L/O/G/O

Population growth and utilization of

natural resource and the
environment

MAppSc. Bui Xuan Anh Dao

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Outlines

World population

Overpopulation

Factors affect population

Age structure

Urbanization - Transportation

Solutions
What issue happen to human population?

What is overpopulation?
An excessive number of people, straining available
resources and facilities

How can we know our world is overpopulation?

Run out of food, water

No more land for each person to live
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 Current population trend

• World population ~ about 8 billion (retrieved 3/2023

www.wordometers.info)

• Top countries have highest population; include China (1.45

billion, 18%), India (1.41 billion, 17%), US (336 million, 4%),
Indonesia (281 million, 3%), Pakistan (233 million, 2%) and
Nigeria (220 million) and Brazil (216 million).
Source: American Museum of Natural History - youtu.be/PUwmA3Q0_OE
Population growth trends

• Human population growth is unevenly distributed.

About 96% of the 85 million new arrivals in 2013 were
added to the world’s less-developed countries, where
the population is growing 14 times faster than the
population of the more-developed countries. Rate of
growth decreases in some developed countries.

• The rate of growth has slowed but the world’s

population is still growing. Global population increases
above 1.8% per year during 1950s. The growth rate
peaked at 2.2% in 1963 and has declined to 1.22% by
2011, 1.08% in 2019 and 0.84% in 2022.
Current population trend

Africa, most Asia

Latin America
Caribbean...

Europe,
North American,
Australia, Japan
Global population distribution

(2021 – statista)
 Current population trend

Rate of population growth

Current population trend

The growth rate has dropped but not enough to

stabilize the world’s population
 Current population trend

• For the most of history, human population grew slowly, but has
been growing exponentially for the past 200 years.

• Reasons for this increase in growth rate include:

− Early and modern agriculture allowed us to grow more food for

each unit of land area farmed.

− Technologies helped humans to expanded into almost all of the

planet’s climate zones and habitats.

− Death rates dropped sharply because of improved sanitation

and health care and the development of antibiotics and
vaccines to help control infectious diseases.
Population density

People/ km2
Vietnam population
From data 7/2021

• Population ~ 98.5 million (15th rank of the world) (1.25%)

The highest population city are Ho Chi minh ~ 9.1 million,

Ha Noi ~ 8.3 million

• Population density ~ 314 people/Km2 (2021)

The highest density location includes 2 biggest cities (Ho

Chi minh ~ 4300 people/Km2, Ha Noi ~ 2400 people/Km2)

• Population growth rate about 1.03% (2017), 0.91% (2020)

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Population growth affects environment

• Habitat destruction and land degradation

• Pollution (air, water and soil)

• Shortage safety water, food

• Increase more waste accumulation

• Increase pressure on natural resources

• Disturb and reduce biodiversity

Factors affecting human population size

Population change = (Births + Immigration) – (Deaths + Emigration)

The human population can grow, decline or remain fairly stable

• Population size increases through births and immigration, and
decreases through deaths and emigration

To analyze the change of population, demographers usually use

birth rate or death rate instead.

• Birth rate or crude birth rate: the number of live births per
1000 people in a population per year

• Death rate or crude dead rate: the number of deaths per 1000
people in a population per year
Factors affecting human population size

• A population growth rate equals birth rate minus death rate

• Growth rates tend to be inversely related to a nation’s per

capita incomes; high rate may fuel a positive feedback loop
resulting in increasing poverty.

o Maximum lifetime is the maximum possible age for an

individual of species

o Life expectancy is the average number of years a newborn

infant can expect to live.

• The growth rate of world population has slowed but the

population continues to grow as result of death rates have
fallen more sharply than birth rates
 Fertility rate
 The key factors that determines the size of human
population growth and size is TFR

• Total fertility rate (TFR): the average number of children

a woman has during her reproductive years.

The global TFR dropped from 5 to 2.5 from 1955 to 2013

• Replacement level fertility – Number of children needed

to replace everyone in the population (to keep population
constant)

 2.1 in developed countries

 2.5 in developing countries

World fertility rates 2011
World fertility rates 2011
World fertility rates

The fertility rates

have fallen since
1950 to 2004
Discussion

What factors affect birth and death rate?

Increase - Decrease
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VcSX4ytEfcE
Factors affecting birth rates

• Cost of raising and educating children

• Urbanization
• Educational and employment opportunities for women
• Infant mortality rate
• Marriage age
• Availability of lethal abortions
• Religious beliefs, traditional and cultural norms
• Availability of birth control
• Labor force (children labor)
Lack of education
opportunities
reduces their
options. Level of
education
increases, fertility
rates fall
Child laborers in India
 Factors affecting death rates

• Two indicators of death rate:

o Life expectancy: The average number of years a

newborn infant can be expected to live

o Infant mortality rate: The number of babies out of

every 1000 live births who die before their first
birthday

• Infant mortality is best measure of society’s quality of

live. The global infant mortality rate dropped from 20
to 6.5 in developed countries and from 118 to 61 in
developing countries.
 Life expectancy

• People start living longer as higher life expectancy and

lower infant mortality rate.

• Global life expectancy at birth increased from 48 years

(1955) to 67 years (76 years in developed countries and
65 years in developing countries). However, in poorest
countries , life expectancy is 49 years or less.

• The average global life expectancy increased to 70

years in 2011 and 71 in 2013. Life expectancy of
Vietnam is about 75.4 (2019)
Life Expectancy
Life Expectancy at birth 2005-2010
 Emma Morano
(born 1899, Italy)

Saparman Sodimejo
(born 1870, Indonesia)

Mrs. Nguyen Thi Tru

(born 1893-2016, VN)
 Infant mortality

 Infant mortality is a measure of a society’s quality of life

because it reflects the general level of nutrition and
health care.

 High infant mortality rate:

 Insufficient food
 Poor nutrition
 High incidence of infectious disease

 Higher infant mortality can also lead to higher TFR

Infant mortality rates

Source: Calculated from UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation data
Infant mortality rates in 2010
Factors affecting death rates

Factors affect life expectancy and infant mortality

rate includes:
• Increase in food supplies • Improved sanitation
• Better nutrition • Personal hygiene
• Advances in medicine • Safer water supplies

Other factors affect death rate:

• War • Accidents
• Famine • Pandemic, disease
 Migration
• Migration is the movement of people into (immigration) and
out of (emigration) specific geographic areas.

− Most people who migrate from one country to another

are seeking jobs.

 Seeking jobs  Ethnic conflicts

 Religious persecution  Political oppression

 Environmental degradation  Wars

 Internal migration International migration

 Movement of people from one  Peoples crossing state

defined area to another within a boundaries and stay in the
country host state for some minimum
length of time

Source: The Economist - youtu.be/KNXg-kYk-LU Source: Science Insider -

youtu.be/CJdT6QcSbQ0
 Migration
− Environmental
refugees are people
who migrate due to
environmental
degradation such as
soil erosion and
water and food
shortages. One UN
study estimated that
a million people are
added to this
category every year.

Source: UNSWTV - youtu.be/pPWvGNeFPEs

Age structure
The number of people in young, middle and older age
group determines how fast populations grow or decline.

The distribution of males and females in each age group in

the population.

It affects rates of birth, death, and growth, environmental

impact and socioeconomic status. Knowing the age
structure of a population allow us to infer its past, present
and future status.

• Sex ratio – Relative number of males and females in a

population

• Age distribution – Number of individuals of each age in

a population
 Age structure

Expanding Rapidly Expanding Slowly Stable Declining

1.5-3% 0.3-1.4% 0-0.2% <0%

Growth is determined by teenager. If 30% of populations

< 15 years, it means have nearly 2 billion young move
into reproductive years
Age structure
• Pre-reproductive (0–14): normally too young to have
children. The number of people younger than age 15 is
the major factor determining a country’s future
population growth.

• Reproductive (15–44): normally able to have children.

• Post-reproductive (45+): normally too old to have

children.

• Changes in the distribution of a country’s age groups

have long lasting economic and social impacts

• Rapid population decline can lead to long-lasting

economic and social problems.
Age structure

Tracking baby-boom generation in the United States

Total fertility rates for the US between 1917-2013
In Vietnam
In Vietnam
 Question

 Explain what economic and social impacts of the changes

in distribution of a country's age structure?
• Age distribution: Younger – older
• Sex ratio: Female - male
 Some Problems with Rapid Population Decline

Can threaten economic growth

Labor shortages

Less government revenues with fewer

workers
.
Less entrepreneurship and new
business formation

Less likelihood for new technology

development

Increasing public deficits to fund

higher pension and health-care costs

Pensions may be cut and retirement age

increased
 Population made of older people
can decline rapidly
• Japan has the world’s highest % of elderly people
and the lowest of young people. Due to its
discouragement of immigration, it may face a bleak
economic future

• The average age of China’s population is increasing

at one of the fastest rates ever recorded. This could
lead to a declining work force, higher wages for
workers, limited funds for supporting continued
economic development, and fewer children and
grandchildren to care for the growing number of
elderly people.
 As countries
become
economically
.
developed, their
birth and death
rates tend to
decline
 Population trend comparison

Developed Countries Developing Countries

(United States) (Nigeria)

– Low infant mortality rate – High infant mortality rate

– Life expectancy 77 years – Life expectancy 52 years

– Total fertility rate = 2.0 – Total fertility rate = 5.7

– 21% population <15 – 44% population <15

– 12% population >65 – 3% population >65

– Per capita GDP = $36,110 – Per capita GDP = $800

 The demographic transition
• The shift from high birth and death rates to low birth
and death rates during industrialization is called
demographic transition.

• This transition takes place in 4 distinct stages.

Demographic transition
 The demographic transition
• The transition has been brought by a sudden decrease in
death rates, followed by a corresponding decrease in birth
rates, as a result of industrialization and improve living
conditions.

• As a growth rates rise, educated and more affluent

populations tend to experience dropping birthrates until the
growth rate becomes zero or nearly zero.

• Less-developed countries may transition to slower growth if

modern technology can raise per capita incomes by bringing
economic development and family planning.

• Rapid population growth, extreme poverty, and increasing

environmental degradation in some low-income less-
developed countries—especially in Africa—could leave these
countries stuck in stage 2 of the demographic transition.
 Urbanization and urban growth
• Urbanization: The process by which large numbers of people
become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas,
forming cities.
• Three factor trends in urban population dynamics are important
for understanding the problems and challenges of urban
growth:
 The percentage of the global population that lives in urban
areas has grown sharply and this trend is projected to
continue. Growth from 2% in 1850 to 52% today and is
projected to be 67% by 2050.
 The numbers and sizes of urban areas are mushrooming.
 Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized, mostly in less-
developing countries
 Urbanization and urban growth

• Urbanization affect the population distribution

• Urban population are growing rapidly throughout the world

and many cities in developing countries have become centre
of poverty

• An increasing percentage of the world’s people live in urban

areas.

• Urban areas grow in two ways—by natural increase due to

births and by immigration, mostly from rural areas.
 Current population trend

World’s urban population will increase from 3.1 million

to 5 billion from 2004-2030
 Urbanization and urban growth

• Proportion of the global population living in urban area

is increasing. Up to 2005, 48% of population living in
urban areas, and would come up to 60% by 2030

• Number of large cities is mushrooming. Number of city

have more than 1 million people increase from 400
(2005) to 564 (2015). 18 megacities /megalopolises
have at least 10 million people

• Urban population is increasing rapidly in developing

countries. Urban growth is much slower in developed
countries.

• Cities can grow outward or upward

Urban sprawl
Las Vegas, Nevada, United States

1973 2009
 Urbanization in Vietnam
• In 1999, Vietnam has 629 cities and up to 787 cities in
12/2015. The proportion of urban population:

Year 1931 1940 1951 1960 1970 1979 1989 1999 2009 2013 2016
Percentage 7.5 8.7 10 15 20.6 19.2 22 23.5 29.6 33.47 36.8
Vietnam urbanization rate
 Urbanization and urban growth

Question:

How of urbanization affect on population and environment?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFboV2m1yuw
 Urbanization and urban growth

Question:

How of urbanization affect on population and environment?

 Inputs Outputs

Energy Solid wastes

Food Waste heat

Air pollutants
Water
Water pollutants
Raw materials Greenhouse
gases
Manufactured
Manufactured goods
goods
Noise
Money
Wealth
Information Ideas

Natural capital degradation: Urban areas are rarely sustainable systems. The
typical city depends on large nonurban areas for huge inputs of matter and energy
resources, while it generates large outputs of waste matter and heat.
Urbanization has Disadvantages

 Cities produce most of the world’s air pollution, water

pollution, and solid and hazardous wastes.
 High population densities can increase the spread of
infectious diseases, especially if adequate drinking water
and sewage systems are not available.
 Cities tend to be warmer, rainier, foggier, and cloudier.
 Heat generated by cars, factories, furnaces, lights, air
conditioners, and heat-absorbing dark roofs and streets
creates an urban heat island surrounded by cooler suburban
and rural areas.
 The artificial light created by cities affects some plant and
animal species.
Urbanization has advantages

 Cities are centers of industry, commerce, transportation,

innovation, education, technological advances, and jobs.
 Urban residents in many parts of the world tend to live longer
than do rural residents and have lower infant mortality and
fertility rates.
 Cities provide better access to medical care, family planning,
education, and social services.
 Recycling is more economically feasible.
 Concentrating people in cities helps to preserve biodiversity.
 Central cities can save energy if residents rely more on
energy efficient mass transportation, walking, and bicycling.
 Urbanization and urban growth

• At least 1 billion people live under crowded and

unsanitary conditions in cities in less-developed
countries.

• Slums are areas dominated by tenements and rooming

houses where several people might live in a single
room.

• Squatter settlements and shanty towns are on the

outskirts of cities, and usually lack clean water
supplies, sewers, electricity, and roads, and are subject
to severe air and water pollution and hazardous wastes
from nearby factories.
 Urbanization and urban growth

• Poverty is becoming increasingly urbanized as more

poor people migrate from rural to urban areas.
• Land availability determines whether a city must grow
vertically or spread out horizontally and whether it
relies mostly on mass transportation or the automobile
• Motor vehicles provide personal benefits and help fuel
economies, but they also are harmful to human health,
pollute the air, promote urban sprawl and lead to time-
and gas-wasting traffic jams
• Solutions: reducing automobile use, alternative to the
car, smart growth and ecocity
Bottom: Urban sprawl
Right: Poverty in urban, slums in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Transportation
affect urban
environmental
impacts?
Transportation
Motor vehicles

• They provide mobility and offer convenient and

comfortable transportation. They can be symbols of
power, sex appeal, social status, and success.

• Much of the world’s economy is built on producing

motor vehicles and supplying fuel, roads, services, and
repairs for them.

• Globally, automobile accidents kill approximately 1.2

million people a year and injure another 15 million
people.
 Motor vehicles
• They kill about 50 million wild animals and family pets
every year.

• Motor vehicles are the world’s largest source of

outdoor air pollution.

• They are the fastest-growing source of climate-

changing CO2 emissions.

• People waste time sitting in traffic congestion.

Motor vehicles
• Reducing automobile use is not easy, but it can be
done. A user-pays approach makes drivers pay
directly for most of the environmental and health costs
caused by their automobile use.

• Raise parking fees and charge tolls on roads, tunnels,

and bridges leading into cities, especially during peak
traffic times.

• Some cities promote car-sharing networks, which bill

members monthly for the time they use a car and the
distance they travel, and can decrease car ownership.
Motor vehicles

• Some cities promote alternatives to cars

 The following are alternatives to cars, each with

its own advantages and disadvantages:

 Bicycles

 Mass-transit rail systems in urban areas

 Bus systems in urban areas

 High-speed rail systems between urban areas

(bullet trains)
Alternatives to cars
Alternatives to cars
Urban land-use planning and control

• Land-use planning

• Property taxes

• Zoning

• Smart growth

• Urban growth boundary

• Reduce automobile use

 Smart growth
tools
 Smart growth is a set of
policies and tools that allow
and encourage more
environmentally
sustainable urban
development with less
dependence on cars. It
uses zoning laws and other
tools to channel growth in
order to reduce its
ecological footprint.
 Ecocity/ Green city
 A city that built from the principles of living within
environment to eliminate all carbon waste (zero-
carbon city), to produce energy entirely through
renewable resources, and to merge the city
harmoniously with the natural environment

 Allows people to walk, bike or take mass transit for

most of their travel
Clip: Hamburg – green city of the future
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VJbfQj0sNIg
Ecocity/ Green city
 Goals:
• Preventing pollution and reducing waste
• Using energy and matter resources efficiently
• Recycling, reusing and composting at least 60% of
all municipal solid waste
• Using solar and other locally available, renewable
energy resources
• Protecting an encouraging biodiversity by
preserving surrounding land
 Some examples of Ecocity : Oslo (Norway),
Stockholm (Sweden), Columbia (US), Vancouver
(Canada) or Cape Town, Johannesburg (South Africa)
How can we reduce population growth

• Family planning

• Improve health care, education

• Elevate status of women

• Involve men in parenting

• Reduce poverty

• Sustainability
 Promote family planning
• Family planning provides educational and clinical
services that help couples choose how many children
to have and when to have them.

• Successes of family planning:

– Without family planning programs that began in the

1970s, the world’s population would be about 8.5
billion instead of the current 7 billion.

– Family planning has reduced the number of

abortions performed each year and decreased the
numbers of mothers and fetuses dying during
pregnancy.
Promote family planning
Empowering women can slow
population growth
• Women tend to have fewer children if they are
educated, have the ability to control their own fertility,
hold a paying job outside the home, and live in
societies that do not suppress their rights.
• Women account for 66% of all hours worked but
receive only 10% of the world’s income and own just
2% of the world’s land.
• Women make up 70% of the world’s poor and 64% of
its 800 million illiterate adults.
• Poor women who cannot read often have an average
of 5–7 children, compared to 2 or fewer children in
societies where almost all women can read.
(Kim 2016)
Woman of a village in Burkina Faso
Case study

Have India and China success in slowing down

the population? Explain your answer

Pros and cons? Advantage and disadvantage of the policy

 China

• Currently, China’s TFR is 1.6 children per women.

• China has moved 300 million people out of poverty.

• Problems:

– Strong male preference leads to gender imbalance.

– Average population age is increasing.

– Not enough resource to support population.

China gets old before it gets
rich
India
• For over 50 years, India has tried to control its population
growth with only modest success.

• Two factors help account for larger families in India.

• Most poor couples believe they need several children to

work and care for them in old age.

• The strong cultural preference for male children means that

some couples keep having children until they produce one or
more boys.

• The result: even though 9/10 Indian couples have access to

at least one modern birth control method, only 48% actually
use one.
Case study
Four of every ten people in India struggle to live on the
equivalent of less than $1.25 /day
 Three big ideas

 The human population is increasing rapidly and may

soon bump up against environmental limits.

 We can slow human population growth by reducing

poverty, encouraging family planning, and elevating the
status of women.

 Most urban areas are unsustainable, but they can be

made more sustainable and livable within your lifetime.
 Contents
 Section 6-1: How many people can the Earth support?
 Section 6-2: What factors Influence the size of the human
population?
 Section 6-3: How does a population’s age structure affect its
growth or decline?
 Section 6-4: What are some ways to slow human population
growth?
 Section 6-5: What are the major urban resource and
environmental problems?
 Section 6-6: How does transportation affect urban environmental
impacts?
 Section 6-7: How can cities become more sustainable and
livable?
 The next…

 Lecture 6 – Natural resources : Food, soil and pest

management

 Chapter 10
 Midterm Exam

 Lecture 1 (Chapter 1) Environmental Science

 Lecture 2 (Chapter 3) Ecosystem

 Lecture 3 (Chapter 4) Biodiversity and evolution

 Lecture 4 (Chapter 5) Species interaction and community

 Lecture 5 (Chapter 6) Human population

 Midterm Exam

 90 minutes

 Close-booked exam

 Only 1 A4 – double sided – hand written note is allowed

 Include: Multiple choices question (20 Q – 40 pts), True/

False + correction (10Q – 20 pts). Filling in (10Q – 20 pts)
and Short answer question (choose 2 over 5 questions –
20 pts)