Basic Integrals

Z
1 1 −1 x
 
1. dx = tan +C
x 2 + a2 a a
x−a
Z
1 1
2. dx = log +C
x2 −a 2 2a x+a
Z
1 1 a+x
3. dx = log +C
a2 −x 2 2a a−x
Z
1 √
4. √ dx = log x2 + a2 + x + C
x 2 + a2
Z
1 √
5. √ dx = log x2 − a2 + x + C
x 2 − a2
Z
1 x
6. √ dx = sin−1 +C
a2 − x 2 a
Z √ √
x x 2 + a2 a2 √
7. x2 + a2 dx = + log x2 + a2 + x + C
2 2
Z √ √
x x 2 − a2 a2 √
8. x2 − a2 dx = − log x2 − a2 + x + C
2 2
Z √
a 2  x  x√a2 − x2
−1
9. a2 − x2 dx = sin + +C
2 a 2

Proof 1.
Z
1
dx
x 2 + a2 Let,
x = a tan θ
a sec2 θ
Z
= dθ ⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ
a2 (1 + tan2 θ)

a sec2 θ
Z
= dθ [ ∵ sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 ]
a2 sec2 θ
Z
1
= dθ
a

θ
=
a

1 x
= tan−1 +C
a a

1
Proof 2.
Z
1 Here,
dx
x2 − a2 Z Let,
1
dx x−a=z
1
Z
(x + a) − (x − a) x−a
= dx ⇒ dx = dz
2a (x + a) (x − a)
Z
1
= dz
Z   z
1 1 1
= − dx = log |z| + C1
2a x−a x+a
Z Z = log |x − a| + C1
1 1 1
= dx − dx
2a x−a x+a Similarly,
Z
1 1 1
= log |x − a| − log |x + a| + (C1 + C2 ) dx
2a 2a x+a

1 x−a = log |x + a| + C2
= log +C
2a x+a

Proof 3.
Z
1
dx
a2 − x2
Here,
(a + x) + (a − x)
Z
1 Z
1 1
= dx dx = log + C1
2a (a + x) (a − x) a−x a−x
Z  
1 1 1 And,
= + dx
2a a−x a+x Z
1
dx = log |a + x| + C2
1
Z
1
Z
1 a+x
= dx + dx
2a a−x a+x

1 1 1
= log + log |a + x| + (C1 + C2 )
2a a−x 2a

1 a+x
= log +C
2a a−x

2
Proof 4.
Z
1 Let,
√ dx
x 2 + a2 x = a tan θ
⇒ dx = a sec2 θ dθ
a sec2 θ
Z
= p dθ Again,
a2 (1 + tan2 θ) Let,
Z
a sec2 θ z = sec θ + tan θ
= dθ [ ∵ sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 ] ⇒ dz = sec θ tan θ + tan2 θ dθ


a sec θ
Z
= sec θ dθ

Z
sec θ (sec θ + tan θ)
= dθ
(sec θ + tan θ)

(sec θ tan θ + tan2 θ)

Z
= dθ Here,
(sec θ + tan θ)
Z x = a tan θ
1
= dz x
z ⇒ tan θ =
a
= log |z| + k We know,

sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
= log |sec θ + tan θ| + k p
⇒ sec θ = 1 + tan2 θ
√
x 2 + a2 x r
= log + +k  x 2
a a ⇒ sec θ = 1 +
a
√
√ x 2 + a2
= log x2 + a2 + x + (k − log a) ⇒ sec θ =
a
√
= log x 2 + a2 + x + C

Proof 5.
Let,
x = a sec θ
Z
1
√ dx
x 2 − a2 ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ
Z
a sec θ tan θ
= p dθ
a2 (sec2 θ − 1)

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 Z
a sec θ tan θ
= dθ [ ∵ sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1 ]
a tan θ
Here,
Z
= sec θ dθ x = a sec θ
x
⇒ sec θ =
a
= log |sec θ + tan θ| + k
We know,
√
x x 2 − a2 sec2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
= log + +k
a a √
⇒ tan θ = sec2 θ − 1
√
= log x 2 − a2 + x + C r 
x 2
⇒ tan θ = −1
a
√
x 2 − a2
⇒ tan θ =
a

Proof 6.
Z
1 Let,
√ dx
a − x2
2
x = a sin θ
Z
a cos θ ⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ
= q
dθ
a2 1 − sin2 θ
Z
a cos θ
= dθ [ ∵ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ]
a cos θ
Here,
Z
= dθ x = a sin θ
x
⇒ θ = sin−1
a
=θ+C

x
= sin−1 +C
a

Proof 7 and 8 requires the uv-formula of integration i.e.-

Z Z Z  Z 
du
uv dx = u v dx − v dx dx where u, v both are the functions of x.
dx

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Proof 7.
Z √ √ Here,
Let, I = x2 + a2 dx, u = x2 + a2 , v =1
d √ 2 
x + a2
dx
Now, applying uv formula - 1 1 d
x2 + a2


= √
2 x2 + a2 dx
√ Z 
d √ 2
Z  Z 
I= x2 + a2 1 dx − x + a2 1 dx dx 1 1
dx = √ (2x)
2 x + a2
2

√ Z 
x
  x
=x x2 + a2 − √ x dx =√
x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2

√ Z
x2
= x x 2 + a2 − √ dx
x 2 + a2

√ Z
x 2 + a2 − a2
=x x2 + a2 − √ dx
x 2 + a2

√ Z 
x 2 + a2 a2

= x x 2 + a2 − √ −√ dx
x 2 + a2 x 2 + a2

√ Z √
2
Z
1
=x x2 + a2 − x2 + a2 dx + a √ dx
x + a2
2

√ √
= x x2 + a2 − I + a2 log x2 + a2 + x

√ √
⇒ 2I = x x2 + a2 + a2 log x2 + a2 + x

√
x x 2 + a2 a2 √
∴I= + log x2 + a2 + x + C
2 2

Proof 8.
Z √ √
Let, I = x2 − a2 dx, u = x 2 − a2 , v = 1
Here,

Now, applying uv formula - d √ 2 

x − a2
dx
√ Z 
d √ 2
Z Z 
 1 1 d
x 2 − a2


I= x2 − a2 1 dx − x − a2 1 dx dx = √
dx 2 x − a dx
2 2

√ Z   
x
=x x2 − a2 − √ x dx
x 2 − a2

5
 √ Z
x2 1 1
=x x2 − a2 − √ dx = √ (2x)
x 2 − a2 2 x 2 − a2
x
√ Z
x 2 − a2 + a2 =√
= x x 2 − a2 − √ dx x2− a2
x 2 − a2

√ Z 
x 2 − a2 a2

=x x2 − a2 − √ +√ dx
x 2 − a2 x 2 − a2

√ Z √
2
Z
1
=x x2 − a2 − x2 − a2 dx − a √ dx
x2− a2
√ √
= x x2 − a2 − I − a2 log x2 − a2 + x

√ √
⇒ 2I = x x2 − a2 − a2 log x2 − a2 + x

√
x x 2 − a2 a2 √
∴I= − log x2 − a2 + x + C
2 2

Proof 9.
Let,
Z √
x = a sin θ
a2 − x2 dx
⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ
Z q 
2


= 2
a 1 − sin θ a cos θ dθ
Here,
Z
= a2 cos2 θ dθ [ ∵ sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ] x = a sin θ
x
Z ⇒ θ = sin−1
1 a
= a2 (1 + cos 2θ) dθ [ ∵ 2 cos2 θ − 1 = cos 2θ ]
2 We know,
a2
Z Z 
1 sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
= dθ + cos 2θ dθ
2 2 p
⇒ sin 2θ = 2 sin θ 1 − sin2 θ
a2 a2
= θ + sin 2θ + C x r  x 2
2 4 ⇒ sin 2θ = 2 1−
a a
a2  x  a2 2x√a2 − x2 √
= sin−1 + · +C 2x a2 − x2
2 a 4 a2 ⇒ sin 2θ =
a2
a2   x √ a2 − x 2
−1 x
= sin + +C
2 a 2

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