OLED Report

“ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY”
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Scientific research in the area of semiconducting organic materials as the active substance in light
emitting diodes (LEDs) has increased immensely during the last four decades. Organic semiconductors
was first reported in the 60s and then the materials were only considered to be merely a scientific
curiosity. (They are named organic because they consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen).
However when it was recognized in the eighties that many of them are photoconductive under visible
light, industrial interests were attracted. Many major electronic companies, such as Philips and
Pioneer, are today investing a considerable amount of money in the science of organic electronic and
optoelectronic devices. The major reason for the big attention to these devices is that they possibly
could be much more efficient than today's components when it comes to power consumption and
produced light.
Common light emitters today, Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) and ordinary light bulbs consume more
power than organic diodes do. And the strive to decrease power consumption is always something of
matter. Other reasons for the industrial attention are ie. that eventually organic full color displays will
replace today's liquid crystal displays (LCDs) used in laptop computers and may even one day replace
our ordinary CRT-screens. Organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) operate on the principle of
converting electrical energy into light, a phenomenon known as electroluminescence. They exploit the
properties of certain organic materials which emit light when an electric current passes through them.
In its simplest form, an OLED consists of a layer of this luminescent material sandwiched between two
electrodes.
Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 1

When an electric current is passed between the electrodes, through the organic layer, light is emitted
with a colour that depends on the particular material used. In order to observe the light emitted by an
OLED, at least one of the electrodes must be transparent.
When OLEDs are used as pixels in flat panel displays they have some advantages over backlit active-
matrix LCD displays greater viewing angle, lighter weight, and quicker response. Since only the part
of the display that is actually lit up consumes power, the most efficient OLEDs available today use
less power.
Fig. 1.1 OLED Display.
Based on these advantages, OLEDs have been proposed for a wide range of display applications
including magnified micro displays, wearable, head-mounted computers, digital cameras, personal
digital assistants, smart pagers, virtual reality games, and mobile phones as well as medical,
automotive, and other industrial applications.

CHAPTER 2
HISTORY & COMPONENTS OF OLED

2.1 HISTORY:
Conductive materials are substances that can transmit electrical charges. Traditionally, most known
conductive materials have been inorganic. Metals such as copper and aluminum are the most familiar
conductive materials, and have high electrical conductivity due to their abundance of delocalized
electrons that move freely throughout the inter-atomic spaces. Some metallic conductors are alloys of
two or more metal elements, common examples of such alloys include steel, brass, bronze, and
pewter.
In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, people began to study the electrical conduction in
metals. In his experiments with lightning, Benjamin Franklin proved that an electrical charge travels
along a metallic rod. Later, Georg Simon Ohm discovered that the current passing through a
substance is directly proportional to the potential difference, known as Ohm's law. This relationship
between potential difference and current became a widely used measure of the ability of various
materials to conduct electricity. Since the discovery of conductivity, studies have focused primarily
on inorganic conductive materials with only a few exceptions.
Henry Letheby discovered the earliest known organic conductive material in 1862. Using anodic
oxidation of aniline in sulfuric acid, he produced a partly conductive material that was later identified
as polyaniline, In the 1950s, the phenomenon that polycyclic aromatic compounds formed semi-
conducting charge-transfer complex salts with halogens was discovered, showing that some organic
compounds could be conductive as well.
More recent work has expanded the range of known organic conductive materials. A high
conductivity of 1 S/cm (S=Siemens) was reported in 1963 for a derivative of tetraiodopyrrole. In
1972, researchers found metallic conductivity (conductivity comparable to a metal) in the charge-
transfer complex TTF-TCNQ.

ORGANIC ELECTRONICS:
Organic electronics is a field of materials science concerning the design, synthesis, characterization,
and application of organic small molecules or polymers that show desirable electronic properties such
as conductivity. Unlike conventional inorganic conductors and semiconductors, organic electronic
materials are constructed from organic (carbon-based) small molecules or polymers using synthetic
strategies developed in the context of organic and polymer chemistry. One of the benefits of organic
electronics is their low cost compared to traditional inorganic electronics.
CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS:
Conductive small molecules are usually used in the construction of organic semiconductors, which
exhibit degrees of electrical conductivity between those of insulators and metals. Semiconducting small
molecules include polycyclic aromatic compounds such as pentacene, anthracene and rubrene.
Conductive polymers are typically intrinsically conductive. Their conductivity can be comparable to
metals or semiconductors. Most conductive polymers are not thermo formable, during production.
However they can provide very high electrical conductivity without showing similar mechanical
properties to other commercially available polymers. Both organic synthesis and advanced dispersion
techniques can be used to tune the electrical properties of conductive polymers, unlike typical inorganic
conductors. The well-studied class of conductive polymers is the so-called linear-backbone "polymer
blacks" inchading polyacetylene, polypyrrole, polyaniline, and their copolymers.
Poly (p-phenylene vinylene) and its derivatives are used for electroluminescent semiconducting
polymers. Poly (3-alkythiophenes) are also a typical material for use in solar cells and transistors.
APPLICATION OF ORGANIC ELECTRONICS:
There are four major application areas, displays, lighting, photovoltaics and integrated smart systems.
While OLAE technology is currently used in many manufacturing processes, new applications are
entering the marketplace rapidly.

While organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are already used commercially in displays of mobile
devices and significant progress has been made in applying organic photovoltaic cells to light-weight
flexible fabrics to generate low-cost solar energy, a brand new range of applications is possible such as
biomedical implants and disposable biodegradable RFID packaging tags.
In addition, low cost organic solar cells have the potential to drive down the cost of photovoltaics to
levels, which are not achievable with mono or poly-crystalline solar cells. Similarly, organic light
emitting diodes will revolutionize current lighting applications, significantly reducing CO2 impact.
Also, smart devices incorporating organic and printed circuits, sensors and energy sources will enable
new approaches in logistics and consumer packaging, and new flexible displays with exceptionally
low energy consumption will be used anywhere and anytime.
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES?
The possibilities are limitless as the technology is evolving at such a rapid pace. Industrial
designers across all sectors and markets should be aware of the technology and looking at ways of
harnessing its power and benefits into new product design.
Possible applications could include:
1. Memory or logic devices
2. Detectors, lasers and light emitters
3. Information displays advertising billboards and other media
4. Micro lenses
5. Batteries
6. Power or light sources
7. Subsystem packaging
8. Image patterning
9. Electrical or optical fibers
10. Transistors
11. Photoconductors

ORGANIC LED:
Why so much excitement about Organic LED?
1. Easy to process
2. Processing is low cost
3. Less temperature required to fabricate
4. They can possess to low-cost substrates (ie., plastic, paper even cloth)
5. Directly integrated to packages as it is light weight.
2.2 COMPONENTS OF AN OLED:
The components in an OLED differ according to the number of layers of the organic material.
There is a basic single layer OLED, two layer and also three layer OLED's. As the number of layers
increase the efficiency of the device also increases. The increase in layers also helps in injecting
charges at the electrodes and thus helps in blocking a charge from being dumped after reaching the
opposite electrode. Any type of OLED consists of the following components.
1. An emissive layer
2. A conducting layer
3. A substrate
4. Anode and cathode terminals.
Fig. 2.2.1 Components of an OLED.

1. SUBSTRATE- The substrate supports the OLED.

Example: Clear plastic, glass, foil.
2. ANODE- The anode removes electrons when current flows through the device.
Example: Indium tin oxide.
3. ORGANIC LAYERS- These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers.
4. CONDUCTIVE LAYER- This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that send electrons
out from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline.
Example: Polyaniline, polystyrene.
5. EMISSIVE LAYER- This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the
conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode, this is where light is made. One
polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene.
Example: Poly fluorine, Alq3
6. CATHODE- The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device. (It may or
may not be transparent depending on the device)
Example: Mg, Al Ba, Ca.

CHAPTER 3
WORKING & TYPES OF OLEDs
3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE:
As previously mentioned, OLEDs are an emissive technology, which means they emits light
instead of diffusing or reflecting a secondary source, as LCDs and LEDs currently do. Below is a
graphic explanation of how the technology works,
Fig. 3.1 Working principal of an OLED.

3.2 WORKING:
The organic light emitting diode (OLED) is a p-n diode, in which charge-carriers (e-h pairs)
recombine to emit photons in an organic layer. The thickness of this layer is approximately 100 mm
(experiments have shown that 70 nm is an optimal thickness). When an electron and a hole
recombine, an excited state called an exciton is formed. Depending on the spin of the e-h pair, the
excitation is either a singlet or a triplet. An electron can have two different spins, spin up and spin
down. When the spin of two particles is the same, they are said to be in a spin- paired, or a triplet
state, and when the spin is opposite they are in a spin-paired singlet state.
Fig.3.2.1 Triplet state.
On the average, one singlet and three triplets are formed for every four electron-hole pairs, and this
is a big inefficiency in the operation of the diodes. A singlet state decays very quickly, within a few
nanoseconds, and thereby emits a photon in a process called fluorescence. A triplet state, however,
is much more long-lived , and generally just produce heat. One method of improving the
performance is to add a phosphorescent material to one of the layers in the OLED. This is done by
adding a heavy metal such as iridium or platinum. The excitation can then transfer its energy to a
phosphorescent molecule which in turn emits a photon. It is however a problem that few
phosphorescent materials are efficient emitters at room temperature.

Fig. 3.2.2 Two different ways of decay.
There have been devices manufactured which transforms both singlet and tripletstates in a host to a
singlet state in the fluorescent dye. This is done by using a phosphorescent compound which both the
singlets and triplets transfer their energy to, after which the compound transfer its energy to a
fluorescent material which then emits light.
Using one organic layer has some problems associated with it. The electrodes energy levels have to
be matched very closely, otherwise the electron and hole currents will not be properly balanced. This
leads to a waste in energy since charges can then pass the entire structure without recombining, and
this lowers the efficiency of the device. With two organic layers, the situation improves dramatically.
Now the different layers can be optimized for the electrons and holes respectively. The charges are
blocked at the interface of the materials, and "waits" there for a "partner".

3.3 Making of OLEDs:
Fig. 3.3 Making of OLEDs.
Laboratory set up of a high-precision inkjet printer for making polymer OLED displays
The biggest part of manufacturing OLEDs is applying the organic layers to the substrate. This can be
done in three ways
1. Vacuum deposition or vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) - In a vacuum chamber, the organic
molecules are gently heated (evaporated) and allowed to condense as thin films onto cooled
substrates. This process is expensive and inefficient.
2. Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber, a

carrier gas transports evaporated organic molecules onto cooled substrates, where they condense
into thin films. Using a carrier gas increases the efficiency and reduces the cost of making
OLEDs.
3. Inkjet printing-With inkjet technology, OLEDs are sprayed onto substrates just like inks are
sprayed onto paper during printing. Inkjet technology greatly reduces the cost of OLED
manufacturing and allows OLEDs to be printed onto very large films for large displays like 80-
inch TV screens or electronic billboards.

3.4 TYPES OF OLEDs:

There are several types of OLEDs:
1. Passive-matrix OLED.
2. Active-matrix OLED.
3. Transparent OLED.
4. Top-emitting OLED.
5. Foldable OLED.
6. White OLED.
1. PASSIVE-MATRIX OLED (PMOLED):
Fig. 3.4.1 Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED).
PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are
arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up
the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry apples current to selected strips of anode and
cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the
brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current.
PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly
due to the power needed for the external circuitry, PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and
icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in CELL
PHONES, PDA's and MP3 Players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs
consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently power these devices.

2. ACTIVE-MATRIX OLED (AMOLED):
Fig.3.4.2 Active-matrix OLED(AMOLED).
AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a
thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that
determines which pixels get turned on to form an image.
AMOLEDs consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than
external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates
suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and
electronic signs or billboards.
Key features of AMOLED displays include:
1. Self-Emissive Pixels: Each pixel in an AMOLED display emits its own light when a current
passes through it, eliminating the need for a backlight and resulting in true black colors and
high contrast ratios.
2. Flexible Designs: AMOLED displays can be made on flexible substrates, making them
suitable for curved and foldable screens.
3. Thin and Lightweight: AMOLED displays are typically thin and lightweight, which is
beneficial for portable devices such as smartphones and smartwatches.

3. TRANSPARENT OLED:
Fig. 3.4.3 Transparent OLED.
Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when
turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display
is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either
active or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.
Key features of transparent OLED include:
1. Self-Emissive Pixels: Each pixel in an AMOLED display emits its own light when a current
passes through it, eliminating the need for a backlight and resulting in true black colors and
high contrast ratios.
2. Flexible Designs: AMOLED displays can be made on flexible substrates, making them
suitable for curved and foldable screens.
3. Energy Efficiency: TOLEDs are energy-efficient because they do not require a backlight,
relying instead on self-emissive pixels.
4. Design Flexibility: Transparent OLED displays can be made in various shapes and sizes,
making them suitable for creative and novel applications in retail, architecture, automotive, and
more.

4. TOP-EMITTING OLED:
Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to
active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in SMART CARDS.
Fig. 3.4.4 Top-emitting OLED.
Key features of top-emitting OLED technology:
1. Improved Light Efficiency: Top-emitting OLEDs can be designed to maximize light efficiency,
as the emitted light does not pass through the substrate or TFT layer. This can lead to brighter
displays and improved power efficiency.
2. Compatibility with Different Substrates: TEOLEDs can be used with a variety of substrates,
including opaque ones, such as silicon, which are often used in integrated circuits. This allows
for the integration of OLED displays with other electronic components.
3. High Pixel Density: TEOLEDs allow for high pixel density, which can result in higher
resolution displays, particularly when used with active-matrix driving techniques.

5. FOLDABLE OLED:
Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs
are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce
breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached
to fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer
chip, cell phone, GPS receiver into it.
Fig. 3.4.5 Foldable OLED.
Key features of foldable OLED technology:
1. Flexibility: Foldable OLEDs are built on flexible substrates such as plastic or metal foil, which
allows the display to bend or fold. This flexibility opens up possibilities for new form factors in
devices.
2. Innovative Designs: Foldable OLEDs enable the development of novel devices with unique
designs, such as folding smartphones, tablets that can be compacted for easier transport, or even
wearable devices that can conform to the user's body.
3. Vibrant Colors and High Contrast: Like traditional OLEDs, foldable OLEDs offer vibrant
colors, deep blacks, and high contrast ratios, resulting in excellent display quality.
4. Energy Efficiency: Foldable OLEDs do not require a backlight because the pixels themselves
emit light, which helps in saving power.

6. WHITE OLED:
White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that
emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent
lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are
currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.
Fig. 3.4.6 White OLED.
Key features of White OLED technology:

1. Uniform Light Emission: WOLED displays use a single layer of white-emitting organic
materials to produce light uniformly across the display, which can result in a more consistent
and even light output.
2. Wide Color Gamut: By filtering the white light through RGB color filters, WOLED displays can
achieve a wide color gamut and good color accuracy, producing vivid and realistic colors.
3. Simplified Manufacturing: The use of a single white light-emitting layer can simplify the
manufacturing process compared to using multiple layers for different colors.
4. Applications: WOLED technology is used in various applications such as televisions, monitors,

and other displays where uniform light emission and good color quality are desired.

3.5 COMPARISON OF OLED AND LCD:
Organic LED panel Liquid Crystal Panel

A luminous form Self emission of light Back light or outside light is
necessary
Consumption of Electric power It is lowered to about mW It is abundant when back light is
though it is a little higher than used
the reflection type liquid crystal
panel
Colour Indication form The fluorescent material of RGB A colour filter is used.
is arranged in order and or a
colour fiter is used.
High brightness 100 cd/m2 6 cd/m2
The dimension of the panel Several-inches type in the future It is produced to 28-inch type in
to about 10-inch type. the future to 30-inch type.
Contrast 100:14 6:1

The thickness of the panel It is thin with a little over 1mm When back light is used it is
thick with 5mm.
The mass of panel It becomes light weight more With the one for the portable
than 1 gm more than the liquid telephone. 10 gm weak degree.
crystal panel in the case of one
for portable telephone.
Answer time Several us Several ns
A wide use of temperature range 86 °C~ -40 °C ~-10 °C
The corner of the view Horizontal 180° Horizontal 120°~170°

CHAPTER 4
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
4.1 ADVANTAGES
1. The different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to several advantages over flat-panel
displays made with LCD technology.
2. Lower cost in the future: OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable substrate by an inkjet printer
or even by screen printing, theoretically making them cheaper to produce than LCD or plasma
display. However, fabrication of the OLED substrate is more costly than that of a TFT LCD,
until mass production methods lower cost through scalability.
3. Light weight & flexible plastic substrates: OLED displays can be fabricated on flexible plastic
substrates leading to the possibility of flexible organic light-emitting diodes being fabricated or
other new applications such as roll-up displays embedded in fabrics or clothing.
4. Wider viewing angles & improved brightness: OLEDs can enable a greater artificial contrast
ratio (both dynamic range and static, measured in purely dark conditions) and viewing angle
compared to LCDs because OLED pixels directly emit light.
5. Better power efficiency: LCDs filter the light emitted from a back light.
6. Response time: OLEDs can also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens.

4.2 DISADVANTAGES
1. OLED seem to be the perfect technology for all types of displays; however, they do have some
problems, including:
2. Outdoor performance: As an emissive display technology, OLEDs rely completely upon

converting electricity to light, unlike most LCDs which are to some extent reflective
3. Power consumption: While an OLED will consume around 40% of the power of an LCD
displaying an image
4. Screen burn-in: Unlike displays with a common light source, the brightness of each OLED pixel
fades depending on the content displayed. The varied lifespan of the organic dyes can cause a
discrepancy between red, green, and blue intensity. This leads to image persistence, also known
as burn in.
5. UV sensitivity: OLED displays can be damaged by prolonged exposure to UV light. The most
pronounced example of this can be seen with a near UV laser (such as a Bluray pointer) and can
damage the display almost instantly with more than 20mW leading to dim or dead spots where
the beam is focused.
6. Color balance issues: Additionally, as the OLED material used to produce blue light degrades
significantly more rapidly than the materials that produce other colors, blue light output will
decrease relative to the other colors of light. This differential color output change will change the
color balance of the display and is much more noticeable than a decrease in overall luminance.
7. Water damage: Water can damage the organic materials of the displays. Therefore, improved
sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing. Water damage may especially limit
the longevity of more flexible displays.

4.3 APPLICATIONS:
1. Mobile Phones Mobile phones were the first to adopt AMOLED displays and is the largest market
for OLEDs today.
Fig. 4.3.1 OLED mobile phones.
2. OLED TVS-OLED TVs had begun shipping in 2013 but their prices are still very high.
Fig. 4.3.2 OLED TVs.

3. Digital Cameras- Several compact and high-end cameras use AMOLED displays that offer rich
colors and high contrast and brightness. Kodak was the first to release a digital camera with an
OLED display in March 2003, the Easy Share LS633.
Fig. 4.3.3 OLED cameras.
4. OLED Lamps- OLED lamps are currently very expensive, but already several companies are
offering these in the premium lighting category.
Fig. 4.3.4 OLED lamps.

4.4 FUTURE USES OF OLED:
1. Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space.
Fig. 4.4.1 OLED wall lighting.
2. Scroll Laptop:
Fig. 4.4.2 OLED Scroll Laptops.

3. Rollable OLED Telivision:
Fig. 4.4.3 Rollable OLED Telivision.
4. OLED display in car:
Fig 4.4.4 OLED displays in car.

CONCLUSION
Performance of organic LEDs depend upon many parameters such as electron and hole mobility,
magnitude of applied field, nature of hole and electron transport layers and excited life-times. Organic
materials are poised as never before to transform the world IF circuit and display technology. Major
electronics firms are betting that the future hokis tremendous opportunity for the low cost and sometimes
surprisingly high performance offered by organic electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Organic Light Emitting Diodes are evolving as the next generation of light sources. Presently researchers
have been going on to develop a 1.5 emitting device. This wavelength is of special interest for
telecommunications as it is the low-loss wavelength for optical fiber communications. Organic full-colour
displays may eventually replace liquid crystal displays for use with lap top and even desktop computers.
Researches are going on this subject and it is sure that OLED will emerge as future solid state light source.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
TEXT BOOKS:
1. "Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Materials, Devices and Applications" by Alastair
Buckley, 2nd Edition, 2013.
2. "Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Materials, Devices and Applications" by Franky So,
1st Edition, 2006.
3. "Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Materials, Devices and Applications" by Jwo-Huei

Jou, 1st Edition, 2013.
4. "Organic Light Emitting Diodes: Principles, Characteristics & Processes" by Jan Kalinowski, 1st
Edition, 2014.
5. "OLED Display Fundamentals and Applications" by Takatoshi Tsujimura, 1st Edition, 2017.
WEBSITES:
6. http://jalopnik.com/5154953/samsung-transparent-oled-display-pitched-as-automotive-hud.
7. http://www.pocket-lint.com/news/news.phtml/23150/24174/samsung-say-oled-not.
8. http://www.voidspace.org.uk/technology/top_ten_phone_techs.shtml#keep-your-eye-on.

CONTACT DETAILS
Name AJJAYYA L PATTEPUR
USN 4BD20EE004
Email-Id [email protected]
Mobile No. 8722552671
Airani Post Ranebennur taluk Haveri district Karnataka -

Address
581115

OLED Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OLED Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

OLED Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

“ORGANIC LIGHT EMITTING DIODE DISPLAY”

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 1

Fig. 1.1 OLED Display.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 2

HISTORY & COMPONENTS OF OLED

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 3

APPLICATION OF ORGANIC ELECTRONICS:

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 4

WHAT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES?

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 5

Why so much excitement about Organic LED?

2. Processing is low cost

3. Less temperature required to fabricate

5. Directly integrated to packages as it is light weight.

2.2 COMPONENTS OF AN OLED:

4. Anode and cathode terminals.

Fig. 2.2.1 Components of an OLED.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 6

1. SUBSTRATE- The substrate supports the OLED.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 7

WORKING & TYPES OF OLEDs

3.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE:

Fig. 3.1 Working principal of an OLED.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 8

Fig.3.2.1 Triplet state.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 9

Fig. 3.2.2 Two different ways of decay.

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 10

3.3 Making of OLEDs:

Fig. 3.3 Making of OLEDs.

2. Organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD) In a low-pressure, hot-walled reactor chamber, a

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 11

3.4 TYPES OF OLEDs:

Fig. 3.4.1 Passive-matrix OLED (PMOLED).

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 12

2. ACTIVE-MATRIX OLED (AMOLED):

Fig.3.4.2 Active-matrix OLED(AMOLED).

Key features of AMOLED displays include:

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 13

Fig. 3.4.3 Transparent OLED.

Key features of transparent OLED include:

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 14

Fig. 3.4.4 Top-emitting OLED.

Key features of top-emitting OLED technology:

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 15

Fig. 3.4.5 Foldable OLED.

Key features of foldable OLED technology:

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 16

Fig. 3.4.6 White OLED.

Key features of White OLED technology:

4. Applications: WOLED technology is used in various applications such as televisions, monitors,

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 17

3.5 COMPARISON OF OLED AND LCD:

Organic LED panel Liquid Crystal Panel

Contrast 100:14 6:1

The corner of the view Horizontal 180° Horizontal 120°~170°

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 18

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

Dept. of E&E, BIET,. Davanagere Page | 19