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1.

What is object database, its features, inheritance, operator overload, object identity, collection
types, encapsulation of operations, transient objects, persistent objects, polymorphism
operations, object definition language (ODL), object query language (OQL), Atomic (Use-
Defined) Objects, Extents-Keys-Factory object, and named query?
What is object database? Is a database system that were based on the object data model were
known originally as object-oriented database but are now refereed to as ODB.
The feature of database
. A key feature of object databases is the power they give the designer to specify both the
structure of complex objects and the operations that can be applied to these object.
Object has two components: state (value) and behavior (operation).
Overview Of Object Database Concept
Inheritance: Permits specification of new types or classes that inherit much of their structure
and/or operations from previously defined type or classes.
 It is which attribute and operation are treated uniformly since both attribute and
operation can be inherited.
Operator overload: which refers to an operation’s ability to be applied to different types of
objects; in such a situation, an operation name may refer to several distinct implementations,
depending on the type of object it is applied to.
Object identity: Objects have unique identities that are independent of their attribute values and
are generated by the ODB system.
Collection type: is an ordered group of element the same types like,
 Set
 Bag
 List
 Array
 Dictionary
Encapsulation of operations: The concept of encapsulation is one of the main characteristics of
OO languages and systems. It is also related to the concepts of abstract data types and
information hiding in programming languages. Typical operations include the object constructor
operation (often called new), which is used to create a new object, and the destructor operation,
which is used to destroy (delete) an object. A number of object modifier operations can also be
declared to modify the states (values) of various attributes of an object.
Transient objects: Objects in an OOPL exist only during program execution and disappear once
program terminates.
Persistent objects: An OO database can extend the existence of objects so that they are stored
permanently in a database.
Polymorphism operations: This concept allows the same operator name or symbol to be bound to
two or more different implementations of the operator, depending on the type of objects to which
the operator is applied.
Object definition language (ODL): is independent of any particular programming language. Its
main use is to create object specifications—that is, classes and interfaces.
Object query language (OQL): is the query language proposed for the ODMG object
Atomic (Use-Defined) Objects: In the object model, any user-defined object that is not a
collection object. Specified using keyword class.it defined as a class by specifying its properties
and operations.
Extents-Keys-Factory object, and named query Extent
Extent: A persistent named collection object that contains all persistent objects of class.
 Key: One or more properties whose values are unique for each object in extent of a class.
 Factory object: Used to generate or create individual objects via its operations Named
query.
Named query: Specify identifier of named query.
2. What is query processing, its steps, Translating SQL Queries, Algorithms for External Sorting,
parallel database architectures, Query Optimization, query tree, query graph, query
transformation, Choice of Query Execution Plans, Subquery (View) Merging Transformation,
Use of Selective in Cost-Based Optimization, Cost Functions for SELECT Operation, Cost
Functions for the JOIN Operation? .
What is query processing? Is the way DBMS parses, scanning, validate and optimize the given
query before generating low level code understood by database.
Step of this query process is:
Query in a high-level language

Scanning, parsing, and validating

Immediate form of query

Query optimizer

Execution plan

Query code generator

Code to execute the query

Runtime database processer

Result query
Translating SQL Queries:SQL is the query language that is used in most commercial RDBMSs. An
SQL query is first translated into an equivalent extended relational algebra expression .that can
translated to the algebraic expression.
Algorithms for External Sorting: Sorting is one of the primary algorithms used in query
processing .External sorting refers to sorting algorithms that are suitable for large files ofrecords
stored on disk that do not fit entirely in main memory. External sorting algorithm uses a sort-
merge strategy.
Parallel database architectures: it is used for prevailed for data intensive application, it has 3
approaches

Shared-memory architecture Multiple processors can access common main memory region
Shared-disk architecture Every processor has its own memory Machines have access to all disks
Shared-nothing architecture each processor has own memory and disk storage Most commonly
used in parallel database system.
Query Optimization is an activity conducted by query optimizer in a DBMS to select the best
available strategy for executing the query.
Query tree: is a tree data structure that corresponds to an extended relational algebra expression.
An internal representation of the query is then created, usually as a tree data structure
Query graph: A more neutral data structure for representation of a query. It is also possible to
represent the query using a graph data structure. which is generally a directed acyclic graph
(DAG).
Query transformation: deals with transformation of the user’s question before passing to the
embedding model. That is why the initial query tree is never executed, but is transformed into
another equivalent tree that is efficient to execute.
Choice of Query Execution Plans: An execution plan for a relational algebra expression
represented as a query tree includes information about the access methods available for each
relations, as well as include Alternatives for Query Evaluation. relational algebra expression is;
πFname, Lname, Address(σDname=‘Research’(DEPARTMENT) Dnumber=Dno EMPLOYEE)
Subquery (View) Merging Transformation: subquery appears in the FROM clause of a query.
The view-merging operation merges the tables in the view with the tables from the outer query
block. GROUP-BY View-Merging:

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