AS Kinetics

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1. Cars are fitted with catalytic converters in order to reduce the pollution caused by the
combustion of petrol. Potential pollutant gases include carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide
and unburnt hydrocarbons. The first two compounds are removed bypassing the hot gases over
a platinum catalyst.
CO(g) + NO(g) → CO2 (g) + 1

2
N2 (g) OH = –373 kJ mol –1
In the absence of a catalyst, this reaction is extremely slow.
(a) (i) Define the term activation energy.
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(1)
(ii) Comment on the relative value of the activation energy of this reaction compared
with the much faster reaction of nitrogen monoxide with oxygen.
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(1)
(b) (i) Draw a distribution of the molecular energies of gas molecules at two different
temperatures, T 1 and a higher temperature T2. Label the curves T1 and T 2 and
mark the energy corresponding to the activation energy, E A.
Fraction o molecules
ith a given energy
Energy
(3)
1
(ii) Use the diagram to explain why the rate of a reaction, such as that between carbon
monoxide and nitrogen monoxide, will change as the temperature increases.
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(2)
(c) The reaction between carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide requires a platinum
catalyst with a large surface area. xplain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of this
reaction and why the surface area needs to be large.
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(4)
(Total 11 marks)
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2. The rate of any chemical reaction is increased if the temperature is increased.
(a) Draw a diagram to represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies

at a temperature Tl and at a higher temperature T2.
umber
of
molecules
nergy
(3)
(b) Use your diagram and the idea of activation energy to explain why the rate of a chemical
reaction increases with increasing temperature.
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(4)
(Total 7 marks)
3. In a series of experiments to investigate the factors which control the rate of a chemical
reaction, aqueous hydrochloric acid was added to calcium carbonate in a conical flask placed on
an electronic balance.
The loss in mass of the flask and its contents was recorded for 15 minutes.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2(g)
Four experiments were carried out.

xperiments 1, 3 and 4 were carried out at room temperature (20 °C).
The same mass of calcium carbonate (a large excess) was used in each experiment.
3
The pieces of calcium carbonate were the same size in Experiments 1, 2 and 4.
Experiment Calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid

1 Small pieces 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3
2 Small pieces 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 heated to 80°C
3 One large piece 50.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3
4 Small pieces 50.0 cm3 of 2.00 mol dm–3
(a) The results of Experiment 1 give the curve shown on the graph below.
2.00
1.50
Mass loss/g
1.00 Expt. 1
0.50
5 10 15
Time/min
(i) Explain why there is a loss in mass as the reaction proceeds.
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(2)
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(ii) Explain the shape of the curve drawn for Experiment 1.
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(2)
(b) Draw curves on the graph to represent the results you would expect for Experiments 2, 3
and 4. Label the curves 2, 3 and 4.
(3)
(c) (i) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate which exactly reacts with 50.0 cm3 of 1.00
mol dm–3 aqueous hydrochloric acid. Mr(CaCO3) = 100.
(3)
(ii) Based on your answer to (c)(i) suggest a suitable mass of calcium carbonate to use
in the experiments. Explain your answer.
Suggested mass: ................................... ............................................................
Explanation: .....................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
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4. (a) (i) State two factors other than a change in temperature or the use of a catalyst that
influence the rate of a chemical reaction.
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(2)
(ii) or one of the factors you have chosen explain the effect on the rate.
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(2)
(b) The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies at a given temperature T1 is

shown below.
umber o
molecules ith
energy E
T1
Energy E
(i) On the same axes draw a similar curve for a reaction mixture at a higher
temperature T2.
(2)
(ii) Place a vertical line marked E a at a plausible value on the energy axis to represent
the activation energy for a reaction.
(1)
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(iii) Use your answers to parts (i) and (ii) to explain why an increase in temperature
causes an increase in the reaction rate.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
5. (a) (i) Draw a diagram to represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular

energies at a temperature T.
(2)
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(ii) Catalysts are used in the exhausts of modem motor cars to speed up the reaction
between polluting gases (carbon monoxide, CO, and dinitrogen oxide, N2O) before
they reach the end of the exhaust pipe.
Use the diagram in (a)(i) to explain how the catalyst achieves this.
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(4)
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(b) State ONE other method of increasing the rate of the reaction between two gases in
general. Explain how the collision theory supports your suggested method.
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(3)
(Total 9 marks)
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6. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to
2H2 O2(aq) ‹ 2H2 O(l) + O2(g)
The reaction is catalysed by solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2.
(a) Two experiments are carried out under the same conditions except that in one experiment
the manganese(IV) oxide is a fine powder and in the other the same mass of coarse
granules is used.
Which experiment would show the faster rate of decomposition? Explain your answer in
terms of collision theory.
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(2)
(b) (i) Draw a labelled Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a

mixture of gases at two different temperatures T1 and T 2, where T2 is higher than
T1 .
(4)
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(ii) Mark on your graph a suitable value for the activation energy, Ea, for the reaction
between the gases. Use your drawing to account for the increase in reaction rate
with increasing temperature.
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(3)
(iii) Use the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution to explain why a catalyst increases the
rate of a reaction at temperature T1.
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
7. Read the passage on ‘BUILDING A BETTER BLEACH - A GREEN CHEMISTRY

CHALLENGE’ straight through and then more carefully. Answer the following questions.
BUILDING A BETTER BLEACH – A GREEN CHEMISTRY CHALLENGE
Your dark red T-shirt has turned everyone else’s white washing pink. The problem is how do
you remove the stain?
A stain is a colour where you don’t want it, but stain removal is not actually removal at all.
Instead the stain molecules are altered chemically so they no longer reflect light in the same way
as before. We call it bleaching and chemistry is behind the process.
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The active ingredient in household bleach, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), keeps white clothing
white and your toilet sparkling, but how does the bleach act on stain molecules? Bleaching is an
example of a redox reaction. The colour of the stain is a property caused by the chemical
structure of its molecules. When the bleach removes electrons from a molecule, the chemical
structure of the molecule is changed and properties like colour are altered. Any excess sodium
hypochlorite is washed away in the rinse water. However, oxidation with such chlorine-based
bleaches sometimes adds chlorine atoms to the stain molecules as well as removing electrons.
This can lead to the formation of hazardous by-products such as dioxins, which can persist in
the environment and accumulate in the food chain.
Non-chlorine bleaches to the rescue
If the release of chlorine-based bleaches on a large scale could be bad for the environment, what
else can we use to get rid of the stains? Alternative non-chlorine bleaches are available. They
contain hydrogen peroxide or other peroxide compounds. As hydrogen peroxide is a liquid it is
not actually present in solid non-chlorine bleaches such as ‘Oxi-Clean’. Solid non-chlorine
bleaches contain ingredients like perborate or percarbonate - solid compounds which react with
water to release hydrogen peroxide. Whilst removing stains, the hydrogen peroxide decomposes
to release highly reactive free radicals. These oxidise other molecules by removing electrons or
hydrogen atoms from them.
Hydrogen peroxide sounds like our ideal bleach. In addition to its use in household cleaners,
stain removers and hair dyes, it is now used in the pulp and paper, textile and laundry industries.
Best of all, hydrogen peroxide contains no chlorine atoms so produces no organochlorine
pollutants. So why not stop using chlorine-based bleaches altogether?
The challenge of replacing traditional chlorine bleaches with hydrogen peroxide is twofold.
irstly, the peroxide oxidation process can be unselective. This means any molecules in the
vicinity that are exposed to the hydrogen peroxide get exposed to free radicals, and some
unwanted reactions might accompany the desired oxidation. Secondly, successful bleaching
with hydrogen peroxide requires higher temperatures and pressures and longer reaction times
than those needed for chlorine-based bleaches. On an industrial scale this means higher costs for
energy, equipment and labour.
However, the Institute for Green Oxidation Chemistry at Carnegie Mellon University, in the
USA, may have solved our bleaching problems. They have developed some heroic molecules
called tetraamido macrocyclic ligands or TAML for short. These molecules function as catalysts
in the hydrogen peroxide bleaching process and their presence allows the oxidation to proceed
at much lower temperatures and pressures. Like all catalysts, they are not consumed in the
process. This could make the process environmentally benign, meaning the materials used are
made from renewable resources, the process consumes minimal energy resources and does not
release polluting by-products into the environment.
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So bleaching using TAML activated peroxide would be an ideal example of green chemistry in
action. Made from naturally occurring biochemicals, TAML catalysts reduce energy costs and
prevent pollution. In addition their highly selective nature means they can ‘hunt and destroy’
dye molecules in solution preventing dye transfer to other clothes, which may mean in the
future TAML could protect you and your pink-clothed family from further laundry mishaps.
[613 words]
(Source: adapted from Chem matters — Demystifying Everyday Chemistry by Kathryn Parent, April 2004)
(a) Name sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, using Stock notation.
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(1)
(b) Explain what is meant by a free radical.
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(1)
(c) TAMLs can act as catalysts in the peroxide bleaching process. Explain how catalysts
increase the rate of a reaction.
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(2)
(d) Describe the THREE key features of an environmentally benign process.
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(2)
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(e) Suggest why accumulation of dioxins in the food chain may be harmful to people.
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(1)
(Total 7 marks)
8. (a) (i) Draw a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas at a

temperature T.
(2)
(ii) Add a curve to your diagram to show the distribution at a higher temperature and
label it TH.
(1)
(iii) Mark on your diagram a line at a suitable place for the activation energy, E a, for a
reaction.
(1)
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(b) (i) Use your answer to (a) to explain, in terms of the frequency and energy of
collisions, why an increase in temperature increases the rate of a reaction.
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(4)
(ii) Suggest whether the frequency of the collisions or the energy of collisions is more
important in increasing the rate.
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
9. (a) This part of the question is about the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes.
2 cm3 of ethanol is added to each of three separate test-tubes.
Three drops of 1-chlorobutane are added to the first, three drops of 1-bromobutane to the
second, and three drops of 1-iodobutane are added to the third test-tube.
2 cm3 portions of hot aqueous silver nitrate solution are added to each test-tube.
A precipitate forms immediately in the third test-tube, slowly in the second testtube and
extremely slowly in the first test-tube. In each reaction the precipitate is formed by silver
ions, Ag+(aq), reacting with halide ions formed by hydrolysis of the halogenoalkane.
(i) Why was ethanol added to each test-tube?
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(1)
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(ii) The mechanism of this reaction is similar to that of the reaction between
halogenoalkanes and aqueous hydroxide ions.
What feature of a water molecule enables it to act as a nucleophile in this reaction?

Suggest the mechanism for the reaction between water and 1-iodobutane. (You
may represent 1-iodobutane as RCH2 I).
eature of water molecule
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Mechanism
(4)
(iii) What is the colour of the precipitate in the third test-tube?
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(1)
(iv) Name the precipitate which forms slowly in the first test-tube.
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(1)
(v) Ammonia solution is added to the precipitate in the first test-tube. Describe what
you would observe.
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(1)
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(vi) Suggest, why the rates of hydrolysis of the three halogenoalkanes are different, in
terms of bonding and kinetics.
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(3)
(b) One method of the manufacture of alcohols is to react steam with an alkene.
or example
C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ——→ C2H5OH(l)
Suggest TWO reasons why this method is preferred to the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes.
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(2)
(c) 1-bromobutane reacts with an ethanolic solution of potassium hydroxide on heating to

form but-1-ene. A diagram of the apparatus that could be used to carry out this reaction
and to collect the gaseous but-1-ene is shown below.
but-1-ene
ethanolic potassium
hydroxide
l-bromobutane
eat
(i) State the hazard when the heating is stopped.
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(1)
(ii) How would you minimise the risk associated with this hazard?
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)
10. Ammonia reacts with oxygen, in a reversible, exothermic reaction, as shown in the equation
below. This is the first stage in the manufacture of nitric acid.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
(a) (i) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure on the position of this
equilibrium.
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(2)
(ii) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of the
equilibrium.
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(2)
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(b) (i) State and explain the effect of an increase in pressure on the rate of the reaction.
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(3)
(ii) State and explain the effect of an increase in temperature on the rate of the
reaction.
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(3)
(c) (i) Name the catalyst used in the reaction, during the manufacture of nitric acid.
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(1)
(ii) Explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of the reaction.
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(iii) Suggest why the catalyst is in the form of a gauze or mesh.
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)
11. The reaction in the Haber Process that is used to produce ammonia is a homogeneous dynamic
equilibrium:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) OH = –92 kJ mol–1
(a) State the meaning of the terms:
(i) dynamic equilibrium;
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(2)
(ii) homogeneous.
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(1)
(b) Give, with a reason in each case, the effect of the following on the position of the
equilibrium above:
(i) an increase in pressure;
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(2)
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(ii) an increase in temperature.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
12. (a) A mixture of hydrogen iodide, hydrogen and iodine (all in the gaseous state) establishes
dynamic equilibrium if a constant temperature is maintained.
2HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g) O H = +9.6 kJ mol–1
(i) Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
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(2)
(ii) How, if at all, would the proportion of hydrogen iodide present at equilibrium
change if the temperature were to be increased? Justify your answer.
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(2)
(iii) The reaction is catalysed by metals such as gold and platinum. How, if at all, would
the proportion of hydrogen iodide present at equilibrium change if the reaction
were to be catalysed? Justify your answer.
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(1)
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(b) Part of an energy profile for this reaction is shown below. It is not intended to be to scale.
Complete the profile showing:
• the products;
• the progress of both uncatalysed and catalysed reactions;
• labelled arrows to indicate the activation energies of both the uncatalysed and
catalysed reactions.
(4)
(Total 9 marks)
13. This question is concerned with alkenes including ethene and buta-1,3-diene,
CH2 = CHCH = CH2.
(a) (i) The typical reactions of alkenes are addition reactions, for example their reactions
with bromine.
Explain why the reaction of ethene with bromine is described as an addition

reaction.
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(1)
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(ii) Why should this reaction be carried out in the absence of sunlight or ultra-violet
radiation?
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(1)
(iii) Explain how, in this reaction, the bromine molecule is able to act as an
electrophile, even though it is normally non-polar.
(2)
(b) (i) When 1 mole of bromine molecules is added to 1 mole of buta-1,3-diene, the
principal product is 1,4-dibromobut-2-ene, CH2 BrCH = CHCH2 Br, a compound
which exists as two geometric isomers.
Draw the displayed formulae of both of these two isomers.
(2)
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(ii) State why geometric isomerism is possible in 1,4-dibromobut-2-ene.

[You may find it helpful to refer to the formulae you have drawn above].
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(1)
(c) It has been suggested that cyclohexene, another alkene, could be made by a reaction
between ethene and buta-1,3-diene.
Using molecular formulae, the reaction could be represented by the equation
C2H4(g) + C4H6(g) C6H10(l) OH = –200 kJ mol–1
(i) Draw the displayed formula of cyclohexene.
(1)
(ii) Decide whether high or low temperature and pressure would give the higher
proportion of cyclohexene at equilibrium. Justify your choice in each case.
Temperature .....................................................................................................
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(2)
(Total 10 marks)
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14. The industrial processes involved in the production of poly(chloroethene) are summarised in the
flow chart:
ethane → ethene → 1,2-dichloroethane → chloroethene → poly(chloroethene)
(a) (i) Ethane is converted to ethene by dehydrogenation.
Write a balanced equation, including state symbols, for this equilibrium reaction.
(1)
(ii) Explain why conditions of high pressure are less favourable for ethene production.
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(2)
(b) Draw a labelled diagram of an ethene molecule, showing the electron density distribution
in the o and v bonds between the carbon atoms.
(2)
(c) Give a chemical test which would distinguish between ethane and ethene.
State the result of your test with ethene.
Test ........................................................................................................................ ......
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(2)
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(d) 1,2-dichloroethane is formed from ethene by reaction with chlorine.
State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
15. A step in the Contact Process, for the manufacture of sulphuric acid, is the catalytic oxidation of
sulphur dioxide:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) OH = –196 kJ mol–1
If sulphur dioxide and oxygen are heated to a temperature of 450 °C and at a pressure of 2 atm
in the presence of a catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide, a dynamic equilibrium is reached in which
about 98 % of the sulphur dioxide is converted into sulphur trioxide.
(a) (i) Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.
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(2)
(ii) State the effect on the percentage of sulphur dioxide converted, if extra oxygen is
added to the system in equilibrium.
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(1)
(iii) State the effect on the percentage of sulphur dioxide converted, if the catalyst is
removed from the system in equilibrium.
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(1)
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(b) Use your understanding of kinetics and equilibria to justify the temperature used to obtain
an economic yield in the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
16. One stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is the exothermic reaction
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(a) In a closed container this mixture of gases would be in dynamic equilibrium.

State the meaning of the words dynamic and equilibrium in this context.
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(2)
(b) (i) State the conditions of temperature and pressure used industrially for the
manufacture of SO3.
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(2)
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(ii) Justify the choice of temperature for this reaction in terms of yield and rate.
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(3)
(iii) The yield of products would be greater if a higher pressure were to be used for the
reaction.
Suggest a reason why a higher pressure than you have given in (i) is not used.
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(1)
(c) (i) Calculate OH for the forward reaction, given the enthalpies of formation below.
OHf / kJ mol–1
SO2(g) –297
SO3(g) –395
O2(g) 0
(2)
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(ii) State why the enthalpy of formation of oxygen, O2 (g), is zero.
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(1)
(d) (i) State the formula of the catalyst used in the industrial process.
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(1)
(ii) Draw an enthalpy level diagram to show the reaction profiles of the uncatalysed
and catalysed reactions.
(3)
(iii) Explain how the catalyst increases the reaction rate.
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(2)
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(e) Suggest why the sulphur trioxide produced is passed into concentrated sulphuric acid
rather than water to form sulphuric acid at the end of the process.
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(1)
(Total 18 marks)
17. (a) Define the term standard enthalpy of formation.
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(3)
(b) The dissociation of phosphorus pentachloride is a reversible reaction.
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
(i) Use the values of enthalpy of formation given to calculate OH for the forward
reaction.
OHf /
kJ mol–1
PCl5(g) – 399
PCl3(g) – 306
(1)
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(ii) Explain, with reasons, the effect that raising the temperature would have on the
composition of the equilibrium mixture.
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(2)
(iii) Other than by changing the temperature, suggest how the amount of PCl5 present at
equilibrium could be increased. Give a reason for your answer.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
18. The Hess cycle below can be used to estimate the enthalpy change of formation, OHf, of the
unstable gaseous compound with the formula HOCl(g).
+667 kJ mol–1
HOCl(g)
Gaseous atoms of the elements
OHf +589 kJ mol–1
Elements in their standard states
(a) (i) Insert formulae, with state symbols, into the appropriate boxes, to show the correct
quantities of each element.
(1)
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(ii) Use the cycle to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of formation,
[HOCl(g)]. OH f
(1)
(iii) Assuming that the H—O bond energy is +464 kJ mol–1, calculate a value for the
O—Cl bond energy.
(1)
32
(b) (i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram for the HOCl molecule showing outer electrons
only.
(2)
(ii) Predict the HOCl bond angle. Justify your answer.
Angle ................................................................................................................
Justification ......................................................................... .............................
...........................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................... .....................
...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................. .............
(2)
33
(c) HOCl(g) can be made from chlorine(I) oxide by the reversible reaction
Cl2O(g) + H2O(g) 2HOCl(g)
What effect, if any, would an increase in pressure have on the proportion of HOCl(g) at
equilibrium? Justify your answer.
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.............................................................................................................. .......................
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
34
19. Hydrogen gas is manufactured by passing methane and steam over a heated catalyst.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) OH = +206 kJ mol–1
Explain the effect, if any, on the equilibrium yield of hydrogen by using:
(i) a higher pressure
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................. ........................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................. ....................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
(ii) a higher temperature
....................................... ..............................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................... ..........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............... ......................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) a catalyst.
................................................................................................................... ..................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
20. The main reactions involved in the conversion of synthesis gas to methanol in both methods are
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(g) OH = –91 kJ mol–1
CO2(g) + 3H2(g) CH3OH(g) + H2O(g) OH = –49 kJ mol–1
Compare the old and the new methods by considering their operating conditions.
Discuss ONE advantage of the old method and THREE advantages of the new method. Justify
your answers.
35
(i) Advantage of old method.
............................................................ .........................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................ .....................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Advantages of new method.
Advantage 1 ................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
Advantage 2 ......................................................................................................... .......
....................................................................................................................... ..............
............................................................................................................................. ........
Advantage 3 ............................................................................................... .................
............................................................................................................................. ........
........................................................................................................ .............................
(3)
(Total 4 marks)
36
21. (i) Phosphorus trichloride reacts with oxygen to form phosphorus oxychloride in an
equilibrium reaction.
PCl3(g) + ½O2(g) POCl3(g) OHo = –153.6 kJ mol–1
Suggest how you would adjust the temperature and pressure to increase the yield of this
reaction. Justify your answer in each case.
Temperature ...............................................................................................................
................................. ....................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
..................... ................................................................................................................
Pressure .................................................................................................................... ..
............... ......................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
................................................................................................................................ .....
(2)
(ii) State the effect of the adjustments you propose in part (i) on the rate of the reaction.
Temperature ...............................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
Pressure .............. ........................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
(2)
37
(iii) On the axes below, sketch the energy profiles of the reaction in (c)(i) with and without a
catalyst. Label the profiles.
Energy
Reaction path
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
22. This question is about the manufacture of sulphuric acid, H2 SO4.
(a) The first stage in the manufacture of sulphuric acid is the combustion of sulphur.
The following equation shows the reaction taking place when the standard enthalpy of
combustion of sulphur is measured.
S(s) + O2(g) ‹ SO2(g)
Define the term standard enthalpy of combustion.
................. ....................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. ........
............................................................................................................................. ........
.......................................................................................................................... ...........
(3)
38
(b) In the second stage of the manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur dioxide is oxidised to
sulphur trioxide as shown in the following equation:
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) OH = –196 kJ mol–1
(i) Explain, in terms of collision theory, why the rate of a reaction is increased by
increasing the temperature and by the addition of a catalyst.
Temperature
...........................................................................................................................
.................. .........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.......................... .................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
.................................. .........................................................................................
Catalyst
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
(4)
(ii) State and explain the effect, if any, of increasing the temperature on the
equilibrium yield of sulphur trioxide.
....................... ....................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................... ............................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
....................................... ....................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) State and explain the effect, if any, of an increased pressure on the equilibrium
39
yield of sulphur trioxide.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
................ ...........................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
........................ ...................................................................................................
(2)
(c) The following equation represents the overall reaction for the manufacture of sulphuric
acid from sulphur, oxygen and water.
2S(s) + H2 O + 3O2 → 2H2SO4(l)
Use the data below to calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction.
Substance OHfo
/ kJ mol–1
H2O (l) –286
H2SO4 (l) –814
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
40
23. Almost two thirds of the world’s ethanoic acid is made using the following equilibrium reaction,
with the aid of an iridium complex as a catalyst.
CH3OH(l) + CO(g) CH3COOH(l) OH = –135 kJ mol–1
Which of the following changes in conditions would increase the equilibrium yield of ethanoic
acid?
A increase pressure
B decrease pressure
C increase temperature
D add a catalyst
(Total 1 mark)
41

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vintupvtandem-66687094( whatsapp)- place for all chem solutions

CO(g) + NO(g) → CO2 (g) + 1

In the absence of a catalyst, this reaction is extremely slow.

(a) (i) Define the term activation energy.

2. The rate of any chemical reaction is increased if the temperature is increased.

(a) Draw a diagram to represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2 (aq) + H2 O(l) + CO2(g)

Four experiments were carried out.

Experiment Calcium carbonate Hydrochloric acid

(i) Explain why there is a loss in mass as the reaction proceeds.

(ii) Explain the shape of the curve drawn for Experiment 1.

Suggested mass: ................................... ............................................................

(b) The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies at a given temperature T1 is

5. (a) (i) Draw a diagram to represent the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular

6. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to

2H2 O2(aq) ‹ 2H2 O(l) + O2(g)

The reaction is catalysed by solid manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2.

(b) (i) Draw a labelled Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a

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BUILDING A BETTER BLEACH – A GREEN CHEMISTRY CHALLENGE

Non-chlorine bleaches to the rescue

(a) Name sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl, using Stock notation.

(b) Explain what is meant by a free radical.

(d) Describe the THREE key features of an environmentally benign process.

8. (a) (i) Draw a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies in a gas at a

9. (a) This part of the question is about the hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes.

2 cm3 of ethanol is added to each of three separate test-tubes.

(i) Why was ethanol added to each test-tube?

What feature of a water molecule enables it to act as a nucleophile in this reaction?

eature of water molecule

(iii) What is the colour of the precipitate in the third test-tube?

C2H4(g) + H2O(g) ——→ C2H5OH(l)

(c) 1-bromobutane reacts with an ethanolic solution of potassium hydroxide on heating to

(i) State the hazard when the heating is stopped.

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)

(ii) Explain the effect of a catalyst on the rate of the reaction.

(iii) Suggest why the catalyst is in the form of a gauze or mesh.

N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) OH = –92 kJ mol–1

(a) State the meaning of the terms:

(i) dynamic equilibrium;

(i) an increase in pressure;

(ii) an increase in temperature.

2HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g) O H = +9.6 kJ mol–1

(i) Explain the meaning of the term dynamic equilibrium.

Complete the profile showing:

• the progress of both uncatalysed and catalysed reactions;

Explain why the reaction of ethene with bromine is described as an addition

Draw the displayed formulae of both of these two isomers.

(ii) State why geometric isomerism is possible in 1,4-dibromobut-2-ene.

Using molecular formulae, the reaction could be represented by the equation

C2H4(g) + C4H6(g) C6H10(l) OH = –200 kJ mol–1

(i) Draw the displayed formula of cyclohexene.

ethane → ethene → 1,2-dichloroethane → chloroethene → poly(chloroethene)

(a) (i) Ethane is converted to ethene by dehydrogenation.

State the result of your test with ethene.

Test ........................................................................................................................ ......

Result ...................................................................................................................... .....

(d) 1,2-dichloroethane is formed from ethene by reaction with chlorine.

State the type and mechanism of this reaction.

Type ........................................................................................................................ ...........