International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)

Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

Applications of Exponential Functions

Mrs. G. SREEVANI
Assistant proffesor department of mathematics hindi maha vidyalaya , nallakunta ,hyderabad

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Submitted: 10-02-2021 Revised: 20-02-2021 Accepted: 24-02-2021
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ABSTRACT: One of the most prevalent LEARNING OBJECTIVES
applications of exponential functions involves 1. Use the exponential growth model in
growth and decay models. Exponential growth and applications including population growth and
decay show up in a host of natural applications. compound interest.
From population growth and continuously 2. Explain the concept of doubling time.
compounded interest to radioactive decay and 3. Use the exponential decay model in
Newton’s law of cooling, exponential functions are applications including radioactive decay and
ubiquitous in nature. In this section, we examine Newton’s law of cooling.
exponential growth and decay in the context of 4. Explain the concept of half – life.
some of the applications.
KEY-WORDS: Growth, decay, Radioactive EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL
decay, compound interest, Newton’s law, Many systems exhibit exponential growth. These
Exponential growth and decay. systems follow a model of the form y= bekt
Differentiating with respect to ‛t’ we get
dy
I. INTRODUCTION: = k bekt
dt
In addition to linear, quadratic, rational
y′ = k bekt
and radical functions, there are exponential
functions. Exponential functions have the form y′ = k y (y = bekt )
f(X) = bx , Where b>0 and b≠1 . Just as in any That is the rate of growth is proportional to the
exponential expression, b is called the base and X current function value .This is a key feature of
is called the exponent. exponential growth , The equation y′ = k y
An example of an exponential function is involves derivatives and the equation called a
the growth of bacteria. Some bacteria double every differential equation .
hour. If you start with 1 bacterium and it doubles
every hour , you will have 2^x bacteria after X EXPONENTIAL GROWTH:
hours. This can be written as f(x) = 2x . Exponential growth is a specific way that
a quantity may occurs increase over time . It occurs
Before you start , f(0)=20 =1
when the instantaneous rate of change of a
After 1 hour f(1)=21 =2
quantity with respect to time is proportional to the
In 2 hours f(2)=22 =4
itself .Describe as a function , a quantity
In 3 hour f(3) = 23 =8 so on
undergoing exponential growth is an exponential
With the definition f(x) =bx and the restrictions that
function of time ,that is the variable representing
b >0 and that b ≠1 , the domain of an exponential
time is the exponent .
function is the set of all positive real numbers.
The following graph shows f(x) = 2x .
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH FORMULAE:
Systems that exhibit exponential growth increase
according to the mathematical model.
Y(t) =y0 ekt
Where y0 represents the initial state of the
system and k>0 is called the growth constant. We
can solve this equation by using separation of
variables.
Population growth is a common example of
exponential growth.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 553
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

POPULATION GROWTH:
Population growth is the increasing
growth of a population due to reproducing .A
population growth rate is a rate at which a
population increase every year or per time period
that is being analyzed. Typically population growth
is exponential however, at some point all
population hit a tipping point where they can’t
support their growth rate any longer due to many
factors including health and food supply .

POPULATION GROWTH MATH:

1. Change in population =Births –deaths
2. Per capita birth rate =b
3. Per capita death rate =d Where y0 = 200 , k= 0.02
4. # of individuals =N The another example of an exponential growth is
5 . Rate of population growth (r) =b – d compound interest .
6 .Survivor ship =% surviving.
COMPOUND INTEREST:
POPULATION GROWTH FORMULAE Compound interest is the interest on a loan
P = P0 ert or deposit calculated based both the initial principal
P = Total population after time t and the accumulated interest from previous periods
P0 =Starting population . Thought to have originated in 17 th century at
r =% Rate of growth Italy . compound interest can be thought of as
t =Time in hours or years “interest on interest” and will make a sum grow at
e = Euler number a faster rate than simple interest , which is
=2.71828….. calculated only on the principal amount .

POPULATION GROWTH RATE: CALCULATING COMPOUND INTEREST:

Population growth is the percentage change in the Compound interest is calculated by
size of the population in a year. multiplying the initial principal amount by one plus
It is calculated by dividing the number of people the annual interest rate raised to the number of
added in a year per starting population, times 100 compound periods minus one . The total initial
Population growth rate = amount of the loan is than subtracted from the
natural increase + net in migration
× 100 resulting value.
Starting population

COMPOUND INTEREST FORMULA:

POPULATION GROWTH CONCEPTS:
The formula for calculating compound
NET MIGRATION: The difference between the
interest is
numbers moving in and the numbers moving out of
Compound interest = Total amount of
a defined area .
principal and interest in future less principal
NATURAL INCREASE: The difference between
amount at present .
the number of births and deaths in a difference
That is C.I = p [ (1+i )n -1 ]
population .
Where p = principal
NOTE :
i =nominal annual interest rate in
1 . When modeling a population with an
percentage terms
exponential growth model , if the relative growth
n = number of compounding periods .
rate k is unknown , it should be determined . This
EX : Take a 3 years of 10,000 Rs at an interest rate
is usually done using the known population at two
of 5% that compounds annually .What would be
particular times .
the amount of interest ?
2 . Exponential growth models are good predictors
Solution : p = 10,000 i = 5\100 , n=3
for small populations in large populations with
C.I. =10,000{ [1 +0.05 ]3 -1 }
abundant resources , usually for relatively short
=10,000 [ (1.05)3 -1 ]
time periods .
3 . The graph of the exponential growth y(t) = y0ekt
ADVANTAGES OF COMPOUND INTEREST:
has the general form .

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 554
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

1.Compound interest makes a sum of money grow Called decay constant (or) rate constant .
at a faster rate than simple interest because in
addition to earning returns on the money you EXAMPLES OF EXPONENTIAL DECAY:
invest . Examples of exponential decay are radioactive
2 .Also earn returns on those returns at the end of decay and population decrease . The information
every compounding period , which could be daily, .for a city or colony in the future .
monthly , quarterly or annually .
DEFINATION, HALF - LIFE:
RELATION SHIP BETWEEN COMPOUND If a quantity decays exponentially, the half life is
INTEREST AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: the amount of time . It takes the quantity to be
In finance compound returns cause reduced by half . It is given by HALF – LIFE =
exponential growth . The power of compounding is 𝑙 𝑛2
one of the most powerful forces in finance . This 𝑘
concept allows investors to create large sums with
little initial capital. Solving accounts that carry a USES OF HALF – LIFE:
compound interest rate are common examples of 1. Half – life is the time required for a quantity to
exponential growth . reduce to half of its initial value.
2 .The term is commonly used in nuclear
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPOUND physics to describe how quickly unstable atoms
INTEREST AND EXPONENTIAL GROWTH: undergo or how long stable atoms survive ,
Understanding compound growth lets you radioactive decay.
evaluate your business growth from year to year as 3. The term is also used more generally to
results fluctuate .If you take a longer view with big characterize any type of exponential or non –
goals for your business . exponential decay.
Exponential growth results show the long For ex: The medical sciences refer to the biological
term potential if you can manage to produce half – life of drugs and other chemicals in human
compound growth year after year . body.

EXPONENTIAL DECAY: HALF –LIFE FORMULA:

A quantity is subject to exponential decay One can describe exponential decay by any of
. If it decreases at a rate proportional to its current the three formulas
value . Symbolically this process can be expressed N( t ) = 𝑁0 ( 1 2)𝑡/𝑡1/2
by the following differential equation where N is N( t ) = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝑡 / τ
the quantity and 𝜆 is a positive rate called the N (t ) = 𝑁0 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡
exponential decay constant or rate constant . Here 𝑁0 refers to the initial quantity of the
substance that will decay . T he measurement of
FORMULA OF EXPONENTIAL DECAY: this quantity may take place in grams ,moles ,
The equation that describes exponential decay is number of atoms etc .
𝑑𝑁
= -λ N N (t ) is the quantity that still remains and its
𝑑𝑡
By using separation of variable we get decay has not taken place after a time t . 𝑡 1/2
𝑑𝑁 represents the half life of the decaying
= -λdt quantity is a positive number and is the mean life
𝑁
Integrating we have time of the decaying quantity .
𝑑𝑁
dt = −𝜆dt 𝜆 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑕𝑒
𝑁
𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦 .
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑁 = - λt + c 𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑟𝑒𝑒
W here c is the constant of integration . Hence we 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟s t1/2 , and λ is t_(1/2)
get N(t ) = 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡 .𝑒 𝑐 =𝑁0 . 𝑒 − 𝜆𝑡 = ln⁡2/ƛ = ln⁡2
Where 𝑁0 = 𝑒 𝑐 Where ln 2 happens to be the natural
The final solution is N ( t ) = 𝑒 − 𝜆 𝑡 logarithm of 2 ( approx 0.693 )
This is the form of the equation i.e. most HALF - LIFE FORMULA DERIVATION:
commonly used to describe exponential decay .In We start from the exponential decay law which as
the above follows N (t ) = N e− λt -------------------1
1
formula N (t) is quantity at time t , 𝑁0 = N (0) is Let t = T1/2 and N ( T1/2 ) = N0 -------------
2
the initial quantity , that is quantity at t = 0 and λ is --------------------------- 2

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 555
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

From 1 and 2 we get N (T1/2 ) = N0 e− λ t ----- ,nucleus shed out neutrons one by one . Even
--------------------------------------3 the proton number increases accordingly . A beta
N0 decay process is shown below .
Sub 2 in 3 we get = N0 e− λ T1/2 )
2
1
Th234
90 ---------------------------
= e− λT1/2 -------> pa 91 + e0−1
234
2
Take logarithm we get ln 1/2 = GAMMA DECAY : The nucleus has orbiting
ln e e− λT1/2 electrons which indeed have some energy ,and
ln 1/2 = - when an electron jumps from a level of high
T1/2 energy to a level of low energy ,there is an
T1/2 = - emission of a photon . the same thing happens in
1 ln 2 −1 ln 2 ln 2
the nucleus ,whenever it rearranges into a lower
ln 1/2 = - = - (-) = energy level ,a high –energy photon is shooted
ƛ λ λ λ
T1/2 = out which is known as a gamma decay .
ln 2 LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY
λ DERIVATION :
The decay constant is given by T1/2 = The mathematical representation on of the law of
0.693 ̀̀̀ΔΝ
̀̀̀̀̀̀
λ radioactive decay is ∝ N
Δt
Where N is the total no of nuclei in the
RADIO ACTIVE DECAY: sample.
The rate of nuclear decay is also ΔN the number of nuclei that
measured in terms of half lives . The half – life undergoes decay.
is the amount of time it takes for a given isotope to ∆t is the unit time
lose half of its radioactivity . ΔΝ
= λ N where λ is the radioactive
The Radioactivity decay law states Δʈ
that the probability per unit time that a nucleus decay constant.
will decay is a constant ,independent of time . The change in the sample with respect to the
This constant is called decay constant . It is numbers of nuclei is given as
dN
denoted by λ . This constant probability may = -λ N
dt
vary greatly between different types of nuclei By using separation of variables
,leading the many different observed decay rates dN
. The radioactive of certain no. of atoms (mass ) is We get = -λ dt
dt
exponential in time . Integrating RHS over t 0 to t over and
FORMULA OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY: L H S over N0 to N we get
N dN t
Radioactive decay law N = N0 e− λ t N
= λ t dt
0 N 0
Where N = the total no of particles in the log N - log N0 = -λ (t - t 0 ) Where N0 is
sample . no . of radioactive nuclei and t 0 is arbitrary time .
λ = decay constant N
t = time log =-λt
N0
TYPES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY: N(t) = N0 e−λʈ is the law of
Namely 1 . Alpha radioactive decay .
2 .Beta The another example of exponential decay is
3. Gamma Newton's law of cooling.
1 . ALPHA DECAY : When an alpha particle We are discussing def of Newton's formula,
emit its nucleus ,the process is called alpha decay Derivation, Limitations. Examples
The formula of alpha decay is E = ( mi - mf -
mp ) c 2 What is Newton's Law of Cooling?
Where mi is the initial mass Newton's law of cooling describes the rate
of the nucleus at which an exposed body changes temperature
mf is the mass of the through radiation which is approximately
nucleus after particles emission proportional to the difference between the object's
mp is the mass of the temperature and its surroundings, provided the
emitted particle difference is small.
2 . BETA DECAY : A beta particle is often
referred to as an election ,but it can also be a Definition: According to Newton's law of cooling
position , if the reaction involves electrons the rate of loss of heat from a body is directly

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 556
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

proportional to the difference in the temperature of

the body and its surroundings.
Table of Content:
 Fomula
 Derivation
 Limitations
 Solved Examples

Newton's law of cooling is given by, dT/dt =k(T. -

T.)
Where,
Tt = temperature at time t
Ts = temperature of the surrounding, where,
k= Positive constant that depends on the area and qi = initial temperature of object,
nature of the surface of the body under qf = final temperature of object.
consideration. ln (qf – q0)/(qi – q0) = kt
(qf – q0) = (qi – q0) e-kt
Newton's Law of Cooling Formula qf = q0 + (qi – q0) e -kt . . . . . . (3).
Greater the difference in temperature Methods to Apply Newton’s Law of Cooling
between the system and surrounding, more rapidly Sometime when we need only approximate values
the heis transferred i.e. more rapidly the body from Newton’s law, we can assume a constant rate
temperature of body changes. Newton's law of of cooling, which is equal to the rate of cooling
cooling formula is expressed by,T(t) = T s + (T0 – corresponding to the average temperature of the
Ts) e-kt body during the interval.
Where i.e. dθ\dt = k(<q> – q0) . . . . . . . (4)
 t = time, If qi and qf be the initial and final temperature of
 T(t) = temperature of the given body at time t, the body then,
 Ts = surrounding temperature, <q> = (qi + qf)/2 . . . . . (5)
 T0= initial temperature of the body, . Remember equation (5) is only an approximation
 k=constant and equation (1) must be used for exact values.

Newton's Law of Cooling Derivation Limitations of Newtons Law of Cooling

For small temperature difference between  The difference in temperature between the
a body and its surrounding, the rate of cooling of body and surroundings must be small,
body is directly proportional to the temperature  The loss of heat from the body should be
difference and the surface area exposed. by radiation only,
dQ/dt ∝ (q – qs), where q and qs are temperature  The major limitation of Newton’s law of
corresponding to object and surroundings cooling is that the temperature of surroundings
From above expression , dQ/dt = -k[q – qs)] . . . . . . must remain constant during the cooling of the
. . (1) body.
This expression represents Newton’s law of
cooling. It can be derived directly from Stefan’s II. CONCLUSION:
law, which gives, We have seen the application of exponential
k = [4eσ×θ3o/mc] A . . . . . (2) functions. we are using exponential functions
Now, dθ/dt = -k[θ – θo] growth and decay. It show up in a host of natural
⇒ \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2}\frac{d\theta}{(\theta- applications. From population growth and
\theta_o)} = \int_{0}^{1}-k dt∫θ1θ2(θ−θo)dθ=∫01 continuously Compounded interest to radioactive
−kdt decay and Newton's law of cooling, exponential
functions are ubiquitous in nature.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
[1]. Differential Equations and their applications
second edition Author: Zafar Ahsan
[2]. O.D.E and P.D.E ,Author M.D
Raisingania19" Edition

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 557
 International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 3, Issue 2 Feb 2021, pp: 553-558 www.ijaem.net ISSN: 2395-5252

[3]. Contributed by Gilbert strang and Edwin

"jed Herman from Maths Libre Texts.
[4]. ALIYAHASAN (USMANU DANFODIYO
UNIVERSITY), YAHAYA ZAKARI
(AHMADU BELLO
UNIVERSITY) PROJECT
:"APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

DOI: 10.35629/5252-0302553558 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 558