 1.073μ
μ = 0.669
3.3.2 The decay of voltage, v volts, across a capacitor at time t seconds is given by v = 250e -t/3. Draw
a graph showing the natural decay curve over the first 6 seconds. From the curve, find
(a) The voltage after 3.4 s
(b) The time when the voltage is 150 V.
Solution
A table of values is drawn up as follows
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
e-t/3 1.00 0.7165 0.5134 0.3679 0.2636 0.1889 0.1353
v = 250e-t/3 250.0 179.1 128.4 91.97 65.90 47.22 33.83
The curve is shown below

From the graph
(a) When time t = 3.4s, voltage v = 80 volts
(b) When voltage v = 150 volts, time t = 1.5 seconds. [10]
3.3.3 Plot the curves y = 2e-15x and y = 1.2 (1 – e-2x) on the same axis from x = 0 to x = -1. Determine
their point of intersection. [9]
3.4 Determination of laws

3.4.1 The following experimental values of x and y are believed to obey the law y = ax 2 + b. By
plotting a suitable graph, determine the approximate values of ‘a’ and ‘b’. Hence state the law of the
graph. [15]
x2 0 1 4 9 16 25 36
y 3 4.8 12 23.3 38.1 59.5 83.5
Plot y against x2

Scale
y;1: 10 and x; 1: 5
Gradient (a) =
= 2.24
The y-intercept (b) = 6
The law states that y = 2.24x2 + 6.
3.4.2 The values of p and q are believed to be related by the law of the form P =ab q where a and q
are constants. The values of p and corresponding values of q are
P 4,5 7,4 11,2 15,8 39,0 68,0 271,5
q 0,6 1,3 1,9 2,4 3,7 4,5 6,5
a. Verify that the law relating p and q is correct and determine the approximate values of a and b.
[10]
Solution
Taking logs to base 10 on both sides
Log P = q Log b + Log a
Plot Log P against q

Log P 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.4
q 0.6 1.3 1.9 2.4 3.7 4.5 6.5
The Log P- axis intercept (Log a) = 0.46

Taking antilog of both sides
a = 3.0
Gradient of the curve (Log b) =
= 0.29 0.3
Taking antilog of both sides
b = 1.95
2.0
Therefore the laws states that P = (3.0) (2.0)q
b. Find
i. q if p = 13.2 [3]
If p = 13.2 find the value of q at this point
Log (13.2) = q Log (2.0) + Log (3.0)
q= = = 2.13

ii. P if q =3.0 [2]
. If q = 3.0 find p
P = (3.0) (2.0)3.0
= 24.0
3.4.3 In an experiment on moments, a bar was loaded with a mass, W, at a distance x from the
fulcrum. The results of the experiment were:
x cm 28 30 32 34 36 38
W kg 22,1 20,7 19,4 18,2 17,2 16,3
Verify that a law of the form W = axn is obeyed where a and n are constants. Determine the law.
[9]
Taking logs to base e on both sides gives ln W = n ln x + ln a, therefore a table is required.
ln x 3.33 3.4 3.47 3.53 3.58 3.64
ln W 3.1 3.03 2.97 2.90 2.84 2.79
ln a = 3.49, therefore a = 32.8 n= = = - 1.23
The law becomes ln W = -1.23 ln x + 32.8

3.4.4 In an experiment the following values of resistance (R) and voltage (V) were taken.
R(ohms) 45.30 49.8 52.4 57.6 62.3
V(milli volts) 113 102 96 86 79
It is thought that R and V are connected by the law of the form;
R= + e, where d and e are constants.
Verify the law and find the approximate values of d and e using your graph. [7]
R 45.30 49.80 52.40 57.60 62.30
v 0.113 0.102 0.096 0.086 0.079
8.85 9.80 10.42 11.63 12.66
It is not possible to find the R-axis intercept at from the graph since the graph did not
commence the scaling at zero. We therefore use the analytical method.

At A,
R = 59.3 and V-1 = 12.0
At B,
R = 50.5 and V-1 = 10.0
Thus;
59.3 = 12d + e… … … …i

50.5 = 10d + e… … … …ii
Solving simultaneously
8.8 = 2d
d = 4.4
Substituting for d into equation ii gives;
50.5 = 10 (4.4) + e
e = 50.5 – 44
= 6.5
Thus the law connecting R and V is given by;
R = 4.4V-1 + 6.5
3.4.5The data given below is believed to be related by a law of the form y = ae kx, where a and k are
constants. Verify that the law is true and determine approximate values of a and k. Also determine
the value of y when x is 3.8 and the value of x when y is 85. [10]
x -1.2 0.38 1.2 2.5 3.4 4.2 5.3

y 9.3 22.2 34.8 71.2 117 181 332
Taking logs to base e gives; ln y = kx + ln a

ln a = 2.9
Taking anti-logarithms to base e, a = 18
Gradient k =
= 0.55
Hence the law is stated as y = (18).e (0.55) x (verified).
Given x = 3.8 Given y = 85

y = (18).e [(0.55) (3.8)] ln 85 = 0.55x + ln 18
= 146 approx. x= = 2.8 approx.
3.4.6 The following table gives corresponding values of P and V which are believed to be related by
a law of the form P = aV2 + bV where a and b are constants.
V 0.5 2.6 5.3 7.7 9.2 11.4 12.7
P 4.5 38.5 121.4 231.8 318.3 469.7 565.2
a. Verify the law and find values of a and b [10]
V 0.5 2.6 5.3 7.7 9.2 11.4 12.7

9 14.8 22.9 30.1 34.6 41.2 44.5
Scale: → 1: 5 and V→ 1: 0.5
50
40
30
20 b=7 P = aV2 + bV
10
0 V
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

a = =
= 2.98
≈3
b. Using the result from (a) above find:

i. P when V =10.6 (2 marks)
P = aV2 + bV
P = 3(10.6)2 + 7(10.6)
= 411.28
ii. Positive value of V when P = 150 (3 marks)

P = aV2 + bV
150 = 3V2 + 7V
3V2 + 7V - 150 = 0
Using quadratic formula (a = 3; b = 7 and c = -150)
√
√
=
√
=
= (consider positive value only)
=6
CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATE GEOMETRY
4.1 Gradient Formula

4.1.1 The points A (1; 4) and B (5; 7) are adjacent vertices of a parallelogram ABCD. Point (7; 10) is
another vertex of the parallelogram. Find the equation of the side CD. [7]

Gradient AB = Gradient CD = =
Using gradient formula
4y – 40 = 3x – 21
4y -3x -19 =0
4.1.2 Find the equation of the line through (1; 2) which is perpendicular to the line 3x – 7y + 2 = 0
Rearranging the equation gives: y =
Gradient of given equation =
for perpendicular lines m1m2 = -1. Therefore gradient of line 2=
Hence 2 = , c=
The equation becomes; y = Rearranging gives: 3y + 7x – 13 = 0
CHAPTER FIVE: TRIGONOMETRY
5.1 Definitions
5.2 Identities
5.2.1Prove that (1 + cot θ)2 + (1 – cot θ)2 = 2 cosec2 θ [5]
LHS = {(1 + cot θ) (1 + cot θ)} + {(1 – cot θ) (1 – cot θ)}
= {1 + cot θ +cot θ + cot2 θ} + {1 – cot θ – cot θ + cot2 θ}
= 2 + 2 (cot2 θ),
But cot2 θ = cosec2 θ – 1,
Hence, LHS = 2 + 2 (cosec2 θ – 1) = 2 +2 cosec2 θ – 2
= 2 cosec2 θ = RHS proved.
5.2.2 Prove the following identities [5]
. /=1
( )
LHS =
( )( )
=
( )* ( )( )+
=
( )* ( )+
=( )( )
=1
5.2.3 Prove the identity cos2 θ – sin2 θ ≡ 2 cos2 θ – 1. [5]
Consider RHS
(Replace cos2 θ, from cos2 θ ≡ 1- sin2 θ)
2 cos2 θ – 1 = 2(1 - sin2 θ) – 1
= 2 - 2 sin2 θ – 1
= 1 - 2 sin2 θ
= cos2 θ + sin2 θ - 2 sin2 θ
= cos2 θ – sin2 θ = LHS
Or Consider LHS
(Replace sin2 θ, from sin2 θ ≡ 1 - cos2 θ)
cos2 θ – sin2 θ = cos2 θ – (1 - cos2 θ)

= 2 cos2 θ – 1 = RHS
5.2.4 Prove that sin θ cos θ ≡ [5]
From tan θ =
RHS = Sin2 θ x = Sin θ Cos θ ≡ LHS shown.
5.3 Solving triangles

5.3.1 The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are A (0; 4), B (2; 0) & C (4; 2). Prove that the
triangle is isosceles. [5]
| |=√ =√
| |=√ =√
| |=√ =√
AB = AC BC proved.
5.3.2 Show that triangle ABC is isosceles where A (7; 3), B (-4; 1) and C (-3; -2) [5]
AB = √ √ √
BC = √ √ √
AC = √ √ √
AB = AC shown

5.3.3 Find the area of the given triangle [5]
Area = ½(a) (b) Sin C
Third angle = 180 – 46 – 35
= 990
Therefore area = ½ x 56 x 32.521 x Sin 46
= 655.02 cm2
5.3.4 The figure below shows a cross section of a component to be machined from a round bar. If
the diameter of the bar is 74 mm, calculate the dimension x. [5]

Using Pythagoras theorem:
= 144
x2 = 4 x 144 =576
x = √
= 24 mm
5.3.5 .An idler gear, 30 mm in diameter, has to be fitted between a 70 mm diameter driving gear and
a 90 mm diameter driven gear as shown in the figure below. Determine the value of angle θ
between the centre lines. [5]
Taking centre lines to form a triangle
From Cosine rule: c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos C
Cos C =
= -0.642 7
C = Cos-1 (-0.642 7)
= 130o

5.3.6 Points A (1; 5); B (4; -1) and C (-2; -4) form a triangle. Prove that the triangle is right angled
Gradient AB = ; Gradient BC = ½ Gradient AC =
M1M2 = -1, thus Grad AB x Grad BC = -1 proving that ABC is right angled.
5.3.7 Find the largest angle of a triangle whose sides are 2 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. [5]
The largest angle is that opposite the largest side
Cos θ = * + = - 0.3122 5
θ = cos-1 (-0.3125)
= 108.20
5.3.8 In a triangle ABC, the lengths of sides are AB = 7 cm, BC = 2 cm and AC = b cm. Angle C is 30 0.
By using cosine formula show that: b2 – (2√ ) b – 45 = 0 [5]
√
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab Cos 30o cos 300 = ( )
√
72 = 22 + b2 – [(2) (2) (b)( )] i.e. 49 = 4 + b2 - ( √ ) b
Rearranging gives; b2 - ( √ ) b -45 = 0 shown
5.4 Angles of elevation and Angles of depression

5.4.1 A ship is observed from the top of a cliff 152 m high in a direction S28o 19‫׳‬W at an angle of
depression of 8o 46‫׳‬. Six minutes later the same ship is seen in a direction W17 o 13‫׳‬N at an angle of
depression of 9o 52‫׳‬, calculate the speed of the ship in km/h. [10]
Let A represents the top of the cliff AB, C the initial position of the ship and D the position of the
ship at the second observation.

Angle CBD = 90o – 28o 19‫ ׳‬+ 17o 13‫׳‬
= 78o 54‫׳‬
From triangle ABC, BC = 152 cot 8o 46‫׳‬
= 985. 7 m.
From triangle ABD, BD = 152 cot 9o 52‫׳‬
= 873.9 m.
Using the cosine rule on triangle BCD
CD2 = 985.72 + 873.92 – 2(985.7 x 873.9 x cos 78o 54‫)׳‬
= 1 404 225
CD =√
= 1 185 m.
Speed =
= 11.85 km/h
5.4.2 An aircraft is noted simultaneously by three observers A, B, and C stationed in a horizontal
straight line. AB and BC are each 200 m and the noted angles of elevation of the aircraft from A and
C are 25o and 40o respectively. What is the height of the aircraft? [10]

Using sine rule
x =
= = 993.416 244 8 m

Using sine rule
h =
= 419.835 846 6 m
Approx. = 420 m
5.4.3 The angle of depression of a ship viewed at a particular time from the top of a 75 m vertical
cliff is 30o. Find the distance of the ship from the base of the cliff at this instant. The ship is sailing
away from the cliff at constant speed and 1 minute later its angle of depression from the top of the
cliff is 20o. Determine the speed of the ship in km/h. [10]
Angle BÂC =60o
Using sine rule
Hence, BC = = 129.9 m
Speed =
Also, Angle BÂD =70o
Using sine rule
BD = = 206.06 m

Hence CD = BD – BC
= 206.06 – 129.9
= 76.16 m
Therefore speed =
= 1.27 m/s
Converting to km/h
= 4.57 km/h
5.4.4 From a window 10 m above the horizontal ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a
vertical tower is 42o and the angle of depression of the bottom of the tower is 13o. Calculate the
distance from the window to the tower, the height of the tower and the elevation of the top of the
tower from the ground level at a point perpendicularly below the window. [10]
Let A represents the window, BC the tower and D the point perpendicularly below the window.
Angle ACD is 13o. Taking tangent 130

DC = = 43.31 m
From triangle ADC and applying Pythagoras theorem

AC =√
=44.45 m
Using the sine rule to triangle ABC, and knowing that angle BAC is 55 0 and angle ABC is 48o
BC =
= 49 m (height of the tower)

Angle BDC = tan-1 ( ) = tan-1 ( )
= tan-1 (1.131 4
= 48.58o
5.5 Practical trigs

5.5.1Two ball bearings of diameter 30 mm and 18 mm are used to find the internal taper of a pipe
as shown below. Determine the angle of taper θ and its diameter D at the top. [15]
The center distance AB = 51.97 – 15 + 9

= 45.97 mm.
If PQ is tangent to both circles, APQ and PQB are both right angles.
Radius BQ = 9, so TP = 9. Therefore AT = 15 – 9 = 6 mm.

Angle ABT =

Using triangle ABT,

sin = .

= Sin-1
 = 2 sin-1
= 15 angle of taper.
Sin 7.5 =
BX = = 68.952 mm
XY = 68.952 + 9 + 51.97 + 4.34 = 134.262 mm

Using triangle XYZ
⁄
Tan 7.5 =
= 134.262 tan 7.5
D = 2 {(134,262) tan 7.5}

= 35.35 mm.

CHAPTER SIX: RADIAN MEASURE
6.1 An automatic garden water spray gives out a spray to a distance of 2 m and revolves through an
angle α which can be varied. If the desired catchment area is to be 3 m 2, to what should angle α be
set correct to the nearest degree? [5]
Using formula for area of a sector, A = ½ r2α
Rearranging gives: α =
= 1.5 rad
Converting 1.5 rad to degrees gives: α =1.5 x
= 85.940
= 860 correct to the nearest degree
6.2 A string of length 12 cm is wrapped on the circumference of a circle of radius 16 cm. How far are
the ends apart? [5]
Using 12 = rθ = 16θ
θ = 0.75 radians = 42.97o
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc Cos 43
a2 = 162 + 162 – (2 x 16 x 16) (0.73)
=512 -374.625
= 137.55
Therefore
BC = √ = 11.7 cm (length of chord BC)
Or simply circumference of circle of radius 16 cm less arc length (s)

6.3 Find the area swept out in 50 minutes by the minute hand of a large floral clock, if the hand is 2
m long. [5]
50 minutes = 3000
Required area = Area of circle – area of sector of angle 600
= ( ⁄ )
= (π x 22) – (0.5 x 22 x 1.047 197 551)
= 12.566 370 61 – 2.094 395 102
= 10.472 m2
6.4 Determine (i) the shaded area in the figure below [6]
(ii) the percentage of the whole sector that the shaded area takes. [4]

Area of a sector = ½ r2θ (angle in radians)
(i) Shaded area = area of bigger sector – unshaded sector
= {½ (502) (0.75)} – {½ (382) (0.75)}
=937.5 – 541.5
= 396 mm2
(ii) % area taken =
= 0.4224 x 100
= 42.24%
6.5 Determine angle θ and the distance around the periphery. [15]
x = 100 – 50 = 50. Sin θ = . Therefore θ = Sin-1( ) = 300
Contact angle of the smaller pulley = 180 -2θ = 180 -60 = 1200
Contact angle for the larger pulley = 180 + 2θ = 180 + 60 = 240 0
Arc length for radius 50 = = = 104.7
Arc length for radius 100 = = = 418.9
y=√ = 86.6.
Distance around = 104.7 + 86.6 + 418.9 + 86.6 = 696.8 units

CHAPTER SEVEN: MENSURATION (AREAS AND VOLUMES)
7.1 Plane figures and solids

7.1.1 A rectangular plate is 20 cm long. A strip 4 cm wide is cut from one side and a second strip 2
cm wide is cut from the other end. The remainder weighs 168 g. Find the width of the plate if 1 cm 2
weighs 1.5 g. Assume that the 4 cm and 2 cm strips are being cut from the length.
[6]
New length = 14 cm
Area = length x width = 14 x w cm2
1.5 g = 1 cm2 … … … i
168 g = more … … … ii
Therefore; = 112 cm2
Hence; area A = 14w = 112
W =
7.1.2 Find the volume and surface area of a sphere of diameter 8.24 cm. [5]
Radius of sphere = ½ x 8.24 = 4.12 cm

Volume of sphere = Area of sphere = 4πr2
= = 4π (4.24)2
= 292.9 cm3 = 213.3 cm2
7.1.3 A metal sphere weighing 36 kg is melted down and recast into a solid cone of base radius 12
cm. Take the density of the metal as 8 g/ cm3. Find:
(a) The diameter of the metal sphere. [8]
Volume = = = 4 500 cm3 =
r3 = = 1 074. 156
r = √ = 10.24 cm;
Therefore diameter (D) = 2xr = 10.24 x 2 = 20.48 cm.
(b) The perpendicular height of the solid cone assuming 12.5 % of the metal is lost in the process.
[7]
Volume of a cone = = = 3 937.5 cm3
h = = = 26.1 cm
7.2 Frusta
7.2.1 The figure below shows a tapered plug in the form of a 7 cm thick frustum of a pyramid having
square ends of sides 10 cm and 5 cm respectively.

a. The plug can be lightened by 5% by boring a cylindrical, flat bottomed hole of depth 3 cm as
shown by the dotted lines. Calculate the diameter required for the hole. [7]
Volume of complete pyramid = x 102 x 14 Volume of cut-off pyramid = x 52 x 7
= 466.667 cm3 = 58.333 cm3

Volume of plug = 466.667 – 58.333 5% of 408.333 = 20.416 67 cm3
= 408.333 cm3
Hence volume of cylinder formed by bored hole = πr 2h = 20.416 67 (where h= 3 cm)
r2 = 2.166 r = 1.471 8 cm Therefore Diameter = 2r = 2.94 cm
b. Determine the mass of the plug if it is made of bronze having a density of 8 800 kg/m 3.[3]
Volume of plug = 408.333 – 20.416 67
= 387.916 cm3
From density =
Mass = Density x Volume

= 8 800 x 387.916 x 10-6
= 3.414 kg

c. The plug is melted down and recast into a hemisphere with 10% of the metal being lost in the
process. Calculate the diameter of the hemisphere. [5]
Available volume = 0.9 x 387.916
= 349.159 cm3
Volume of a hemisphere =
= = 349.159 cm3
r3 =
=166.711 185 7 cm
r =√
= 5.5 cm
Diameter =2xr
= 2 x 5.5
= 11 cm.
7.2.2 A bucket in the shape of a frustum of a cone of end radii 18 cm and 12 cm and a height of 28
cm is filled to the top with oil. The oil is then poured into a vessel that is spherical whose radius is
10 cm. find.
a. The volume of oil remaining in the bucket after the sphere is filled up. [5]
Volume of frustum = ( )
= ( )
= x 684
= 20 055.927 5 cm3
Volume of sphere = = = = 4 188.79 cm3
Volume of oil remaining = Volume of frustum – volume of sphere
= 15 867.137 5 cm3

b. The external surface area of the bucket. [10]
External surface area = (curved surface area of complete cone less curved surface area of cut-
off) + area of base
= (πRL – πrl) + πr2
L=√ = 85.91 cm; l=√ = 57.3 cm
Therefore external surface area = (πRL – πrl) + πr2
= [(π x 18 x 85.91) – (π x 12 x 57.3)] + (π x 122)
= [(4857.92 – 2160.16) + 452.39]
= 3 150.33 cm2
7.2.3 A hole is to be dug in the form of a frustum of a pyramid. The top is to be a square of side 6.4 m
and the bottom a square of side 3.6 m. If the depth of the hole is to be 4 m, calculate the volume of
earth to be removed. If the hole is now filled with concrete to a depth of 2 m, find the amount of
concrete used. [15]

0.5(91.8 + 3.2) = 2.5 i.e. 2.5 x 2 = 5 m (new square at the top has side 5 m)
Or in the case that concrete required refers to that to fill the hole
Volume = 103 – 37.31 = 65.69 m3

7.2.4 The figure below shows the front elevation of a frustum of a cone.
a. Using the Prismoidal rule, derive the formula for finding the volume of the cone in its simplest
form.
Interval =
A1 = πR2; A2 = π {½ (R + r)} 2 = ; A3 = πr2
Volume of frustum = * , ( )-+
= [ ]
= [ ]
= [10]
b. If the end diameters to the frustum of the cone in (a) are 6.4 m and 3.6 m respectively, estimate
the volume given that the height of the frustum was 4 m. [5]
Volume = ( ) = , -

=
= 80.6 m3.
7.2.5 Determine the volume and total surface area of a bucket consisting of an inverted frustum of a
cone, of slant height 36.0 cm and end diameters 55.0 cm and 35.0 cm. [10]
By Prismoidal rule
Volume = [ ]
Volume = [ ]
= 5 591 cm3 using similar triangles
x= = 60.5
y x y=√ = 63
Therefore total slant height is 99cm.
36 34.58
10 17.5
Area = (curved surface area of complete cone less that of small cut-out)
=(
= [( ]
= (8 552.985 999 – 3 463.605 901) + 962.112 750 2
= 5 089.380 099 + 962.112 750 2 = 6 051 cm2
7.3 Zone of Sphere
7.3.1The diameters of the ends of the frustum of a sphere are 14.0 cm and 26.0 cm respectively, and
the thickness of the frustum is 5.0 cm. Determine correct to 3 significant figures
a. The volume of the frustum of the sphere [3]
Volume = (h2 + 3 +3 )
= [(5.0)2 + 3 2+ 3 2]
= 1 780 cm3
b. the radius of the sphere and [5]

Using Pythagoras theorem
OS2 = PS2 + OP2
i.e. r2 = 132 + OP2 (1)
OR2 = QR2 + OQ2
i.e. r2 = 72 + OQ2 = 72 + (5.0 + OP)2 (2)
Equating (1) and (2) gives
132 + OP2 = 72 + (5.0 + OP)2
169.0 + OP2 = 49.0 + 25.0 + 10.0 (OP) + OP2
169.0 = 74.0 + 10.0 (OP)
OP = = 9.50 cm

Substituting OP into (1) gives;
Radius = √
= 16.1 cm
c. The area of the zone formed. [2]

Area of zone of sphere = 2πrh
= 2π (16.1) (5.0)
= 506 cm2
CHAPTER EIGHT: APPROXIMATE METHODS
8.1 Approximate Methods for Area

8.1.1 Plot a graph of y = 3x2 + 5 from x = 1 to x = 4. Estimate, correct to 2 decimal places, using 6
intervals, the area enclosed by the curve, the ordinates x = 1 and x = 4, and the x-axis by
(a) the trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid-ordinate rule, and (c) Simpson’s rule.
A table of values is shown below and a graph plotted as shown in the Figure below.
x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
y = 3x2 + 5 8.0 11.75 17.0 23.75 32.0 41.75 53.0
[3]
(a) Since 6 intervals are used, ordinates lie at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4
By the trapezoidal rule,
Shaded area = (0.5) {[½ (8.0+ 53.0)] + [11.75 + 17.0 + 23.75 + 32.0 +41.75]}
= 78.38 square units [3]
(b) With the mid-ordinate rule, ordinates occur at 1.25, 1.75, 2.25, 2.75, 3.25 and 3.75
x 1.25 1.75 2.25 2.75 3.25 3.75
y = 3x2 + 5 9.6875 14.1875 20.1875 27.6875 36.6875 47.1875
By the mid-ordinate rule,

Shaded area = (0.5) {9.6875 +14.1875 + 20.1875 + 27.6875 + 36.6875 + 47.1875}
= 77.81 square units [3]
(c) By Simpson’s rule,

Shaded area ≈ (0.5) {(8.0+ 53.0) +4(11.75+ 23.75+ 41.75) + 2(17.0 + 32.0)}
≈ (0.5) {61+ 309+ 98}
= 78 square units [3]
8.1.2 Draw to scale an equilateral triangle of side 80 mm. From one of the sides, erect perpendicular
ordinates at intervals of 10 mm. Measure the length of ordinates and mid-ordinates. Determine the
area of the triangle by
a. Trapezoidal rule
b. Mid-ordinate rule
c. Simpson’s rule
Compare the results with a trigonometric calculation of the area. (15 marks)

Trapezoidal rule
Area = (interval) *( ) +
= ( ) *( ) +
= (1) *( ) +
= 1 x 27.425
= 27.425 cm2
Mid-ordinate rule
Area = (interval)
=( )
= (1)
= 1 x 27.425
= 27.425 cm2

Simpson’s rule
Area =
( )[
= ( )[ ]
=( )[ ]
= ( ) (54.4 + 27.65)
= ( ) x 82.05
= 27.35 cm2
Trigonometric calculated area = ½ (8) (6.925) = 27.7 cm 2
% error for trapezoidal rule = ( ) = -0.993%
% error for mid-ordinate rule = ( ) = -0.993%
% error for Simpson’s rule = ( ) = -1.264%
8.1.3. a. Use the mid-ordinate rule to estimate the area under the curve y =3x 3 + 2x for values of x
from 2 x 6 with five intervals. [7]
Range = 6 - 2 = 4
Width of interval when using five strips is given by = 0.8
Mid-Ordinates
m1 = f (2.4) = 3(2.4)3 + 2(2.4) = 46.272 m2 = f (3.2) = 3(3.2)3 + 2(3.2) = 104.704
m3 = f (4.0) = 3(4.0)3 + 2(4.0) = 200.0 m4 = f (4.8) = 3(4.8)3 + 2(4.8) = 341.376
m5 = f (5.6) = 3(5.6)3 + 2(5.6) = 538.048
Area = (width of interval) (sum of mid-ordinates)

= 0.8(46.272 + 104.704 + 200.0 + 341.376 + 538.048)

= 0.8 x 1 230.4
= 984.32 square units
b. Use Simpson’s rule to estimate the same area in (a) with six intervals. [8]
Width of interval when using five strips is given by =
Ordinates
y1 = f (2) = 3(2)3 + 2(2) = 28 y2 = f ( )= 3( ) + 2( )= 62.222
y3 = f ( )= 3( ) + 2( )= 117.778 y4 = f =3 +2 = 200.0
y5 = f( )= 3( ) + 2( ) = 314.222 y6 = f( )= 3( ) + 2( )= 465.778
y7 = f =3 +2 = 660
Area = (width of interval) (first + last ordinates) + 4(sum of even ordinates) + 2(sum of remaining ordinates) 
= [(28 + 660) + 4 (62.222 + 200.0 + 465.778) + 2 (117.778 + 314.222)]
= [(688) + (2 912) + (864)]
= x 4 464
= 992 square units
8.1.4 Plot a graph of y =3x2+5 from x =1 to x =4. Estimate, correct to 2 decimal places, using 6 intervals, the
area enclosed by the curve, the ordinates x=1and x =4, and the x-axis by (a) the trapezoidal rule, (b) the mid-
ordinate rule, and (c) Simpson’s rule. (d) Compare each method with a true value of area from integration.
[4, 3, 3, 3, 2]
Solution
Width of interval, d = = 0.5

Ordinates Mid-Ordinates
y1 = f(1) = 3(1)2 + 5 = 8 m1 = f(1.25) = 3(1.25)2 + 5 = 9.687 5
y2 = f(1.5) = 3(1.5)2 + 5 = 11.75 m2 = f(1.75) = 3(1.75)2 + 5 = 14.187 5
y3 = f(2) = 3(2)2 + 5 = 17 m3 = f(2.25) = 3(2.25)2 + 5 = 20.187 5
y4 = f(2.5) = 3(2.5)2 + 5 = 23.75 m4 = f(2.75) = 3(2.75)2 + 5 = 27.687 5
y5 = f(3) = 3(3)2 + 5 = 32 m5 = f(3.25) = 3(3.25)2 + 5 = 36.687 5
y6 = f(3.5) = 3(3.5)2 + 5 = 41.75 m6 = f(3.75) = 3(3.75)2 + 5 = 47.187 5
y7 = f(4) = 3(4)2 + 5 = 53
(a) Area = 0.5[{0.5(8 + 53)} + (11.75 + 17 + 23.75 + 32 + 41.75)]

= 0.5 x 156.75
= 78.34 m2
(b) Area = 0.5(9.687 5 + 14.187 5 + 20.187 5 + 27.687 5 + 36.687 5 + 47.187 5)
= 0.5 x 155.625
= 77.812 5 m2
(c) Area = 0.167 [(8 + 53) + 4 (11.75 + 23.75 + 41.75) + 2 (17 + 32)]
= 0.167 [(61) + (309) + (98)]
= 0.167 x 468
= 78 m2
(d) Area by integration = ∫ =[(4)3 + 5(4)] – [(1)3 + 5(1)] = 84 – 6 = 78 m2
(i) 0.004% inaccuracy
(ii) 0.002% inaccuracy

(iii) 0.000% inaccuracy
8.1.5 Sketch a semi-circle of radius 100 mm and erect ordinates at intervals of 20 mm and their
mid-ordinates.
a. Calculate the lengths of mid-ordinates (2 marks)
b. Determine the area of the semi-circle by mid-ordinate rule (3 marks)
c. Calculate the lengths of the ordinates (2 marks)
d. Determine the area of the semi-circle by Simpson’s rule (3 marks)
e. Determine the area of the semi-circle by trapezoidal rule (3 marks)
f. Determine the percentage error of each of the methods (2 marks)
Mid ordinate (cm) Ordinates (cm)
m1 = 4.3 = m10 y1 = 0 = y11
m2 = 7.1 = m9 y2 = 6 = y10
m3 = 8.65 = m8 y3 = 8 = y9
m4 = 9.55 = m7 y4 = 9.15 = y8
m5 = 9.95 = m6 y5 = 9.8 = y7
y6 = 10
Trapezium rule
Area = 2[½ (0 + 0) + 2(6) + 2(8) + 2(9.15) + 2(9.8) + 10]

= 2(75.9)
= 151.8 cm2
Mid-ordinate rule
Area = 2[2(4.3) + 2(7.1) + 2(8.65) + 2(9.55) + 2(9.95)]
= 2(79.1)
= 158.2 cm2
Simpson’s rule
Area = {[0 + 0] + 4[2(6) + 2(9.15) + 10] + 2[2(8) + 2(9.8)]}
= (161.2 + 71.2)
= (232.4)
= 154.9 cm2
True area = ½ πr2
= ½ π (102)
= 157.1 cm2
Percentage error in trapezium rule =
Percentage error in mid-ordinate rule =
Percentage error in Simpson’s rule =
8.2 Approximate Methods for Volume

8.2.1 The figure below shows the front elevation of a frustum of a cone. Using the Prismoidal rule,
derive the formula for finding the volume of the cone in its simplest form.

Interval =
A1 = πR2; A2 = π {½ (R + r)} 2 = ( ); A3 = πr2
Volume of frustum = 0( ) 2 . ( )/31
= *( ) ( )+
= *( )+
= ( )
= ( )
8.2.2 The figure shown below is rotated about axis Y-Y through 2π radians. Use Pappus Theorem to
calculate the volume of the solid generated by the shape during the rotation. [10]

Area of the semi-circular part = ½ πR2 = ½ (π) (142) = 307.8761 cm2
Area of the triangular part = ½ bh = ½ (14 x 2) (15) = 210 cm 2
Volume generated by the semi-circle = 2π (307.8761)* ( )+
= 2π (307.8761) (39.942)
= 77 265.51 cm3
Volume generated by the triangle = 2π (210)* ( )+
= = 2π (210)* ( )+
= 2π (210) (19 + 10)
= 2π (210) (29)
= 38 264.599 cm3
Total volume generated = 77 265.51 + 38 264.599
= 115 530.11 cm3

8.2.3 The diagram shows a rectangle ABCD and an isosceles triangle CDE.
a. If the composite shape is rotated 360 o about the x-axis, use Pappus theorem to evaluate the
volume of the solid formed [8]
Area of rectangle = length x width = 5 x 2 = 10 square units
Area of triangle = ½ base x height = ½ x 2 x 2 = 2 square units
Volume generated by rotating rectangle = 2πAȳ
= 2 x π x 10 x 5
= 314.16 cubic units
Volume generated by triangle = 2πAȳ
=2xπx2x5
= 62.83 cubic units
Total volume = 314.16 + 62.83
= 376.99 cubic units
b. Calculate also the volume of the solid formed when the triangle part is rotated about the line
x = 6.5. [7]

Volume generated by triangle = 2πA̅
= 2 x π x 2 x (2.5 +0.67)
= 39.84 cubic units
8.2.4 (a) Find the area bounded by the curve y = 2x2, the x-axis and the ordinates x = 0 and x = 3.
[5]
Required area is shown shaded below
Area = ∫ dx
=∫ dx
=* +
= 18 square units
(b) If this area is revolved about the x-axis, find the volume of the solid formed. [5]
When the shaded area is revolved 360o about the x-axis, the volume generated is given by;
V =∫ dx

=∫ dx
=∫ dx
= * +
= ( )
= 194.4π cubic units

(c) Locate the position of centroid using Pappus theorem [5]
Volume generated when shaded area is revolved about OY = 2π ̅ A.
i.e. 81π = (18) (2π ̅ )
from which, ̅=
= 2.25
Volume generated when shaded area is revolved about OX = 2π ̅ A.
i.e. 194.4π = (18) (2π ̅ )
from which, ̅ =
= 5.4
CHAPTER NINE: BINOMAL EXPANSION
9.1 The series method

9.1.1 Expand using the Binomial Theorem. [5]
= 1[ ] +4[ ] + 6[ ] +4[ ] + 1[ ]
= 1 + [(4) (-3)] + [(6) (9x2)] + [(4) (-27x3)] + [(1) (81x4)]
= 1 -12x + 54x2 – 108x3 + 81x4
9.1.2. The radius of a cylinder is reduced by 4% and its height is increased by 2%. Determine using binomial
theorem, the approximate percentage change in (a) its volume and (b) its curved surface area, (neglecting
the products of small quantities).
Solution
Volume of cylinder = πr2h

Let r and h be the original values of radius and height. The new values are 0.96r 0r (1 – 0.04) r and 1.02h or
(1 + 0.02) h.
(a) New volume = π[(1-0.04) r]2 [(1 + 0.02) h]
= πr2h (1 – 0.04)2 (1 + 0.02)
Neglecting powers of small terms,
Volume = πr2h (1 – 0.08) (1 + 0.02)
= πr2h (1 – 0.08 + 1 + 0.02), neglecting products of small terms
= πr2h (1 – 0.06) or 0.94 πr2h i.e. 94% of original volume
Hence the volume is reduced by approximately 6%. [4]
(b) Curved surface area of a cylinder = 2πrh

New surface area = 2π [(1 – 0.04) r] [(1 + 0.02) h]
= 2πrh (1 – 0.04) (1 + 0.02)
= 2πrh (1 – 0.04 + 0.02), neglecting products of small terms
= 2πrh (1- 0.04) or 0.98(2πrh) i.e. 98% of original surface area
Hence the curved surface area is reduced by approximately 2%. [4]
9.1.3 The resonant frequency of a vibrating shaft is given by: F = √ , where K is the stiffness and L is the
inertia of the shaft. Use the binomial theorem to determine the approximate percentage error in determining
the frequency using the measured values of K and L when the measured value of K is 4% too large and the
measured value of L is 2% too small. [7]
The measured value of K is 4% too large of the true value i.e. K = (1 + 0.0) K
The measured value of L is 2% too small to the true value i.e. L = (1 – 0.02) L
The measured value of F = √ = K0.5 x L-0.5
= [(1 + 0.04) K] 0.5 [(1 – 0.02) L]-0.5
= (1 + 0.04)0.5 x K0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5 x L-0.5
= x K0.5 x L-0.5 x (1 + 0.04)0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5
i.e. F = F (1 + 0.04)0.5 x (1 – 0.02)-0.5

F [1 + (½) (0.04)] [1 + (- ½) (-0.02)]
F [1 + 0.02) (1 + 0.01)] neglecting products of small terms
1.03F
Thus the % error is 3% too large
9.1.4 Use the binomial theorem to determine the expansion of (2 + x)6. [5]
The binomial series of (a +x)n = an + nan – 1 x + an – 2 x2 + . . .
(2 + x)6 = 26 + 6(2)5 x + (2)4x2 + (2)3 x3 + (2)4 x4
+ (2)5 x5 + (2)6 x6.
(2 + x)6 = 64 + 192x + 240x2 + 160x3 + 60x4 + 12x5 + x6
9.1.5 Use the binomial series to determine the expansion of √ to five terms. [5]
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x2 + x3 + x4 + …
(1 + x)0.5 = 1 + 0.5x + x2 + x3 + x4 + …
= 1 + 0.5x x2 + x3 x4 + …
9.1.6 Using the binomial theorem, determine the expansion of ( )15 as far as the term
containing p3. [5]

For any rational power n, the binomial series of (a + b)n is given by;
(a + b)n = an + nan-1 .b + an-2 .b2 + an-3 .b3 + an-4 .b4 + …
( )15 = p15 + 15p15-1 ( ) + p15-2 ( )2 + p15-3 ( )3 +
p15-4 ( )4 + …
= p15 + 15p14 ( )+ p13 ( )+ p12 ( )+
p11 ( )+ …
= p15 - 60p12 + p9 - p6 + p3 + …
9.1.7 Expand and simplify all coefficients of [5]

= 16a4 – 96a3x + 216a2x2 – 216ax3 + 81x4
9.2 The Pascal’s Triangle Method

9.2.1 Using Pascal’s triangle method, expand (a + x)5 [5]
a5 + 5a4x + 10a3x2 + 10a2x3 + 5ax4 + x5
CHAPTER TEN: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
10.1 General derivatives

10.1.1The function ax2 + bx + c = 0 has a gradient function of 4x + 2 and a stationery value of 1. Find
the values of a, b, and c. [10]
Solution
= 2ax + b = 4x + 2 i.e. equating gradient functions
By comparing coefficients of x2 and x

2a = 4, therefore a = 2, b = 2
But 4x +2 = 0 at a turning point, thus x = - ½
Hence from 2(-0.5)2 + 2(-0.5) + c = 1
c = 1 – 0.5 + 1 = 1.5
10.1.2 Find the gradient of the curve y = 2x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 when x = 1. [5]
at x = 1
= 6 (12) – 6(1) + 1 = 1
10.2 First principles

10.2.1Differentiate f(x) = 5x2 + 6x + 2 from first principles. [5]
{ } { }
. /
= 5x2 + 10xδx + 5δx2 + 6x + 6δx + 2
{ } { }
. /
= 10x + 6
10.2.2 Differentiate f(x) = 5x2 from first principles. [5]
{ } { }
. /
= 5x2 + 10xδx + 5δx2

{ } { }
. /
= 10x
10.2.3 Differentiate from first principles f(x) = √ [10]
fi(x) = , -
= , -
From algebra (a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2,

Hence multiplying both numerator and denominator by , will make the
numerator to be the case of (a – b) (a + b).
[ ][ ]
fi(x) = , -
[ ]
=
[ ]
= [ ]
=[ ]
fi(x) = , -
[ ]
=[ ]
= [ ]
=
√
10.2.4 Differentiate f(x) = 4x3 from first principles. [5]

{ } { }
. /
= 4x3 + 12x2δx + 12xδx2 + 4δx3

{ } { }
. /
= 12x2
10.3 Turning points

10.3.1A box without a lid has a square base of sides x mm and rectangular sides of height h mm. It is
made from 10 800 mm2 of sheet metal of negligible thickness. Prove that and that the
volume of the box; ⁄ . Hence calculate the maximum volume of the box.
[15]
Area of box = base are + sum of areas forming sides
= x2 + 4hx
= 10 800 mm2
Making h subject of formula gives
h= shown.
Volume of box v = base area x height
= x2( )
= ⁄ shown.
Solving for x gives

X2 = = 3 600
X =√
When x = -60 second derivative is positive 90 implying a minimum turning point.
When x = 60 second derivative is -90 implying a maximum turning point.
Hence select positive value of x i.e. 60
Therefore volume v ⁄
= 162 000 – 54 000
= 108 000 mm3
10.3.2 Find the turning points of the function y = 2x2 – 9x2 + 12x + 4 and distinguish between them.
[10]
10.3.3 A rectangle sheet of metal which measures 240 mm x 160 mm has squares removed from
each of the four corners so that an open box may be formed. Find the maximum possible volume for
the box. [15]
The squares to be removed from each corner are shown below, having sides x mm. When the sides
are bent upwards the dimensions of the box will be: length (240−2x) mm, breadth (160−2x) mm
and height, x mm.

Volume of box,
V = (240 −2x) (160 −2x) (x)
= 38 400x - 480x2 −320x2 + 4x3
= 38 400 −1 600x + 12x2
= 0 for a turning point.

Hence 4(9 600−400x +3x2) = 0, i.e. 3x2 − 400x + 9 600 = 0
√
Using the quadratic formula,
√
=
= 101.943 mm or 31.390 mm
Since the breadth is (160 −2x) mm then x=101.943 mm is not possible and is neglected.
Hence x =31.390 mm
=−1 600+24x.
When x =31.390 mm, = - 846.64 (negative), giving a maximum value.

The dimensions of the box are: length = 240−2 (31.390) = 177.22 mm,
breadth = 160−2 (31.390) = 97.22 mm,
and height = 31.39 mm
Maximum volume = (177.22) (97.22) (31.390)
= 540 828. 619 mm3

10.3.4 Find the turning points on the curve y = 4x3 – 3x2 – 18x + 6 and distinguish between them.
[10]
= 12 x2 – 6x – 18 = 0 at a turning point.
2 x2 – x – 3 = 0
Solving for x gives x = 1.5 or –1
= 24x – 6,
When x = -1, = - 30 implying a maximum turning point and
When x =1.5, =30 implying a minimum turning point
For y-values f (-1) = 17 and f (1.5) = - 14.25.

The points are A (- 1; 17) –maxima and B (1.5; - 14.25) - minima.
10.3.5 Find the coordinates of the maximum and minimum values of the graph of
f (x) = ( ) - 5x2 + 12x – 7 and distinguish between them. [8]
Stage 1
= 2x2 – 10x + 12
Stage 2
= 2x2 – 10x + 12 = 0
Solving for x gives

x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
x2 – 2x – 3x + 6
x(x – 2) -3 (x – 2)
(x – 2) (x – 3) = 0
x = 2 or 3
Stage 3
When x = 2, f(x) = ; and when x = 3, f(x) = 2
Stage 4
= 4x – 10
Stage 5

When x = 2, = -2 < 0 implying a maximum turning point
When x = 3, = 2 > 0 implying a minimum turning point
Stage 6
Hence solution; point ( ) is a maximum turning point
point (3; 2) is a minimum turning point.
10.3.6 An open rectangular tank with a square base of side x metres and height h metres is designed
in such a way that its capacity is at least 500 m3.
(i). Show that the surface area of the tank is given by A = [4]
Volume of the tank = x2h = 500 m3; thus h =
Surface area = x2 + 4(xh) = x2 + 4x( ) = x2 + =
(ii). Determine the minimum dimensions of the tank. [6]
at a turning point (minimum) = 2x -
2x =
x3 = = 1 000
x = √ = 10 m and hence h = = 5m
10.4 Tangents and normal

10.4.1 Find the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of two straight lines 3y
– x = 2 and 2y + 5x = 1 and perpendicular to y – 2x = 7. [5]
Point of intersection by method of elimination

3y – x = 2 ……………i
2y + 5x = 1 ……………ii
Multiplying equation i by 2 and equationn ii by 3 and subtracting i from ii gives
17x = -1
x=

By substituting for x in (i) gives
3y –( ) = 2
51y + 1 = 34
y=
Point of intersection is ( )
The required equation is perpendicular to y – 2x = 7.

Using m1m2 = -1
m2 = -½
=-½( ) +c
From which c = - =
Therefore the equation is y = ½ x +
10.4.2 Find the equation of the tangent and normal at the point where x = 1 for the curve given by:
f(x) = 4x3 – 18x2 + 6x – 3 [6]
Gradient function = 12x2 – 36x + 6

Gradient of curve equals gradient of tangent at the point of tangency i.e.
Gradient = 12(1)2 – 36(1) + 6
= -18
When x = 1, f(x) = 4(13) – 18(12) + 6(1) – 3
= -11
-18 = =
y = -18x + 7 (equation of tangent)
m1m2 = -1 (product of gradients of two perpendicular straight lines)

-18m2 = -1
m2 = (gradient of normal)
18y = x – 199 (equation of normal)

10.4.3 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y = x + at (2; 3). If this normal meets the axes
at A and B, find the length of line segment AB and the area of the triangle OAB formed.
[10]
Given y = x + 2x-1,
=1– .
When x = 2,
=1– . = ½. (Gradient of the tangent)
m1m2 = -1 (product of gradients of two perpendicular straight lines)

½ m2 = -1
m2 = (gradient of normal)
= y = -2x + 7 (equation of normal)
For the normal,

When x = 0, y = 7 (point A), and when y = 0, x = (point B)
/AB/ = √(( ) ) = 7.83 units.
Area = √
Where s = ½(a+ b + c)
= ½ *( ) + = 9.165
Therefore Area =√
=√
= 12.25 square units.
10.4.4 Find the equation of the line passing through the point (1; 2) and perpendicular to the line
given by 3x – 7y + 2 = 0 [6]
Rearranging the equation gives: y =
Gradient of given equation = , but for perpendicular lines m1m2 = -1. Therefore gradient of line
2= .
Hence 2 =
c=
The equation becomes;
y=
Rearranging gives: 3y + 7x – 13 = 0
10.5 Rates of change

10.5.1 The distance x metres moved by a body in time t seconds is given by:
x = 2t3 + 3t2 - 6t + 2. Express the velocity and acceleration in terms of t and evaluate
acceleration when t = 4 seconds. [6]
Velocity = = 6t2 + 6t – 6 m/s
Acceleration = = 12t + 6 m/s2
When t = 4
= 12(4) + 6
= 54 m/s2
10.5.2 For a moving body, S =3t3 – t2, where S is the distance traveled in meters, and t is time taken
in seconds. Find the velocity and acceleration of the body after 2 seconds. [5]
Velocity = = 9t2 – 2t m/s
Acceleration = = 18t – 2 m/s2

When t = 2
= 9(2)2 – 2(2)
= 32 m/s
= 18(2) – 2
= 34 m/s2
CHAPTER ELEVEN: INTEGRAL CALCULUS
11.1 General integrals

11.1.1 Integrate with respect to the variable; f(x) = 2x5 - 4 √ + -√ +6 [5]
∫ = ∫( √ )
√
=∫
= *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +
= *( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +
√
= [( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ]
√
11.2 Definite integrals
11.2.1 Evaluate∫ [5]
∫ [ ]
=, ( )- , -
= {-2 (-1)} – {-2(1)}

=2+2
=4
11.2.3 Evaluate ∫ ( ) dθ, taking positive square roots only. [5]

√
∫ ( √
) dθ = ∫ ( ) dθ
= ∫ dθ
=* +
=* +
=* √ √ +
=, - , -
11.2.4 ∫ dx [5]
= ∫ ( ) dx
=* +
={ } , -
( ) ( )
∫ * + =, - { } =, -
= 4.5
∫ 0 1 0 1
2. / . /3 2. / . /3
= ,( ) - , ( )-
= (-4.5 + 6) – (-6+ 4.5)
= 1.5 + 1.5
=3
11.3 Area under curves

11.3.1 Determine the approximate area between the curve y = x3 + x2 – 4x - 4, the ordinates for x
from x = -3 to x = 3 and the x-axis by integration. [15]
Area = ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
∫ ∫( )

Hence
∫ * + ( ) ( )
∫ 0 1 {( ) ( )}
∫ 0 1 . / . /
∫ 0 1 {( ) ( )}
Adding these results gives,
Required area = = square units
11.3.2 a. Showing all intercepts on the axes and the turning points on a sketch, indicate the areas
enclosed by y = x (x – 1) (x – 2) [7]
b. Find the areas enclosed by the curve and the x-axis. [8]
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
y 0 0.375 0 -0.375 0
Area = area A + area B
∫ ∫( ) ∫ ( )

0 1 0 1
2. / 3 2. / . /3
= ,( ) - , ( )-
= + = 27.3
Determine the area enclosed by the curve given by y = x3 +2x2 − 5x −6 and the x-axis between x = −3
and x = 2. Use a graph to express your answer [15]
Area = ∫ dx + ∫ dx = ∫ x3 +2x2 − 5x −6)dx +∫ x3 +2x2 − 5x −6)dx
=* + -* +
=*( ) ( )+ - *( ) ( )+
=*( ) ( )+ - *( ) ( )+
=( ) ( ) =( ) square units

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NATIONAL CERTIFICATE ENGINEERING

QUESTION AND ANSWER GUIDE

THE RED SPOT

1.1 Indices .....................................................................................................................................................................................................3

1.2 Logarithms ............................................................................................................................................................................................4

1.3 Formulae ................................................................................................................................................................................................8

CHAPTER TWO: QUADRATIC EQUATIONS ...........................................................................................................................................11

2.1 Quadratic theory .............................................................................................................................................................................11

2.2 Solving quadratic equations .....................................................................................................................................................13

2.3 Quadratic graphs ............................................................................................................................................................................16

2.4 Simultaneous equations ..............................................................................................................................................................20

CHAPTER THREE: GRAPHS ...........................................................................................................................................................................23

3.1 Linear Graphs ...................................................................................................................................................................................23

3.2 Polar Graphs ......................................................................................................................................................................................24

3.3 Exponential growth and decay ................................................................................................................................................25

3.4 Determination of laws..................................................................................................................................................................27

CHAPTER FOUR: COORDINATE GEOMETRY........................................................................................................................................34

4.1 Gradient Formula ...........................................................................................................................................................................34

CHAPTER FIVE: TRIGONOMETRY .............................................................................................................................................................35

5.1 Definitions ..........................................................................................................................................................................................35

5.2 Identities .............................................................................................................................................................................................35

5.3 Solving triangles ..............................................................................................................................................................................37

5.4 Angles of elevation and Angles of depression .................................................................................................................40

5.5 Practical trigs ....................................................................................................................................................................................45

CHAPTER SIX: RADIAN MEASURE .............................................................................................................................................................47

CHAPTER SEVEN: MENSURATION (AREAS AND VOLUMES) ......................................................................................................50

7.1 Plane figures and solids...............................................................................................................................................................50

7.2 Frusta ....................................................................................................................................................................................................51

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 1

CHAPTER EIGHT: APPROXIMATE METHODS......................................................................................................................................59

8.1 Approximate Methods for Area...............................................................................................................................................59

8.2 Approximate Methods for Volume ........................................................................................................................................66

CHAPTER NINE: BINOMAL EXPANSION.................................................................................................................................................71

9.1 The series method ..........................................................................................................................................................................71

9.2 The Pascal’s Triangle Method ..................................................................................................................................................74

CHAPTER TEN: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS..........................................................................................................................................74

10.1 General derivatives ........................................................................................................................................................................74

10.2 First principles .................................................................................................................................................................................75

10.3 Turning points..................................................................................................................................................................................77

10.4 Tangents and normal....................................................................................................................................................................81

10.5 Rates of change ................................................................................................................................................................................84

CHAPTER ELEVEN: INTEGRAL CALCULUS ...........................................................................................................................................85

11.1 General integrals .............................................................................................................................................................................85

11.2 Definite integrals ............................................................................................................................................................................85

11.3 Area under curves ..........................................................................................................................................................................87

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 2

1.1.3 Evaluate ( )-1/2 =

1.1.4 Evaluate 5(3x0) = 5 x 3 x 1

1.1.7 Simplify = = [5]

1.1.8 Simplify =, -, - = 2y [5]

1.1.10 Find the value of =( )( )( )

= (23 – 4) (35 – 3) (74 -4) = 2-1 x 32 x 1 = or 4.5 [5]

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 3

= (32 – 4) (55 – 4) + (33 – 4) (53 – 4) = + = [5]

1.2.3 Solve log x4 – log x3 = log 3x – log 2x

log = log ( ) = [3]

Prepared by C Kembo: 2017 340/S02 Page 4

√ – √ (Law 2, i.e. Log( ) = Log M – Log N)

Log 53 + Log 2 – Log 33 (applying law 3 gives)

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