GROUND WATER INFORMATION BROCHURE

BASTI DISTRICT, U.P.

CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page No.

BASTI DISTRICT- AT A GLANCE

2
1. INTRODUCTION
4
2. CLIMATE & RAINFALL
7
3. GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPE
8
4. GROUND WATER SCENARIO
9
5. GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
14
6. GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUE AND PROBLEMS
15
7. AWARENESS AND TRAINING AVTIVITY
15
8. AREA NOTIFIED BY CGWA/SGWA
15
9 RECOMMENDATIONS
16

PLATES :

(I) INDEX MAP - BASTI DISTRICT, U.P.

(II) DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP, BASTI DISTRICT, U.P. (PRE-
MONSOON, MAY 2012 )
(III) DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL MAP,BASTI DISTRICT ,U.P. (POST-
MONSOON NOV 2012)
(IV) GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2009) MAP BASTI DISTRICT, U.P.
(V) HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP, BASTI DISTRICT, U.P.

1
 BASTI DISTRICT- AT A GLANCE

1. GENERAL INFORMATION
Geographical Area (Sq km) : 2688
Administrative Divisions (As on 2011-12)
Number of Tehsils/Blocks : 04/14
Number of Panchayat/Villages : 1047/3348
Population (As on 2011 Census) : 2461056
Average Annual Rainfall (mm) : 1166
2. GEOMORPHOLOGY
Major physiographic units : Upland plains, Gently
undulating slope . Older
& Younger alluvium
Major Drainages : Ghaghra,Manorma,
Kuwana
3. LAND USE (Sq Km) ( As on 2010 –11 )
Forest area : 43.59
Net area sown : 2090.17
Gross area sown : 2865.24
4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES : Clay, sand and loam
5. Area under principal crops (Sq Km) (As on
2010 –11) : 2339.25
6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES
(Number of structures/Area (Sq Km) )

Dugwells/Government Tube wells & Pumpsets : 78356/1335.96

(Electric/ Diesel)
Tanks/ponds : 98.86
Canals : 66 Km/2.87
Other sources : NA/2.25
Net Irrigated area : 1439.94
Gross irrigated area : 2174.36
7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER
MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB (As on 31 -
3-2013)
No of Dug Wells : 10
No of Piezometers : Nil

8. PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL : Alluvium

FORMATIONS
9. HYDROGEOLOGY
Major Water bearing formation : Sand and Gravel

Pre-monsoon Depth to water level (m. bgl) during : 2.75(Kalwari)–5.67

2012) (Basti)

2
 Post-monsoon Depth to water level (m. bgl) during : 1.92 (Rudauli) – 4.57
2012) (Basti)
Long term water level trend in 10 yrs(2003-2012) in : Pre-Monsoon:
m/yr Rise 0.002 – 0.22
Fall 0.0 - 0.049
Post- Monsoon
Rise 0.0 1 – 0.08
Fall 0.004 - 0.08
10 GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY No exploratory Tubewell has
CGWB (As on 31-3-2012) been constructed till date by
No of wells drilled (EW, PZ, SH) : CGWB
Depth Range of EW’s (mbgl) :
Discharge (lps) :
Storativity (S) :
Transmissivity (m2/day)
11. GROUND WATER QUALITY
Presence of Chemical constituents more than : Arsenic reported from
permissible limit (e.g. EC, Cl, F, No3) six blocks of the district
12. DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES
(As on 31/3/2009) (Ham)
Annual Replenishable Ground Water : 94123.63
Resources
Gross Annual Ground Water Draft : 70996.19
Projected Demand for Domestic industrial : 7391.76
Uses upto 2033
Stage of Ground Water Deve lopment : 75.43 %
13. AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY
Mass Awareness Programmes organized : Nil
Water Management Training Programme : Nil
organized
14. EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE & :
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Projects completed by CGWB (No & Amo unt : Nil
spent)
Projects under technical guidance of CGWB : NIl
(Numbers)
15. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND
REGULATION
Number Of OE Blocks : Nil
No of Critical Blocks : Nil
No of blocks notified : Nil
16. MAJOR GROUND WATER PROB LEMS AND : Arsenic reported at some
ISSUES places.

3
1.0. INTRODUCTION
Basti district forms a part of Central Ganga Plain of Uttar Pradesh,and lies in
the doab of Ghaghra and Rapti. It covers an area of 2688 sq.km. The district lies between the
parallels of 26° 23' and 27° 30' North and Latitude and 82° 17' and 83° 20' East longitude. Its
maximum length from north to south is about 75 km. and breadth from east to west about
70km. The district lies between newly created district Sant Kabir Nagar on the east and
Gonda on the west. On the south, the Ghaghra river separates it from the Faizabad and newly
created district named Ambedkar Nagar. While on the North it is bounded by district
Sidharth Nagar. Administratively, the district is divided into 4 tehsils and 14 developmental
blocks. Detail of administration of the district has been given in Table – 1.

Table 1 Area and Population of the Basti District

BLOCK TEHSIL BLOCK POPULATION

AREA(SQ. KM)

1. PARASRAMPUR 212.41 155439

2. GAUR 239.46 170733

3. HARRAIYA BASTI 231.05 141531

4. VIKRAM JOT 300.23 118800

5. KAPTAN GANJ HARRAIYA 235.05 135769

6. RAM NAGAR 234.80 142962

7. SALTAUA
216.90 159169
GOPALPUR

8. RUDHAULI BHANPUR 115.87 128987

9. SAOONGHAT 190.61 139082

10. BASTI SADAR 190.83 190856
11. BANKATI RUDHAULI 185.81 156236
12. BAHADURPUR 229.10 143726
13. KUDRAHA 136.10 117289
14. DUBAULIYA 136.32 57357
TOTAL RURAL 2604.47 1957936
TOTAL URBAN 83.53 126878
TOTAL DISTRICT 2688.00 2084814

4
1.1 Drainage:

The district has two main river systems namely, the Ghaghra and Rapti,
both of which ultimately form a part of the great Gangetic system. The other streams of the
district are the Kuwana, its tributaries are, the Rawai, the Manwar and the Katnehia, and the
Ami is a tributary of Rapti. River Ghaghra is formed by the combined waters of Kauriyala,
Girwa, Chauka and other streams, which have their origin in the mountains of Kumaun and
Nepal. The Ghaghra forms the southern boundary of the district. The river flows continually
shifting channel within a broad sandy bed. During the rains it carries immense volume of
water, but in dry weather it shrinks to small dimensions. The river has a constant tendency to
change its course during the floods, and in this manner large tracts of land from time to time
are shifted either to the northern or southern banks, rendering the total area of the district
subject to incessant variation. Many point bar deposits are present within the course of river,
locally known as Deyara. In monsson season Ghaghra river cross its bank and submerged
adjoining area. Manwar or Kuwana are tributaries of Ghaghra river in the district.

1.2 Irrigation:

The irrigation facilities have been developed to a considerable extent in the whole of
the district. The means of irrigation consist of canals, lift irrigation, well, tubewells, tanks and
lakes besides minor irrigation works. For larger part of the district, groundwater serves as the
assured source of supplemental irrigation. During the year 2010-11, about 92.7% of the net
sown area was irrigated through groundwater resources. Blockwise status of the irrigation by
different sources is given in Table 2

5
Table-2 Blockwise area (hect.) irrigated by different sources - Basti district (March
2011)

Tubewell Net % of
Total Area
Block Canals Wells Ponds Others Irrigated Irrigated
Public Private Sown
Area Area
0 855 5986 3368 1350 16 11575 14194
1. Parasrampur 81.55
0 738 6836 3428 0 16 11018 18561
2. Gaur 59.36
0 601 9352 3440 560 16 13969 16380
3. Harraiya 85.28
0 445 8583 3428 0 16 12472 18555
4. Vikram Jot 67.22
0 956 2536 3352 898 16 7758 10349
5. Kaptan Ganj 74.96
147 1487 2924 3302 562 16 8438 16487
6. Ram Nagar 51.18
0 993 5381 3429 559 16 10378 16806 61.75
7. Saltaua
Gopalpur
140 562 2640 3310 1127 16 7795 10646
8. Rudhauli 73.22
0 818 5305 3432 561 16 10132 16465
9. Saoonghat 61.54
0 1528 3648 3458 901 16 9551 13898
10. Basti Sadar 68.72
0 1208 7234 3511 557 16 12526 14761
11. Bankati 84.86

12. Bahadurpur 0 446 6236 3413 556 16 10667 16801 63.49

13. Kudraha 0 585 4194 3538 1129 16 9462 13202 71.67

14. Dubauliya 0 368 2637 3439 1126 17 7587 11011 68.90

Total Rural 287 11590 73492 47848 9886 225 143328 208116 68.87

Total Urban 0 0 666 0 0 0 666 901 73.92

Total District 287 11590 74158 47848 9886 225 143994 209017 68.89

The total irrigated area by different sources is 143994 ha. While ratio of net irrigated
area to the net sown area is 68.89%.Northern part of the district is mainly under canal
irrigation . area under irrigation is highest in Harriya Block.

6
1.3 Previous works

Sri A.V. Singh, Scientist ‘B’ carried out reappraisal Hydrogeological Surveys during
the year 1991-92 and1992 - 93. A report on Hydrogeology and Ground Water Potential of
Basti district was compiled by Dr. A N. Lal Scientist –C in 2001-2002.

2. CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

The climate of the district is more equable than the adjoining districts to the
south. The year may be divided into four seasons. The winter season, from mid-November to
February is followed by the summer season lasting till about the middle of June. The period
from mid-June to the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season. October
to mid-November is the post monsoon or transition period. During the winter seasons the
mean minimum temperature is about 9 degree Celsius and means maximum is 23 degree
Celsius while during the summer seasons the minimum is about 25 degree Celsius and mean
maximum is about 44 degree Celsius. During south-west monsoon and the post monsoon
seasons the relative humidity is high, being above 70 percent. Thereafter the humidity
decreases and in the summer air is very dry. Winds are in general very light with a slight
increase in force in the late summer and monsoon seasons. The average annual wind velocity
in the district ranges from 2 to 7.1 km/hrs.

The average annual rainfall in the district is 1169.8 mm. Maximum

rainfall occurs during the monsoon period i.e. June to September having 87% of annual
rainfall. July is the wettest month having the normal rainfall of 341.50 mm followed by
August with normal rainfall of 311 mm.

7
3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY & SOIL TYPE
3.1 Physiography, Geomorphologic features and Landforms

The district, inspite of its apparent uniformity of aspect, it divided topographically

into several distinct tract namely, the low valley of the Ghaghra in the south, extending from
that river to its tributary, the Kuwana; the central upland, between the latter river and the
rapti; and the low and ill-drained paddy belt between the Rapti and the Nepal boundary.The
altitude of the Basti district ranges between76 to 92 m amsl.

The district can be almost divided into two identifiable units, the upland plains
underlain by Older Alluvium and the lowland plains underlain by Newer Alluvium. Younger
alluvial plain is found along the Ghaghra river and it is flat to sloping slightly undulated
terrain. It is produced by extensive deposits of alluvium and usually occur adjacent to flood
plains and consist of various fluvial land forms which include back swamp, oxbow lake, old
meander, meander scar, paleochannel and point bar. It mainly comprises of younger
unconsolidated alluvial materials of varying lithology. In the younger alluvial plain area the
ground water table is very shallow and ground water yield prospects are excellent. Older
alluvial plain is similar to younger alluvial plain but are formed at the earlier stage of
depositional regimes comprising of unconsolidated sediments, hence occurring comparatively
far from the present flood plains of the river. Groundwater prospects are good to very good.

3.2 Soil Characteristics

The soils of the district consist broadly of “Matiyar” or clay, “Dumat” or loam.
The hard clay soil or Matiyar is ideal for rice cultivation and very fertile. The Dumat or
loam is also fertile soil, ideal for cultivation of various types of crops. This is the reason for
high crop yields in the district. In the southern tahsil of Harriya and Basti the prevailing form
of soil is loam, while in the north the area of clay approximates a extend to that of loam. The
main variety of soils in the district are the loamy of dumat, the clayey or matiyar and the
sandy soil is found along the high banks of river Ghaghra. Soils of the district are generally
calcareous and similar to the alluvial soils. As regards of fertility, the district Basti is
grouped under the medium category

8
4.0. GROUND WATER SCENARIO
4.1 Hydrogeology:

4.1.1 Water Bearing formations

Ground water occurs in the pore spaces of unconsolidated alluvial material in the zone

of saturation. The near surface, clay kankar and sand beds support mainly open wells where

ground water occurs under water table conditions. Kankar occurring at shallow depths, also

yield sufficient water. Most of shallow tubewells tap water only from kankar and sandy

horizons. The shallow aquifers occur under unconfined conditions, while deeper aquifers

occur under semiconfined to confined state of disposition. The confining layers are

impermeable clay beds.

Aquifer geometry

Alluvial tract of Basti district is underlain by sands of various grades, gravels, silt and

clay. The actual thickness of the sediments is not known as CGWB has not carried out

exploration in Basti district and the deepest well constructed by state government is only

down to depth of 134.12 m bgl. However exploratory well have been constructed by CGWB

in adjoining district Siddharthnagar upto a depth of 310 m bgl. The result of exploratory

drillings indicates that the aquifers vary great deal in extent, both vertically as well as

laterally. The southern part of the district is characterized by thicker aquifers, where sand and

gravel predominate over clays. The northern part comprises of thinner granular zones and

lenses of sand of varying lateral extent, dominated by thick clay. Broadly, a two (2) tier

aquifer system can be inferred in the area down to depth of 300 mbgl. The sticky and

yellowish clay marks the boundary between these aquifers at 114 m bgl.Ground water in the

topmost aquifer occurs under phreatic or water table conditions while in intermediate and

deeper aquifer it occur under semi confined to confined condition.

9
4.1.2 Depth To Water Level:

As per depth to water level data of ground water monitoring stations of Basti district
of year 2012, pre monsoon water level varies from 2.75 mbgl (Kalwari) to 5.67 mbgl (Basti)
.In Post monsoon period depth to water level varies from 1.92 mbgl (Rudauli) to 4.57 mbgl
(Basti). Annual water level fluctuation (2012) varies from 0.13 to 3.19 meters. The perusal
of the pre - monsoon depth to water level map reveals that depth to water level in the central
part is deep, having water level in the ranges of 5 – 6 mbgl whereas in the rest of the district
shallower water levels(2-5 mbgl) are observed .

4.1.3 Long Term Water Level Trend

Long term water level behavior of the ground water regime has been studied from the
water level data of the ground water level monitoring stations (NHS) of CGWB. All of NHS
wells except Rudauli shows falling trend during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon. The highest
annual decline in the water levels is was observed at Basti 0.092 m/year.

4.1.4 Aquifer with yield, well and aquifer details

No exploratory well has been constructed by CGWB in Basti district under its
ground water exploration programme.Based on the details of Tubewell constructed by state
government ,the discharge ranges between 2208 and 2889 lpm while that of private Tubewell
ranges between 300 to 500 lpm. The drawdown and other parameter are not known.

4.2 Ground Water resources

Ground water is the most dependable source of irrigation as wells as domestic
and industrial water supply, due to its assured and timely supply low Cost structures. In Basti
district, ground water resources cover about 90 % of the net irrigated area, and its demand is
increasing regularly with growing population and other developmental activities. As per
report on Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Utter Pradesh as on 31.03.2009 annual
ground water availability of the district is 94123.63 ham .The Grass ground water draft for all
uses is 70996.19 ham .The average stage of ground water development for the district is
75.43%. As per the estimates worked out, all blocks are under safe category.

10
TABLE-3 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES,(2009), BASTI DISTRICT
,U.P
Sl. Assessment Units - Annual Net Annual Existing Net Ground Stage of Category of
No. Blocks Ground Ground Gross Water Ground Block
Water Water Ground Availability Water
Recharge Availability Water For Future Developmen
(in ham) (in ham) Draft For Irrigation t (in %)
All Uses Development
(in ham) (in ham)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 BAHADURPUR 8468.51 7621.66 5504.07 2063.50 72.22 SAFE

2 BANKATI 7729 6956.10 6220.71 424.09 89.43 SAFE
3 BASTI SADAR 7458.11 6712.30 5637.63 672.62 83.99 SAFE
4 DUBAULIYA 4609.07 4378.62 3278.19 999.44 74.87 SAFE
5 GAUR 8117.98 7306.18 6380.1 520.06 87.32 SAFE
6 HARRAIYA 7752.77 6977.49 6044.71 781.57 86.63 SAFE
7 KAPTANGANJ 7712.31 6941.08 5447.8 1399.45 78.49 SAFE
8 KUDRAHA 5863.14 5276.83 4388.4 736.65 83.16 SAFE
9 PARASRAMPUR 7253.29 6527.96 5579.57 538.74 85.47 SAFE
10 RAMNAGAR 7650.75 6885.68 3998.28 2761.99 58.07 SAFE
11 RUDAULI 5639.76 5357.77 3800.24 1450.54 70.93 SAFE
12 SALTAUA 8522.52 8096.39 4904.91 2953.58 60.58 SAFE
13 SAUNGHAT 7342.33 6608.10 4634.61 1966.59 70.14 SAFE
14 VIKRAMJOT 9419.42 8477.48 5176.97 3297.55 61.07 SAFE

TOTAL 103538.96 94123.63 70996.19 20566.36 75.43

4.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY

Ground water in the phereatic aquifer in general is colourless, odourless and slightly
alkaline in nature. Specific Conductance (EC), which is a measure of total dissolved solids,
indicates the ground water in the district is fresh and the EC values range from 303 to 1040 µ

11
mhos/cm at 25oC .The arsenic value in the district has been found from nd to 0.004mg/l.
Fluoride is ranges from 0.0 to 0.84 mg/l within the range of permissible limit.
CGWB analyzed 14 samples for arsenic contamination in ground water from
the district. However, Uttar Pradesh Jal Nigam carried out sampling in six blocks of district,
most of them lying along Ghaghara River where probability of occurrence of arsenic in
ground water is more. Jal Nigam analyzed total of 3104 water samples , of which 12 samples
have more than 50 ppb As in ground water. Most affected blocks are Bahadurpur,
Parasrampur, Captainganj and Kudaraha. Detail of result is given in following table.
Table – 4 Status of Arsenic Contamination in Ground Water in Basti District.

Concentration of Arsenic in Ground Water(ppb)

District HPs Not Upto 10 10 - 40 40- 50 Above 50
tested Detected
Bahadurpur 521 422 10 15 5 10
Vikramjot 636 570 48 7 9 2
Paras
517 286 147 84 0 0
Rampur
Harraiya 542 188 38 22 0 0
Kaptanganj 566 383 45 61 3 0
Kudaraha 322 178 88 26 0 0
Total 3104 2027 376 215 17 12

4.4 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT

In Basti district ground water extraction is done mainly through Private and
State tubewells and borings with Pumpsets. The ground water development in the district
ranges between 58.07% (Ramnagar block) and 89.43 (Bankati block) through various
structures. In all blocks of the district ground water development takes place through dug
wells, bore wells and State tubewells. The relevant details are given below.

12
S.No. Type of structure Number Depth range Yield
(mbgl) (lpm)
1. Dug wells 44 5.50-30.50 50-100
2. State tubewells 535 80-134.12 2000-3200
3. Borewells 76142 20-60 120-300

The wells generally meet out the domestic requirements. Irrigation is by far the main
consumer of water- resources. There are 77392 diesel pump sets used in bore wells for
irrigation. Maximum number of pump sets is in Harriya block i.e. 8300. State tubewell
constructed by State Tube well division for irrigation.

13
Table 4 Blockwise status of sources of irrigation in district / block (31st march 2011)

Govt. Perma- Pumpsets

Canal Ground
Block tube nent Electricity Diesel Other Total pumpset
length
well wells Run Run
(km) (No.)
(No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.) (No.)

1. Parasrampur 0 41 5 23 5833 12 5868 1

2. Gaur 0 36 2 21 6393 0 6414 0

3. Harraiya 0 28 3 25 8300 5 8330 1

4. Vikram Jot 0 19 2 24 7469 0 7493 1

5. Kaptan Ganj 0 45 0 27 3782 8 3817 0

6. Ram Nagar 26 73 2 30 4082 5 4117 1

7. Saltaua Gopalpur 0 47 2 26 5568 5 5599 1

8. Rudhauli 17 25 3 35 4255 10 4300 0

9. Saoonghat 0 38 3 25 5542 5 5572 0

10. Basti Sadar 10 74 4 33 4586 8 4627 0

11. Bankati 0 60 6 27 6635 5 6667 1

12. Bahadurpur 13 21 2 25 5941 5 5971 1

13. Kudraha 0 26 7 26 4820 10 4856 0

14. Dubauliya 0 15 3 25 3726 10 3761 0

Total Rural 66 548 44 372 76932 88 77392 7
Total District 66 548 44 372 76932 88 77392 7

14
 Drinking water tube-wells have been constructed in town area and villages for
providing water through pipeline scheme. In rural area India Mark II Hand pumps have also
been constructed for drinking water that benefited population of the district. Depth of these
hand pumps varies from 25-50 m. Centrifugal pumps is commonly used for lifting water from
shallow tubewell while submersible pump is used in deep well for high lift of water.

5.0GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

5.1 Ground water development

The stage of ground water development in the district is 75.43
%.Ground water development in all blocks is above 60%. Less ground water
developmenthas been observed in Kudraha and Ramnager block. Depth to water level is
shallow in most part of the district, shallow tubewell (upto depth of 35 m), constructed by
hand boring sets, is suitable to mitout the domestic irrigation requirement. Rotary
(direct/Reverse)is suitable for construction of shallow tubewell. Deep tubewell is
constructed through direct rotary method. The well assembly for moderately deep tubewells
may have 40-50 m housing, tapping 30 to 40 m of granular zone. Since fine sand are
encountered in granular zones, it is advised that slot size is between 0.75 to 1.00 mm. To
increase the life and discharge of well, after lowering of well assembly tube well should be
developed initially by air compressor followed by turbine pump till water is sand free.

5.2 Water conservation structure & artificial recharge

In Basti district, depth to water levels are within 5m bgl , artificial recharge is not
required. CGWB has not constructed any recharge structure in the district.

15
6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUE AND PROBLEMS

6.1 Water Quality Problem (Geogenic)

On an average ground water quality of the district is good for drinking,
irrigational and industrial uses. Few places in the district like Kalwari, Jagdishpur have
arsenic concentration about 40ppb.Geomorpholgical and lithological condition of the district
suggest that arsenic may be found at more places in the district. A detail study is required to
identified arsenic affected area. Arsenic may be found in water owing to its mobilisation
through arsenic-rich rocks. Concentrations of arsenic in fresh water vary in magnitude
depending on the source of arsenic as well as local geo-chemical environment. Under natural
conditions, the elevated concentrations of arsenic are generally found in the ground waters in
flood plain and paleo-channels area.
6.2 Water Logging
Presently no part of the district is under water logging condition. Only small area of
Bahadurpur Block prone to water logging. But a judicious conjunctive use is required in
the area to avoid water logging condition as depth to water level in the district is in general
about 3.0 m bgl.
6.3 Drilling problems
None.
6.4 Risk to natural disaster
NA
7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING AVTIVITY

No programme/activity has been organized in the block so far.

8.0 AREA NOTIFIED BY CGWA/SGWA
None

16
9.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

Following recommendations have been made to sort out ground water problems
related to groundwater development, and ground water generated diseases.

1) Judicious conjunctive use is required in the area to avoid water logging

condition as depth to water level in the district is in general about 3.0 m bgl.
2) The problem of Arsenic pollution in ground water in Basti district is not in
alarming stage. It is advised that the villages where Arsenic concentration is above the
maximum permissible limit defined by BIS (IS 10500 – 91) should be identified. Arsenic
field-testing kit could prove to a very useful instrument to commence the detailed
investigations in these areas.
3) Only those hand pumps should be allow to use which have arsenic
concentration below permissible limit. Jal Nigam should demarcate those hand pumps
yielding water with higher Arsenic concentration with red paint. These markings would
indicate that these pumps are not fit to be used for catering to human or livestock needs.
Alternative sources of ground water may be identified and recommended for use.
4) The most important aspect of any pollution study is not to scare but make
people aware. It is imperative to make people aware of the groundwater structures having
high concentration of arsenic. The objective is to educate them – to use and/or avoid
groundwater structures according to arsenic content in water. Mass awareness programmes
should be organized in Arsenic affected area.

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