Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering
Sorsogon City Campus
Sorsogon City

Antonio Pigafetta's First Voyage Around the

World

A Research Paper
presented by:

Anthony L. Deterala
Joven N. Dichoso
Rizza Belaro
Harvey Españ o

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements in Readings in Philippine History
for the First Semester

AY 2023-2024
 ANTONIO PIGAFETTA: FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE
WORLD
I. THE PRE-EXPLORATION
A. The Partition of the World Between Portugal and Spain

1. Portugal and Spain were the two powerful countries during the Middle Ages.
a. During the Middle Ages, Portugal and Spain were significant powers, particularly
during different periods within that era. Spain, in particular, played a prominent
role during the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The Kingdom of Castile and
Aragon, which later unified into Spain, sponsored exploratory voyages, including
Christopher Columbus' journey to the Americas in 1492. Spain became a major
colonial power and accumulated vast wealth from its American colonies.
b. Portugal also had a significant role during the Age of Exploration. In the 15th and
16th centuries, Portuguese explorers like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan
made important voyages, establishing trade routes and colonies. Portugal's
influence extended into parts of Africa, Asia, and South America.
c. While they were influential during this period, it's essential to note that the balance
of power in Europe and the world shifted over time. Other European nations, like
England, France, and the Netherlands, also became major players as the Middle
Ages progressed into the Early Modern period.

B. The Treaty of Tordesillas

1. The expansion of territory became the root of the dispute between Portugal and Spain. The
two countries could not agree on the boundaries of their respective territories.

2. On May 4, 1493, Pope Alexander VI issued a papal bull, i.e., a papal official order or
proclamation, to solve the dispute between Portugal and Spain. He created a demarcation
line: Spain had rights to newly discovered lands to the West of the line, while Portugal had
rights to the East.

3. The Treaty of Tordesillas of June 7, 1494, involves agreements between King Ferdinand II
of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile and King John II of Portugal establishing a new
demarcation line between the two crowns to divide the world into two spheres of
influence. The imaginary dividing line ran down the center of the Atlantic Ocean, leaving
the Americas to Spain and West Africa and anything beyond the Cape of Good Hope to
Portugal.

4. The treaty aimed to settle conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher
Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.

5. The imaginary dividing line ran down the center of the Atlantic Ocean, leaving the
Americas to Spain and West Africa and anything beyond the Cape of Good Hope to
Portugal.
C. Ferdinand Magellan

1. Brief Biography
a. Known For: Portuguese explorer credited with circumnavigating the Earth.
b. Also Known As: Fernando de Magallanes
c. Born: February 3, 1480, in Sabrosa, Portugal
d. Parents: Magalhaes and Alda de Mesquita (m. 1517–1521)
e. Died: April 27, 1521, in the Kingdom of Mactan (now Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines)
f. Awards and Honors: The Order of Magellan was established in 1902 to honor those
who have circumnavigated the Earth.
g. Spouse: María Caldera Beatriz Barbosa
h. Children: Rodrigo de Magalhã es, Carlos de Magalhã es
i. Notable Quote: “The church says the earth is flat; but I have seen its shadow on the
moon, and I have more confidence even in a shadow than in the church.

2. Magellan's Plan of Exploration

a. In 1517, Ferdinand Magellan presented his plan of exploration to King Manuel I of
Portugal, but the king had petitioned to approve an expedition in search of a new
route to the Spice Islands. Frustrated by the rejection, Magellan left Portugal for
Spain that same year.
b. Magellan eventually received the support he needed when King Charles I, the young
king of Spain, granted his request in 1518 and named him captain of the expedition.
c. Ferdinand Magellan had an important goal when he left the town of Seville on the
10th of August 1519: Find a westward route to the Spice (Maluku) Islands.
d. The expedition's goal was to find a western route to the Moluccas (Spice Islands).
Magellan left Spain on 20 September 1519, sailed across the Atlantic, and discovered
the strait that now bears his name, allowing him to pass through South America into
the Pacific Ocean (which he named).

D. The Main Reasons of Western Exploration

1. Economic
a. One of the major motivating factors in the European Age of Exploration was the
search for direct access to the highly lucrative Eastern spice trade.
b. In the 15th century, spices came to Europe via the Middle East land and sea routes,
and spices were in huge demand both for food dishes and for use in medicines.

2. Political
a. In the 15th century, Europe sought to expand trade routes to find new sources of
wealth and any newly found lands.
b. This European Age of Discovery saw the rise of colonial empires on a global scale,
building a commercial network that connected Europe, Asia, Africa, and the New
World.
3. Religious
a. Spanish missionaries carried Catholicism to the New World and the Philippines
establishing various missions in the newly colonized lands.
 b. The missions served as a base for both administering colonies as well as spreading
Christianity.

E. The Five Ship

1. Santiago
a. Crew: 32
b. Under the command of Juan Seranno
c. The smallest of the 5 ships
d. called as a "caravel."
e. The first ship that has been lost.

2. San Antonio
a. Crew: 60
b. Under the command of Juan De Cartagena, soon led by Alvarado de Mesquita.
c. the largest in the fleet
d. The second ship that has been lost.

3. Conception
a. Crew: 43
b. Under the command of Gaspar de Quesada
c. Burned
d. The third ship that has been lost.

4. Trinidad
a. Crew: 55
b. Under the command of Ferdinand Magellan
c. the flagship
d. was attacked by Portuguese ship.
e. left shipwrecked.
f. The fourth ship that has been lost.

5. Victoria
a. Crew: 43
b. Under the command of Luiz Mendoza, soon led by Juan Sebatian Elcano
c. Antonio Pigafetta on board
d. The first ship circumnavigated the world.
e. Only ship to complete the voyage.

II. BACKGROUND OF THE AUTHOR

Antonio Pigafetta was born in 1491, in the province of Vicenza in Italy. He is also known as
Antonio Lombardo or Francisco Antonio Pigafetta. Antonio Pigafetta also died in Vicenza, Italy
in 1534. He was a scholar and explorer from the Republic of Venice. He was a seafarer and
geographer.
 One of the facts about Antonio Pigafetta is that he was part of the first world circumnavigation
that was started by the Portuguese explorer named Ferdinand Magellan.

He traveled with Ferdinand Magellan and his crew by order of the King Charles I of Spain on
their voyage to the Indies. During the expedition, he served as Magellan’s assistant and kept an
accurate journal which later assisted him in translating one of the Philippine languages,
Cebuano. It is the first recorded document concerning this language.

This first world voyage was one of the greatest achievements in the history of navy exploration.
This voyage began to sail in 1519 with five ships. However, its leader was killed in 1521, and
the next year, only one ship returned to Spain with a few men. Antonio Pigafetta was one of the
few survivors.
Many years later, Antonio Pigafetta’s chronicles about his detailed journey about the first trip
around the world was rescued in 1797, and it is currently considered as one of the most
important documentary pieces of evidence about various discoveries in terms of world
geography within the sixteenth century. It is known as “First Voyage Around the World” in
English. This is one of the most valuable contributions of Antonio Pigafetta.

III. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta

I. OBJECTIVES OF SPANISH AND PORTUGUESE (EUROPIAN) EXPLORATION

– Economy, Religion, Politics / God, Gold, Glory

II. WHY WERE THE PORTUGUESE AND SPANISH FIRST EXPLORED?

– Spain and Portugal were among the first European nations to explore because. hey, were
bordered by the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.

III. WHY DID MAGELLAN CAME TO SPAIN?

Ferdinand Magellan (a Portuguese sea captain sailing for Spain) had an important goal when
he left the town of Seville on the 10th of August 1519: Find a westward route to the Spice
(Maluku) Islands.
The expedition's goal was to find a western route to the Moluccas (Spice Islands). Magellan left
Spain on 20 September 1519, sailed across the Atlantic, and discovered the strait that now
bears his name, allowing him to pass through South America into the Pacific Ocean (which he
named).

IV. SITUATION OF EXPEDITION OF FERDINAND MAGELLAN

In search of fame and fortune, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan (c. 1480-1521) set out
from Spain on September 20, 1519, with a fleet of five ships to discover a western sea route to
the rich Spice Islands of Indonesia. In command of five ships and 270 men, Magellan sailed to
West Africa and then to Brazil, where he searched the South American coast for a strait that
would take him to the Pacific.
 With that, he discovered what is now known as the Strait of Magellan and became the first
European to cross the Pacific Ocean.

V. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
Proclamation of the national shrine
On June 19, 1960, Republic Act No. 2733, called the Limasawa Law, was enacted without
Executive approval on June 19, 1960. The legislative fiat declared the site in Magallanes,
Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte, where the first Mass in the Philippines was held is
hereby declared a national shrine to commemorate the birth of Christianity in the Philippines.
Magallanes is east of the island of Limasawa. In 1984 Imelda Marcos had a multi-million pesos
Shrine of the First Holy Mass built, an edifice made of steel, bricks and polished concrete, and
erected on top of a hill overlooking barangay Magallanes, Limasawa. A super typhoon
completely wiped this out just a few months later. Another shrine was inaugurated in 2005.

Limasawa celebrates the historic and religious coming of the Spaniards every March 31 with a
cultural presentation and anniversary program dubbed as Sinugdan, meaning "beginning.". Yet
this has no reference at all to a Catholic mass being held on March 31, 1521.
First Mass
On March 31, 1521, an Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered a Mass to be celebrated which was
officiated by Father Pedro Valderrama, the Andalusion chaplain of the fleet, the only priest
then. Conducted near the shores of the island, the First Holy Mass marked the birth of Roman
Catholicism in the Philippines. Colambu and Siaiu were the first natives of the archipelago,
which was not yet named "Philippines" until the expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543,
to attend the Mass among other native inhabitants.
Historical controversies
Masao
Some Filipino historians have long contested the idea that Limasawa was the site of the first
Catholic mass in the country. Historian Sonia Zaide identified Masao (also Mazaua) in Butuan
as the location of the first Christian mass. The basis of Zaide's claim is the diary of Antonio
Pigafetta, chronicler of Magellan's voyage. In 1995 then Congresswoman Ching Plaza of Agusan
del Norte-Butuan City filed a bill in Congress contesting the Limasawa hypothesis and asserting
the "site of the first mass" was Butuan. The Philippine Congress referred the matter to the
National Historical Institute for it to study the issue and recommend a historical finding. Then
NHI chair Dr. Samuel K. Tan reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first mass.
Bolinao
Odoric of Pordenone, an Italian and Franciscan friar and missionary explorer, is heartily
believed by many Pangasinenses to have celebrated the first mass in Pangasinan in around
1324 that would have predated the mass held in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan. A marker in
front of Bolinao Church states that the first Mass on Philippine soil was celebrated in Bolinao
Bay in 1324 by a Franciscan missionary, Blessed Odorico.
 However, there is scholarly doubt that Odoric was ever at the Philippines. Ultimately, the
National Historical Institute led by its chair Ambeth Ocampo recognized the historical records
of Limasawa in Southern Leyte as the venue of the first Mass, held on March 31, 1521.

VI. ANTONIO PIGAFETTA’S HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE DOCUMENT

Antonio Pigafetta was a key player of one of the most amazing world exploration trips. He was
born in Vicenza in 1492, and he was an Italian seafarer and geographer.

The relevance of his own venture, fundamentally lies in the fact that he took part to the first
globe circumnavigation, between 1519 and 1522, and he was able to accomplish it after the
murder of Ferdinand Magellan, leaving a detailed description of the journey in the Report of
the first trip around the world, a lost manuscript that was rescued later, in 1797, and today is
considered one of the most important documentary evidence relating the geographical
discoveries of the Sixteenth Century.

Antonio Pigafetta, fascinating and fleeing personality, for scholars he still represents a partial
mystery. About him too little is known to define a satisfactory profile on the biographical side.
Documents and the testimony of contemporaneous are scarces, and his own character
primarily appears from what he wrote in his own report.

His own narration about the first world circumnavigation was one of the greatest achievements
in the history of navy exploration and discovery.

In this narration can be found descriptions of peoples, countries, goods and even the languages
that were spoken, of which the seafarer was trying to assemble some brief glossaries.

Pigafetta tells how, being in Barcelona in 1519, he heard about Magellan’s expedition, and
being wishful to learn about the world, he asked for and obtained the permission to join in the
voyage.

Magellan’s fleet weighed anchor from Seville on August 10th of the same year with five smaller
vessels, heading towards Canary Islands and down along the African coast, and across the
Equator. From there they sailed towards Brazil coast, where they stayed for some time, making
supplies and weaving friendly contacts with the cannibalistic natives who dwelled there.

Moving on, then they arrived in Patagonia, where they spent winter months in a desolate
solitude. They met local people, who looked like giants in their eyes full of wonder, because of
their robust body types.

They survived the mutiny of one of the captains and some disgruntled sailors and continued
the exploration of the coast. One of the vessels was drowned, but the whole crew managed to
be saved.

They proceeded until the discovery of the strait, named after, Magellan himself, on October
21st, 1520, and went through, although one of the ships deserted, sailing back to Spain.

Finally, they arrived in the Philippines, where they became acquainted with the natives who
proved hospitable and welcomed them as guests in the king’s palace. The indigenous people,
 affected by the celebration of Mass and the crucifix planted in the island, promised to convert
to Christianity.

Quickly they developed commerce and trade, and the king, the queen and other notables of
Cebu were converted, until the entire population rapidly followed them in the new religion.

Shortly after, happened the disastrous episode that changed the course of the expedition.
Magellan took part in a conflict between some local tribes and was killed. The rest of the
expedition managed to escape and retired, preparing to leave, but a trap set by Magellan’s
interpreter and the king of Cebu, led to another massacre of the Europeans.

The surviving ships continued toward Borneo and to the city of Brunei, where they managed to
stock up, then from there, traveling southbound, they came to the Moluccas, 27 months after
the departure from Spain, finding a warm welcome by an astrologer king who had predicted
their arrival.

But at this point, despite the perspective of good business and the rich exchanges that would lie
ahead, their desire to return to Spain urged them and pushed them to a quick return.

VII. QUESTIONS ABOUT HISTORICAL DOCUMENT

– What are some facts about the author that makes him dependable in writing the
document?
He is a primary source, and he was present during the expedition wherein our
conclusion, that makes him very much dependable in writing his documents.

– In the Philippine History, what did the document tackled?

It talks about the discovery of the Philippines.

– What are some facts that the document tells about Filipinos and life in the Philippines at
the time it was written?
It was said in the book that the Spaniards observed that Filipinos were very
hospitable. Even in that time, Filipinos already have a form of government even before
the civilization. They also noticed that Philippines was rich in gold, spice, coconut and
silk.
– What world/regional/domestic events affected the Philippines in general during this
period?
Magellan’s voyage vast leads the geographical knowledge of mankind and proved once
and for all that the Earth is round. Since his discovery of the Philippines, it broad the
archipelago into the awareness that Europeans paved the way to Spanish colonization
and civilization. The socio-economic status improved pigafetta’s own narration about
the Philippines: it tells us about culture and languages that we all had in our past.

IV. CONTENT PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE

IMPORTANT HISTORICAL DOCUMENT
FIRST CIRCUMNAVIGATION AROUND THE WORLD FERDINAND MAGELLAN – JUAN SEBASTIÁ N EL CANO
– The crew of about 237 included men from several nations.

– Spanish authorities were wary of Magellan.

– included about 40 Portuguese.

– among them Magellan's brother-in-law Duarte Barbosa, Juan Serrano, a relative of Francisco
Serrã o, Estêvã o Gomes and also Magellan's indentured servant Enrique of Malacca.

In September 1519 Magellan’s fleet sailed from Sanlú car de Barrameda, Spain, and crossed the
Atlantic Ocean. The fleet reached South America a little more than one month later. There the
ships sailed southward, hugging the coast in search of the fabled strait that would allow
passage through South America.

On October 21, 1520, Magellan finally entered the strait that he had been seeking and that
came to bear his name. The voyage through the strait was dangerous and cold, and many
sailors continued to mistrust their leader and grumble about the dangers of the journey ahead.

After more than a month spent traveling the strait, Magellan’s remaining fleet emerged in
November 1520 to behold a vast ocean before them. They were the first known Europeans to
see the great ocean, which Magellan named Mar Pacifico, the Pacific Ocean.
Little was known about the geography beyond South America at that time, and Magellan
optimistically estimated that the trip across the Pacific would be rapid. In fact, it took three
months for the fleet to make its way slowly across the vast Mar Pacifico.

– In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called the LADRONES ISLANDS or the
“Islands of the Thieves.” He recounted: “These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have
a fish bone at the end. They are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that
we call these three islands the Ladrones Islands.”

The Ladrones Islands

– The Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. Ten days after they have
reached Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta reported that they have what he called the Isle of Zamal,
now Samar but Magellan decided to land in another uninhabited island for greater security
where they could rest for a few days. – On MARCH 18, nine men came to them and showed joy
and eagerness in seeing them. Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and welcomed
them with food, drinks and gifts.

– Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm tree which bore fruits called cochos
and wine.

– He characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly” and willingly showed them different
islands and the names of these islands. The fleet went to Humunu Island (Homonhon) and
there they found what he referred to as the “Watering Place of Good Signs.” for it is in this place
that they found the first signs of gold in the island. They named the island together with a
nearby island as the archipelago of St. Lazarus
– On March 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they saw two balanghai (balangay), a long boat full of
people in Mazzava/Mazaus. The leader whom he referred to the king became closely bonded
with Magellan as they both exchanged gifts to one another.

– After a few days, Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was also a king of another
island where Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of gold. The gold was abundant that parts
of the ship and of the house of the king were made of gold. This king was named Raia Calambu,
king of Zuluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua), and the first king was Raia Siagu.

– On March 31st (Easter Sunday), Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the shore.
The king heard about this plan and sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with the other
king. Pigafetta then wrote: “…when the offertory of the mass came, the two kings, went to kiss
the cross like us, but they offered nothing, and at the elevation of the body of our Lord they
were kneeling like us, and adored our Lord with joined hands.” This was the first Mass in the
Philippines, and the cross would be famed Magellan’s Cross which is still preserved at present
day. This was the same cross which Magellan explained to the kings as a sign of his emperor
who ordered him to plan it in the places where he would reach and further explained that once
other Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know that they had been in this island and
would not cause them troubles.

– By April 7th, Magellan and his men reached the port of Zzubu (Cebu) with the help of Raja
Humabon who offered to pilot them in going to the island. The kind of Cebu demanded that
they pay tribute as it was customary, but Magellan refused. By the next day, Magellan’s men and
the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of Cebu, met in an open space. There the
king offered a bit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the same.

– On April 14, Magellan spoke to the kind and encouraged him to be a good Christian by burning
all of the idols and worship the cross instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized as a
Christian. After 8 days, all of the island’s inhabitant were already baptized.

– When the queen came to the Mass one day, Magellan gave her an image of the Infant Jesus
made by Pigafetta himself.

– On 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan
and asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the chief name Silapulapu
(Lapulapu). Magellan offered 3 boats instead and went to Mactan to fight the said chief.

– They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were estimated to number 1,500.
Magellan died in battle. He was pierced with a poison arrow in his right leg. The king of Cebu
who was baptized offered help, but Magellan refused so that he could see how they fought.

– The kind also offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount in exchange of
Magellan’s body, but the chief refused and wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a memento of
their victory.

– Magellan’s men then elected Duarte Barbosa as the new captain.

 – Pigafetta also accounted how Magellan’s slave and interpreter named Henry betrayed them and
told the king of Cebu that they intended to leave as soon as possible. Henry and the king of
Cebu conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men. The king invited these men to a
gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he would send for the King of Spain.

– After Magellan’s death, a series of men took command of the expedition, but none of them
stayed in charge for longer than a few months. As one of the few remaining men, Juan Sebastian
el Cano took charge of one of the two surviving ships, the Victoria, later that year. He safely
brought the expedition home to Spain in September 1522, despite scurvy and starvation.

– On September 8, 1522, the crew of the Victoria cast anchor in the waters off of Seville, Spain,
having just completed the first circumnavigation of the world.

V. Contribution and relevance of the document in

understanding the Grand Narrative of Philippine History
1. How relevant the documents in reconstructing the past of the Philippines and its people?
– The relevance of the document lies in the fact that Antonio Pigafetta took part to the first
globe circumnavigation, between 1519 and 1522, and he was able to finish it after the
murder of Ferdinand Magellan, leaving a detailed description of the journey reporting the
first trip around the world.
– A lost Manuscript was rescued in 1797 and considered one of the most important
documentary pieces of evidence relating the geographical discoveries of the sixteenth
century.

– Antonio Pigafetta kept a detailed journal, the original of which is lost. However, an account
of the voyage, written by Pigafetta between 1522 and 1525, survives in four manuscript
versions: one in Italian and three in French. This version, in French, is from the library of
Yale University, and is the most complete and handsomely produced of the four surviving
manuscripts. It includes 23 beautifully drawn and illuminated maps.

– The document gave enough information about what was in the past about the Philippine
history. We were able to gain knowledge about our ancestors, past tradition and culture.

2. Significance of the document in the following:

 Scholars and historians
 Gives important details about the condition of the Visayan Island in 1970 including the
activities, cultural practices and social economic status that tells what the Philippines were
had before.
 Economy
 The ways and means of trading system, mostly the things that carried out of the country.
 Discovery of the different kinds of products in the Philippines such as fabrics, herbs,
perfume, porcelain, carpets and other products.
 Geography
 Proving that the world is not flat but an oblate spheroid.
 Religion
  The document narrated how Catholic religion started in the Philippines and how Catholic
Faith and beliefs was embraced by Filipino people.
 Youth
 The information in the document gave inspiration to the youth that indeed we have our
sovereignty and identity as a Filipino.
 Socio culture
 The good traits and physical appearance of Filipinos were identified and recognized.
 Politics
 Introduces the personalities, crucial bravery and guaranteed defense of the Philippines.

VI. LEARNING EXPERIENCES

Anthony: The story of Antonio Pigafetta's first voyage around the world imparts inspiring
lessons that resonate through the ages. It teaches us about the power of courage in the face of
the unknown, urging us to embrace challenges and uncertainties as opportunities for growth.
Pigafetta's resilience in overcoming setbacks reminds us that determination can conquer even
the most formidable obstacles. Moreover, his interactions with diverse cultures along the
journey highlight the value of cultural exchange, emphasizing the importance of embracing and
learning from differences. Lastly, Pigafetta's boundless enthusiasm for exploration reminds us
of the sheer joy that comes from curiosity and the quest for discovery, encouraging us to
approach life with the same passion for adventure.

Joven: I learned not to settle for less. We deserve the whole bakery not just the breadcrumbs.
Like Magellan, if you are not well-supported by your own country, and even your family and
relatives, look for somewhere or someone who can see your worth as a person. If your salary is
not proportional to your profession, leave the company and find a better one or better work
abroad. If your friend or partner does not value your love and does not see your worth as a
friend or lover and as a person, you better leave him/her. All of us deserve more and not less so
never settle for less.

Harvey: I learned that history is one of the valuable treasures that we should learn but not as a
student but a person who lives on seeing what they can be or shape themselves for being a
bright and open person, learning what they can be truly are and what blood flows through
their hearts. History enlightens us wherever we go we are proud to be one.
VII. REFERENCES
Anderson, M. (2019). Magellan & The Age of Exploration: Circumnavigating The Earth.
Geolango Maps. https://geojango.com/blogs/explore-your-world/magellan-age-of-
exploration

Briney, A. (2019). Biography of Ferdinand Magellan, Explorer Circumnavigated the Earth.

ThoughCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/ferdinand-magellan-1435018

Cachey, T. Jr. (2007). The First Voyage around the World (1519–1522) An Account of Magellan’s
Expedition. University of Toronto Press, p. xlvi

Cartwright, M. (2021). Treaty of Tordesillas. World History Encyclopedia.

https://www.worldhistory.org/Treaty_of_Tordesillas/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2023). Treaty of Tordesillas Spain-Portugal [1494].

Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Tordesillas