Laboratory Manual For: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering (312302)

SCHEME : K
LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (312302)
COMPUTER ENGINEERING GROUP
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001: 2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
VISION:
To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of
Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social
concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization.
MISSION:
To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the
industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging technological &
environmental challenges.
QUALITY POLICY
We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to
enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in
management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation,
evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes.
CORE VALUES
MSBTE believes in the following:
 Education industry produces live products.
 Market requirements do not wait for curriculum changes.
 Question paper is the reflector of academic standards of educational organization.
 Well designed curriculum needs effective implementation too.
 Competency based curriculum is the backbone of need based program.
 Technical skills do need support of life skills.
 Best teachers are the national assets.
 Effective teaching learning process is impossible without learning resources.

A Laboratory Manual for
BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING
(312302)
K-SCHEME
Semester-II
(AI/AN/BD/CM/CO/CW/DS/HA/IF/IH)
Maharashtra State
Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (1SO:9001:2015) (1SO/IEC 27001:2013)
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai
(Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)
4th Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra
(East), Mumbai- 400051.
MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
Certificate
This is to certify that Mr. /Ms……………………………………...
Roll No. ………………….…….of Second Semester of Diploma
in…...…………………………………………………...of Institute
…….……………………………………………………………….(Co
de:………) has completed the term work satisfactorily in course Basic
Electrical and Electronics Engineering (312302) for the academic
year 20…….to 20…….. as prescribed in the curriculum.
Place: …………….. Enrollment No: ……………….

Date: ………………. Exam Seat No: …………………
Subject Teacher Head of department Principal
Seal of
Institute
Basic Electrical And Electronics Engineering (312302)
Preface
The primary focus of any engineering laboratory/field work in the technical education system is
to develop the much needed industry relevant competencies and skills. With this in view, MSBTE
embarked on this innovative 'K' Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programmes with outcome-
based education as the focus and accordingly, relatively large amount of time is allotted for the
practical work. This displays the great importance of laboratory work making each teacher, instructor
and student to realize that every minute of the laboratory time need to be effectively utilized to develop
these outcomes, rather than doing other mundane activities. Therefore, for the successful
implementation of this outcome-based curriculum, every practical has been designed to serve as a
'vehicle' to develop this industry identified competency in every student. The practical skills are
difficult to develop through "chalk and duster" activity in the classroom situation. Accordingly, the "K
scheme laboratory manual development team designed the practical’s to focus on the outcomes, rather
than the traditional age old practice of conducting practical’s to 'verify the theory" (which may become
a byproduct along the way).
This laboratory manual is designed to help all stakeholders, especially the students, teachers and
instructors to develop in the student the pre-determined outcomes. It is expected from each student that
at least a day in advance, they have to thoroughly read through the concerned practical procedure that
they will do the next day and understand the minimum theoretical background associated with the
practical. Every practical in this manual begins by identifying the competency, industry relevant skills,
course outcomes and practical outcomes which serve key focal point for doing the practical. The
students will then become aware about the skills they will achieve through procedure shown there and
necessary precautions to be taken, which will help them to apply in solving real-world problems in
their professional life.
This manual also provides guidelines to teachers and instructors to effectively facilitate student-
centered lab activities through each practical exercise by arranging and managing necessary resources
in order that the students follow the procedures and precautions systematically ensuring the
achievement of outcomes in the students.
This course deals with the fundamentals of electrical engineering and electronics engineering,
working principles of commonly used motors, different electronic components and circuits used. In
today’s world most of the consumer appliances are based on electronic circuits and devices, working of
computer or any of its peripherals are based on electronics. The basic concepts of electrical and
electronics engineering in this course will be very useful for understanding and testing simple electrical
circuits and electronic circuits. After studying this course students will develop an insight to identify,
build and trouble shoot simple electrical and electronic circuits.
Although best possible care has been taken to check for errors (if any) in this laboratory manual,
perfection may elude us as this is the first edition of this manual. Any errors and suggestions for
improvement are solicited and highly welcome.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) i

Program Outcomes (POs):
 PO 1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, sciences
and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the engineering problems.
 PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyze well-defined engineering problems using codified
standard methods.
 PO 3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems
and assist with the design of system components or processes to meet specified needs.
 PO 4. Engineering tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern engineering tools and
appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements.
 PO 5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate
technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices.
 PO 6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team
member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined
engineering activities.
 PO 7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating in the
context of technological changes.
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

 PSO 1: Use state-of-the-art technologies for operation and application of computer software and
hardware.
 PSO 2: Maintain computer engineering related software and hardware systems.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO):
 PEO 1: Provide socially responsible, environment friendly solutions to Computer engineering

related broad-based problems adapting professional ethics.
 PEO 2: Adapt state-of-the-art Computer engineering broad-based technologies to work in

multidisciplinary work environments.
 PEO 3: Solve broad-based problems individually and as a team member communicating

effectively in the world of work.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) ii

List of Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant skills of the competency "Use electrical equipment in industrial
applications" are expected to be developed in you by undertaking the practicals of this laboratory manual.
1. Calculate and measure basic electrical quantities and parameters.
2. Use different electrical machines by making connections.
3. Use electrical safety devices in electrical circuits.
4. Use relevant diode in different electronic circuits.
5. Use BJT and FET in various electronic circuits.
6. Use various types of sensors and transducers.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) iii

Brief Guidelines to Teachers.

1. Teacher should provide the guideline with demonstration of practical to the students with all
features.
2. Teacher shall explain prior concepts to the students before starting of each experiment.
3. Involve students in performance of each experiment.
4. Teacher should ensure that the respective skills and competencies are developed in. the students
after the completion of the practical exercise.
5. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands on experience after the demonstration.
6. Teacher is expected to share the skills and competencies to be developed in the students.
7. Teacher may provide additional knowledge and skills to the students even though not covered in
the manual but are expected the students by the industry.
8. Finally give practical assignment and assess the performance of students based on task assigned to
check whether it is as per the instructions.
Instructions for Students

1. Listen carefully the lecture given by teacher about subject, curriculum, learning structure, skills to
be developed.
2. Organize the work in the group and make record all programs.
3. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
4. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and gain confidence.
5. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills etc. those included in
scope of manual.
6. Student shall refer technical magazines.
7. Student should develop habit to submit the practicals on date and time. Student should well
prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.
8. Attach /paste separate papers wherever necessary.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) iv

Practical course outcome matrix

PRACATICAL COURSE OUTCOME MATRIX
COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)
CO1 - Calculate and measure basic electrical quantities and parameters
CO2 - Use different electrical machines by making connections.
CO3 - Use electrical safety devices in electrical circuits.
CO4 - Use relevant diode in different electronic circuits.
CO5 - Use BJT and FET in various electronic circuits.
CO6 - Use various types of sensors and transducers.
Sr. No. Title of the Practical CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4 CO5 CO6
1 Measure the parameters of simple electrical and

identify presence of flux lines in magnetic - - - - -
circuit.(e.g. current, voltage, power, flux)
2 Measure frequency, time period, rms value, peak
value of sinusoidal AC waveform for resistive - - - - -
and inductive circuit using CRO.
3 Phase difference of voltage and current in
- - - - -
inductive circuit
4 Measure the line voltage, phase voltage and phase
current and line current in three phase star - - - - -
connected balanced load.
5 Measure the line voltage, phase voltage and phase
current and line current in three phase delta - - - - -
6 Determination of the voltage and current ratio of
- - - - -
single phase transformer.
7 Operate DC shunt motor by connecting three
- - - - -
point starter.
8 Operate DC series motor by connecting two point
- - - - -
starter.
9 Reverse the direction of rotation of universal - - - - -
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) v

motor
10 Demonstrate the operation of stepper motor for
- - - - -
various speed rotation.
11 Use multimeter for measurement of voltage,
current (AC, DC), resistance and continuity of the - - - - -
given electrical circuit.
12 Connect fuse in electrical circuit and check its
- - - - -
operation at normal and abnormal conditions.
13 Connect MCB in electrical circuit and check its
- - - - -
14 Connect ELCB in electrical circuit and check its
- - - - -
15 Use of earth tester for measurement of earthing
- - - - -
resistance of a installed earthing of laboratory.
16 Connect the Zener diode in the circuit and test its
- - - - -
operation in forward and reverse bias mode.
17 Determine the voltage regulation by using Zener
- - - - -
diode under variable input and output conditions.
18 Check the output waveform of L, C and π filters
- - - - -
on CRO of rectifier circuit.
19 Make the input and output connections of UPS
and measure the output voltage under online and - - - - -
offline mode.
20 Make the input, output connections and check the
operation of UPS under normal and overload - - - - -
condition.
21 Test input /output characteristics of NPN
- - - - -
transistor in CE configuration
22 Test input /output characteristics of NPN
- - - - -
transistor in CB configuration.
23 Check the switch ON and switch OFF condition
- - - - -
of LED by using transistor.
24 Determine the Drain and Transfer characteristics
of FET. - - - - -
25 Measure temperature of liquid using RTD (PT- - - - - -
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) vi

100) transducer.
26 Measure temperature of liquid using
thermocouple measurement. - - - - -
27 Check the motion of given object using

photoelectric sensor. - - - - -
28 Measure the resistance of LDR in varying light

- - - - -
intensity.
29 Measure displacement using LVDT. - - - - -
30 Measurement of displacement using
- - - - -
potentiometer.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) vii

Content Page
List of Practical’s and Progressive Assessment Sheet
Sr. Title of the Practical Page Date of Date of Assessment Dated Remarks
No. no. Performance Submission Marks (25) sign. of (If any)
Teacher
1 Measure the parameters of 1

simple electrical and identify
presence of flux lines in
magnetic circuit.(e.g current,
voltage, power, flux)
2 Measure frequency, time 8
period, rms value, peak
value of sinusoidal AC
waveform for resistive and
inductive circuit using RO.
3 Phase difference of voltage 13
and current in inductive
circuit
4 Measure the line voltage, 19
phase voltage and phase
current and line current in
three phase star connected
balanced load.
5 Measure the line voltage, 25
phase voltage and phase
current and line current in
three phase delta connected
balanced load.
6 Determination of the voltage 31
and current ratio of single
phase transformer.
7 Operate DC shunt motor by 36
connecting three point
starter.
8 Operate DC series motor by 41
connecting two point starter.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) viii

9 Reverse the direction of 46

rotation of universal motor
10 Demonstrate the operation of 51
stepper motor for various
speed rotation.
11 Use multimeter for 56
measurement of voltage,
current (AC, DC), resistance
and continuity of the given
electrical circuit.
12 Connect fuse in electrical 65
circuit and check its
operation at normal and
abnormal conditions.
13 Connect MCB in electrical 70
14 Connect ELCB in electrical 75
15 Use of earth tester for 80
measurement of earthing
resistance of a installed
earthing of laboratory.
16 Connect the Zener diode in 86
the circuit and test its
operation in forward and
reverse bias mode.
17 Determine the voltage 94
regulation by using Zener
diode under variable input
and output conditions.
18 Check the output waveform 102
of L, C and π filters on CRO
of rectifier circuit.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) ix

19 Make the input and output 109

connections of UPS and
measure the output voltage
under online and offline
mode.
20 Make the input, output 116
connections and check the
operation of UPS under
normal and overload
condition.
21 Test input /output 122
characteristics of NPN
transistor in CE
configuration
22 Test input /output 131
characteristics of NPN
transistor in CB
configuration.
23 Check the switch ON and 139
switch OFF condition of
LED by using transistor.
24 Determine the Drain and 145
Transfer characteristics of
FET.
25 Measure temperature of 153
liquid using RTD (PT-100)
transducer.
26 Measure temperature of 160
liquid using thermocouple
measurement.
27 Check the motion of given 167
object using photoelectric
sensor.
28 Measure the resistance of 173
LDR in varying light
intensity.
29 Measure displacement using 180
LVDT.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) x
30 Measurement of 187
displacement using
potentiometer.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) xi

Practical No.1 Measure the parameters of simple electrical and identify presence of flux lines in
magnetic circuit. (E.g. current, voltage, power, flux)
I Practical Significance:
To measure the parameters of a simple electrical circuit and identify the presence of flux lines in a
magnetic circuit, you can use various instruments and techniques.
II Industry /Employer Expected outcome:
Apply basic concept of electrical and electronics engineering in various application in relevant technical
fields.
III Course level learning outcome:
Calculate and measure basic electrical quantities and parameters.
IV Laboratory Learning outcome:
LLO Use electrical meters for measurement of electrical parameters.
LLO Identify presence of magnetic flux lines
V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome:
Follow safety electrical rules for safe practices.
VI Minimum Theoretical Background:

 Voltage describes the "pressure" that pushes electricity. The amount of voltage is indicated by a
unit known as the volt (V), and higher voltages cause more electricity to flow to an electronic
device.
 Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms. The
common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized
by A.
 We can define power as the rate of doing work, it is the work done in unit time. The S.l. unit of
power is Watt (W) which is joules per second (J/s). Sometimes the power of motor vehicles and
other machines is given in terms of Horsepower (hp), which is approximately equal to 745.7 watts.
 Magnetic flux is a measurement of the total magnetic field which passes through a given area. It is
a useful tool for helping describe the effects of the magnetic force on something occupying a given
area.
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) 1

VII Actual circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications:
Circuit for measurement of voltage, current and power
Circuit for identify presence of magnetic flux lines in magnetic circuit

VIII Resources Required:
S.NO. Name of Resource Suggested Board Specifications Quantity

1 Autotransformer Autotransformer 0-270V,4A 1 No.
2 Voltmeter 0-250-500V 1 No.
3 Ammeter 0-5-10A 1 No.
4 Rheostat 100ohm,5A 1 No.
5 Inductor Suitable inductor 1 No.
5 Wattmeter 0-750-1500-3000W 1 No.
6 Bar magnet Bar magnet of known polarity 1 No.
7 Galvanometer Suitable range 1 No.
8 Inductive coil Any suitable coil having large number of turns 1 No.
IX Precautions to be followed:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Don't touch wire with wet hand.
3. Gradually increase the voltage of auto-transformer.

X Procedure:
A) Procedure Circuit for measurement of voltage, current and power
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Apply the voltage using autotransformer.
3. Measure the voltage, current and power of the circuit
B) Procedure Circuit for measurement of voltage, current and power

1. Connect two ends of the coil to the Galvanometer.
2. Take a bar magnet of known polarity.
3. Move the bar magnet in the coil as per the sequence given in observation table.
4. Observe the deflection of Galvanometer.
XI Resources used:
Sr. No. Name of Resources Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1

XII Actual Procedure followed:

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XIII Observation table for measurement for voltage, current and power.
Sr. No. Voltage(V) Current(A) Power(W)
Observation table for identifying magnetic flux.
S.N. Movement of Bar Magnet Movement of the Deflection of Galvanometer connected

Magnet across coil
Forward / Reverse Less/ More
1 Towards the coil Slow
2 Towards the coil Fast
3 Away from the coil Slow
4 Away from the coil Fast
XIV Results:
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XV Interpretation of Results (Giving meaning to the results):

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XVI Conclusions (Actions to be taken based on the interpretations):
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XVII Practical Related Questions:
1. Define current.
2. Write the function of an ammeter.
3. Define voltage.
4. Write the function of voltmeter.
5. Define power.
6. Write the formula of power.
7. Define magnetic flux.
8. Define magnetic lines of force.
9. State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
10. Define flux density and write the symbol of the same.
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XVIII References/suggestions for further reading:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/circuit-parameter
2. https://study.com/academy/lesson/operating-simple-circuits-parts-functions.html
3. https://uomustansiriyah.edu.iq/media/lectures/5/5_2018_03_18!08_37_55_PM.pdf
4. https://byjus.com/physics/circuit-diagram/

XIX Assessment Scheme:

The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding process and
product related marks:
Performance indicators Weightage

15 Marks
Process related (60%)
Handling of the components 10 %
1
Identification of component 20 %
2
Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
3
Working in team 10 %
4
10 Marks
Product related (40%)
10 %
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component
05 %
6 Interpretation of result
05 %
7 Conclusions
15 %
8 Practical related questions
05%
9 Submitting the journal in time
Total 100 %
Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher
Process Related(15) Product Related(10) Total

(25)

Practical No. 2: Measure frequency, Time period, Peak value, RMS value of sinusoidal AC
waveform for resistive and inductive circuit using CRO.
I Practical significance:
An alternating ac waveform is one that varies in both magnitude and direction in more or less an even
manner with respect to time. An AC function can mathematically represent either a power source or a
single source with the shape of an AC waveform
II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s):
Use electrical equipment eﬃciently for different electronic engineering application.
Use single phase AC supply for Electrical and electronic equipments.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s):
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s):
LLO Interpret the AC waveform for resistive and inductive circuit displayed on CRO.
V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s):
VI Relevant Theoretical Background:
Waveform: The shape of the curve obtained by plotting the instantaneous values of voltage or current as
ordinate against time is called its waveform.
Time period (T): The time taken in seconds to complete one cycle of an alternating quantity is called its
time period. It is generally represented by T. Unit of time period is seconds.
𝟏
𝑻=
𝒇
Frequency (F): The number of cycles that occur in one second is called the frequency (f) of the
alternating quantity.
𝟏
𝑭=
𝑻
Amplitude. The maximum value (positive or negative) attained by an alternating quantity is called its
amplitude or peak value. The amplitude of an alternating voltage or current is designated by Vm or Im
respectively.
Average Value: The average value of a alternating quantity is equal to the average of all its instantaneous
values over a period of time.
𝑽𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝟕 ∗ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
Peak Value: It is the maximum value attained by an alternating quantity. The peak or maximum value of
an alternating voltage or current is represented by Vm or Im.

R.M.S Value: The effective or R.M.S. value of an alternating current is that steady current (d.c.) which
when flowing through a given resistance for a given time produces the same amount of heat as produced
by the alternating current when flowing through the same resistance for the same time.
𝑽𝒓𝒎𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 ∗ 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙
VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment Specifications:
VIII Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specification:
Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

S. No.
Suitable Rheostat 1
1 Rheostat
Suitable Inductor 1
2 Inductor
Suitable Voltmeter 1
3 Voltmeter
Suitable Ammeter 1
4 Ammeter
With 2 attenuator probes 1
5 CRO
1. All electrical connections should be neat and tight.
2. Check the power supply before connection.
3. Connect ammeter in series.
4. Connect voltmeter in parallel.
5. Do not give high voltage to CRO.
X Procedure:
2. Connect the CRO for observing current and voltage waveform.
3. Repeat step 2 for different input voltages.

XI Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specification:

S. No.
XII Actual Procedure Followed:

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XIII Observations:
1. Time period of AC waveform (T)= ………….. division
2. Time per division=……….
3. Peak value of ac waveform= …………. Division
4. Volt per division= ……….
XIV Calculations:
1. Time period of ac waveform (T)= ………..division X ………. Time per division =
…………………. Seconds
2. Peak value of ac waveform= ………….. division X ………...... volt per division = ………………
volts
3. R.M.S. value of ac waveform = Peak value X 0.707= ………… Volts
4. Average value of ac waveform = Peak value X 0.637=………… Volts

XV Results:
1. Time period : ………………...seconds
2. Peak value: …………………..volts
3. R.M.S. value: …………………volts
4. Average value: …………….... volts
XVI Interpretation of results:

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XVII Conclusion and recommendation:
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XVIII Practical related questions (Provide space for answers):
Define waveform, instantaneous value, cycle, amplitude, time period, frequency, angular frequency,
R.M.S. value, average value, peak value
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XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading:
1. www.electrical4u.com
2. www.howstuffworks.com
3. www.electricaltechnology.org
XIX Suggested Assessment Scheme
Performance Indicators Weightage

Process Related : 15 Marks 60 %
1 Handling of the components 10%
2 Identification of components 20%
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument 20%
4 Working in teams 10%
Product Related: 10 Marks 40%
5 Calculated theoretical values of given component 10%
6 Interpretation of result 05%
7 Conclusions 05%
8 Practical related questions 15%
9 Submitting the journal in time 05%
Total ( 25 Marks) 100 %
Marks Obtained Dated signature of teacher
Process Related Product Related Total (25)

(15) (10)

Practical No. 3: Phase difference between voltage and current in inductive circuit
Phase difference between voltage and current in resistive and inductive circuits plays an important role in
electrical and electronic engineering. Because without these components such as relays, solenoids,
inductors, chokes, coils, loudspeakers, motors, generators, transformers and electricity meters etc, would
not work. Phase difference between voltage and current in a circuit depends on parameters of the circuit.
Based on this, circuit has lagging, leading or unity power factor.
II Industry/ Employer Expected Outcomes(s):
Apply basic concept of electrical and electronic engineering in various applications in relevant technical
fields.
III Course Level Learning Outcomes(s):
IV Laboratory Learning Outcomes(s):
LLO Measure the phase difference between voltage and current in the AC circuit of the inductive circuit

Follow safe practices when undertaking electrical works.
The phase difference or phase shift as it is also called of a Sinusoidal Waveform is the angle Φ (Greek
letter Phi), in degrees or radians that the waveform has shifted from a certain reference point along the
horizontal zero axis. In other words, phase shift is the lateral difference between two or more waveforms
along a common axis and sinusoidal waveforms of the same frequency can have a phase difference.
The phase difference, Φ of an alternating waveform can vary between 0 to its maximum time period, T of
the waveform during one complete cycle and this can be anywhere along the horizontal axis between, Φ =
0 to 2π (radians) or Φ = 0 to 360odepending upon the angular units used.
Then the equation for the instantaneous value of a sinusoidal voltage or current waveform for pure
resistive circuit are
Ir=Imsinꞷt and Vr=Vm sinꞷt
And for pure inductive circuit are
IL=Imsinꞷt and VL =Vm sin (ꞷt+90)
And for R-L (resistive and inductive) circuit is
I=Imsinꞷt and V =Vm sin (ꞷt+ Φ),
Where Φ represents phase angle.

R-L series circuit connection across A.C. supply
Phasor representation of Vr, VL and V, (lagging Power factor V is leading over I by Φ)
Waveform representation of supply voltage V and circuit current I, phase difference is Φ, I is lagging
behind V by an angle of Φ

VIII Resources required:
S. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

Rheostat Suitable rating 1
1
Inductor
2 Suitable rating 1
Voltmeter
4 Suitable rating 2
Ammeter
5 Suitable rating 1
Wattmeter
6 Suitable rating 1
Single phase autotransformer
7 Suitable rating 1
3. Connect Ammeter in series.
4. Connect Voltmeter in parallel.
X Procedure:
2. Set rheostat at maximum position.
3. By using autotransformer apply the voltage.
4. Measure the voltage across R and L, measure current and power
5. Repeat the procedure for different voltages.
6. Draw phasor diagram for above readings.
XI Resources used:
S. Name of Resource Broad Specifications Quantity Remarks

No. (If any)

XII Actual procedure followed:

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XIII Observations and Calculations:
Sr. Supply Current I Voltage across Voltage across Power

No. voltage V (amp) resistance choke coil P (watts)
(volts) VR volts VL volts
Calculations:
Sr. Vr= I*R Voltage across R=𝑽𝑹 /I 𝑿𝑳 =𝑽𝑳 /I Z=V/I Cos(Φ)= Φ Reactive Apparent
No. pure P/VI power power
inductance Q (VAR) S (VA)
𝑽𝑳 =√𝑽𝒄𝒐𝒊𝒍𝟐 −
𝑽𝒓²)
XIV Results:
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XV Interpretation of results:
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XVI Conclusions and Recommendations (if any):

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Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such
questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO.
1. Give current, voltage relation in R, L and C element.
2. Draw phasor diagrams showing the relation of V1, V2 and V3
3. Calculate the power factor of the circuit.
4. Obtain phase difference between supply voltage and current for your set-up.
5. Write the concept of lagging and leading power factor.
(Space to write answers)
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XVIII References / Suggestions for Further Reading:
3. https://youtu.be/4EgQBPcDMoU?si=IU65Y7v9CGdhipyT
4. https://www.electrical4u.com/rl-series-circuit/

The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding process
and product related marks:

15 Marks
1 Handling of the components 10 %
Identification of component 20 %
2
Measuring value using suitable instrument 20 %
3
Working in team 10 %
4
10 Marks
5 Calculate theoretical values of given component 10 %
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
Total 100 %
Process Related(15) Product Related(10) Total (25)

Practical No. 4: Measure the live voltage, phase voltage and phase current and line current in three
phase star connected balanced load.
In practice, large power application like Transformer, Transmission line etc. use three phase systems. In a
three phase circuit loads can be connected in balanced star and delta mode. Practical will help the students
to acquire necessary skills.
Three-phase power is commonly used in factories and manufacturing plants to power large equipment
such as compressors, pumps, conveyors, and motors, often use three-phase power to run large fans and
pumps It is necessary to formulate voltage and current relations for system parameters for testing ,
calculations and interpretations.
LLO 1 Measure the live voltage, phase voltage, phase current and line current in three phase star
LLO 2 Determine phase voltage and line current in delta connected load.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background (With diagrams if required):
In the Star Connection, the similar ends (either start or finish) of the three windings are connected to a
common point called star or neutral point. The three-line conductors run from the remaining three free
terminals called line conductors.
In star connection line voltage is root 3 times of phase voltage.

The same current flows through phase winding as well as in the line conductor as it is connected in series
with the phase winding.
Star connection is preferred for long distance power transmission because it is having the neutral point. In
this we need to come to the concept of balanced and unbalanced current in power system. When equal
current will flow through all the three phases, then it is called as balanced current.
Usually, Star Connection is used in both transmission and distribution networks (with either single phase
supply or three – phase. Delta Connection is generally used in distribution networks. Since insulation
required is less, Star Connection can be used for long distances.

S. No.
Three Phase Variac Suitable Three phase variac 1 No.
1
Three Phase load Suitable range 1 No.
2
A.C. Ammeter Suitable A.C. ammeter 2 No.
3
A.C. voltmeter Suitable A.C. Voltmeter 2 No.
4

2. Don’t touch wire with wet hands.
1. Ensure the output voltage of the Autotransformer should be zero.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Confirm all the meters should be at zero position.
3. Set the rheostat at maximum position.
4. Set the autotransformer output voltage zero.
5. Switch ON the supply.
6. Record the reading of ammeters, voltmeters.
7. Take different readings at different input voltages.

S. No.
1
2
3
4
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XIII Observation and Calculation table:
Sr. No. Line Voltage Phase Line current Phase Ratio Ratio
Voltage Current VL/Vph IL/Iph
(volts) (Amp)
(Volts) (Amp)
XIV Result(s):
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation:
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XVII Practical related questions (Provide space for answers):

1. Define balanced load.
2. State the application of star connection.
3. What will be the value of neutral current for three phase star connected balanced load?
4. State the methods to measure power in three phase circuit.
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XIX Suggested Assessment Scheme:

7 Conclusions 05%
Process Related Product Related Total

(15) (10) (25)

Practical No. 5: Measure the live voltage, phase voltage and phase current and line current in three
phase delta connected balanced load.
In practice, large power application like Transformer, Transmission line etc. use three phase systems. In a
three phase circuit loads can be connected in balanced star and delta mode. Practical will help the students
to acquire necessary skills.
Three-phase power is commonly used in factories and manufacturing plants to power large equipment
such as compressors, pumps, conveyors, and motors, often use three-phase power to run large fans and
pumps It is necessary to formulate voltage and current relations for system parameters for testing,
calculations and interpretations.
LLO Find the phase voltage and line current relation in delta connected load.
The delta in a three-phase system is formed by connecting one end of the winding to the starting end of
other winding and the connections are continued to form a closed loop. The star in the three-phase system
is formed by connecting one end of all three impedances are connected together.
In Delta (Δ) or Mesh connection, the finished terminal of one winding is connected to start terminal of
the other phase and so on which gives a closed circuit. The three-line conductors are run from the three
junctions of the mesh called Line Conductors.

To obtain the delta connections, a2 is connected with b1, b2 is connected with c1 and c2 is connected with
a1 as shown in the above figure. The three conductors R, Y and B are running from the three junctions
known as Line Conductors.
The current flowing through each phase is called Phase Current (Iph), and the current flowing through
each line conductor is called Line Current (IL).
The voltage across each phase is called Phase Voltage (Eph), and the voltage across two line conductors is
called Line Voltage (EL).
Relation between Phase Voltage and Line Voltage in Delta Connection
In delta connection, line voltage is equal to phase voltage.
Relation between Phase Current and Line Current in Delta Connection

In delta connection line current is root three times of phase current.
In a Delta Connection, the Line and Phase Voltages are same and hence, more insulation is required for
individual phases. Usually, Star Connection is used in both transmission and distribution networks (with
either single phase supply or three – phase. Delta Connection is generally used in distribution networks
Three Phase balanced network are used in the power industry for the reason of economy and performance.
Three phase generators and motors run smoothly, with no torque pulsation, unlike single phase machine.
In addition balanced three phase system may be operated as three or four wire systems, which much less
copper needed for the power delivered as compared with three single phase systems.


S. No.
Suitable Three phase variac 1 No.
1 Three Phase Variac
Suitable range 1 No.
2 Three Phase load
Suitable A.C. ammeter 2 No.
3 A.C. Ammeter
Suitable A.C. Voltmeter 2 No.
4 A.C. voltmeter
2. Don’t touch wire with wet hands.
3. Ensure the output voltage of the Autotransformer should be zero.
X Procedure:
2. Confirm all the meters should be at zero position.
3. Set the rheostat at maximum position.
4. Set the autotransformer output voltage zero.
5. Switch ON the supply.
6. Record the reading of ammeters, voltmeters.
7. Take different readings at different input voltages.


S. No.
1
2
3
4

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XIII Observation and Calculation table:
Sr. No. Line Voltage Phase Voltage Line Phase Current Ratio Ratio
current VL/Vph
(volts) (volts) (amp) IL/Iph
(amp)
XIV Result(s):
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XVII Practical related questions (Provide space for answers)
1. Define balanced load and unbalanced load.
2. State the application of Delta connection.
3. What are the advantage of three phase system over single phase system?
4. Compare Star and delta connection.
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) (10)
(25)

Practical No. 6: Determination of the voltage ratio and current ratio of single phase transformer.
A single phase Transformer is used for changing voltage levels in electronic circuits. Mostly electronic
devices/ circuits are energized with DC supply. To lower the voltage level of AC supply voltage
transformer is used and this lowered AC voltage level further rectified to DC supply. Voltage ratio of a
transformer decides increasing or decreasing voltage level.
Determine voltage and current ratio of single phase transformer.
Use different electrical machines by making connections.
LLO Determine the transformation ratio.
Voltage ratio: The voltage ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary voltage and secondary
voltage
𝑉𝑝
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑉𝑠
Where
Vp = Primary voltage
Vs = secondary voltage
Current ratio: The current ratio of a transformer is equal to the ratio of primary current and secondary
current
𝐼𝑝
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐼𝑠
Where
Ip = primary current Is = secondary current

S. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1 Ammeter 0-10 A AC 2
2 Voltmeter 0-300 V AC 2
3 Single Phase Transformer 1 kVA 230/115 V single phase transformer 1
4 Resistive load Single phase 230V, 15 A Resistive load 1
X Procedure:
2. Switch on power supply.
3. Note down reading of ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Calculate current and voltage ratio

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity

1
2
3
4

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XIII Observations and calculations:
Sr. Primary Secondary Primary Secondary Voltage Ratio = Current Ratio =

No. Voltage Voltage Current (Ip) Current (Vp/Vs) (Ip/Is)
(Vp) (Vs) (Is)
1
2
3
4
XIV Results:
Voltage Ratio is ………………… and current ratio is ……………… for given transformer

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XVII Practical related questions (Provide space for answers):
1. Define transformer.
2. Define voltage ratio.
3. Define current ratio.
4. Define transformation ratio.
5. State EMF equation of single phase transformer.
6. Define step up and step down transformer.
7. Give applications of step up and step down transformer.
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7 Conclusions 05%
Process Product Total

Related Related (25)
(15) (10)

Practical No. 7: operate DC Shunt motor by connecting three point starter.
DC shunt motor draws very high current during starting which may burn armature winding. Hence to
protect DC shunt motor from damage due to heavy starting current, Three point starter is used to start
DC shunt motor.
Select and connect DC motor to DC supply using particular starter for different applications.
LLO DC shunt motor operation.
3 point starter is a device whose main function is starting of DC shunt motor. The 3 point starter
connects the resistance in series with the circuit which reduces the high starting current and hence
protect DC Shunt motor from damage. For DC series motor 2 point starter is used.


1 DC motor 3 HP 220V, DC 1
2 DC supply 220V DC 20 Amp 1
3 Three point starter Suitable for 3 HP DC shunt motor 1
4 Tachometer Suitable range around 0 to 5000 rpm 1
1. Connect the three point starter with DC shunt motor properly.
X Procedure:
2. Switch on DC supply.
3. Move the handle of 3 point starter from Start to Run position gradually.
4. Observe the starting of DC shunt motor.
5. By using tachometer measure the speed of the DC shunt motor

1
2
2
3

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XIII Observations:
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XIV Results:
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XVI Conclusion and recommendation

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1. State types of starters used for DC motors.
2. Starter is necessary for starting of DC motors.
3. Write the functions of different parts of three point starter.
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7 Conclusions 05%

Related(15) Related(10) (25)

Practical No. 8: Operate DC series motor by connecting two point starter.
DC series motor draws very high current during starting which may burn armature winding. Hence to
protect DC series motor from damage due to heavy starting current, Two point starter is used to start
DC series motor.
Select and connect DC motor to DC supply using particular starter for different applications.
LLO DC series motor operation.
VI Relevant Theoretical Background
2 point starter is a device whose main function is starting of DC series motor. The 2 point starter
connects the resistance in series with the circuit which reduces the high starting current and hence
protect DC Series motor from damage. For DC Shunt motor 3 point starter is used.


1 DC series motor 3 HP 220V, DC 1
2 DC supply 220V DC 20 Amp 1
3 Two point starter Suitable for 3 HP DC shunt motor 1
1. Connect the two point starter with DC shunt motor properly.
2. Do not start DC series motor without any load.
X Procedure:
2. Switch on DC supply.
3. Move the handle of 3 point starter from Start to Run position gradually.
4. Observe the starting of DC shunt motor.
5. By using tachometer measure the speed of the DC shunt motor
X11 Actual Procedure followed:

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XIII Observations:
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XIV Results:
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1. State types of starters used for DC motors.
2. Starter is necessary for starting of DC motors.
3. Write the functions of different parts of three point starter.
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) (10) (25)

Practical No. 9: Reverse the direction of rotation of universal motor.
Reversal of rotation of Universal motor plays an important role in electrical and electronic engineering for
different medical instrumentation applications.
II Industry/Employer Expected Outcome(s)
Use universal motor for different applications. Reverser the direction of rotation of universal motor.
III Course Level Learning Outcome(s)
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome(s)
LLO Speed reversal of universal motor.
V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome(s)
VI Relevant Theoretical Background

Universal motor can be operated on AC and DC supply. It consists of armature, armature winding, field
winding, armature winding and field winding are connected in series with each other since this is
basicallya series motor.
The direction of rotation of a universal motor can be changed by either: (i) Reversing the field
connection with respect to those of armature; or (ii) By using two field windings wound on the core in
opposite directions so that the one connected in series with armature gives clockwise rotation, while the
other in series with the armature gives counterclockwise rotation.


1 Universal motor Suitable rating 1
2 Supply AC or DC Suitable supply 1
X Procedure
1. Connect universal motor to AC/DC supply.
2. Mark the rotation of motor.
3. Change the armature winding terminal.
4. Mark the rotation of motor.

1
2


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XIII Observations:
Sr. Winding connection Direction of rotation

No.
1 Normal
2 Reversed
XIV Results:
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1. State working of universal motor.
2. State main parts of State different types of single phase induction motors.
3. Give applications of universal motor.
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) (10) (25)

Practical No. 10: Demonstrate the operation of stepper motor for various speed rotation.
I Practical significance: Stepper motors convert electricity into rotation. Not only does a stepper
motor convert electrical power into rotation, but it can be very accurately controlled in terms of how
far it will rotate and how fast. Stepper motors are typically used for holding or positioning
applications.
II Industry/Employer expected outcome:
Apply basic concept of electrical engineering in various application in relevant technical field. Identify
different types of supply sources, equipment and machines.
III Course level learning outcome:
Use different electrical machines by making connection.
IV Laboratory Learning Outcome
Demonstrate the stepper motor operation.
V Relevant Affective Domain related outcome
Follow safety electrical rules for practices.
VI Relevant Theoretical background
The construction of a stepper motor is fairly related to a DC motor. It includes a permanent magnet
like Rotor which is in the middle & it will turn once force acts on it. This rotor is enclosed through a
no. of the stator which is wound through a magnetic coil all over it. The stator is arranged near to rotor
so that magnetic fields within the stators can control the movement of the rotor.
Stepper Motor
The stepper motor can be controlled by energizing every stator one by one. So the stator will
magnetize & works like an electromagnetic pole which uses repulsive energy on the rotor to move
forward. The stator’s alternative magnetizing as well as demagnetizing will shift the rotor gradually
&allows it to turn through great control.
The stepper motor working principle is Electro-Magnetism. It includes a rotor which is made with a
permanent magnet whereas a stator is with electromagnets. Once the supply is provided to the winding

of the stator then the magnetic field will be developed within the stator. Now rotor in the motor will
start to move with the rotating magnetic field of the stator. So this is the fundamental working
principle of this motor.
Stepper Motor Construction
In this motor, there is a soft iron that is enclosed through the electromagnetic stators. The poles of the
stator as well as the rotor don’t depend on the kind of stepper. Once the stators of this motor are
energized then the rotor will rotate to line up itself with the stator otherwise turns to have the least gap
through the stator. In this way, the stators are activated in a series to revolve the stepper motor.
A stepper motor is a type of electromechanical device that converts electrical pulses into discrete
mechanical movements. Unlike DC or AC motors that rotate continuously, a stepper motor moves
in precise increments or steps, hence the name "stepper." A stepper motor, also known as step
motor or stepping motor, is an electrical motor that rotates in a series of small angular steps, instead of
continuously. Stepper motors are so named because each pulse of electricity turns the motor one step.
The operation of a stepper motor for various speed rotation lies in understanding the capabilities and
application of stepper motors in different scenarios. Commercially, stepper motors are used in floppy
disk drives, flatbed scanners, computer printers, plotters, slot machines, image scanners, compact disc
drives, intelligent lighting, camera lenses, CNC machines, and 3D printers. They are used in numeric
control of machine tools. Used in tape drives, and electric watches. The stepper motor also uses in X-Y
plotter and robotics. It has wide application in textile industries and integrated circuit fabrications.
A stepper motor is an electromechanical device it converts electrical power into mechanical power.
Also, it is a brushless, synchronous electric motor that can divide a full rotation into an expansive
number of steps. The motor’s position can be controlled accurately without any feedback mechanism,
as long as the motor is carefully sized to the application. Stepper motors are similar to
switched reluctance motors. The stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the
motor shaft turn a precise distance when a pulse of electricity is provided. The stator has eight poles,
and the rotor has six poles. The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make
one complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for each
pulse of electricity that the motor receives. Stepper motors are typically used for holding or
positioning applications. In areas like lasers and optics, they are used in precision positioning
equipment such as linear actuators, linear stages, rotation stages, and more. They can also be used in
Packaging Machinery.

VII Actual circuit diagram used in laboratory

Student should draw the relevant circuit diagram under the guidance of teacher
VIII Required resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications:

Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Quantity
No. Specification
1 Stepper motor Suitable range 1 No.
2 Stepper motor driver Suitable range 1 No.
3 Stepper motor controller Suitable range 1 No.
4 Power supply Suitable range 1 No.
5 Connecting wires Suitable wires 1 No.

IX Precautions to be followed
1. The motor constantly draws electrical currents
2. The motor will be overheated if you leave the power on for an extended period
3. Make sure to disconnect the power (Vcc) to the Darlington array I you are not
debugging/testing it.
X. Procedures
Student should write the procedure under the guidance of teacher.
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XI Resources Used (Student should the required resources)

S. No.
1
2
XII Actual Procedure followed
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XIII Observations
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XIV Results
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XV Interpretation of results
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XVI Conclusions and recommendation

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XVII Practical related questions.
1. How to change the rotation speed of a stepper motor?
2. How to reverse the rotation direction?
3. Enlist the applications of stepper motor.
XVIII References/Suggestions for further reading

1. https://www.monolithicpower.com/stepper-motors-basics-types-uses
2. https://www.orientalmotor.com/stepper-motors/technology/stepper-motor-basics.html
3. https://www.elprocus.com/stepper-motor-types-advantages-applications/
4. https://eepower.com/technical-articles/stepper-motors-part-1-an-overview/

XIX Assessment Scheme

The given performance indicators should serve as a guideline for assessment regarding
process and product related marks:

15 Marks
10 %
1 Handling of the components
20 %
2 Identification of component
20 %
3 Measuring value using suitable instrument
10 %
4 Working in team
10 Marks
6 Interpretation of result 05 %
7 Conclusions 05 %
8 Practical related questions 15 %
Total 100 %

(25)

Practical No. 11: Use of Multimeter for measurement of voltage, current (AC, DC), resistance
and continuity of the given electrical circuit.
Multimeter is used for measurement of voltage, current in AC and DC circuit. Also resistance and
continuity of the given electrical circuit can be checked by using multimeter.
In the industry, Electrical Engineering diploma graduate are expected to handle digital multimeter to
measure basic parameters like voltage, current and resistance of the field devices. Therefore this
practical will help you to acquire necessary skills.

Use of Multimeter for measurement.
Multimeter is a portable multi range instrument used for measurement of current voltage and
resistance. Front panel of digital multimeter consists of Display panel, selector switch, common input
connector.

VII Circuit diagram:

a) AC Current Measurement
b) AC Voltage Measurement
c) DC Current Measurement (Circuit diagram to be drawn by student under the

guidance of teacher)

d) DC Voltage Measurement
(Circuit diagram to be drawn by student under the guidance of teacher)
e) Resistance Measurement
f) Continuity checking

VIII Required Resources:

Sr.
No.
Single phase Variac/ Dimmerstat (0-270V), 4A 1
1
Ammeter Suitable range PMMC/MI 1
2
Voltmeter Suitable range PMMC/MI 1
3
Digital Multimeter Voltage:DC:600Volts;AC:600Volts, 1
4
Current:DC:20amps;AC:20amps
Lamp Bank /Lamp Load 5KW 1
5
Rheostat Suitable range 1
6
DC supply Suitable voltage
7
1. Select proper range of meters.
2. Be careful while selecting AC/DC meters.
3. Don’t increase the current beyond meters capacity.
4. Use dimmerstat for voltage variation in AC.
5. Don’t touch the live wires.
6. Set the DMM at correct AC /DC voltmeter, AC/DC ammeter mode by operating selector
switch.
X Procedure:
A) AC Current Measurement
1) Connect a circuit as shown in fig for measurement of AC current.
2) Switch ON the supply.
3) Keep dimmerstat at minimum position.
4) Increase the output voltage of dimmerstat up to the rated value.
5) Switch on the load bank switches gradually in steps.
6) Record the current in the observation table after measuring with DMM reading
7) Record the ammeter reading.
8) Increase the load on by switching on one more switch of the load bank.
9) Repeat steps 6-9 for more readings.
B) AC voltage measurement
1) Connect a circuit as shown in fig for measurement of AC Voltage.
2) Switch ON the supply.
3) Keep dimmerstat at minimum position.
4) Increase the output voltage of dimmerstat up to the rated value.
5) Switch on the load bank switches gradually in steps.
6) Record the voltmeter reading.

7) Set the DMM at correct AC voltmeter mode by operating selector switch, record DMM
voltage reading.
8) Increase the load on by switching on one more switch of the load bank.
9) Repeat steps 6-9 for more readings.
C) DC Current Measurement
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D) DC Voltage Measurement
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E) Resistance Measurement
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F) Continuity checking
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XI Required Resources
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
XII Observation table:

a) AC Current Measurement
Sr. Ammeter DMM Reading

No. Reading
1
2
3
b) AC Voltage Measurement
Sr. Voltmeter DMM Reading

Reading
No.
1
2
3

c) DC Current Measurement
Sr. Ammeter DMM Reading

No. Reading
1
2
3
d) DC Voltage Measurement
Sr. Voltmeter DMM Reading

No. Reading
1
2
3
4
e) Resistance Measurement
Sr. Resistance measured

No by DMM
1
f) Checking continuity
Sr. If circuit is If circuit is open

No continued alarm alarm doesn’t beeps
beeps
1

XIII Result(s):
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XIV Interpretation of results:

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XV Conclusion and recommendation:

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XVI Practical related questions:

(Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teacher must design more
such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identifies CO.)
1. List the minimum and maximum range of current that can be read with multimeter given to
you.
2. State the procedure for continuity test using multi-meter.
3. State the applications of multimeter.
[Space for answers]

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XVII References/Suggestions for further reading:

1. Experiments in Basic Electrical Engineering S.K.Bhattacharya K.M.Rastogi ISBN:978-81-
224-1041-6 New Age International Publication
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/current_clamp
3. Electrical Measurement and Measuring Instruments U.A.Bakshi A.V.Bakshl K.A.Bakashi
ISBN 9788184314380First Edition -2008Technical Publications Pune
XVIII Suggested Assessment Scheme:

7 Conclusions 05%

Related (15) Related (10) (25)

Practical No. 12: Connect the fuse in electrical circuit and check its operation at normal and
An electrical fuse is a safety device that operates to provide protection against the overflow of current
in an electrical circuit. An important component of an electrical fuse is a metal wire or strip that melts
when excess current flows through it. It helps to protect the device by stopping or interrupting the
current.
Select the relevant fuse for different requirements.

Use electrical safety devices in electrical circuit.

Connection of fuses in electrical circuit.


Fuses are basic safety devices widely deployed in electrical circuits for excess current or overcurrent
protection. If a stronger than expected current surges through the fuse, it will blow and break the
circuit, minimising heat damage and reducing the risk of electrocution or fire. It consists of a small
link of soft metal, which melts when excessive current passes through it. The fuse wires are usually
bare wires and made of lead and tin. Lead alloy is used for small current and tinned copper wire is
used for large current. Upto 3 amperes load, lead fuse wires are used, upto 15 amperes alloy of lead
and tin is used and above 15 amperes, tinned copper wires are used. If a short circuit occurs anywhere
in the wiring system, excessive current flows through the wires and fuse and if fuse operates properly,
it will melt, cutting of the current before any harm can be done to the connected equipment or circuit.

VII Actual circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment specification:
VIII Required Resources /apparatus/equipment with specifications:
Particulars Specification Quantity

Sr. No.
Fuse Range – 0 to 6 A 01
1
Voltmeter Range 0-300V 01
2
Auto-transformer (Dimmer) Single phase, 0-270V, 50 Hz , 6A 01
3
Ammeter 0-10A 01
4
Resistive Load / Lamp Load (Bank) Range 10-20 A 01
5
1. There should not be any loose connection.
2. Ensure the proper rating of fuse is selected for the given circuit.
3. Ensure that supply is OFF while replacing the fuse.
4. Follow electrical safety rules,
X Procedure:
1. There should not be any loose connection.
2. Switch on the supply and adjust the rated load current.
3. Gradually increase the load current in steps of 10% of rated and note down the time of
operation for each current above rated till fuse blows.
4. Plot the graph between current and time of operation.

XI Resources Used (Students should write the required resources):
S.No. Name of resources Broad Specifications Quantity

1
2
3
4

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XIII Observation table:
Sr. No. Voltmeter reading in volts Current through fuse Time of operation in seconds
element in Amps.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
XIV Results:
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XV Interpretation of Results:
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XVI Conclusions and recommendation:

……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………
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XVII Practical Related Questions: (Use separate sheet for answer)

1. State the function of fuse.
2. State the limitations of fuse.
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XVIII References/suggestions for further reading :

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W770Z1yvXs8
2. https://www.vedantu.com/physics/working-principle-of-an-electrical-fuse
3. https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-are-the-characteristics-of-fuse-wire/
4. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/fuse-characteristics-protection-circuits
5. https://testbook.com/physics/electrical-fuse



15 Marks
10 %
20 %
20
10 %
4 Working in team
10 Marks
Interpretation of result 05 %
6
Conclusions 05 %
7
Practical related questions 15 %
8
Submitting the journal in time 05%
9
Total 100 %

(25)

Practical No. 13: Connect MCB in electrical circuit and check its operation at normal and
MCB is the most important component of power distribution system. It provides safety, proper
operation of the system and ease in smooth operation of the installation. Therefore, it is essential to
know the working of this component.

Select proper rating of MCB for different electrical applications.


Connection of MCB in electrical circuit.


MCB switches “OFF” the electrical circuit during overload and short circuits. MCBs have current
ratings ranging from A to 100 A & as their name implies, they have a compact size. There are three
main types of MCBs, classified according to the current range at which they trip instantly.
 Type B- Trips at 3 To 5 times rated current, suitable for resistive or slightly inductive loads.
 Type C- Trips at 5 to 10 times rated current, suitable for moderate inductive loads.
 Type D- Trips at 10 to 20 times rated current, suitable for loads with a high inductive
components.


Sr.
No.
Single pole MCB 0.5/1 A , Type B, 6 KA, 240 V 01
1.
Auto-transformer (Dimmer) Single phase, 0-270V, 50 Hz , 6A 01
2.
A.C. Ammeter Range 0-10A 01
3.
4. A.C. voltmeter Range 0- 300 V
Resistive Load / Lamp Load (Bank) Suitable size 01
5.
1. While testing MCB proper ratings of fuses should be used in ICDP.
2. Ensure the proper rating of MCB is selected for the given circuit.
3. Follow electrical safety rules.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown.
2. Switch on the supply.
3. Apply the rated voltage to the MCB.
4. Increase the load up to 3 times current rating of MCB.
5. Record the tripping time of MCB and ammeter reading in the observation table.
6. Increase the load up to 4 to 5 times of current rating of MCB.
7. Record the tripping time of MCB and ammeter reading in the observation table.

Sr. No. Name of resources Broad Specifications Quantity

1
2
3
4
5

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Current through circuit Tripping time of MCB

Sr. No.
1
2
3
4
5
XIV Results:
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1. State the applications of MCB.
2. MCB selection needs to be done carefully; explain.
3. State the specification of MCB.
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1. https://byjus.com/physics/miniature-circuit-breaker
2. https://www.electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/learn-electronics/miniature-circuit-
board-mcb
3. https://www.electrical4u.com/miniature-circuit-breaker-or-mcb/



15 Marks
10 %
20 %
20 %
10 %
4 Working in team
10 Marks
Calculate theoretical values of given component 10 %
5
Interpretation of result 05 %
6
Conclusions 05 %
7
Practical related questions 15 %
8
Submitting the journal in time 05%
9
Total 100 %

(25)

Practical No. 14: Connect ELCB in electrical circuit breaker and check its operation at normal
and abnormal conditions.
ELCB is a life -saving device which is designed to prevent human life from electric shocks.
Connection of switchgears plays important role in engineering. Correct connection is necessary for
operating equipment safely. This device provides the safety in an electrical installation. Therefore, it is
essential to know the working of this component.

Select proper rating of MCB for different electrical applications.


Connection of ELCB in electrical circuit.


An Earth-leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) is a safety device used in electrical installations with high
Earth impedance to prevent injury to humans and animals due to electric shock. It detects small stray
voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment, and interrupts the circuit if a dangerous
voltage is detected.
It monitors the leakage current that flows out of the circuit through any unintended path. The ELCB
disconnects the power when earth leakage is detected. It helps detect current leaks and insulation
failures in the electrical circuits that would cause electrical shocks to anyone coming into contact with
the circuit.
There are two types of ELCB: voltage operated and current operated. Current operated ELCBs are
widely used. The current operated ELCBs are also called as RCCB (Residual current circuit breaker.
Basically, it works on the principle of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) i.e. incoming current is equal to
outgoing current. Residual current is the difference between line current and neutral current.
At the event of earth leakage, current find the earth path, hence imbalance occurs between line current
and neutral current. The coil in toroidal transformer senses residual current which connected to relay.


Sr.
No.
Earth leakage circuit breaker (ELCB) Single phase ,2 Pole-40Amp- 01
1
120/240V AC,50Hz
Digital Multi meter 1 01
2 3 Digit display
2
Auto-transformer (Dimmer) Single phase, 0-270V, 50 Hz , 01
3
6A
Ammeter 0-5A, 0-10A 02
4
Resistive Load / Lamp Load (Bank) Suitable size 01
5
Knife Switch Single Pole Single Throw 01
6
1. While testing ELCB proper ratings of fuses should be used in ICDP.
2. Ensure the proper rating of ELCB is selected for the given circuit.
3. Precautions should be taken while operating knife switch.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the ELCB as per the circuit diagram.
2. Record the observation in ammeters.
3. If Knife switch is not available, then remove neutral wire of load and touch to Earth terminal of
ICDP

S.No. Name of resources Broad Specifications Quantity

1
2
3
4
5
XII Actual Procedure followed

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Before operating knife switch
Sr. No. Current through live wire Current through neutral wire
1
2
3
4
5
After operating knife switch
Sr. No. Current through live wire Current through neutral wire
1
2
3
4

XIV Results:
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1. What is ELCB also known as?
2. State the working principle of ELCB?
3. State how the ELCB differ from MCB.
4. Is ELCB trip in the event of short circuit in an electric circuit?
5. Name the device used for earth leakage and over current protection.
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1. https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2021/09/elcb-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker.html
2. https://engineering.electrical-equipment.org/electrical-distribution/earth-leakage-circuit-
breaker-elcb.html
3. https://www.etechnog.com/2021/12/what-is-elcb-full-form-function-diagram.html
4. https://www.homemade-circuits.com/make-simple-earth-leakage-circuit/
5. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/working-principle-of-earth-leakage-circuit-breaker-
elcb-and-residual-current-device-rcd


7 Conclusions 05%
Process Related Product Total

(15) Related (10) (25)

Practical No.15 Use of earth tester for measurement of earthing resistance of a installed earthing
of laboratory.
Earthing System or Grounding System is an electrical network work as a safety measure to protect
human life as well as equipment. The main objective of the Earth testing is to measure the value of
earth resistance and compare and maintain it with recommended value of earth system resistance.
Use earth tester for measurement of earthing resistance.
Use Electrical safety devices in electrical circuit.
Measurement of earth resistance.
The instrument used for measuring the resistance of the earth is known as earth tester. All the
equipment of the power system is connected to the earth through the earth electrode. The earth
protects the equipment and personnel from the fault current. The resistance of the earth is very low.
The fault current through the earth electrode passes to the earth. Thus, protect system from damage. As
per Indian standard as well as international standard (IEEE and IEC), earthing resistance should not be
more than following recommended value for various installations:
1. Household-5 Ohm
2. Power station-0.5 Ohm
3. Major substations- 1 Ohm
4. Minor substation-2 Ohm
Earth tester is a special type of megger used for measurement of earth resistance having additional
constructional features of rotating current reverser and rectifier. It has four terminals namely P1, P2
and C1, C2. Two terminals PI and C1 are shorted to form a common point to be connected to the earth
electrode. P1, P2. The other two terminals P2 and C2 are connected to auxiliary electrodes P and C
respectively.

VIII Resources required:
S.No. Name of Resources Suggested broad Quantity

Specification
1 Earth Tester with connecting cables Analog or digital type 1 Set
1 No.
2 Hammer ball peen 1Kg
1 No.
3 Combination plier 200mm
1 No.
4 Screw driver 300mm
1 No.
5 Earth electrode (for test) -

1. Read carefully the instructions of the manufacturer.
2. All connection should be tight.
3. Select the proper range of tester.
4. Handle rotation should be as per instruction given on instruments.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the earth tester and connecting cables.
2. Drive the current electrode at a distance of 30 meters from the main electrode.
3. Drive the potential electrode midway between the main and current electrodes.
4. Short the terminal C1 and P1, of the earth tester (if four terminals) and connect the terminals to
the main electrode.
5. Connect the terminal P2 and C2 of the earth tester to the potential electrode and current
electrodes respectively.
6. Rotate the earth tester at its rated speed.
7. Measure the resistance of the earth electrode directly in the tester and enter the value in
observation table.
8. Repeat the measurement by shifting the auxiliary electrode position as state in Nos. 2 to 4 of
observation table.
9. Calculate average value of earth resistance.
10. If the value is found more than 5 Ohm, pour water in funnel of earth electrode a measure the
earth resistance.
XI Resources Used (Student should the required resources):
Sr. Name of resources Broad Specification Quantity

No.
1
2
3
4

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S.N. Position of electrode

Earth Average Earth
resistance resistance
Current electrode 30m, Potential electrode 15m(from the
1
main electrode)
2
main electrode)
3
main electrode)
Current electrode 24m,Potential electrode 12m (from the
4
main electrode)
XIV Results:
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XV Interpretation of results (Giving meaning to the results):

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XVI Conclusions and Recommendations:
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1. State the methods of reducing resistance of the earth electrode.
2. What will happen, if two earth electrodes are joined together?
3. What will be the effect of change in the speed of rotation of earth tester?
4. State the causes of higher value of earth resistance.
5. State the operating principle of earth tester.
[Space for answers]
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XVIII References / Suggestions for Further Reading:
1. https://electrical-engineering-portal.com/download-center/books-and-guides/power-
substations/earth-resistance-testing
2. https://youtu.be/6RJnsa83xTA?si=No2XrxTpbOJnU3HL
3. https://www.electricaldeck.com/2021/06/earth-tester-or-earth-resistance-tester-construction-
and-working.html


7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)

Practical No.16 : Connect the Zener diode in the circuit and test its operation in forward and
reverse bias mode.
Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to regulate the voltage
across small circuits. The student will be able to plot the forward and reverse characteristics of the
Zener diode and measure the Zener voltage
Electrical and Electronic industries use different types of DC power supplies with different voltage and
current ratings. Zener diode works as a voltage regulator in DC power supply. The Employee should
be able to test Zener diode for its ratings.
Use relevant diode in different Electronic circuits.
LLO Check the forward and reverse VI characteristics of Zener diode.
1. Handle components and equipment carefully.
2. Follow the safety precautions.
Zener diode is formed by combining highly doped P and N semiconductor materials. It works on the
principle of Zener breakdown and is normally operated in reverse breakdown region. In reverse
breakdown region, high current flow through the diode leading to high power dissipation.
The Zener breakdown occurs when the electric field across the junction produced due to the reverse
voltage is sufficiently high, this breaks covalent bonds. Thus a large numbers of carriers are generated
which causes a more current to flow. This mechanism is called as Zener breakdown. After Zener
breakdown the reverse current increases sharply but voltage across Zener diode remains constant.
Zener resistance of a Zener diode is a ratio of reverse Zener voltage to the reverse Zener current.

V-I Characteristics of Zener diode

S.No. Instrument Specification Quantity

/Components
Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter 2
1
DC Regulated power Variable DC power supply 0-30V,2A,SC protection, 1
2
supply display for voltage and current.
Voltmeter 0-20V 1
3
Ammeter (0-200ma,0-200µA) 1
4
Bread board 5.5CM X 17CM 1
5
Zener Diode IN4735 ( or any other equivalent diode) 1
6
Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts /0.25 watta) 1
7
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating(0.6mm diameter) As per
8
requirement
1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the Zener diode beyond the
rated voltage of diode. This may lead to damaging of the diode.
3. Connect voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2.
2. Switch ON the power supply.
3. Record the forward voltage and forward current in the observation table nol.
4. Increase the input voltage in step of 0.1 V
5. Record the forward voltage and forward current in the observation table nol.
6. Repeat steps 4 to 5 till 1 V is reached.
7. Plot the graph for the forward bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking forward voltage on
X- axis and forward current on Y-axis.
9. Vary input voltage gradually in steps of 1V up to 12V.
10. Record the corresponding readings of reverse voltage and reverse current in the observation
table no2.
11. Plot the graph for the reverse bias characteristics of Zener diode by taking VR on X- axis and IR
on Y-axis.

XI Required Resources/apparatus/equipment with specifications:
S. No Instruments/Components Suggested broad Quantity

specification
1
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Table 1: Measurement of VF and IF
SR.NO VF(volt) IF(mA)

Table 2: Measurement of VR and IR
SR.NO VR(volt) IR(mA)
Calculations: RF=ΔVF/ΔIF ohm
RZ=ΔVR/ΔIR ohm
XIV Results:
1. Zener breakdown voltage =………V.

2. Zener resistance = ………Ω
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XVI Conclusions & Recommendations:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1. What is the value of Zener voltage for given zener diode?

2. What is the maximum value of reverse current for given zener diode?
3. What is the effect on voltage across zener diode and current flowing through it, when reverse
voltage across it is more than breakdown voltage?
4. What portion of zener diode characteristics is most useful for voltage regulation applications?
[Space for Answers]
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XVIII References/ suggestions for further reading ; includes websites:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itzPT3UbC1I
XIX Marking Scheme:

7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.17: Determine the voltage regulation by using zener diode under variable input and
output conditions.
It is required to provide regulated power supply to various circuits and Integrated Circuits. Zener
diodes have a primary application as a voltage regulator. Various electronic equipment’s and circuits
require regulated power supply which can be provided by Zener voltage regulator. Student should be
able to test zener as a voltage regulator for variable input and variable load.
Electrical and Electronic industries use different types of DC power supplies with different voltage and
current ratings. Zener diode works as a voltage regulator in DC power supply. Depending on the input
voltage and required output voltage zener diode should be selected.
Find the voltage regulation of zener diode.
1. Carefully handling of components and circuits.

2. Visually aesthetic connections.
Zener diode is designed to operate in the breakdown region. It is possible to construct Zener diode with
required breakdown voltage in reverse bias condition. After breakdown, Zener diode acts as a constant
voltage source i.e. if the applied reverse voltage exceeds the Zener voltage; it keeps the voltage across
the device constant. Since it acts as a constant voltage regulator i.e. it keeps the output voltage constant
irrespective of changes in load current or changes in input voltage.

S. No. Instrument Specification Quantity

/Components
Digital Multimeter 3 ½ digit display 1
1
DC Regulated power Variable DC power supply 0-30V,2A, display for 1
2
supply voltage and current.
Zener Diode IN4735 ( or any other equivalent diode) 1
3
DC Ammeter 0-200mA 02
4
Potentiometer 10KΩ 01
5
Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts /0.25 watts) 1
6
7
requirement

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless the circuit connection are checked as per the circuit
diagram.
2. See the data sheet to know the reverse breakdown voltage of the given diode before Starting the
experiment.
3. Connect Voltmeters/Ammeters in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram
4. Switch OFF the power supply after taking readings.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch ON the power supply.
Load Regulation (Keep the Input voltage at 5V-10V)
1. By changing the Load Resistance RL, measure the corresponding output (Voltmeter) voltage.
2. Measure the current in the two ammeters to measure zener current Iz and Load current IL
Line Regulation
Keep the Load resistance RL constant. Vary the input supply Vs & note down the corresponding output
voltage.
Graph
Plot the graph of Load current IL (X-axis) Versus Load voltage Vo (Y-axis). Plot a graph between
Input voltage Vs (X-axis) Versus Output Voltage Vo (Y-axis)

specification
1

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XIV Results:
1. Zener breakdown voltage =……….

2. Forward resistance of zener diode = ………Ω
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1. Give the value of input voltage when Zener current starts increasing?
2. For what value of Load resistance the Load current is Minimum?
3. For what value of Load resistance the Load current is Maximum?
4. Define zener breakdown?
[Space for Answers]
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itzPT3UbC1I
S.No. Title of Book/Website Author Publication
1 Applied Electronics R.S.Sedha S.Chand and Co.,New Delhi 2008,ISBN 978-

8121927833
2 Principles of V.K.Mehta S.Chand and Co.,Ram Nagar,New Delhi-

Electronics 110055,11th Edition,2014,ISBN 978-812-192405


7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.18: Check the output waveform of L, C and π filters on CRO of rectifier circuit.
The device which converts the pulsating DC into pure DC is called filter. Voltage regulator keeps the
terminal voltage of the D.C. power supply constant, even if the A.C. input to the transformer varies or
the load varies. The electronic passive elements like capacitor and inductors are used to perform this
function. In this experiment the student will be able to test the performance of L, C, LC and CLC
filters.
Filters play active role in different D.C. power supplies used in industries. Depending upon the
application different types of filters or their combination can be selected and tested.

Filter the ripples by using L, C and π filter.
1. Handle the components with care

2. Make aesthetically clean connections
3. Work in team
4. Follow ethical practices
A rectifier is a circuit that converts the AC signal into pulsating DC. This pulsating DC is converted
into pure DC by using filters circuits. A filter circuit consists of passive components like inductors,
capacitors or their combination. For example, an inductor allows AC On the other hand, capacitor
allows flowing AC through it, but blocks DC. Therefore capacitor filter is always connected in parallel
with the load. Whereas inductor filter is connected in series with the load. Combination of L and C i.e.
LC or CLC filters are also widely used for getting better filtered output.

Sr. No. Instrument Specification Quantity

/Components
Digital Multimeter 3 ½ digit display Digital Multimeter 1
1
Transformer(centre 6-0-6 V AC,500 mA 1
2
tapped)
Diode Silicon Diode IN4007 2
3
Resistor 1KΩ 1
4
Capacitor, Inductor 2.2πF,720mH 1
5
C.R.O. 0-20 MHz (Dual trace) 1
6
Connecting wires Single strand As per requirement
7
Any other
8

1. Do not switch ON the power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
2. While doing the experiment do not exceed the input voltage of the diode beyond the rated
voltage of diode. This may lead to damage of the diode.
X Procedure:
Part I
1. Connect the Electronic circuit for half wave rectifier on bread board as shown in Figure 1.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to rectifier
input
3. Before switching on power supply, check the connection.
4. Switch ON the power supply and set CRO in DC mode adjust level accurately.
5. Observe the Waveforms across load resistance R₁ for capacitor filter.
6. Connect the inductor as shown in Figure 5 and observe the waveform across load resistor
Part II
1. Connect the Electronic circuit for Full wave rectifier on bread board as shown in Figure 2.
2. Connect the primary side of the transformer to AC mains and the secondary side to rectifier
input.
3. Before switching on power supply, check the connection.
4. Switch ON the power supply and set CRO in DC mode adjust level accurately.
5. Observe the Waveforms across load resistance R₁ for capacitor filter.
6. Connect the inductor as shown in Figure 5 and observe the waveform across load resistor
7. Compare waveforms observed for half wave rectifier and full wave rectifier

specification
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XIV Results:
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1. State the effect on output voltage if we replace the capacitor filter with pi filter.
2. Compare output wave form of LC filter and CLC filter for half wave rectifier as well as full
wave rectifier
3. Draw the circuit diagram of bridge rectifier with pi filter.
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1. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117103063/4
2. http://eecs.oregonstate.edu/education/docs/datasheets/XC-600178.pdf


7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.19: Make the input and output connections of UPS and measure the output voltage
under online and offline mode
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) have important role in various applications where a reliable and
continuous power supply is required.
In industrial, domestic, commercial applications, continuous AC mains supply is needed. The
employee is expected to select UPS of suitable ratings and test it under online and offline mode.
Check the operation of UPS under online and offline mode.
1. Handle the equipments and components carefully.
2. Follow safety precautions.
The purpose of a UPS is to provide emergency power (usually by a lead/acid battery) to a load when it
senses that the input power source has failed. They are different from emergency power systems or
standby generators because they provide near-instantaneous protection from power interruption by
using a battery (which can be a super capacitor or flywheel). The battery itself usually has a short
runtime (about 5-20 minutes), but it should be enough to either save all that precious data/progress that
you have made, gracefully shut everything down, or fix the problem that caused the outage. A UPS can
be used to protect hardware like data centers, computers, and other electrical equipment where an
unexpected surge/sag can cause serious problems like data loss, business disruption, and even injuries
or fatalities.
Types of Uninterruptible Power Supplies
There are three types of uninterruptible power supplies: static, dynamic (rotary), and hybrid. Static
uses power electronic converters, dynamic uses electromagnetic engines (generators and motor), and
hybrid uses a combination of both static and dynamic.
1. Offline/Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply
The offline/standby UPS is the most basic out of the three. It provides light surge protection and
battery back-up. During normal operations, it gets its power from its main power source (generally an
AC outlet). Once it senses that the main power source goes beyond acceptable limits or fails, it
switches to the "offline/standby" battery where it will then go to the DC/AC inverter power source and
battery as such, there will be a small transfer time between the main

2. Online/Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply

The online/double conversion UPS differs from the offline/standby as the DC/AC inverter is always
connected on. This means there will be no transfer time between the main power source and battery,
providing greater protection against spikes, sags, electrical noise, and complete power failure.
Sr. No. Name of Suggested Specifications Quantity

Resource
1. UPS Input voltage- 230V AC ±15% single phase 1

Output Voltage- 230V ±1% single phase
Power capacity- 1kVA
Frequency- 50 Hz ±0.5Hz
2. Digital DMM:3 ½ digit display 1
Multimeter

VIX Precautions to be followed:

1. Do not install UPS in an outdoor area that is open to direct sunlight, moisture, thunderstorms or
other drastic climatic conditions.
2. Only a skilled technician should do battery replacement.
3. Do not open the UPS cover unnecessarily.
4. If at all, you have to open the cover for checking any fault, it should be done only after
switching the UPS off and disconnecting it from the mains.
X Procedure:
Mains ON:
1. Measure AC input voltage with the help of multimeter.

2. Measure AC output voltage with the help of multimeter.
3. Measure Battery Full Charge DC Voltage with the help of multimeter.
Mains OFF:
1. Measure AC input Voltage with the help of multimeter.

2. Measure AC output Voltage with the help of multimeter.
3. Measure Battery DC voltage with the help of multimeter.
S. No Instruments/Components Suggested Quantity

broad
specification
1
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Sr.No. Operating conditions Input Voltage Output Voltage

1. Online Mode
2. Offline Mode
XIV Results:
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1. What is mean by UPS?

2. List types of UPS.
3. List applications of UPS.
4. State the need of UPS.
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1. UPS Working Principle and Types - Offline and Online UPS Systems
2. Microsoft Word - MpBe002c_Energieeffizienz von USV-Anlagen_Schlussbericht.doc


7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.20: Make the input and output connections and check the operation of UPS under
normal and overload condition
Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) have vital role in various applications where a reliable and
continuous power supply is essential.
In industrial, domestic and commercial applications continuous AC mains supply is needed. This can
be provided by UPS. The employee is expected to select UPS of suitable ratings and test it under
normal and overload conditions.
Check the abnormal and normal operation of UPS.
1. Handle the equipment’s and components carefully.

2. Follow safety precautions.
In normal operation, a double-conversion UPS continually processes power twice. If the AC input
supply falls out of predefined limits, however, the input rectifier shuts off and the output inverter
begins drawing power from the battery instead. If you overload your UPS, it will either shut down or
the load will be transferred to by- pass until the condition is reversed. When this happens, all of the
devices connected to it will lose power.

Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Specifications Quantity
1. UPS Input voltage- 230V AC ±15% single phase 1

Output Voltage- 230V ±1% single phase
Power capacity- 1kVA
Frequency- 50 Hz ±0.5Hz
2. Digital Multimeter DMM:3 ½ digit display 1
1. Do not install UPS in an outdoor area that is open to direct sunlight, moisture, thunderstorms or
other drastic climatic conditions.
2. Only a skilled technician should do battery replacement.
3. Do not open the UPS cover unnecessarily.
4. If at all, you have to open the cover for checking any fault, it should be done only after switching the
UPS off and disconnecting it from the mains.

X Procedure:
a. When the load is OFF
1. Measure output voltage of UPS with the help of multimeter.

2. Measure Backup time with the help of stop watch.
b. When the load is overload
1. Measure output voltage of UPS with the help of multimeter.

2. Measure Backup time with the help of stop watch.
Instruments/Components Suggested broad Quantity

S. No
specification
1
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When the load is OFF

1. Output voltage of UPS …….. Volts
2. Backup time =. .......min.
When the load is overload:

1. Output voltage of UPS ......... Volts
2. Backup time. ...min.

XIV Results:
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1. Write the technical specifications of the given UPS.

2. Write the type of battery used in UPS.
3. State the backup time of the UPS used.
4. List applications of UPS.
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1. UPS Working Principle and Types - Offline and Online UPS Systems
2. Microsoft Word - MpBe002c_Energieeffizienz von USV-Anlagen_Schlussbericht.doc

7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.21: Test input/output characteristics of NPN transistor in CE Configuration.
A BJT is commonly used as an amplifier. Common Emitter (CE) mode is the universal mode of
operation for a BJT. All types of amplifications can be performed using CE mode with suitable
biasing. Common-emitter amplifiers are also used in radio frequency circuits..
Amplifier circuits are used in all electronic equipment used in industries. Employee should be able
select suitable type of transistor and configuration for given application.
Use BJT and FET in various Electronic circuits.
Check the operation of NPN Transistor under CE Configuration.

2. Work in team.
BJT is called as Bipolar Junction transistor. It has 3 terminals namely emitter, base and collector. It is
called bipolar device because current through it is due to free elctrons and holes. A transistor can be in
any of the three configurations namely common base, common emitter and common collector.
The relation between of α,β and γ of CB, CE & CC are
α = β / 1+β
β = α/1- α
γ = 1+β = 1/1- α
In CE configuration base will be the input node and collector will be output node. Emitter is common
to both input and output and hence the name common emitter configuration. A transistor in CE
configuration is used widely as an amplifier

Input Characteristics:
This curve gives the relationship between input current (IB) and input voltage (VBE) for constant output
voltage (VCE) By varying VBE for constant VCE it may be noted that below knee voltage current is very
small. Beyond knee voltage, the base current (IB) increases with increase in VBE for constant VCE
Input characteristics may be used to determine the value of common emitter transistor a.c. input
resistance ri. It is the ratio of change in base to emitter voltage ( ΔVBE) to resulting change in base
current (IB) at a constant collector to emitter voltage (VCE).
Output Characteristic:
This curve gives the relationship between output current (IC) and output voltage (VCE) for constant
base current (IB).
The output characteristics are divided into three regions:
Cut off region: Transistor act as off switch.
Saturation region: Transistor act as on switch.
Active region: Transistor act as amplifier.
Output Characteristic may be used to determine the value of common emitter transistor a.c. output
resistance ro it is the ratio of change in collector to emitter voltage (ΔVCE) to resulting change in
collector current (ΔIC) at a constant base current (IB)

VII Actual Circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment Specification:
Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Specification Quantity
1 DC power supply 0-30 V 2 no.

2 DC Voltmeter (0-2V),(0-20V) 1 no.
3 DC Ammeter (0-50milliamps),(0-500µA) 1 no.
4 Transistor BC107 1 no.
5 Resistor 1KΩ 1 no.
6 Any other
1. Care should be taken while handling terminals of components.
2. Select proper range and mode of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Connect wires tightly while building circuit.
4. Show the connections to concerned teacher and then switch ON the power supply.

X Procedure:
Part I Input characteristics:

1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in Figure 3.
2. Select suitable range of milli-ammeter, voltmeter and power supply.
3. Switch on the power supply and adjust the voltage VCE=2V by varying Vcc
4. Vary the input voltage VBE in steps of 0.1V and measure the current IB for each Step.
5. Repeat the steps 3 and 4 for VCE values of 5V and 10V.
6. Tabulate the readings
Part II Output characteristics:

1. Connect ammeter and adjust base current IB.
2. Select suitable range of milli-ammeter, voltmeter and power supply.
3. Switch on the power supply and apply a constant current IB=20 µA.
4. Vary VCE from 0 to 10V is steps of 0.5 volts. Measure corresponding collective current IC for
each step.
5. Repeat steps 9 and 10 for various values of IB=30 µA and 40 µA
6. Tabulate the readings
Graph
Plot a graph of VBE (V) (X-axis) versus IB(µA) (Y-axis) for different VCE voltages.
Plot a graph of VCE (V) (X-axis) versus IC (mA) (Y-axis) for different IB (µA ) currents.
Calculate dynamic input resistance using the formula given below
Calculate dynamic output resistance using the formula given below.


specification
1
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Table 1: Input characteristics

Table 2: Output characteristics
Calculations:
XIV Results:
1. Input resistance =………. Ω

2. Output resistance =………. Ω
3. Current amplification factor β = ………
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1. Write the steps to identify emitter, base and collector terminals of given transistor.
2. State the range of ammeter and voltmeter selected
3. The BJT has IB-10 µA, ICO=1 µA what is collector current IC? (Take value of β obtained from
the graph)?
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.22: Test input/output characteristics of NPN Transistor in CB Configuration.
A BJT Transistor is a semiconductor device used as an amplifier or switch electronic signals &
electrical power. In this Practical students will plot the characteristics of NPN transistor in input output
mode. CB configuration is commonly used for amplifiers that require low input impedance such as
microphones.
Amplifier circuits are necessary in all electronic equipment used in industries. Employee should be
able to select suitable type of transistor and configuration for given application.
Use BJT and FET in various electronic circuits.
Check the operation of NPN Transistor under CB configuration.

2. Work in team
Input characteristics for CB configuration:
The curve given in figure 1 gives the relationship between input current (IE) and input voltage (VEB)
for constant output voltage (VCB). By varying VEB for constant VCB it may be noted that below knee
voltage current is very small. Beyond knee voltage, the Emitter current (IE) increases with small
increase in emitter to base voltage VEB for constant VCB. As the collector to Base voltage is increased
above 1V, the curve shifts upwards. Input characteristics used to determine the value of common base
transistor AC input resistance ri. It is the ratio of change in emitter to base voltage (ΔVEB) to resulting
change in emitter current (IE) at a constant collector to base voltage (VCB).

Output Characteristics for CB configuration:
This curve gives the relationship between output current (IC) and output voltage (VCB) for a constant
emitter current (IE).
The output characteristics are divided into three regions:
Cut off region: Transistor act as OFF switch
Saturation Region: Transistor act as ON switch
Active Region: Transistor acts as amplifier.
Output characteristics may be used to determine the value of common base transistor Output resistance
ro. It is the ratio of change in collector to base voltage (ΔVCB) to resulting change in Collector current
(ΔIC) at a constant emitter current (IE).
Figure 3. Circuit diagram of BJT in CB mode


/Components
Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter 2
1
DC Regulated power Variable DC power supply 0-30V,2A,SC protection, 1
2
supply display for voltage and current.
Voltmeter 0-20V,0-2V 1
3
4
5
Transistor BC107(or any other equivalent) 1
6
Resistor 1KΩ(0.5watts /0.25 watt) 1
7
8
requirement
2. Select proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Connect wires tightly while building circuit..
X Procedure:
Part I Input characteristics:

2. Keep output voltage VCB= 0V by varying VCC.
3. Vary VEB in step of 0.1V from 0 to 1 V and note down the corresponding emitter current IE 4.
Repeat above procedure (step 3) for VCB= 4V.
Part II Output characteristics:

2. Keep input current IE= 0mA by varying VEE.
3. Vary VCB in step of 1V from 1 to 10 V and note down the corresponding collector current Ic.
4. Repeat above procedure (step 3) for IE-=10m

Instruments/Components Suggested broad Quantity

S. No
specification
1
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Calculation:
1. Input resistance ri:
2. Output resistance ro:
3. Current amplification factor α:
XIV Results:
1. Input resistance ri: = Ω
2. Output resistance ro: = Ω
4. Current amplification factor α:

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1. Define α and β.
2. Compare CB & CE configuration.
3. Explain why CE configuration is preferred for amplification.
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.23: Check the switch ON and switch OFF condition of LED by using transistor.
The purpose of the Practical is to design and analyse the operation of transistor as a switch. Also, to
test a suitable driver circuit and multi vibrators circuits for a given application using transistor.
Many industrial application uses high frequency switching technique in electronic instruments.
Employee should select and test different types of transistors as a high frequency switch.
Use BJT and FET in various electronic circuits.
Check operation of transistor for ON and OFF condition.

2. Work in team
A transistor can function as a single-pole single-throw switch controlled by an electronic signal driving
the base terminal. When the control signal on the base terminal turns the transistor off, it acts like an
open switch. When the control signal on the base terminal turns the transistor on, it acts like a closed
switch. When transistor is used for switching, it is in one of two states on or off . In the off state, the
base bias current is zero and the transistor is in cut off region. In the on state, the base bias current is
set large enough to drive the transistor into saturation region.

Instrument /Components Specification Quantity

Sr.
No.
CRO 30MHz 1
1
Function Generator 3MHz 1
2
Dual regulated power 0-30V 1
3
supply
Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 ½ digit display. 1
4
Transister BC107 or any other equivalent 1
5
Resister 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 2
6
LED 3mm,Red/Green 1
7
8
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating(0.6mm As per
9
diameter) requirement

1. Do not switch ON power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per circuit
diagram.
2. While doing Practical do not exceed the input voltage of the transistor beyond its rated voltage.
This may lead to damaging of transistor.
3. Connection voltmeter and ammeter in correct polarities as shown in the circuit diagram.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure wave to the base.

2. Apply 5V, 1 kHz square wave to the base.
3. Apply +5V dc voltage to collector.
4. Observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously using oscilloscope.
5. Apply OV square wave to the base.
6. Observe the input and output waveforms simultaneously using oscilloscope.

specification
1
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Sr. No. Region Input Voltage Output Voltage Switch ON\OFF

1. Cut-off 0V
2. Saturation 5V
XIV Results:
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1. Compare the theoretical and practical values of parameters in cut off and saturation mode.
2. List applications of transistor as a switch.
3. State the operating regions in which a transistor acts as a switch.
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1. https://www.electrical4u.com/transistor-characteristics/
2. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/117107095/11

7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.24: Determine the drain and transfer characteristics of FET.
The field-effect transistor (FET) is a transistor that uses an electric field at the gate to control the
electrical behaviour of the FET. JFETs are known as unipolar transistors since they involve single-
carrier-type operation. Field effect transistors have a very high input impedance at low frequencies. In
this Practical students will plot Drain and Gate Transfer characteristics of JFET. FET are used in high
frequency applications.
FET switch and FET amplifier are employed in high frequency circuits in electronic industries. The
employee should be able to select suitable type of transistor and configuration for given applications.
Use BJT & FET in various electronic circuits.
Use FET (BFW10) to plot drain and transfer characteristics.
1. Handle equipment and component carefully.
Junction Field Effect Transistors are a type of FETs (high input impedance devices) which have three
terminals namely Source (S), Gate (G) and Drain (D). These devices are also called voltage controlled
devices as the voltage applied at the gate terminal determines the amount of current flowing in-
between the drain and the source terminals.
N-channel JFET
N-channel JFET has its major portion made of n-type semiconductor. The mutually- opposite two
faces of this bulk material form the source and the drain terminals. There are two relatively-small p-
regions embedded into this substrate which are internally joined together to form the gate terminal.
Thus, here, the source and the drain terminals are of n-type while the gate is of p-type.
P-channel JFET
P-channel JFET has its major portion made of p-type semiconductor. The mutually- opposite two faces
of this bulk material form the source and the drain terminals. There are two relatively-small-regions
embedded into this substrate which are internally joined together to form the gate terminal. Thus, here,
the source and the drain terminals are of p-type while the gate is of n-type.

Drain Characteristics:
The curve is divided into following regions:
Ohmic Region: In this region drain current increases linearly with the increase in drain to source
voltage, obeying ohm's law.
In this region drain current increases at the inverse square law rate with the increase in drain to source
voltage. It is because of fact that with increase in drain to source voltage, drain current increases. This
in turn increases reverse bias voltage across gate to source junction. As a result width of depletion
region increases reducing effective width of channel.
Pinch off Region: This is also called saturation region.in this region drain current remains almost
constant and at its maximum value.
Breakdown Region: In this region drain current increases rapidly as the drain to source voltage is
increased. It happens because of breakdown of gate to source junction due to avalanche effect.
Gate/Transfer Characteristics;
It gives relationship between drain current (lD) and gate to source voltage for a constant value of drain
to source voltage(VDS).


/Components
power supply 0-30V 1 Amp 2 No.
1
Voltmeter 0-20V 1
2
3
4
JFET BFW10,BFW15 or equivalent JFET 1
5
Connecting wires Single strand Teflon coating(0.6mm As per
6
diameter) requirement

2. Select proper range & mode of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Connect wires tightly while building circuit.
4. Show the connections to concerned teacher and then switch ON the power supply.
X Procedure:
Part I Drain characteristics:

1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in fig 3.
2. Fix gate to source voltage (VGS) at OV.
3. Increase drain to source power supply and note down drain to source voltage (VDS) and drain
current (ID).
4. Increase gate to source dc power supply so that voltmeter connected to gate and source
terminal show 1V.
5. Now repeat above procedure and note down drain to source voltage and drain current by
increasing drain power supply.
6. Take readings for 3 to 4 gate voltage values and tabulate it.
7. Plot a graph of VDS verses ID for various values of VGS.
Part II Transfer characteristics:

1. Connect the electrical circuit as shown in fig 3.
2. Set drain to source voltage to 1V, vary gate to source voltage in steps and note down
corresponding drain current (ID)
3. Repeat the procedure for different set values of drain voltage and keep the record of gate to
source voltage and drain current.
4. Plot a graph of gate to source voltage verses drain current for different set values of drain to
source voltage.
5. A graph will be in second quadrant as gate to source voltage is negative.

specification
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XIV Results:
1. Drain dynamic resistance (rD) =………………………..

2. Mutual conductance (gm) =…………………………
3. Amplification factor (µ) =……………………….
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1. Write the Part number and manufacturer of given JFET.

2. State the advantages of FET over BJT.
3. List the applications of JFET.
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1. http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_5.html
2. http://www.circuitstoday.com/characteristics-of-jfets
3. www.nptel.ac.in/courses/117107095/lecturers/lecture_36/lecture36_page1.htm

7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.25: Measure temperature of liquid using RTD (PT-100) transducer
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is most linear passive temperature transducer. PT-100 is most
common low cost RTD. It is made up of platinum and it have 100 Ohm resistance at zero degree
temperature. Since RTD have higher accuracy and repeatability, they are slowly replacing
thermocouple in industrial application below 600° C. This practical will help you to measure
temperature using RTD for given liquid.
In the industry environment industrial electronics expected to handle various transducers for
measurement of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, level, flow, displacement etc. It is
necessary to measure temperature of different ranges in various industries. Employee should able to
select, test and use appropriate temperature sensor.
Use various types of sensors and transducers.
Use of RTD (PT-100) for measurement of temperature.
1. Follow safe practices.

2. Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.
3. Maintain tools and equipment.
Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD): The resistance of certain metals changes with temperature
change. With the increase of temperature electrical resistance of certain metal increase in direct
proportion to the rise of temperature. RTD is a sensor to measure temperature. Many RTD elements
consist of a length of fine wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core but other constructions are also
used. RTD wire is made of pure materials of platinum, Nickel or copper. The material has accurate
resistance/temperature relationship which is to provide an indication of temperature.

S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Board Specifications Quantity
1 RTD setup Any setup with standard RTD 1No.
2 DC power supply 0-30V,0-2A 1No.
3 MULTIMETER Digital 1No.
1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure that the Power Supply switch is in off condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of range of analog meter before use

X Procedure:
1. Connect RTD in bridge circuit as shown in setup.

2. Place mercury thermometer in given liquid.
3. Place RTD's metal part in the same liquid.
4. Measure resistance of RTD and output voltage for each 10° rise in temperature keeping heater
on.
5. Repeat the procedure for 10 times.
6. Plot the Graph.

specification
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SR. NO. Temperature in Degree Output Voltage Resistance in ohm
XIV Results:
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1. List standard type of RTD available in market.

2. State method of measurement of resistance of RTD.
3. State Practical reason to cover RTD with metal case.
4. State the Meaning of PT-100.
5. State resistance of RTD at Room temperature
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1. Laboratory Manual for Introductory Electronics Practicals, Maheshwari, L.K.; Anand, M.M.S.,
New Age International Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi: ISBN: 9780852265543
2. APPLICATION NOTES-PRACTICAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS from OMEGA
3. https://youtube/WmIgusHZyPc?t=42


7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.26: Measure temperature of liquid using thermocouple.
Thermocouple is the active temperature transducer based on Seebeck and Peltier effect. Since it is
active transducer, designing of signal conditioner is easy. This is mostly used to measure the
temperature above 300° C. This practical will help students to use thermocouple for measuring the
temperature of the given liquid.
In the industry environment it is expected to handle various transducers for measurement of process
parameters such as temperature, pressure, level, flow, displacement etc. It is necessary to measure the
high value temperature in various industries. Employee should able to select, test and use appropriate
thermocouple.
Use active transducer (thermocouple) for measurement of temperature.

A thermocouple is a device made by two different metals joined to form two junctions. The two wires
are called thermo elements or legs of the thermocouple. One end of thermocouple is called as
measuring end and the other end of the thermocouple is called reference end, The measuring end is
immersed in the environment whose temperature T2 is to be measured, which can be for instance the
temperature of a furnace at about 500°C, while the reference end is held at a different temperature T1,
e.g. at ambient temperature.
Thermocouples will cause an electric current to flow in the attached circuit when subjected to changes
in temperature. The amount of current that will be produced is dependent on the temperature difference
between the measurement and reference junction, the characteristics of the two metals used and the
characteristics of the attached circuit.

When a temperature difference exits between measuring junction and reference junction, and e.m.f. is
produced which causes current in the circuit. e.m.f. produced can be measured by voltmeter.
I. Practical setup:

Sr. Particulars Specification Quantity

No.
1 Thermocouple Thermocouple K type: Temp range 0-2000c 01
2 Temp bath 2KW,230V AC 01
3 Digital temperature indication 00c to 2000c ,accuracy of +/- 1% 01
4 Digital Multimeter 0-200mV 01
0
5 Mercury Thermometer 0 to 300 c 01
6 Compensating cable 2 wire,0.5mm2 01
1. Ensure that proper connections are made as per the setup.
2. Ensure proper setting of devices used
3. Ensure the power switch is in off condition initially.
X Procedure:
1. Identify the component of given setup diagram.

2. Connect set up for temperature measurement with thermocouple.
3. Place the thermocouple, thermometer, immersion heater in temperature bath.
4. Record the room temp. with mercury thermometer
5. Record the output voltage with multimeter for room temperature.
6. Switch on the power supply of heater.
7. Note down the temperature for every 10 degree temperature rise.
8. Record the temperature using mercury thermometer.
9. Record the output voltage using multimeter.
10. Repeat the steps 7 to 9 for 10 readings.
11. Plot the temperature Vs voltage graph
S. No Instruments/ Components Suggested broad Quantity

specification
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SR. Temperature ºC Voltage

NO. (mv)
XIV Results:
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1. State the output voltage when two terminals are short of thermocouple.
2. State the practical reason to cover thermocouple with metal case.
3. State the output voltage at room temperature.
4. State the different types of thermocouple.
[Space for Answers]
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.27: Check the motion of given object using photoelectric sensor.
A Photoelectric Sensor consists primarily of an Emitter for emitting light and a Receiver for receiving
light. When emitted light is interrupted or reflected by the object, it changes the amount of light that
arrives at the Receiver. The Receiver detects this change and converts it to an electrical output signal.
Many industries which manufacture communication instruments uses optical fibre, light sensitive
components .such as optical switches, optical relays, and optical isolators. Employee should be able to
select, test and use proper photo sensing devices as per the application.
Use of photoelectric sensor to sense motion.

A photoelectric sensor emits a light beam (visible or infrared) from its light-emitting element. A
reflective-type photoelectric sensor is used from the target. A thru beam type sensor to detect the light
beam sensor is used to measure the change in amount of light caused by the target crossing the optical
axis. A beam of light is emitted from the light emitting element and is received by the light receiving
element.
I. Practical setup

Sr. No Name of Resource Suggested Board Specification Quantity

Photoelectric Sensor setup Thru-beam mode sensors 1
1.
Target/Moving object any 1
2.
1. Make sure that the power supply is off while wiring.
2. Verify that the supply voltage variation is within the rating
3. If power is supplied from a commercial switching regulator, ensure that the frame ground
(F.G.) terminal of the power supply is connected to an actual ground.
4. Avoid dust, dirt, and steam.
5. .Take care that the sensor does not come in direct contact with water, oil, grease or organic
solvents, such as, thinner, etc
X Procedure:
1. Make the proper arrangement of Emitter for emitting light and a Receiver for receiving
light.
2. Choose suitable size of moving target.
3. Place the target within the range of photoelectric sensor and note down the electrical Output.
4. Note the electrical output with and without interruption (reflection) of light.

specification
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Sr. No Position of target Electrical output of sensor

1.
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XIV Results:
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1. State different photo emitter devices.

2. State different photo detector devices.
3. Define opto-coupler.
4. Draw symbol of LED, Photo diode, LDR’ Photo transistor.
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3. https://www.automation.com/en-us/articles/2014-1/fundamentals-of-photoelectric- sensors

7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Practical No.28: Measure the resistance of LDR in varying light intensity.
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) sensor modules are used where there is a need to sense the presence
and absence of light is necessary. These resistors are used as light sensors and the applications of LDR
mainly include alarm clocks, automatic street light control, light intensity meters and burglar alarm
circuits.
Many industries which manufacture security systems. LUX meter, object counting instruments uses
LDR as photo sensitive transducer. Employee should be able to select, test and use proper photo
sensing devices as per the application.
Use passive transducer to measure resistance.

Light dependent resistors or in other words photo resistors are very useful especially in light/dark
sensor circuits. They can also be referred to as photoconductors. Normally the resistance of an LDR is
very high, but when they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. A LDRs can have a
variety of resistances and functions. For example, it can be used to turn on a light when the LDR is in
darkness or to turn off a light when the LDR is in light. It can also work the other way around so
when the LDR is in light it turns on the circuit and when it's in darkness the resistance increase and
disrupts the circuit.

Figure 1: Symbol
I. Practical setup

S. No. Instrument/Components Specification Quantity
1 Digital Multimeter Digital Multimeter: 3 ½ digit display 1

2 Bulb 60w or 100w or any other watt 1
3 LDR 1
4 Connecting wires Single stand Teflon coating(0.6mm As per requirement
diameter)
1. Do not switch ON power supply unless you have checked the circuit connections as per the
circuit diagram.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure 2

2. Connect the ohm-meter section of DMM to LDR as shown in figure 2.
3. Keep the LDR in front of bulb in such way that maximum light falls on LDR.
4. Initially adjust the output voltage of dimmerstat to zero volt.
5. Measure the resistance of LDR.
6. Now increase the dimmerstat voltage in steps of 30 V.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 till the output voltage of dimmerstat reaches up to 230 volt.
8. Plot the graph light intensity (bulb voltage) verses resistance of LDR.
9. Take light intensity (bulb voltage) on X-axis and LDR resistance on Y-axis.
10. Plot the graph.

specification
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Measure resistance (R) in dark condition=…………..k Ω
Sr. Bulb voltage/light intensity(V/Lux) Resistance R(Ω)

No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
XIV Results:
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1. Which materials are used to fabricate LDR?

2. List four applications of LDR.
3. Whether the LDR is passive or active component?
4. Draw the symbol of LDR.
5. What is dark current related to LDR?
6. At what intensity of light, résistance of LDR is minimum? What is its value?
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10)
(25)


Practical No.29: Measure displacement using LVDT.
LVDT is passive transducer works on mutual inductance principle. It is used to Measure linear
displacement. It is used as secondary transducer for measurement Pressure using bourdon tube. This
practical help to measure displacement using LVDT.
In the industry environment it is necessary to measure the displacement precisely and accurately. This
is achieved by using LVDT as a displacement transducer. Employee should able to use LVDT
according to its specification.
Use passive transducer to measure displacement.

LVDT is passive inductive transducer. It consists of single primary winding and two secondary
windings wound on hollow cylindrical former. Primary is connected to an AC source. Secondary
winding has an equal number of turns and is identically placed on either side of primary winding.
Principle of LVDT is based on mutual inductance. It converts linear motion into electrical voltage. It is
a displacement sensor in which variation of inductance is the function of displacement. The
displacement to be measured is applied to an arm attached to the soft iron core.

VII Practical setup:
S. No. Name of Resource Suggested Board Specification Quantity

1 LVDT set up 0-100K,linear 2 No.
2 Function Generator 0-20Mhz,0-20Vp-p 1 No.
3 MULTIMETER Digital 1 No.

1. Ensure proper earthing to the equipment.
2. Ensure the power switch is in 'off' condition initially.
3. Ensure proper settings of range of analog meter before use.
X Procedure:
1. Connect the LVDT in given set up.

2. Connect Voltmeter at secondary with LVDT in differential mode.
3. Move core to observe 0 volt on voltmeter.
4. Mark 0 reading on scale.
5. Move core left side by 0.5 cm.
6. Measure the voltage.
7. Repeat steps 5th and 6th for 5 to 10 readings.
8. Move core right side by 0.5 cm.
9. Measure the Voltage.
10. Repeat steps 8th and 9th for 5 to 10 readings.
11. Plot the graph by considering left movement positive and right movement negative.

specification
1
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XIV Results:
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1. State Application of LVDT other than displacement.

2. State the reason of shifting of null position of LVDT.
3. State the method of setting the null position.
4. Write the voltage at primary of LVDT
5. State whether LVDT characteristics is linear or nonlinear.
[Space for Answers]

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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10)
(25)


Practical No.30: Measurement of displacement using potentiometer.
Potentiometers are used to adjust the level of analog signals (for example volume controls of audio
equipment) and to control inputs for electronic circuits. Potentiometer control a wide variety of
equipment functions. Potentiometers are widely use in consumer electronics. This practical help to
measure the linear displacement using potentiometer.
In the industry environment it is necessary to measure the linear displacement precisely and accurately.
This is achieved by using linear potentiometer as a displacement transducer. Employee should able to
select and use potentiometer according to its specification and application.
Use passive transducer to measure displacement.

Potentiometer is a variable resistor which converts displacement into electrical signal. It is passive
transducer. Potentiometer is an electrical device comprising a resistor with a sliding third contact, often
termed a wiper, which allows the voltage to be varied depending upon where the slider is positioned
along the length of the resistor. Potentiometer are found in many electrical and electronic applications
and in many different forms, sizes and power ratings. For instance, in a relatively high power
application a wire wound potentiometer may be used to provide a variable D.C. (or A.C.) power
supply delivering many amperes at some voltage less than the supply voltage. In an electronic system a
low power rated carbon track potentiometer may be used to preset the voltage on a circuit board to
achieve the desired level of response. Manual adjustment of the wiper along the length of the fixed
resistance produces a variable voltage at the wiper. The magnitude of this output voltage is directly
proportional to its relative position along the length of the resistor. If the potentiometer wiper is
appropriately connected to a moving system then any movement in that system will cause the wiper to
move and so change the output voltage. This signal provides a direct measurement of position or
change in position.

VII Practical setup:
The output voltage is governed by the position of the wiper (C) which may lie anywhere between the
two ends, A and B, of the resistance. For the general case the output voltage is given by the expression,
Where: CB is the linear distance from B to C;

AB is the maximum linear distance from B to A.
Hence when the potentiometer wiper is in position B the output voltage will be zero and when in
position A the output voltage will be maximum (the full supply voltage Vin). In any intermediate
position the voltage at the wiper will be some value between 0 and Vin.

1. Ensure that proper connections are made as per the setup.
2. Ensure proper setting of devices used.
3. Ensure the power switch is in off condition initially.
X Procedure:
1. Connect potentiometer setup as in diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply
3. Manually displace the wiper of potentiometer by 1cm
4. Record the output resistance using DMM.
5. Record the output voltage Vout using DMM in observation table.
6. Repeat the steps 3 to 5 for 10 times with an interval of 1cm displacement.
7. Plot the graph of displacement Vs output voltage

specification
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XIV Results:
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1. State the output voltage when the wiper is at 0 cm.

2. State the maximum linear range of potentiometer.
3. State the input voltage applied to potentiometer.
4. List applications of potentiometer.
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7 Conclusions 05%

(15) Related (10) (25)


Laboratory Manual For: Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering (312302)

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SCHEME : K

LABORATORY MANUAL FOR

COMPUTER ENGINEERING GROUP

MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF

MSBTE believes in the following:

 Education industry produces live products.

 Market requirements do not wait for curriculum changes.

 Question paper is the reflector of academic standards of educational organization.

 Well designed curriculum needs effective implementation too.

 Competency based curriculum is the backbone of need based program.

 Technical skills do need support of life skills.

 Best teachers are the national assets.

 Effective teaching learning process is impossible without learning resources.

BASIC ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

Place: …………….. Enrollment No: ……………….

Subject Teacher Head of department Principal

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) i

Program Outcomes (POs):

Program Specific Outcomes (PSOs):

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEO):

 PEO 1: Provide socially responsible, environment friendly solutions to Computer engineering

 PEO 2: Adapt state-of-the-art Computer engineering broad-based technologies to work in

 PEO 3: Solve broad-based problems individually and as a team member communicating

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) ii

List of Industry Relevant Skills

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) iii

Brief Guidelines to Teachers.

Instructions for Students

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) iv

Practical course outcome matrix

COURSE LEVEL LEARNING OUTCOMES (COS)

CO1 - Calculate and measure basic electrical quantities and parameters

CO2 - Use different electrical machines by making connections.

CO3 - Use electrical safety devices in electrical circuits.

CO4 - Use relevant diode in different electronic circuits.

CO5 - Use BJT and FET in various electronic circuits.

CO6 - Use various types of sensors and transducers.

1 Measure the parameters of simple electrical and

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) v

25 Measure temperature of liquid using RTD (PT- - - - - -

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) vi

27 Check the motion of given object using

28 Measure the resistance of LDR in varying light

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) vii

1 Measure the parameters of 1

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) viii

9 Reverse the direction of 46

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) ix

19 Make the input and output 109

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) xi

VI Minimum Theoretical Background:

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) 1

VII Actual circuit diagram used in laboratory with equipment specifications:

Circuit for measurement of voltage, current and power

Circuit for identify presence of magnetic flux lines in magnetic circuit

S.NO. Name of Resource Suggested Board Specifications Quantity

Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education (K Scheme) 2

B) Procedure Circuit for measurement of voltage, current and power

Sr. No. Name of Resources Suggested Broad Specification Quantity