1.

THE IMPACT OF THE POTATO

Jeff Chapman relates the story of history’s most important vegetable.

The potato was first cultivated in South America between three and seven thousand years
ago, though scientists believe they may have grown wild in the region as long as 13,000 years
ago. The genetic patterns of potato distribution indicate that the potato probably originated in the
mountainous west-central region of the continent.
Early Spanish chroniclers who misused the Indian word batata (sweet potato) as the
name for the potato noted the importance of the tuber to the Incan Empire. The Incas had
learned to preserve the potato for storage by dehydrating and mashing potatoes into a substance
called Chuňu. Chuňu could be stored in a room for up to 10 years, providing excellent Insurance
against possible crop failures. As well as using the food as a staple crop, the Incas thought
potatoes made childbirth easier and used it to treat injuries.
The Spanish conquistadors first encountered the potato when they arrived in Peru in
1532 in search of gold, and noted Inca miners eating Chu ňu. At the time the Spaniards failed to
realize that the potato represented a far more important treasure than either silver or gold, but
they did gradually begin to use potatoes as basic rations aboard their ships. After the arrival of
the potato in Spain in 1570, a few Spanish farmers began to cultivate them on a small scale,
mostly as food for livestock.
Throughout Europe, potatoes were regarded with suspicion, distaste and fear. Generally
considered to be unfit for human consumption, they were used only as animal fodder and
sustenance for the starving. In northern Europe, potatoes were primarily grown in botanical
gardens as an exotic novelty. Even peasants refused to eat from a plant that produced ugly,
misshapen tubers and that had come from a heathen civilization. Some felt that the potato plant's
resemblance to plants in the nightshade family hinted that it was the creation of witches or
devils.
In meat-loving England, farmers and urban workers regarded potatoes with extreme
distaste. In 1662, the Royal Society recommended the cultivation of the tuber to the English
government and the nation, but this recommendation had little impact. Potatoes did not become
a staple until, during the food shortages associated with the Revolutionary Wars, the English
government began to officially encourage potato cultivation. In 1795, the Board of Agriculture
issued a pamphlet entitled "Hints Respecting the Culture and Use of Potatoes"; this was
followed shortly by pro-potato editorials and potato recipes in The Times. Gradually, the lower
classes began to follow the lead of the upper classes.

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 A similar pattern emerged across the English Channel in the Netherlands, Belgium and
France. While the potato slowly gained ground in eastern France (where it was often the only
crop remaining after marauding soldiers plundered wheat Fields and vineyards), it did not
achieve widespread acceptance until the late 1700s. The peasants remained suspicious, in spite
of a 1771 paper from the Faculté de Paris testifying that the potato was not harmful but
beneficial. The people began to overcome their distaste when the plant received the royal Seal of
approval: Louis XVI began to sport a potato flower in his buttonhole, and Marie-Antoinette
wore the purple potato blossom in her hair.
Frederick the Great of Prussia saw the potato’s potential to help feed his nation and
lower the price of bread, but faced the challenge of overcoming the people’s prejudice against
the plant. When he issued a 1774 order for his subjects to grow potatoes as protection against
famine, the town of Kolberg replied: "The things have neither smell nor taste, not even the dogs
will eat them, so what use are they to us?" Trying a less direct approach to encourage his
subjects to begin planting potatoes, Frederick used a bit of reverse psychology: he planted a
royal field of potato plants and stationed a heavy guard to protect this Field from thieves.
Nearby peasants naturally assumed that anything worth guarding was worth stealing, and so
snuck into the field and snatched the plants tor their home gardens. Of course, this was entirely
in line with Frederick’s wishes.
Historians debate whether the potato was primarily a cause or an effect of the huge
population boom in industrial-era England and Wales. Prior to 1800, the English diet had
consisted primarily of meat, supplemented by bread, butter and cheese. Few vegetables were
consumed, most vegetables being regarded as nutritionally worthless and potentially harmful.
This view began to change gradually in the late 1700s. The Industrial Revolution was drawing
an ever increasing percentage of the populace into crowded cities, where only the richest could
afford homes with ovens or coal storage rooms, and people were working 12-16 hour days
which left them with little time or energy to prepare food. High yielding, easily prepared potato
crops were the obvious solution to England’s food problems.
Whereas most of their neighbors regarded the potato with suspicion and had to be
persuaded to use it by the upper classes, the Irish peasantry embraced the tuber more
passionately than anyone since the Incas. The potato was well suited to the Irish the soil and
climate, and its high yield suited the most important concern of most Irish farmers: to feed their
families.
The most dramatic example of the potato’s potential to alter population patterns occurred
in Ireland, where the potato had become a staple by 1800. The Irish population doubled to eight
million between 1780 and 1841, this without any significant expansion of industry or reform of
agricultural techniques beyond the widespread cultivation of the potato. Though Irish
landholding practices were primitive in comparison with those of England, the potato’s high
yields allowed even the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food than they needed with
scarcely any investment or hard labor. Even children could easily plant, harvest and cook
potatoes, which of course required no threshing, curing or grinding. The abundance provided by

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potatoes greatly decreased infant mortality and encouraged early marriage.
Questions 1-5
Do the folIowing statements agree with the information in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information ahout the statement
1. The early Spanish called potato as the Incan name "Chuňu"
2. The purpose of Spanish Corning to Peru was to find potatoes.
3. The Spanish believed that the potato has the same nutrients as other vegetables.
3. Peasants at that time did not like to eat potatoes because they were ugly.
5. The popularity of potatoes in the UK was due to food shortages during the war.

Questions 6-13
Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Write your answer in boxes 6-13 on your answer sheet.

6. In France, people started to overcome their disgusting about potatoes because the King put a
potato__________ in his button hole.
7. Frederick realized the potential of potato but he had to handle the ___________ against potatoes from
ordinary people.
8. The King of Prussia adopted some ______________ psychology to make people accept potatoes.
9. Before 1800, the English people preferred eating ______________ with bread, butter and cheese.
10. The obvious way to deal with England food problems was to grow high yielding
potato______________
11. The Irish______________ and climate suited potatoes well.
12. Between 1780 and 1841, based on the______________ of the potatoes, the Irish population doubled
to eight million
13. The potato’s high yields helped the poorest farmers to produce more healthy food alniost without
______________ or hard physical work.

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 2. The Significant Role of Mother Tongue in Education
One consequence of population mobility is an increasing diversity within
schools. To illustrate, in the City of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils
come from homes where English is not the usual language of communication.
Schools in Europe and North America have experienced this diversity for years, and
educational policies and practices vary widely between countries and even within
countries. Some political parties and groups search for ways to solve the problem of
diverse communities and their integration in schools and society. However, they see
few positive consequences for the host society and worry that this diversity threatens
the identity of the host society. Consequently, they promote unfortunate education
policies that will make the “problem” disappear. If students retain their culture and
language, they are viewed as less capable of identifying with the mainstream culture
and learning the mainstream language of the society.
The challenge for educators and policy-makers is to shape the evolution of
national identity in such a way that the rights of all citizens (including school
children) are respected, and the cultural, linguistic, and economic resources of the
nation are maximized. To waste the resources of the nation by discouraging children
from developing their mother tongues is quite simply unintelligent from the point of
view of national self-interest. A first step in providing an appropriate education for
culturally and linguistically diverse children is to examine what the existing research
says about the role of children’s mother tongues in their educational development.
In fact, the research is very clear. When children continue to develop their
abilities in two or more languages throughout their primary school, they gain a
deeper understanding of language and how to use it effectively. They have more
practice in Processing language, especially when they develop literacy in both. More
than 150 research studies conducted during the past 35 years strongly support what
Goethe, the famous eighteenth-century German philosopher, once said: the person
who knows only one language does not truly know that language. Research suggests
that bilingual children may also develop more flexibility in their thinking as a result
of Processing information through two different languages.
The level of development of children’s mother tongue is a strong predictor of
their second language development. Children who come to school with a solid
foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities in the school
language. When parents and other caregivers (e.g. urandparents) are able to spend
time with their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that
develops their mother tongue, children come to school well-prepared to learn the school
language and succeed educationally. Children’s knowledge and skills transfer across
languages from the mother tongue to the school language. Transfer across languages can
be two-way: both languages nurture each other when the educational environment
permits children access to both languages.
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 Some educators and parents are suspicious of mother tongue-based teaching
programs because they worry that they take time away from the majority language. For
example, in a bilingual program where 50% of the time is spent teaching through
children’s home language and 50% through the majority language, surely children won’t
progress as far in the later? One of the most strongly established findings of educational
research, however, is that well-implemented bilinguals prograins can promote literacy
and subject-matter knowledge in a minority language without any negative effects on
children’s development in the majority language. Within Europe, the Foyer program in
Belgium, which develops children’s speaking and literacy abilities in three languages
(their mother tongue, Dutch and French), most clearly illustrates the benefits of bilingual
and trilingual education (see Cummins, 2000).
It is easy to understand how this happens. When children are learning through a
minority language, they are learning concepts and intellectual skills too. Pupils who know
how to tell the time in their mother tongue understand the concept of telling time. In order
to tell time in the maịority language, they do not need to re-learn the concept. Similarly,
at more advanced stages, there is transfer across languages in other skills such as
knowing how to distinguish the main idea from the supporting details of a written
passage or story, and distinguishing fact from opinion. Studies of secondary school pupils
are providing interesting findings in this area. and it would be worth extending this
research.
Many people marvel at how quickly bilingual children seem to “pick up”
conversational skills in the majority language at school (although it takes much longer for
them to catch up with native speakers in academic language skills). However, educators
are often much less aware of how quickly children can lose their ability to use their
mother tongue, even in the home context. The extent and rapidity of language loss will
vary according to the concentration of families from a particular linguistic group in the
neighborhood. Where the mother tongue is used extensively in the community, then
language loss among young children will be less. However, where language communities
are not concentrated in particular neighborhoods, children can lose their ability to
communicate in their mother tongue within 2-3 years of starting school. They may retain
receptive skills in the language but they will use the majority language in speaking with
their peers and siblings and in responding to their parents. By the time children become
adolescents, the linguistic division between parents and children has become an
emotional chasm. Pupils frequently become alienated from the cultures of both home and

5
school with predictable results.

Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 27-30 on your
answer sheet.

27. What point did the writer make in the second paragraph?
A. some present studies on children’s mother tongues are misleading
B. a culturally rich education programme benefits some children more than others
C. bilingual children can make a valuable contribution to the wealth of a country
D. the law on mother tongue use at school should be strengthened

28. Why does the writer refer to something that Goethe said?
A. to lend weight to his argument B. to contradict some research
C. to introduce a new concept D. to update current thinking

29. The writer believes that when young children have a firm grasp of their mother tongue
A. they can teach older family members what they learnt at school.
B. they go on to do much better throughout their time at school.
C. they can read stories about their cultural background
D. they develop stronger relationships with their family than with their peers

30. Why are some people suspicious about mother tongue-based teaching programmes?
A. Tliey worry that children will be slow to learn to read in either language.
B. They think that children will confuse words in the two languages.
C. They believe that the programmes will make children less interested in their lessons.
D. They fear that the programmes will use up valuable time in the school day.

Question 31-35
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-J below.
Write the correct letter, A-J, inboxes 31-35 on your answer sheet.
Bilingual Children
It was often recorded that bilingual children acquire the 31___________to converse in the majority
language remarkable quickly. The fact that the mother tongue can disappear at a similar
32___________is less well understood. This phenomenon depends, to a certain extern, on the
proposition of people with the same linguistic background that have settled in a particular 33
___________. If this is limited, children are likely to lose the active use of their mother tongue. And
thus no longer employ it even with 34__________, although they may still understand it. It follows
that teenager children in these circumstances experience a sense of 35 ___________in relation to all
aspects of their lives.

A teacher B school C dislocation D rate

E time F family G communication H type
I ability J area

Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information in Reading Passage?
In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage?

36. Less than half of the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their mother
tongue.
37. Research proves that learning the host country language at school can have an adverse effect on
a child’s mother tongue.
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38. The Foyer program is accepted by the French education System.
39. Bilingual children are taught to tell the time earlier than monolingual children.
40. Bilingual children can apply reading comprehension strategies acquired in one language when
reading in the other.

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 3. Traditional Farming System in Africa
A. By tradition land in Luapula is not owned by individuals, but as in many other parts of
Africa is allocated by the headman or headwoman of a village to people of either sex,
according to need. Since land is generally prepared by hand, one ulupwa cannot take on a
very large area; in this sense land has not been a limiting resource over large parts of the
province. The situation has already changed near the main townships, and there has long
been a scarcity of land for cultivation in the Valley. In these areas registered ownership
patterns are becoming prevalent.
B. Most of the traditional cropping in Luapuia, as in the Bemba area to the east, is based on
citemene, a System whereby crops are grown on the ashes of tree branches. As a rule, entire
trees are not telled, but are pollarded so that they can regenerate. Branches are cut over an
area of varying size early in the dry season. and stacked to dry over a rough circle about a
fifth to a tenth of the pollarded area. The wood is fned before the rains and in the first year
planted with the African cereal Tinger millet (Eleusine coracana).
C. During the second season, and possibly for a few seasons more the area is planted to
variously mixed combinations of annuals such as maize, pumpkins (Telfiria occidentalis) and
other cucurbits, Sweet potatoes, groundnuts, Phaseolus beans and various leafy vegetables,
grown with a certain amount of rotation. The diverse sequence ends with vegetable cassava,
which is often planted into the developing last-but-one crop as a relay.
D. Richards (1969) observed that the practice of citemene entails a definite division of labor
between men and women. A man stakes out a plot in an unobtrusive manner, since it is
considered provocative towards one’s neighbors to mark boundaries in an explicit way. The
dangerous work of felling branches is the men’s province, and involves much pride.
Branches are stacke by the women, and Tired by the men. Formerly women and men
cooperated in the planting work, but the harvesting was always done by the women. At the
beginning of the cycle little weeding is necessary, since the firing of the branches effectively
destroys weeds. As the cycle progresses weeds increase and nutrients eventually become
depleted to a point where further effort with annual crops is judged to be not worthwhile: at
this point the cassava is planted, since it can produce a crop on nearly exhausted soil.
Thereafter the plot is abandoned, and a new area pollarded for the next citemene cycle.
E. When forest is not available - this is increasingly the case nowadays - various ridging
Systems (ibala) are built on small areas, to be planted with combinations of maize, beans,
groundnuts and sweet potatoes, usually relaved with cassava. These plots are usually tended
by women, and provide subsistence. Where their roots have year-round access to water tables
mango, guava and oil-palm trees often grow around houses, forming a traditional
agrotbrestry System. In season some of the fruit is sold by the roadside or in local markets.
F. The margins of dambos are sometimes planted to local varieties of rice during the rainy
season, and areas adjacent to vegetables irrigated with water from the dambo during the dry
season. The extent of cultivation is very limited, 110 doubt because the growing of crops
under dambo conditions calls for a great deal of skill. Near towns some of the vegetable
produce is sold in local markets.
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G. Fishing has long provided a much needed protein supplement to the diet of Luapulans,
as well as being the one substantial source of cash. Much fish is dried for sale to areas
away from the main waterways. The Mweru and Bangweulu Lake Basins are the main
areas of year-round fishing, but the Luapula River is also exploited during the latter part
of the dry season. Several previously abundant and desirable species, such as the Luapula
salmon or mpumbu (Labeo altivelis) and pale (Sarotherodon machochir) have all but
disappeared from Lake Mweru, apparently due to mismanagement.
H. Fishing has always been a far more remunerative activity in Luapula that crop
husbandry. A fisherman may earn more in a week than a bean or maize grower in a whole
season. I sometimes heard claims that the relatively high earnings to be obtained from
fishing induced an 'easy come, easy go' outlook among Luapulan men. On the other hand,
someone who secures good but erratic earnings may feel that their investment in an
economically productive activity is not worthwhile because Luapulans fail to cooperate
well in such activities. Besides, a Tishennan with spare cash will find little the way of
working equipment to spend his money on. Better spend one’s money in the bars and
have a good time!
I. Only small numbers of cattle or oxen are kept in the province owing to the prevalence
of the tse-tse fly. For the few herds, the dambos provide subsistence grazing during the
dry season. The absence of animal draft power greatly limits peoples' ability to plough
and cultivate land: a married couple can rarely manage to prepare by hand-hoeing. Most
people keep treely roaming chickens and goats. These act as a reserve for bartering, but
may also be occasionally slaughtered for ceremonies or for entertaining important
visitors. These animals are not a regular part of most peoples' diet.
J. Citemene has been an ingenious System for providing people with seasonal production
of high quality cereals and vegetables in regions of acid, heavily leached soils.
Nutritionally, the most serious deficiency was that of protein. This could at times be
alleviated when fish was available, provided that cultivators lived near the Valley and
could find the means of bartering for dried fish. The citemene/fishing system was well
adapted to the ecology of the miombo regions and sustainable for long periods, but only
as long as human population densities stayed at low levels. Although population densities
are still much lower than in several countries of South-East Asia, neither the fisheries nor
the forests and woodlands of Luapula are capable, with unmodiTied traditional practices,
of supporting the people in a sustainable manner.
Overall, people must learn to intensify and diversify their productive Systems
while yet ensuring thui these Systems will remuin productive in the future, when even
more people will need food. Increasing overall production of food, though a vast
challenge in itself, will not be enough, however. At the same time storage and
distribution systems must allow everyone access to at least a moderate share of the
9
total.

10
Questions 1-4
Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your
answers in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.

1. In Luapula land allocation is in accordance with_______________________

2. The citemene System provides the land with _______________________where crops are
planted.
3. During the second season, the last planted crop is _______________________
4. Under suitable conditions, fruit trees are planted near _______________________

Questions 5-8
Classify the following items with the correct description. Write your answers in boxes 5-8 on
your answer sheet.
A fish
B oxen
C goats
5. be used in some unusual occasions, such as celebrations.
6. cannot thrive for being at affected by the pests.
7. be the largest part of creating profit.
8. be sold beyond the local area.
Questions 9-12
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 9-
12 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
EALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

9. People rarely use animals to cultivate land

10. When it is a busy time, children usually took part in the labor force.
11. The local residents eat goats on a regular time.
12. Though citemene has been a sophisticated system, it could not provide enough protein.

Questions 13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write the correct letter in the box 13 on your answer
sheet.
What is the writer's opinion aboiit the traditional way of practices?

A They can supply the nutrition that people need

B They are not capable of providing adequate support to the population.
C They are productive systems that need no more improving.
D They will be easily modified in the future.

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 4. The aging’s brain function
A. While it may not be possible to completely age-proof our brains, a brave new world of anti-
aging research shows that our gray matter may be far more flexible than we thought. So no one,
no matter how old, has to lose their mind. The brain has often been called the three-pound
universe. It’s our most powerful and mysterious organ, the seat of the self, laced with as many
billions of neurons as the galaxy has stars. No wonder the mere notion of an aging, failing brain
—and the prospect of memory loss, confusion, and the unraveling of our personality—is so
terrifying. As Mark Williams, M.D., author of The American Geriatrics Society’s Complete
Guide to Aging and Health, says, “The fear of dementia is stronger than the fear of death itself.”
Yet the degeneration of the brain is far from inevitable. ” Its design features are such that it
should continue to function for a lifetime,” says Zaven Khachaturian, Ph.D., director of the
Alzheimer1s Association1s Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute. “There’s no reason to
expect it to deteriorate with age, even though many of us are living longer lives.” In fact,
scientists ‘ view of the brain1s potential is rapidly changing, according to Stanford University
neuroscientist Robert Sapolsky, Ph.D. “Thirty-five years ago we thought Alzheimer1 s disease
was a dramatic version of normal aging. Now we realize it1s a disease with a distinct pathology.
In fact, some people simply don’t experience any mental decline, so we’ve begun to study them.”
Antonio Damasio, M.D., Ph.D., head of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa
and author of Descartes’ Error, concurs. “Older people can continue to have extremely rich and
healthy mental lives.’

B. The seniors were tested in 1988 and again in 1991. Four factors were found to be related to
their mental fitness: levels of education and physical activity, lung function, and feelings of self-
efficacy “Each of these elements alters the way our brain functions,“ says Marilyn Albert, Ph.D. ,
of Harvard Medical School, and colleagues from Yale, Duke, and Brandeis Universities and the
Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, who hypothesizes that regular exercise may actually stimulate
blood flow to the brain and nerve growth, both of which create more densely branched neurons,
rendering the neurons stronger and better able to resist disease. Moderate aerobic exercise,
including long brisk walks and frequently climbing stairs, will accomplish this.

C. Education also seems to enhance brain function. People who have challenged themselves with
at least a college education may actually stimulate the neurons in their brains. Moreover, native
intelligence may protect our brains. It’s possible that smart people begin life with a greater
number of neurons, and therefore have a greater reserve to fall back on if some begin to fail. “If
you have a lot of neurons and keep them busy, you may be able to tolerate more damage to your
brain before it shows,” says Peter Davies, M.D., of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in
the Bronx, New York. Early linguistic ability also seems to help our brains later in life. A recent
study in the New England Journal of Medicine looked at 93 elderly nuns and examined the
autobiographies they had written 60 years earlier, just as they were joining a convent. The nuns
10
whose essays were complex and dense with ideas remained sharp into their eighties and nineties.
D. Finally, personality seems to play an important role in protecting our mental prowess. A sense
of self-efficacy may protect our brain, buffeting it from the harmful effects of stress. According
to Albert, there’ s evidence that elevated levels of stress hormones may harm brain cells and
cause the hippocampus—a small seahorse-shaped organ that1s a crucial moderator of memory—
to atrophy. A sense that we can effectively chart our own course in the world may retard the
release of stress hormones and protect us as we age. “It’ s not a matter of whether you experience
stress or not, ” Albert concludes, “it’s your attitude toward it. ” Reducing stress by meditating on
a regular basis may buffer the brain as well. It also increases the activity of the brain’ s pineal
gland, the source of the antioxidant hormone melatonin, which regulates sleep and may retard the
aging process. Studies at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center and the University of
Western Ontario found that people who meditated regularly had higher levels of melatonin than
those who took 5-milligram supplements Another study, conducted jointly by Maharishi
International University, Harvard University, and the University of Maryland, found that seniors
who meditated for three months experienced dramatic improvements in their psychological well-
being, compared to their non-meditative peers.

E. Animal studies confirm that both mental and physical activity boost brain fitness. At the
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology in Urbana, Illinois ， psychologist
William Greenough, Ph. D., let some rats play with a profusion of toys. These rodents developed
about 25 percent more connections between their neurons than did rats that didn’t get any
mentally stimulating recreation. In addition, rats that exercised on a treadmill developed more
capillaries in specific parts of their brains than did their sedentary counterparts. This increased
the blood flow to their brains. “Clearly the message is to do as many different flyings as
possible,” Greenough says.

F. It’s not just scientists who are catching the anti-aging fever. Walk into any health food store,
and you111 find nutritional formulas —with names like Brainstorm and Smart ALEC—that
claim to sharpen mental ability. The book Smart Drugs & Nutrients, by Ward Dean, M.D., and
John Morgenthaler, was self-published in 1990 and has sold over 120,000 copies worldwide. It
has also spawned an underground network of people tweaking their own brain chemistry with
nutrients and drugs—the latter sometimes obtained from Europe and Mexico. Sales of ginkgo —
an extract from the leaves of the 200-million-year-old ginkgo tree, which has been shown in
published studies to increase oxygen in the brain and ameliorate symptoms of Alzheimer‘ s
disease—are up by 22 percent in the last six months alone, according to Paddy Spence, president
of SPINS, a San Francisco-based market research firm. Indeed, products that increase and
preserve mental performance are a small but emerging segment of the supplements industry, says
Linda Gilbert, president of Health Focus, a company that researches consumer health trends.
While neuroscientists like Khachaturian liken the use of these products to the superstition of
11
tossing salt over your shoulder, the public is nevertheless gobbling up nutrients that promise
cognitive enhancement.
Questions 28-31
Choose the Four correct letters among A-G. Write your answers in boxes 28-31 on your answer
sheet. Which of the FOUR situations or conditions assisting the Brains’ function?

A Preventive treatment against Alzheimer’s disease

B Doing active aerobic exercise and tìequently climbing stairs
C High levels of education
D Early verbal or language competence training
E Having more supplements such as ginkgo tree
F Participate in more physical activity involving in stimulating tasks
G Personality and feelings of self-fulfillment

Questions 32-39
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-G) with opinions or
deeds below. Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 32-39 on your answer sheet. NB you
may use any latter more than once .
A Zaven Khachaturian
B William Greenough
C Marilyn Albert
D Robert Sapolsky
E Linda Gilbert
F Peter Davies
G Paddy spence
32. Alzheimer’s was probably a kind of disease rather than a normal aging process.
33. Keeping neurons busy, people may be able to endure more harm to your brain
34. Regular exercises boost blood flow to the brain and increase anti- disease disability.
35. Significant increase of Sales of ginkgo has been shown.
36. More links between their neurons are found among stimulated animals.
37. Effectiveness of the use of brains supplements Products can be of little scientific proof.
38. Heightened levels of stress may damage brain cells and cause part of brain to deteriorate.
39. Products that upgrade and preserve mental competence are still a newly developing
industry.

Questions 40
Choose the correct letters among A-D. Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet.
According the passage, what is the most appropriate title for this passage?

A Making our minds last a lifetime

B Amazing pills of the ginkgo

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C How to stay healthy in your old hood
D more able a brain and neurons

13
 5. Hypnotism- is it real or just a circus trick?
Hypnosis is “a specialpsychological State with certain physiological attributes resembling
sleep only superficially and marked by a functioning of the individual at a level of awareness other than
the ordinary conscious State. “One theory suggests that hypnosis is a mental State, while another theory
links hypnosis to imaginative role- enactment. Persons under hypnosis are said to have heightened
focus and concentration with the ability to concentrate intensely on a specific thought or memory, while
blocking out sources of distraction. Hypnosis is usually induced by a procedure known as a hypnotic
induction involving a series of preliminary instructions and suggestions. The hypnotic suggestions may
be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subịect, or may be self-administered. The use of
hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is refferred to as “hypnotherapy ”, while its use as a form of
entertainment for an audience is known as “stage hypnosis”.

A. A Hypnosis has been shown through a number of rigorously controlled studies to reduce pain, control
blood pressure, and even make warts go away. But because very few studies have attempted to define
the actual processes involved, most scientists are skeptical of its power and uses. That skepticism has
driven David Spiegel, a professor of psychiatry at Staníbrd University School of Medicine, USA, and
other researchers to take a hard look at what happens in the brain during hypnosis.

B. Along researchers there are two schools of thought. One claims that hypnosis fundamentally alters
subjects’ State of mind: they enter a trance, which produces changes in brain activity. The other believes
that hypnosis is simply a matter of suggestibility and relaxation. Spiegel belongs to the first school and
over the years has had a debate with two scientists on the other side, Irving Kirsch, a University of
Connecticut psychologist, and Stephen Kosslyn, a Harvard professor.

C. Kirsch often uses hypnosis in his practice and doesn’t deny that it can be effective. ‘With hypnosis
you do put people in altered States,’ he says. 'But you don’t need a trance to do it.’ To illustrate the
point, Kirsch demonstrates how a subject holding a small object on a Chain can make it swing in any
direction by mere suggestion, the Chain responding to minute movements in the tiny muscles of the
fingers. ‘You don’t have to enter a trance for your subconscious and your body to act upon a
suggestion,’ Kirsch says. The reaction is the result of your focusing on moving the Chain in a particular
direction.’

D. Spiegel disagrees. One of his best known studies found that when subjects were hypnotized and given
suggestions their brain wave patterns changed, indicating that they had entered a trance. In one of his
studies, people under hypnosis were told their forearms were numb, then given light electrical shocks to
the wrists. They didn’t Ainch or respond in any way, and their brain waves resembled those of people
who experienced a much weaker shock, To Kirsch this still wasn’t enough to prove the power of trance,
but Stephen Kosslyn was willing to be convinced. Many extemal factors could have been responsible for
the shift in the subjects’ State of mind, but Kosslyn wondered, Ts there really something going on in the
14
brain?’
E. To find out, Spiegel and Kosslyn decided to collaborate on a study focusing on a part of the brain that is
well understood: the Circuit which has been found to process the perception of color. Spiegel and Kosslyn
wanted to see if subjects could set off the Circuit by visualizing color while under hypnosis. They selected
eight people for the experiment conducted at Massachusetts General Hospital. The subjects were put in a
scanner and shown a slide with colored rectangles while their brain activity was mapped. Then they were
shown a black and white slide and told to imagine its having color. Both tasks were then repeated under
hypnosis.

F. The results were striking. When the subjects truly saw the colored rectangles, the Circuit lit up on both
sides of the brain; when they only had to imagine the color, the Circuit lit up only in the right hemisphere.
Under hypnosis, however, both sides of the brain became active, just as in regular sight; imagination seemed
to take on the quality of a hallucination.

G. After the experiment, Kosslyn was forced to admit, “I’m absolutely convinced now that hypnosis can
boost what mental imagery does.” But Kirsch remained skeptical, saying, “The experiments demonstrate that
people are experiencing the effects of hypnotic suggestion but don’t prove that they are entering a trance.”
He also argued that’ subjects were told to see the card in color when they were hypnotized but only to
imagine it in color when they weren’t. ‘Being told to pretend you’re having an experience is different from
the suggestion to have the experience.’

H. Spiegel, however, is a clinician first and a scientist second. He believes the most important thing is that
doctors recognize the power of hypnosis and start to use it. Working with Elvira Lang, a radiologist at a
Harvard Medical Centre, he is testing the use of hypnosis in the operating room just as he and Kosslyn did in
the scanner. Spiegel and Lang took 24 patients scheduled for surgery and divided them into three groups.
One group received Standard care, another Standard care with a sympathetic care provider and the third
received Standard care, a sympathetic care provider and hypnosis. Every 15 minutes the patients were asked
to rate their pain and anxiety levels. They were also hooked up to painkilling medication which they could
administer to themselves

I. On average, Spiegel and Lang found the hypnotized subjects used less medication, experienced less pain
and felt far less anxiety than the other two groups. Original results published in The Lancet have been further
supported by ongoing studies conducted by Lang.

J. SpiegeTs investigations into the nature of hypnosis and its effects on the brain continue. However, if
hypnosis is ever to work its way into mainstream medicine and everyday use, physicians will need to know
there is solid Science behind what sounds like mysticism. Only then will their reluctance to using such things
as mind over matter be overcome. “I agree that the medical use of hypnotism should be based on data rather
than belief',’ says spiegel, ‘but in the end it doesn’t really matter why it works, as long as it helps our
15
patients.”

Questions 27-31
The reading passage has five paragraphs, A-E. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-E from the
list below. Write the correct number, i-vii, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.

List of Headings
i An experiment using people who are receiving medical treatment
27. Paragraph A
ii The experiment that convinced all the researchers
28. Paragraph B
iii Medical benefits of hypnosis make scientific proof less important
29. Paragraph C
iv Lack of data leads to opposing views of hypnotism
30. Paragraph D
v The effects of hypnosis on parts of the brain involved in Vision
31. Paragraph E
vi Inducing pain through the use of hypnotism
vii Experiments used to support conflicting views
Questions 32-36
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write the correct letter in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet.

32. Kirsch uses a small object on a Chain to demonstrate that

A inducing a trance is a simple process. B responding to a suggestion does not require a trance.
C muscles respond as a result of a trance. D it is difficult to identify a trance.

33. Spiegel disagrees with Kirsch because the subjects in Spiegel’s experiment
A believed what they were told. B showed changes in brain activity.
C responded as expected to shocks. D had similar reactions to control subịects.

34. Kosslyn’s response to Spiegel’s electric shock experiment was to

A challenge the results because of external factors. B work with Kirsch to disprove Spiegel’s results.
C reverse his previous position on trance. D accept that Spiegeks ideas might be correct.

35. Spiegel and Kosslyn’s experiment was designed to show that hypnosis
A affects the electrical responses of the brain. B could make color appear as bỉack and white.
C has an effect on how shapes are perceived. D can enhance the subject’s imagination.

36. Kirsch thought Spiegel and Kosslyn’s results

A. were worthy of turther investigation. B. had nothing to do with hypnotic suggestion.
C. showed that the possibility of trance existed. D. were affected by the words used in the instructions

Questions 37-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information ơn this

37. Spiegel is more interested in scientiíĩc research than medical practice.

38. Patients in the third group in Spiegel and Lang’s experiment were easily hypnotized.
39. In Spiegel and Lang’s experiment, a smaller amount of painkiller was needed by the hypnotized patients than
by the other two groups.
16
40. Spiegel feels that doctors should use hypnotism only when it is fully understood

17
 6. Radio Automation forerunner of the integrated Circuit
Today they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by robots.
There’s no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the mid-1940s, the
workerless factory was still the stuff of Science fiction. There were no computers to speak of and
electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English countryside was a highly automated production
line called ECME, which could turn out 1500 radio receivers a day with almost no help from human hands.
A. John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his time. For
more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper radios. Automating the
manufacturing process would help. But radios didn’t lend themselves to such methods: there were too many
parts to fit together and too many wires to solder. Even a simple receiver might have 30 separate
components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At every stage, things had to be tested and inspected.
Making radios required highly skilled labor-and lots of it.
B. In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the fiddly bits by
inventing a primitive chip –a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver’s electrical components and connections
embedded in it. This was something that could be made by machines, and he designed those too. At the end
of the war, Sargrove built an automatic production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making
equipment), in a small factory in Effingham, Surrey.
ECME line
C. An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in the plates. She didn’t need much skill, only
quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and relays. First stop was the
sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic so that molten metal would stick to it. The plates
were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit. The machine automatically checked that the surface was
rough enough before sending the plate to the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and
sprayed molten zinc over both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was
in place. The plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface
layer of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate was a
composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By the time it
emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach components such as valves
and loudspeakers.
When ECME was working flat out, the whole process took 20 seconds.
D. ECME was astonishingly advanced. E1ecrronic eyes, photocells that generated a small current when a
panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, so avoiding excessive wear and tear on the machinery.
The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved along the conveyor. And if more than two
plates in succession were duds, the machines were automatically adjusted –or if necessary halted. In a
conventional factory, workers would test faulty circuits and repair them. But Sargrove’s assembly line
produced circuits so cheaply they just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove’s circuit board was even more
astonishing for the time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on aboard, yet
was more sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a modem chip.

18
E. When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio Engineers in
February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from The Times. ECME, he
reported the following day, “produces almost without human labor, a complete radio receiving set. This
new method of production can be equally well applied to television and other forms of electronic
apparatus.”

F. The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors. With fewer components they were more
robust. Robots didn’t make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes did. “Wiring
mistakes just cannot happen,” wrote Sargrove. No wires also meant the radios were lighter and cheaper to
ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed
out that the circuit boards didn’t have to be flat. They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building
the electronics into the cabinet of Bakelite radios.

G. Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used to make
more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a manufacturing
process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his invention was brilliant, his timing
was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was only competitive on huge production runs
because each new job meant retooling the machines. But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was,
ECME still depended on old-fashioned electromechanical relays and valves –which failed with monotonous
regularity. The state of Britain’s economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by power
cuts and post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove’s financial backers began to get cold feet.

H. There was another problem Sargrove hadn’t foreseen. One of ECME’s biggest advantages -the savings
on the cost of labor-also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove’s factory had two ECME production lines to
produce the two circuits needed for each radio. Between them these did what a thousand assembly workers
would othenvise have done. Human hands were needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug
the valves into their sockets and fit the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the
pair of Bakelite panels into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.

I. Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labor shortages. With somewhat Utopian idealism,
he imagined his new technology would people from boring, repetitive jobs on the production line and
allow them to do more interesting work. “Don’t get the idea that we are out to rob people of their jobs,” he
told the Daily Mirror. “Our task is to liberate men and women from being slaves of machines.”

J. The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the everlasting light
bulb or the suit that never wears out -as a threat to people’s livelihoods. If automation spread, they wouldn’t
be released to do more exciting jobs. They’d be released to join the dole queue. Financial backing for
ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain lost its lead in a technology that would transíbrm
industry just a few years later.

19
Questions 1-7: Summary
The following diagram explains the process of ECME:
Complete the following chart of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN TWO
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 1 -7 on your
answer sheet.
Diagram for ECME line on Bakelite

Questions 8-11: Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN
TWO WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer, Write your answers in boxes 8-11 on
your answer sheet.

Sargrove had been dedicated to create a 8____________ radio by automation of manufacture. The
old version of radio had a large number of independent 9_________. After this innovation made,
wireless-style radios became 10 ___________ and inexpensive to export oversea. As the Sargrove
saw it, the real benerit of ECME’s radio was that it reduced 11_________of manual work, which
can be easily copied to other Industries of manufacturing electronic devices.

Questions 12-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write your answers in boxes 12-13 on your answer sheet.

12. What were workers attitude towards ECME Model initially?

A. anxious B. welcoming C. boring D. inspiring

13. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. approach to reduce the price of radio
B. a new generation of fully popular Products and successfulbusiness
C. an application of the automation in the early stage
D. ECME technology can be applied in many product fields

20
 7. Texting the Television
A. Once upon a time, if a television shows with any self-respect wanted to target a young audience, it
needed to have an e-mail address. However, in Europe's TV shows, such addresses are gradually
substituted by telephone numbers so that audiences can text the show from their mobile phones.
Therefore, it comes as no shock that according to Gartner’s research, texting has recently surpassed
Internet usage across Europe. Besides, among the many uses of text messaging, one of the fastest-
growing uses is to interact with television. The statistics provided by Gartner can display that 20% of
French teenagers, l% in Britain and 9% in Germany have responded to TV programmes by sending a
text message.

B. This phenomenon can be largely attributed to the rapid growth of reality TV shows such as ‘Big
Brother’, where viewers get to decide the result through voting. The majority of reality shows are now
open to text-message voting, and in some shows like the latest series of Norway’s 'Big Brother’, most
votes are collected in this manner. But TV texting isn’t just about voting. News shows encourage
viewers to. comment by texting messages; game shows enable the audience to be part of the
competition; music shows answer requests by taking text messages; and broadcasters set up on-screen
chatrooms.
TV audiences tend to sit on the sofa with their mobile phones right by their sides, and ‘it’s a
supernatural way to interact’ says Adam Daum of Gartner.

C. Mobile Service providers charge appreciable rates for messages to certain numbers, which is why
TV-texting can bring in a lot of cash. Take the latest British series of ‘Big Brother’ as an example. It
brought about 5.4m text-message votes and £l.35m ($2.ỉm) of profit. In Germany, MTV’s ‘Video
clash' encourages the audience to vote for one of two rival videos, and induces up to 40,000 texts per
hour, and each one of those texts costs €0.30 ($0.29), according to a consultancy based in Amsterdam.
The Beỉgian quiz show ‘l Against 100’ had an eight-round texting match on the side, which brought in
110,000 participants in one month, and each of them paid €0.50 for each question. In Spain, a cryptic-
crossword clue invites the audience to send their answers through text at the expense of €1, so that they
can be enrolled in the poll to win a €300 prize. Normally, 6,000 viewers would participate within one
day. At the moment, TV-related text messaging takes up a considerable proportion of mobile Service
providers’ data revenues. In July, Mm02 (a British operator) reported an unexpectedly satisfactory
result, which could be attributed to the massive text waves created by ‘Big Brother’. Providers usually
own 40%-50% of the profits from each text, and the rest is divided among the broadcaster, the
prograinme producer and the company which supplies the message-processing technology. So far,
revenues generated from text messages have been an indispensable part of the business model for
various shows. Obviously, there has been grumbling that the providers take too much of the share.
Endemol, the Netherlands-based production firm that is responsible for many reality TV. shows
including ‘Big Brother’, has begun constructing its own database for mobile-phone users. It plans to
set up a direct billing System with the users and bypass the providers.

21
D. How come the joining forces of television and text message turn out to be this successful? One
crucial aspect is the emergence of one-of-a-kind four-, five or six-digit numbers known as 'short
codesk ‘. Every provider has control over its own short codes, but not until recently have they
come to realise that it would make much more sense to work together to offer short codes
compatible with all networks. The emergence of this universal short codes was a game-changer,
because short codes are much easier to remember on the screen, according to Lars Becker of
Flytxt, a mobile- marketing company.

E. Operators’ co-operation on enlarging the market is by a larger trend, observes Katrina Bond of
Analysis, a consultancy, When challenged by the dilemma between holding on tight to their
margins and permitting the emergence of a new medium, no provider has ever chosen the latter,
WAP, a technology for mobile phone users to read cut-down web pages on their screens, failed
because of Service providers’ reluctance towards revenue sharing with content providers. Now that
they5ve Iearnt their lesson, they are altering the way of operating. Orange, a French operator, has
come such a long way as to launch a rate card for sharing revenue of text messages, a new level of
transparency that used to be unimaginable.

F. At a recent conference, Han Weegink of CMG , a company that offers the television market text-
message infrastructure, pointed out that the television industry is changing in a subtle yet
fundamental way. Instead of the traditional one- way presentation, more and more TV shows are
now getting viewers’ reactions involved. Certainly, engaging the audiences more has always been
the promise of interactive TV. An Interactive TV was originally designed to work with exquisite
set-top devices, which could be directly plugged into the TV. However, as Mr Daum points out
that method was flawed in many ways. Developing and testing software for multiple and
incompatible types of set-top box could be costly, not to mention that the 40% (or lower) market
penetration is below that of mobile phones (around 85%). What’s more, it’s quicker to develop and
set up apps for mobile phones. ‘You can approach the market quicker, and you don't have to go
through as many greedy middlemen,’ Mr Daum says. Providers of set-top box technology are now
adding texting function to the design of their Products.

G. The triumph of TV-related texting reminds everyone in the business of how easily a fancy
technology can all of a sudden be replaced by a ỉess complicated, lower-tech method. That being
said, the old-fashioned approach to Interactive TV is not necessarily over; at least it proves that
strong demands for interactive Services still exist. It appears that the viewers would sincerely like
to do more than simply staring at the TV screen. After all, couch potatoes would love some thumb
exercises.

22
Questions 28-32
Reading Passage 3 has seven sections, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for sections B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-
ix, in boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet.
Example: Section A ii

List of Headings
i An application of short codes on the TV screen
ii An overview of a fast-growing business
28. Section B
iii The trend that profitable games are gaining more concems
29. Section C
iv Why Netherlands takes the leading role
30. Section D
v A new perspective towards sharing the business opportunities
31. Section E
vi Factors relevant to the rapid increase in interactive TV
32. Section F
vii The revenue gains and bonus share
viii The possibility of the complex technology replaced by the simpler ones
ix The mind change of set-top box providers
Questions 33-35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write the correct ỉetter in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet.
33 In Europe, a research hints that young audiences spend mo re money on
A thumbing text messages. B writing e-mails.
C watching TV programmes. D talking through mobile phones.
34 What would happen when reality TV shows invite the audience to vote?
A Viewers would get attractive bonus. B They would be part of the competition.
C Their questions would be replied. D Their paiticipation could change the result.
35 Interactive TV will change from concentrating on set-top devices to
A increasing their share in the market. B setting up a modified set-top box.
C building an embedded message platform. D marching into the European market.

Question 36-40
Look at the following descriptions (Questions 36-40) and the list of companies below.
Match each deseription with the correct company, A-F. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 36-40 on your
answer sheet.
List of Companies
A Flytxt 36 offered mobile phone message technology
B Analysis 37 earned considerable amount of money through a famous progranime
C Endemol 38 expressed the view that short codes are convenient to remember when
D CMG turning up
E Mm02 39 built their own mobile phone operating applications
F Gartner 40 indicated that it is easy for people to send message in an interactive TV.

23
 8. Foot Pedal Irrigation
A. Until now, governments and development agencies have tried to tackle the problem through
large-scale projects: gigantic dams, sprawling irrigation canals and vast new fields of high-
yield crops introduced during the Green Revolution, the famous campaign to increase grain
harvests in developing nations. Traditional irrigation, however, has degraded the soil in many
areas, and the reservoirs behind dams can quickly fill up with silt, reducing their storage
capacity and depriving downstream farmers of fertile sediments. Furthermore, although the
Green Revolution has greatly expanded worldwide farm production since 1950, poverty
stubbomly persists in Afica, Asia and Latin America. Continued improvements in the
productivity of large farms may play the main role in boosting food supply, but local efforts to
provide cheap, individual irrigation Systems to small farms may otĩer a better way to lift
people out of poverty.
B. The Green Revolution was designed to increase the overall food supply, not to raise the
incomes of the rural poor, so it should be no surprise that it did not eradicate poverty or hunger.
India, for example, has been self-sufficient in food for 15 years, and its granaries are full, but
more than 200 million Indians-one fifth of the country's population-are malnourished because
they cannot afford the food they need and because the country's safety nets are deficient. In
2000, 189 nations committed to the Millennium Development Goals, which called for cutting
world poverty in half by 2015. With business as usual, however, we have little hope of
achieving most of the Millennium goals, no matter how much money rich countries contribute
to poor ones.
C. The supply-driven strategies of the Green Revolution, however, may not help subsistence
farmers, who must play to their strengths to compete in the global marketplace. The average
size of a íamily farm is less than four acres in India, 1.8 acres in Bangladesh and about half an
acre in China. Combines and other modem farming tools are too expensive to be used on such
small areas. An Indian farmer selling surplus wheat grown on his one-acre plot could not
possibly compete with the highly efficient and subsidized Canadian wheat farms that typically
stretch over thousands of acres. Instead subsistence farmers should exploit the fact that their
labor costs are the lowest in the world, giving them a comparative advantage in growing and
selling high-value, intensely íanned crops.
D. Paul Polak saw firsthand the need for a small-scale strategy in 1981 when he met Abdul
Rahman, a farmer in the Noakhali district of Bangladesh. From his three quarter-acre plots of
rain-fed rice Tields, Abdul could grow only 700 kilograms of rice each year-300 kilograms less
than what he needed to feed his family. During the three months before the October rice
harvest came in, Abdul and his wife had to watch silently while their three children survived
on one meal a day or less. As Polak walked with him through the scattered fields he had
inherited from his father, Polak asked what he needed to move out of poverty. "Control of
water for my crops," he said, "at a price I can afford."

24
E. Soon Polak learned about a simple device that could help Abdul achieve his goal: the treadle
pump. Developed in the late 1970s by Norwegian engineer Gunnar Barnes, the pump is operated
by a person walking in place on a pair of treadles and two handle arms made of bamboo. Properly
adjusted and maintained, it can be operated several hours a day without tiring the users. Each
treadle pump has two cylinders which are made of engineering plastic. The diameter of a cylinder
is 100.5mm and the height is 280mm. The pump is capable of working up to a maximum depth of
7 meters. Operation beyond 7 meters is not recommended to preserve the integrity of the rubber
components. The pump mechanism has piston and foot valve assemblies. The treadle action
creates alternate strokes in the two pistons that lift the water in pulses.

F. The human-powered pump can irrigate half an acre of vegetables and costs only $25 (including
the expense of drilling a tube well down to the groundwater). Abdul heard about the treadle pump
from a cousin and was one of the first farmers in Bangladesh to buy one. He borrowed the $25
from an uncle and easily repaid the loan four months later. During the five-month dry season,
when Bangladeshis typically farm very little, Abdul used the treadle pump to grow a quarter-acre
of chili peppers, tomatoes, cabbage and eggplants. He also improved the yield of one of his rice
plots by irrigating it. His family ate some of the vegetables and sold the rest at the village market,
earning a net profit of $100. With his new income, Abdul was able to buy rice for his family to eat,
keep his two sons in school until they were 16 and set aside a little money for his daughteEs
dowry. When Polak visited him again in 1984, he had doubled the size of his vegetable plot and
replaced the thatched roof on his house with corrugated tin. His family was raising a calf and some
chickens. He told me that the treadle pump was a gift from God.

G. Bangladesh is particularly well suited for the treadle pump because a huge reservoir of
groundwater lies just a few meters below the farmers’ feet. In the early 1980s IDE initiated a
campaign to market the pump, encouraging 75 small private-sector companies to manufacture the
devices and several thousand village dealers and tube-well drillers to sell and install them. Over
the next 12 years one and a half million farm families purchased treadle pumps, which increased
the farmers’ net income by a total of $150 million a year. The cost of IDE’s market-creation
activities was only $12 million, leveraged by the investment of $37.5 million from the farmers
themselves. In contrast, the expense of building a conventional dam and canal System to irrigate
an equivalent area of farmland would be in the range of $2,000 per acre, or $1.5 billion.

25
Question 1-6
Do the following statements agree with the iníormation in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
1. It is more effective to resolve poverty or food problem in large scale rather than in small
scale.
2. Construction of gigantic dams costs more time in developing countries.
3. Green revolution failed to increase global crop production from the mid of 20th century.
4. Agricultural production in Bangladesh declined in last decade.
5. Farmer Abdul Rahman knew how to increase production himself.
6. Small pump spread into big project in Bangladesh in the past decade.

Question 7-10
Filling the blanks in diagram of treadle pump’s each part. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.

Question 11-13
Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER
from the passage for each answer.
11 How large can a treadle pump irrigate the field at a low level of expense?
____________________________________________________________________
12 What is Abduhs new rood made of?
____________________________________________________________________
13 How much did Bangladesh farmers invest by IDE’s stimulation?
____________________________________________________________________

26
 9. The future never dies?
The prospects for humanity and for the world as a whole are somewhere hetween glorious and
dire. It is hard to be much more precise.

A. By ‘glorious’, I mean that our descendants – all who are born on to this Earth – could live
very comfortably and securely, and could continue to do so for as long as the Earth can support
life, which should be for a very long time indeed. We should at least be thinking in terms of the
next million years. Furthermore, our descendants could continue to enjoy the company of other
species – establishing a much better relationship with them than we have now. Other animals
need not live in constant fear of us. Many of those fellow species now seem bound to become
extinct, but a significant proportion could and should continue to live alongside us. Such a
future may seem ideal, and so it is. Yet I do not believe it is fanciful. There is nothing in the
physical fabric of the Earth or in our own biology to suggest that this is not possible.

B. ‘Dire’ means that we human beings could be in deep trouble within the next few centuries,
living but also dying in large numbers in political terror and from starvation, while huge
numbers of our fellow creatures would simply disappear, leaving only the ones that we find
convenient – chickens, cattle – or that we can’t shake off, like flies and mice. I’m taking it to
be self-evident that glory is preferable.

C. Our future is not entirely in our own hands because the Earth has its own rules, is part of
the solar system and is neither stable nor innately safe. Other planets in the solar system are
quite beyond habitation, because their temperature is far too high or too low to be endured, and
ours, too, in principle could tip either way. Even relatively unspectacular changes in the
atmosphere could to the trick. The core of the Earth is hot, which in many ways is good for
living creatures, but every now and again, the molten rock bursts through volcanoes on the
surface. Among the biggest volcanic eruptions in recent memory was Mount St Helens, in the
USA, which threw out a cubic kilometre of ash – fortunately, in an area where very few people
live. In 1815, Tambora (in present-day Indonesia) expelled so much ash into the upper
atmosphere that climatic effects seriously harmed food production around the world for the
season after season. Entire civilizations have been destroyed by volcanoes.

27
D. Yet nothing we have so far experienced shows what volcanoes can really do. Yellowstone
National Park in the USA occupies the caldera (the crater formed when a volcano collapses) of
an exceedingly ancient volcano of extraordinary magnitude. Modem surveys show that its
centre is now rising. Sometime in the next 200 million years, Yellowstone could erupt again,
and when it does, the whole world will be transformed. Yellowstone could erupt tomorrow.
But there’s a very good chance that it will give us another million years, and that surely is
enough to be going on with. It seems sensible to assume that this will be the case.

E. The universe at large is dangerous, too: in particular, we share the sky with vast numbers of
asteroids, and now and again, the come into our planet’s atmosphere. An asteroid the size of a
small island, hitting the Earth at 15,000 kilometres an hour (a relatively modest speed by the
standards of heavenly bodies), would strike the ocean bed like a rock in a puddle, send a tidal
wave around the world as high as a small mountain and as fast as a jumbo jet, and propel us
into an ice age that could last for centuries. There are plans to head off such disasters
(including rockets to push approaching asteroids into new trajectories), but in truth, it’s down
to luck.

F. On the other hand, the archaeological and the fossil evidence shows that no truly devastating
asteroid has struck since the one that seems to have accounted for the extinction of the
dinosaurs 65 million years ago. So again, there seems no immediate reason for despair. The
Earth is indeed an uncertain place, in an uncertain universe, but with average luck, it should do
us well enough. If the world does become inhospitable in the next few thousand or million
years, then it will probably be our own fault. In short, despite the underlying uncertainty, our
own future and that of our fellow creatures are very much in our own hands.

G. Given average luck on the geological and the cosmic scale, the difference between glory
and disaster will be made and is being made, by politics. Certain kinds of political systems and
strategies would predispose us to long-term survival (and indeed to comfort and security and
pleasure of being alive), while others would take us more and more frenetically towards
collapse. The broad point is, though, that we need to look at ourselves – humanity – and at the
world in general in a quite new light. Our material problems are fundamentally those of
biology. We need to think, and we need our politicians to think, biologically. Do that, and take
the ideas seriously, and we are in with a chance. Ignore biology and we and our fellow
creatures haven’t a hope.

28
Questions 14-19
Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2? In boxes 14-19 on
your answer sheet write
YES if the statement is true
NO if the slatement is false
NOT GIVEN if the inỊormation is not given in the passage

14 It seems predictable that some species will disappear.

15 The nature of the Earth and human biology make it impossible for human beings to survive
another million years.
16 An eruption by Yellowstone is likely to be more destructive than previous volcanic eruptions.
17 There is a greater chance of the Earth being hit by small asteroids than large ones.
18 If the world becomes uninhabitable, it is most likely to be as a result of a natural disaster.
19 Politicians currently in power seem unlikely to change their way of thinking.

Questions 20-25
Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer. Write your answers in boxes 20-25 on your answer sheet.

The Earth could become uninhabitable, like other planets, through a major change in the 20_________.
Volcanic eruptions of 21 _______ can lead to shortages of 22 __________ in a wide area. An asteroid
hitting the Earth could create a 23 ________ that would result in a new 24_________. Plans are being
made to use 25_________to deflect asteroids heading for the Earth.

Question 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D.
Write your answer in box 26 on your answer sheet. What is the write’s purpose in Reading
Passage2?
A. to propose a new theory about the causes of natural disasters
B. to prove that generally held belieís about the future are all mistaken
C. to present a range of opinions currently held by scientists
D. to argue the need for a general change in behavior

29
 10. Noise
A. Hearing impairment or other auditory function deficit in young children can have a major impact on
their development of speech and communication, resulting in a detrimental effect on their ability to
learn at school. This is likely to have major consequences for the individual and the population as a
whole. The New Zealand Ministry of Health has found from research carried out over two decades that
6-10% of children in that country are affected by hearing loss.
B. A preliminary study in New Zealand has shown that classroom noise presents a major concern for
teachers and pupils. Modern teaching practices, the organization of desks in the classroom, poor
classroom acoustics, and mechanical means of ventilation such as air-conditioning units all contribute
to the number of children unable to comprehend the teachers voice. Education researchers Nelson and
Soli have also suggested that recent trends in learning often involve collaborative interactions of
multiple minds and tools as much as individual possession of information. This all amounts to
heightened activity and noise levels, which have the potential to be particularly serious for children
experiencing auditory function deficit. Noise in classrooms can only exacerbate their difficulty in
comprehending and processing verbal communication with other children and instructions from the
teacher.
C. Children with auditory function deficit are potentially failing to learn to their maximum potential
because of noise levels generated in classrooms. The effects of noise on the ability of children to team
effectively in typical classroom environments are now the subject of increasing concern. The
International Institute of Noise Control Engineering(I-INCE), on the advice of the World Health
Organization, has established an international working party, which includes New Zealand, to evaluate
noise and reverberation control for school rooms.
D . While the detrimental effects of noise in classroom situations are not limited to children
experiencing disability, those with a disability that affects their processing of speech and verbal
communication could be extremely vulnerable. The auditory function deficits in question include
hearing impairment, autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention deficit disorders MDD/ADHD).
E. Autism is considered a neurological and genetic life-long disorder that causes discrepancies in the
way information is processed. This disorder is characterized by interlinking problems with social
imaginations, social communication and social interaction. According to Jenzen, this affects the ability
to understand and relate in typical ways to people, understand events and objects in the environment,
and understand or respond to sensory stimuli. Autism does not allow learning or thinking in the same
ways as in children who are developing normally. Autistic spectrum disorders often result in major
difficulties in comprehending verbal information and speech processing. Those experiencing these
disorders often find sounds such as crowd noise and the noise generated by machinery painful and
distressing. This is difficult to scientifically quantify as such extra-sensory stimuli vary greatly from
one autistic individual to another. But a child who finds any type of noise in their classroom or
learning space intrusive is likely to be adversely affected in their ability to process information.

30
F
The attention deficit disorders are indicative of neurological and genetic disorders and are
characterized by difficulties with sustaining attention, effort and persistence, organization skills and
disinhibition. Children experiencing these disorders find it difficult to screen out unimportant
information, and focus on everything in the environment rather than attending to a single activity.
Background noise in the classroom becomes a major distraction, which can affect their ability to
concentrate.

G
Children experiencing an auditory function deficit can often End speech and communication very
difficult to isolate and process when set against high levels of background noise. These levels come
from outside activities that penetrate the classroom structure, from teaching activities, and other noise
generated inside, which can be exacerbated by room reverberation. Strategies are needed to obtain the
optimum classroom construction and perhaps a change in classroom culture and methods of teaching.
ln particular, the effects of noisy classrooms and activities on those experiencing disabilities in the
form of auditory function deficit need thorough investigation. It is probable that many undiagnosed
children exist in the education system with ‘invisible’ disabilities. Their needs are less likely to be met
than those of children with known disabilities

H
The New Zealand Government has developed a New Zealand Disability Strategy and has embarked on
a wide-ranging consultation process. The strategy recognizes that people experiencing disability face
significant barriers in achieving a full quality of life in areas such as attitude, education, employment
and access to services. Objective 3 of the New Zealand Disability Strategy is to ’Provide the Best
Education for Disabled People’ by improving education so that all children, youth learners and adult
learners will have equal opportunities to learn and develop within their already existing local school.
For a successful education, the learning environment is vitally significant, so any effort to improve this
is likely to be of great benefit to all children, but especially to those with auditory function disabilities.

I
A number of countries are already in the process of formulating their own standards for the control and
reduction of classroom noise. New Zealand will probably follow their example. The literature to date
on noise in school rooms appears to focus on the effects on schoolchildren in general, their teachers
and the hearing impaired. Only limited attention appears to have been given to those students
experiencing the other disabilities involving auditory function deficit. lt is imperative that the needs of
these children are taken into account in the setting of appropriate international standards to be
promulgated in future.
31
Questions 1-6
The Reading Passage has nine paragraphs A-I. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-ỉ in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet
1 a description of a national policy initiative
2 a description of a global team effort
3 reasons of the growth in classroom noise
4 requirements for appropriate worldwide regulations
5 types of auditory function deficits
6 estimated proportion of children in New Zealand with auditory problems
Questions 7-10
Answer the questions below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 7-10 onyour answer sheet.
7 For how long has hearing impairment in children been studied in New Zealand?
8 What other type of noise can annoy children with autism besides machinery noise?
9 What term is used to describe children’s hearing problems which have not been diagnosed?
10 Which part of the New Zealand Disability Strategy focuses on give children equal
opportunity?

Questions 11-12
Choose TWO letters, A-F. Write the correct letters in boxes 11 and 12 on your answer sheet.
The list below includes factors contributing to classroom noise.
Which TWO are mentioned by the writer of the passage?
A current teaching methods
B loud-voiced teachers
C cooling Systems
D large class sizes
E arguments among children with autism
F investigative researchers

Question 13
Choose the correct letter, A. B, C or D. Write the correct letter in box 13 onyour answer sheet
What is the writer’s overall purpose in writing this article?
A to compare different approaches of solving auditory problems
B to encourage more researches on noisy classroom surroundings
C to increase awareness of the situation of children with auditory problems
D to promote New Zealand as a model for other countries to follow

32
 11. AMBERGRIS
A The name ambergris is derived from the Spanish “ambar gris”, ambar meaning amber and gris
meaning grey, thus the name signifies grey amber. The use of ambergris in Europe is now entirely
confined to perfumery-as a material of perfumery. Its high price varies from$15 to$25 an ounce,
though it formerly occupied on inconsiderable place in medicine. Ambergris was also decorated
and worn as jewelry, particularly during the Renaissance. It occupies a very important place in the
perfumery of the East, and there it is also used in pharmacy and as a flavouring material in
cookery.

B Amber, however, is quite a different substance from ambergris and this discrepancy has puzzled
some people. Amber is the fossilized resin from trees that was quite familiar to Europeans long
before the discovery of the New World, and prized for jewelry. Although considered a gem, amber
is a hard, transparent and wholly-organic material derived from the resin of extinct species of
trees. In the dense forests of the Middle Cretaceous and Tertiary periods, between 10 and 100
million years ago, these resin-bearing trees fell and were carried by rivers to coastal regions.
There, the trees and their resins became covered with sediment, and over millions of years the
resin hardened into amber.

C Ambergris and amber are related by the fact that both wash up on beaches. Ambergris is a solid,
waxy and flammable substance of a dull 2rey or blackish color, with the shades being variegated
1ike marble. It possesses a peculiar sweet earthy odour not unlike isopropyl alcohol. It is now
known to be a morbid secretion formed in the intestines of the sperm whale, found in the Atlantic
and Pacific oceans. Being a very lightweight material, ambergris is found floating upon the sea, on
the sea coast, or in the sand near the sea coast. It is met with in the Atlantic Ocean, on the coasts
Of Brazil and Madagascar; also on the coast Of Africa, of the East Indies, China, Japan, and the
Molucca Islands; but most of the ambergris which is brought to England comes from the Bahama
Islands. It is also sometimes found in the abdomen of whales; it is always in lumps in various
shapes and sizes, weighing from 1/ 2 oz. to 100 or more lb. A piece which the Dutch East India
Company bought from the King of Tydore weighed 182 lb. An American fisherman from Antigua
found, Inside a whale, about 52 1eagues south-east from the Windward Islands, a piece of
ambergris which weighed about l 30 lb, and sold for 500 sterling.

D Like many other substances regarding the origin of which there existed some obscurity or
mystery, ambergris in former times possessed a value, and had properties attributed to it, more on
account of the source from which it was drawn than from its inherent qualities. Many ridiculous
hypotheses were started to account for its origin, and among others it was conjectured to be the
solidified foam of the sea, a fungous growth in the ocean similar to the fungi which form on trees.

33
E The true source and character of ambergris was first satisfactorily established by Dr. Swediaur in a
communication to the Royal Society. It was found by Dr. Swediaur that ambergris very frequently
contained the horny mandibles or beaks of the squid, on which the sperm whales are known to feed.
That observation, in connection with the fact of ambergris being frequently taken from the intestines of
the sperm whale, sufficiently proved that the substance is produced by the whale’s intestine as a means
of facilitating the passage of undigested hard, sharp beaks of squid that the whale has eaten.

F It was further observed that the whales in which ambergris was found were either dead or much
wasted and evidently in a sickly condition. From this it was inferred that ambergris is in some way
connected with a morbid condition of the sperm whale. Often expelled by vomiting, ambergris floats
in chunks on the water and is of a deep grey colour, soft consistence, and an offensive, disagreeable
smell. Following months to years of photo-degradation andoxidation in the ocean, this precursor
gradually hardens, developing a dark grey or black colour, a crusty and waxy texture, and a peculiar
odour that is at once sweet, earthy, marine, and animalist. Its smell has been described by many as a
vastly richer and smoother version of isopropanol without its stinging harshness.

G In that condition its specific gravity ranges from 0.780 to 0.926. It melts at a temperature of about
145 F into a fatty yellow resin-like liquid It is soluble in ether, volatile and fixed oils, but only feebly
acted on by acids. By digesting in hot alcohol, a peculiar substance termed ambrein is obtained. In
chemical constitution ambrein very closely resembles cholesterin, a principle found abundantly in
biliary calculi. It is therefore more than probable that ambergris, from the position in which it is found
and its chemical constitution, is a biliary concretion analogous to what is formed in other mammals.

H The industries founded on ambergris resulted in the slaughter of sperm whales almost to extinction.
Sperm whales were killed in two massive hunts, the Moby Dick whalers who worked mainly between
1740-1 880, and the modem whalers whose operations peaked in 1 964, when 29,255 were killed.
Most recent estimates suggest a global population of about 360,000 animals down from about
1,100,000 before whaling. In the 20th century, 90% of ambergris was derived in the processing of
killing sperm whales. To this day, ambergris is still the most expensive product in the whole body of
sperm whale. Depending on its quality, raw ambergris fetches approximately 20 USD per gram. In the
United States, possession of any part of an endangered species-including ambergris that has washed
ashore-is a violation of the Endangered Species Act of 1978.

I Historically, the primary commercial use of ambergris has been in fragrance chemistry. However, it
is difficult to get a consistent and reliable supply of high quality ambergris. Due to demand for
ambergris and its high price, replacement compounds have been sought out by the fragrance industry
and chemically synthesized. The most important of these is Ambrox, which has taken its place as the
most widely used amber odorant in perfume manufacture. Procedures for the microbial production of
Ambrox have also been devised.

34
 Qụestion 1-5
Classify the following statements as applying to

1 very expensive
A Ambergris only
2 food tlavor
B Amber only
3 used as currency
C Both amber and ambergris
4 referred to in a communication
D Neither amber nor ambergris
5 could be seen through

Questions 6-9
Complete the snmmary of how ambergris forms. Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each
answer.
The information of ambergris experiencesseveral stages. First, when sperm whale eats the hard
and sharp 6 ____________ of squid, its intestine will produce ambergris to facilitate the
7 ____________ of squid. Then, ambergris can be 8_______ up by sperm whale and float on the
water. After months of exposure on air, it 9 __________ and the color turns dark grey or black.

Questions 10-13
Do the followmg statements agree wilh the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet write
TRUE ịf the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GI VEN if the information is not gi ven in the passage.

10 In the 20th century, most ambergris was made in the process of killing sperm whale.
11 Ambergris’s cost increased recently.
12 Ambergris still remains in the perfume making.
13 Ambergris is still the most important amber odorant in perfume manufacture.

35
 12. Soviet’s New Working Week
A historian investigates how Stalin changed the calendar to keep the Soviet people continually work.
A
“There are no fortresses that Bolsheviks cannot storm”. With these words, Stalin expressed the
dynamic self-confidence of the Soviet Union’s Five Year Plan: weak and backward Russia was to turn
overnight into a powerful modern industrial country. Between 1928 and 1932, production of coal, iron
and steel increased at a fantastic rate, and new industrial cities sprang up, along with the world’s
biggest dam. Everyone’s life was affected, as collectivized farming drove millions from the land to
swell the industrial proletariat. Private enterprise disappeared in city and country, leaving the State
supreme under the dictatorship of Stalin. Unlimited enthusiasm was the mood of the day, with the
Communists believing that iron will and hard-working manpower alone would bring about a new
world.
B
Enthusiasm spread to time itself, in the desire to make the state a huge efficient machine, where not a
moment would be wasted, especially in the workplace. Lenin had already been intrigued by the ideas
of the American Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915), whose time-motion studies had discovered
ways of stream-lining effort so that every worker could produce the maximum. The Bolsheviks were
also great admirers of Henry Ford’s assembly line mass production and of his Fordson tractors that
were imported by the thousands. The engineers who came with them to train their users helped spread
what became a real cult of Ford. Emulating and surpassing such capitalist models formed part of the
training of the new Soviet Man, a heroic figure whose unlimited capacity for work would benefit
everyone in the dynamic new society. All this culminated in the Plan, which has been characterized as
the triumph of the machine, where workers would become supremely efficient robot-like creatures.

C
Yet this was Communism whose goals had always included improving the lives of the proletariat. One
major step in that direction was the sudden announcement in 1927 that reduced the working day from
eight to seven hours. In January 1929, all Indus-tries were ordered to adopt the shorter day by the end
of the Plan. Workers were also to have an extra hour off on the eve of Sundays and holidays. Typically
though, the state took away more than it gave, for this was part of a scheme to increase production by
establishing a three-shift system. This meant that the factories were open day and night and that many
had to work at highly undesirable hours.

D
Hardly had that policy been announced, though, then Yuri Larin, who had been a close associate of
Lenin and architect of his radical economic policy, came up with an idea for even greater efficiency.
Workers were free and plants were closed on Sundays. Why not abolish that wasted day by instituting
a continuous workweek so that the machines could operate to their full capacity every day of the
week? When Larin presented his idea to the Congress of Soviets in May 1929, no one paid much
attention. Soon after, though, he got the ear of Stalin, who approved. Suddenly, in June, the Soviet
press was filled with articles praising the new scheme. In August, the Council of Peoples’ Commissars
ordered that the continuous workweek be brought into immediate effect, during the height of
enthusiasm for the Plan, whose goals the new schedule seemed guaranteed to forward.
34
E. The idea seemed simple enough but turned out to be very complicated in practice. Obviously, the workers
couldn’t be made to work seven days a week, nor should their total work hours be increased. The solution was
ingenious: a new five-day week would have the workers on the job for four days, with the fifth day free;
holidays would be reduced from ten to five, and the extra hour off on the eve of rest days would be abolished.
Staggering the rest-days between groups of workers meant that each worker would spend the same number of
hours on the job, but the factories would be working a full 360 days a year instead of 300. The 360 divided
neatly into 72 five-day weeks. Workers in each establishment (at first factories, then stores and offices) were
divided into five groups, each assigned a colour which appeared on the new Uninterrupted Work Week
calendars distributed all over the country. Colour-coding was a valuable mnemonic device since workers might
have trouble remembering what their day off was going to be, for it would change every week. A glance at the
colour on the calendar would reveal the free day, and allow workers to plan their activities. This system,
however, did not apply to construction or seasonal occupations, which followed a six-day week, or to factories
or mines which had to close regularly for maintenance: they also had a six-day week, whether interrupted (with
the same day off for everyone) or continuous. In all cases, though, Sunday was treated like any other day.
F
Official propaganda touted the material and cultural benefits of the new scheme. Workers would get more rest;
production and employment would increase (for more workers would be needed to keep the factories running
continuously); the standard of living would improve. Leisure time would be more rationally employed, for
cultural activities (theatre, clubs, sports) would no longer have to be crammed into a weekend, but could flourish
every day, with their facilities far less crowded. Shopping would be easier for the same reasons. Ignorance and
superstition, as represented by organized religion, would suffer a mortal blow, since 80 per cent of the workers
would be on the job on any given Sunday. The only objection concerned the family, where normally more than
one member was working: well, the Soviets insisted, the narrow family was har less important than the vast
common good and besides, arrangements could be made for husband and wife to share a common schedule. In
fact, the regime had long wanted to weaken or sideline the two greatest potential threats to its total dominance:
organized religion and the nuclear family. Religion succumbed, but the family, as even Stalin finally had to
admit, proved much more resistant.
G
The continuous work week, hailed as a Utopia where time itself was conquered and the sluggish Sunday
abolished forever, spread like an epidemic. According to official figures, 63 per cent of industrial workers were
so employed by April 1930; in June, all industry was ordered to convert during the next year. The fad reached
its peak in October when it affected 73 per cent of workers. In fact, many managers simply claimed that their
factories had gone over to the new week, without actually applying it. Conforming to the demands of the Plan
was important; practical matters could wait. By then, though, problems were becoming obvious. Most serious
(though never officially admitted), the workers hated it. Coordination of family schedules was virtually
impossible and usually ignored, so husbands and wives only saw each other before or after work; rest days were
empty without any loved ones to share them – even friends were likely to be on a different schedule. Confusion
reigned: the new plan was introduced haphazardly, with some factories operating five-, six- and seven-day
weeks at the same time, and the workers often not getting their rest days at all.
H
The Soviet government might have ignored all that (It didn’t depend on public approval), but the new week was
far from having the vaunted effect on production. With the complicated rotation system, the work teams
necessarily found themselves doing different kinds of work in successive weeks. Machines, no longer
consistently in the hands of people how knew how to tend them, were often poorly maintained or even broken.
Workers lost a sense of responsibility for the special tasks they had normally performed.
I
As a result, the new week started to lose ground. Stalin’s speech of June 1931, which criticized the
“depersonalised labor” its too hasty application had brought, marked the beginning of the end. In November, the
government ordered the widespread adoption of the six-day week, which had its own calendar, with regular
breaks on the 6th, 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th, with Sunday usually as a working day. By July 1935, only 26 per
cent of workers still followed the continuous schedule, and the six-day week was soon on its way out. Finally, in
1940, as part of the general reversion to more traditional methods, both the continuous five-day week and the
novel six-day week were abandoned, and Sunday returned as the universal day of rest. A bold but typically ill-
conceived experiment was at an end.
Question 27-34
35
Reading Passage 3 has nine paragraphs A-I. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs from the list
ofheading helow. Write appropriate number (i-xii) in hoxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs, so you will not use them all
List of Headings
27 Paragraph A i Benefits of the new scheme and its resistance
28 Paragraph B ii Making use of the once wasted weekends
Example Answer iii Cutting work hours for better efficiency
Paragraph c iii ix Optimism of the great future
29 Paragraph D v Negative effects on production itself
30 Paragraph E vi Soviet Union’s five year plan
31 Paragraph F vii The abolishment of the new work-week scheme
32 Paragraph G viii The Ford model
33 Paragraph H ix Reaction from factory workers and their families
34 Paragraph I x The color-coding scheme
xi Establishing a three-shift System
xii Foreign inspiration
Question 35-37
Choose the correct letter A, B, c or D. Write your answers in boxes 35-37 on your answer sheet.
35 According to paragraph A, Soviet five year plan was a success because
A. Bolsheviks built a strong fortress B. Russia was weak and backward
C. industrial production increased D . Stalin was coníident about Soviet’s potential
36 Daily working hours were cut from eight to seven to
A. improve the lives of all people
B. boost industrial productivity
C. get rid of undesirable work hours
D. change the already establish three-shift work System
37 Many factory managers claimed to have complied with the demands of the new work week because
A. they were pressurized by the State to do so B. they believed there would not be any practical
problems
C. they were able to apply it D. workers hated the new plan

Questions 38-40
Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each
answer
Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet.

38 Whose idea of continuous work week did Stalin approve and helped to implement?
______________________________________________________________________
39 What method was used to help workers to remember the rotation of their off days?
______________________________________________________________________
40 What was the most resistant force to the new work week scheme?
______________________________________________________________________

36
 13. Lighting Up The Lies
A. Last year Sean A. spence, a professor at the school of medicine at the ưniversity of Sheffield in
England, performed brain scans that showed that a woman convicted of poisoning a child in her care
appeared to be telling the truth when she denied committing the crime. This deception study, along
with two others performed by the Sheffield group, was funded by QuickEre Media, a television
production company working for the U.K.’s Channel 4, which broadcast videos of the researchers at
work as part of a three-part series called “Lie Lab.” The brain study of the woman later appeared in the
journal European Psychiatry.
B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) purports to detect mendacity by seeing inside the
brain instead of tracking peripheral measures of anxiety-such as changes in pulse, blood pressure or
respiration -measured by a polygraph. Besides drawing hundreds of thousands of viewers, fMRI has
pulled in entrepreneurs. Two companies -Cephos in Pepperell, Mass., and No Lie MRI in Tarzana,
Calif.-claim to predict with 90 percent or greater certitude whether you are telling the truth. No Lie
MRI, whose name evokes the casual familiarity of a walk-in dental clinic in a strip mall, suggests that
the technique may even be used for “risk reduction in dating”.
C. Many neuroscientist and legal scholars doubt such claims -and some even question whether brain
scans for lie detection will ever be ready for anything but more research on the nature of deception and
the brain. An fMRI machine tracks blood flow to activated brain areas. The assumption in lie detection
is that the brain must exert extra effort when telling a lie and that the regions that do more work get
more blood. Such areas light up in scans; during the lie studies, the illuminated regions are primarily
involved in decision making.
D. To assess how fMRI and other neuroscience findings affect the law, the Mac- Arthur Foundation
put up $10 million last year to pilot for three years the Law and Neuroscience Project. Part of the
funding will attempt to set criteria for accurate and reliable lie detection using fMRI and other brain-
scanning technology. “I think it’s not possible, given the current technology, to trust the results,” says
Marcus Raichle, a neuroscientist at the Washington university School of Medicine in St. Louis who
heads the project’s study group on lie detection. “But it’s not impossible to set up a research program
to determine whether that’s possible.” A major review article last year in the American Journal of Law
and Medicine by Henry T. Greely of Stanford University and Judy Illes, now at the university of
British Columbia, explores the deficiencies of existing research and what may be needed to move the
technology forward. The two scholars found that lie detection studies conducted so far (still less than
20 in all) failed to prove that fMRI is “effective as a lie detector in the real world at any accuracy
level.”

37
E. Most studies examined groups, not individuals. Sujects in these studies were healthy young adults-
making it unclear how the results would apply to someone who takes a drug that affects blood pressure
or has a blockage in an artery. And the two researchers questioned the specificity of the lit-up areas;
they noted that the regions also correlate with a wide range of cognitive behaviors, including memory,
self-monitoring and conscious self-awareness.

F. The biggest challenge for which the Law and Neuroscience Project is already funding new research
-is how to diminish the artificiality of the test protocol. Lying about whether a playing card is the seven
of spades may not activate the same areas of the cortex as answering a question about whether you
robbed the corner store. In fact, the most realistic studies to date may have come from the Lie Lab
television programs. The two companies marketing the technology are not waiting for more data.
Cephos is offering scans without charge to people who claim they were íalsely accused if they meet
certain criteria in an eíĩòrt to get scans accepted by the courts. Allowing scans as legal evidence could
open a potentially huge and lucrative market. “We may have to take many shots on goal before we
actually see a courtroom,” says Cephos chief executive Steven Laken. He asserts that the technology
has achieved 97 percent accuracy and that the mo re than 100 people scanned using the Cephos
protocol have provided data hat have resolved many of the issues that Greely and Illes cited.

G. But until formal clinical trials prove that the machines meet safety and effectiveness criteria, Greely
and Illes have called for a ban on non-research uses. Trials envisaged for regulatory approval hint at
the technical challenges. Actors, professional poker players and sociopaths would be compared against
average Joes. The devout would go in the scanner after nonbelievers. Testing would take into account
social setting. White lies - “no, dinner really was fantastic” - would have to be compared against
untruths about sexual peccadilloes to ensure that the brain reacts identically.

H. There potential for abuse prompts caution. “The danger is that people’s lives can be changed in bad
ways because of mistakes in the technology,” Greely says. “The danger for the Science is that it gets a
black eye because of this very high profile use of neuroimaging that goes wrong.” Considering the
long and controversial history of the polygraph, gradualism may be the wisest course to follow for a
new diagnostic that probes an essential quality governing social interaction.

38
Questions 1-7
Use the information in the passage to match the people (listed A-D) with opinions or deeds
below. Write the appropriate letters A-D in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
NB you may use any letter more than once

A Henry T. Greely & Judy Illes

B Steven Laken
C Henry T. Greely
D Marcus Raichle
1 The possibility hidden in a mission impossible
2 The uncertain effectiveness of functional magnetic resonance imaging for detecting lies
3 The hazard lying behind the technology as a lie detector
4 The limited fields for the use of lie detection technology
5 Several successful cases of applying the results from the lie detection technology
6 Cons of the current research related to lie-detector tests
7 There should be some requested work to improve the techniques regarding lie detection

Questions 8-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 8-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement ỉs true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if fthe information is not given in the passage

8 The lie detection for a convicted woman was fírst conducted by researchers in Europe.
9 The legitimization of using scans in the court might mean a promising and profitable business.
10 There is always something wrong with neuroimaging.

Questions 11-13: Summary

Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN
THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

It is claimed that functional magnetic resonance imaging can check lies by observing the internal

part of the brain rather than following up 11__________ to evaluate the anxiety as

12________does. Audiences as well as 13__________ are fascinated by this amazing lie-detection

technology.

39
 14. Can scientists tell us: What happiness is?
A Economists accept that if people describe themselves as happy, then they are happy. However,
psychologists differentiate between levels of happiness. The most immediate type involves a feeling;
pleasure or joy. But sometimes happiness is a judgment that life is satisfying, and does not imply an
emotional state. Esteemed psychologist Martin Seligman has spearheaded an effort to study the science
of happiness. The bad news is that we’re not wired to be happy. The good news is that we can do
something about it. Since its origins in a Leipzig laboratory 130 years ago, psychology has had little to
say about goodness and contentment. Mostly psychologists have concerned themselves with weakness
and misery. There are libraries full of theories about why we get sad, worried, and angry. It hasn’t been
respectable science to study what happens when lives go well. Positive experiences, such as joy,
kindness, altruism and heroism, have mainly been ignored. For every 100 psychology papers dealing
with anxiety or depression, only one concerns a positive trait.
B A few pioneers in experimental psychology bucked the trend. Professor Alice Isen of Cornell
University and colleagues have demonstrated how positive emotions make people think faster and more
creatively. Showing how easy it is to give people an intellectual boost, Isen divided doctors making a
tricky diagnosis into three groups: one received candy, one read humanistic statements about medicine,
one was a control group. The doctors who had candy displayed the most creative thinking and worked
more efficiently. Inspired by Isen and others, Seligman got stuck in. He raised millions of dollars of
research money and funded 50 research groups involving 150 scientists across the world. Four positive
psychology centres opened, decorated in cheerful colours and furnished with sofas and baby-sitters.
There were get-togethers on Mexican beaches where psychologists would snorkel and eat fajitas, then
form “pods” to discuss subjects such as wonder and awe. A thousand therapists were coached in the new
science.
C But critics are demanding answers to big questions. What is the point of defining levels of haziness
and classifying the virtues? Aren’t these concepts vague and impossible to pin down? Can you justify
spending funds to research positive states when there are problems such as famine, flood and epidemic
depression to be solved? Seligman knows his work can be belittled alongside trite notions such as “the
power of positive thinking”. His plan to stop the new science floating “on the waves of self-
improvement fashion” is to make sure it is anchored to positive philosophy above, and to positive
biology below.
D And this takes us back to our evolutionary past Homo sapiens evolved during the Pleistocene era (1.8
m to 10,000 years ago)，a time of hardship and turmoil. It was the Ice Age, and our ancestors endured
long freezes as glaciers formed, then ferocious floods as the ice masses melted. We shared the planet
with terrifying creatures such as mammoths, elephant-sized ground sloths and sabre-toothed cats. But by
the end of the Pleistocene, all these animals were extinct. Humans, on the other hand, had evolved large
brains and used their intelligence to make fire and sophisticated tools, to develop talk and social
rituals. Survival in a time of adversity forged our brains into a persistent mould. Professor Seligman
says: “Because our brain evolved during a time of ice, flood and famine, we have a catastrophic brain.
The way the brain works is looking for what’s wrong. The problem is, that worked in the Pleistocene
era. It favoured you, but it doesn’t work in the modem world”.

40
E Although most people rate themselves as happy, there is a wealth of evidence to show
that negative thinking is deeply ingrained in the human psycho. Experiments show that
we remember failures more vividly than success. We dwell on what went badly, not what
went well. Of the six universal emotions, four anger, fear, disgust and sadness are
negative and only one, joy, is positive. (The sixth, surprise, is neutral). According to the
psychologist Daniel Nettle, author of Happiness, and one of the Royal Institution
lectures, the negative emotion each tell us “something bad has happened” and suggest a
different course of action.

F What is it about the structure of the brain that underlies our bias towards negative
thinking? And is there a biology of joy? At Iowa University, neuroscientist studied what
happens when people are shown pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When subjects see
landscapes or dolphins playing, part of the frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But
when they are shown unpleasant images a bird covered in oil, or a dead soldier with part
of his face missing the response comes from more primitive parts of the brain. The ability
to feel negative emotions derives from an ancient danger-recognition system formed
early in the brain’s evolution. The pre-frontal cortex, which registers happiness, is the
part used for higher thinking, an area that evolved later in human history.

G Our difficulty, according to Daniel Nettle, is that the brain systems for liking and
wanting are separate. Wanting involves two ancient regions the amygdala and the
nucleus accumbens that communicate using the chemical dopamine to form the brain’s
reward system. They are involved in anticipating the pleasure of eating and in addiction
to drugs. A rat will press a bar repeatedly ， ignoring sexually available partners, to
receive electrical stimulation of the “wanting” parts of the brain. But having received
brain stimulation, the rat eats more but shows no sign of enjoying the food it craved. In
humans, a drug like nicotine produces much craving but little pleasure.

H In essence, what the biology lesson tells us is that negative emotions are fundamental
to the human condition and it’s no wonder they are difficult to eradicate. At the same
time, by a trick of nature, our brains are designed to crave but never really achieve lasting
happiness.

41
Questions 14-20
The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet.
14. An experiment involving dividing several groups one of which received positive icon
15. Review of a poorly researched psychology area
16. Contrast being made about the brains’ action as response to positive or negative stimulus
17. The skeptical attitude toward the research seemed to be a waste of fund
18. a substance that produces much wanting instead of much liking
19. a conclusion that lasting happiness are hardly obtained because of the nature of brains
20. One description that listed the human emotional categories.

Questions 21-25
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN FOUR
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 21-25 on your answer
sheet.
A few pioneers in experimental psychology study what happens when lives go well. Professor Alice
divided doctors, making a tricky experiment, into three groups: beside the one control group, the other
two either are asked to read humanistic statements about drugs, or received 21____________ .The latter
displayed the most Creative thinking and worked more efficiently. Since critics are questioning the
significance of the 22___________ for both levels of happiness and classiTication for the virtues.
Professor Seligman countered in an evolutional theory: survival in a time of adversity forged our brains
into the way of thinking for what’s wrong because we have a 23___________.
There is bountiful of evidence to show that negative thinking is deeply built in the human psyche. Later,
at lowa ưniversity, neuroscientists studied the active parts in brains to contrast when people are shown
pleasant and unpleasant pictures. When positive images like 24___________ are shown, part of the
frontal lobe of the brain becomes active. But when they are shown unpleasant image, the response
comes from 25___________ of the brain.

Questions 26
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write your answers in boxes 26 on your answer sheet.
According to Daniel Nettle in the last two paragraphs, what is true as the scientists can tell us about
happiness?

A Brain Systems always mix liking and wanting together

B Negative emotions can be easily rid of if we think positively
C Happiness is like nicotine we are craving for but get little pleasure
D The inner mechanism of human brains does not assist us to achieve durable happiness

42
 15. Economic Evolution
A. Living along the Orinoco River that borders Brazil and Venezuela are the Yanomam people, hunter-
gatherers whose average annual income has been estimated at the equivalent of $90 per person per year.
Living along the Hudson River that borders New York State and New Jersey are the Manhattan people,
consumer traders whose average annual income has been estimated at $36,000 per person per year. That
dramatic difference of 400 times, however, pales in comparison to the differences in Stock Keeping ưnits
(SKUs, a measure of the number of types of retail Products available), which has been estimated at 300
for the Yanomam and 10 billion for the Manhattans, a difference of 33 million times.

B. How did this happen? According to economist Eric D. Beinhocker, who published these calculations in
his revelatory work The Origin of Wealth (Harvard Business School Press, 2006), the explanation is to be
found in complexity theory. Evolution and economics are not just analogous to each other, but they are
actually two forms of a larger phenomenon called complex adaptive Systems, in which individual
elements, parts or agents interact, then process information and adapt their behavior to changing
conditions. Immune Systems, ecosystems, language, the law and the Internet are all examples of complex
adaptive Systems.

C. In biological evolution, nature selects from the variation produced by random genetic mutations and
the mixing of parental genes. Out of that process of cumulative selection emerges complexity and
diversity. In economic evolution, our material economy proceeds through the production and selection of
numerous permutations of countless Products. Those 10 billion Products in the Manhattan village
represent only those variations that made it to market, after which there is a cumulative selection by
consumers in the marketplace for those deemed most useful: VHS over Betamax, DVDs over VHS, CDs
over vinyl records, flip phones over brick phones, computers over typewriters, Google over AltaVista,
SUVs over station wagons, paper books over e-books (still), and Internet news over network news
(soon).Those that are purchased “survive” and “reproduce” into the future through repetitive use and
remanufacturing.

D. As with living organisms and ecosystems, the economy looks designed- so just as humans naturally
deduce the existence of a top-down intelligent designer, humans also (understandably) infer that a top-
down government designer is needed in nearly every aspect of the economy. But just as living organisms
are shaped from the bottom up by natural selection, the economy is molded from the bottom up by the
invisible hand. The correspondence between evolution and economics is not perfect, because some top-
down institutional rules and laws are needed to provide a structure within which free and fair trade can
occur. But too much top-down interference into the marketplace makes trade neither free nor fair. When
such attempts have been made in the past, they have failed-because markets are far too complex,
interactive and autocatalytic to be designed from the top down. In his 1922 book, Socialism, Ludwig Von
43
Mises spelled out the reasons why, most notably the problem of “economic calculation” in a planned
socialist economy. In capitalism, prices are in constant and rapid flux and are determined from below by
individuals freely exchanging in the marketplace. Money is a means of exchange, and prices are the
information people use to guide their choices. Von Mises demonstrated that socialist economies depend
on capitalist economies to detennine what prices should be assigned to goods and Services. And they do
so cumbersomely and inefficiently. Relatively free markets are, ultimately, the only way to find out what
buyers are willing to pay and what sellers are willing to accept.

E. Economics helps to explain how Yanomam-like hunter-gatherers evolved into Manhattan-like

consumer-traders. In the Nineteenth century French economist Frédéric Bastiat well captured the
principle: “Where goods do not cross frontiers, armies will.” In addition to being Tierce warriors, the
Yanomam are also sophisticated traders, and the more they trade the less they fíght. The reason is that
trade is a powerful social adhesive that creates political alliances. One village cannot go to another village
and announce that they are worried about being conquered by a third, more powerful village-that would
reveal weakness. Instead they mask the real motives for alliance through trade and reciprocal feasting.
And, as a result, not only gain military protection but also initiate a System of trade that-in the long run-
leads to an increase in both wealth and SKUs.

F. Free and fair trade occurs in societies where most individuals interact in ways that provide mutual
benefit. The necessary rules weren’t generated by wise men in a sacred temple, or lawmakers in congress,
but rather evolved over generations and were widely accepted and practiced before the law was ever
written. Laws that fail this test are ignored. If enforcement becomes too onerous, there is rebellion. Yet
the concept that human interaction must, and can be controlled by a higher force is universal.
Interestingly, there is no widespread agreement on who the “higher force” is. Religious people ascribe
good behavior to god’s law. They cannot conceive of an orderly society of atheists. Secular people credit
the government. They consider anarchy to be synonymous with barbarity. Everyone seems to agree on the
concept that orderly society requires an omnipotent force. Yet, everywhere there is evidence that this is
not so. An important distinction between spontaneous social order and social anarchy is that the former is
developed by work and investment, under the rule of law and with a set of evolved morals while the latter
is chaos. The classical liberal tradition of von Mises and Hayek never makes the claim that the complete
absence of top-down rules leads to the optimal social order. It simply says we should be skeptical about
our ability to manage them in the name of social justice, equality, or progress.

44
Questions 1-5
Do the following statements agree with the iníòrmation gi ven in Reading Passage 1?
In boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet, write:
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

1 SKUs is a more precise measurement to demonstrate the economic level of a community.

2 No concrete examples are presented when the author makes the statement concerning economic
evolution.
3 Evolution and economics show a defective homolog.
4 Martial actions might be taken to cross the borders if trades do not work.
5 Profit is the invisible hand to guide the market.

Questions 6-8
Choose the correct letter, A, B, c or D. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.
6. What ought to play a vital role in each field the economy?
A. a strict rule B. a smart strategy
C. a tightly managed authority D. a powerful legislation
7-8 Which two of the following tools are used to pretend to ask for Union according to one explanation
from the perspective of economics
A. an official announcement
B. a diplomatic event
C. the exchange of goods
D. certain written correspondence
E. some enjoyable treatment in a win-win situation
Questions 9-13: Summary
Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS from the Reading Passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.

In response to the search of reasons for the phenomenon shown by the huge difference in the income
between two groups of people both dwelling near the rivers, several researchers made their effort and
gave certain explanations. One attributes 9_______to the interesting change claiming that it is not as
simple as it seems to be in appearance that the relationship between 10_____which is a good example of
11_______, which involve in the interaction of separate factors for the Processing of iníormation as well
as the behavioral adaptation to unstable conditions. As far as the biological transíormation is concemed,
both 12____ and the blend of genes from the ỉast generation bring about the difference. The economic
counterpart shows how generating and choosing the 13____________ of innumerable goods moves
forward the material-oriented economy.

45
 16. The Cacao: a Sweet History
A Chapter 1:
Most people today think of chocolate as something sweet to eat or drink that can be easily
found in Stores around the world. It might surprise you that chocolate was once highly treasured. The
tasty secret of the cacao (Kah Kow) tree was discovered 2,000 years ago in the tropical rainforests of the
Americas. The story of how chocolate grew from a local Mesoamerican beverage into a global sweet
encompasses many cultures and continents.
B Chapter 2:
Historians believe the Maya people of Central America first learned to farm cacao plants
around two thousand years ago. The Maya took cacao trees from the rainforests and grew them in their
gardens. They cooked cacao seeds, then crushed them into a soft paste. They mixed the paste with water
and flavorful spices to make an unsweetened chocolate drink. The Maya poured the chocolate drink back
and forth between two containers so that the liquid would have a layer of bubbles, or foam.
Cacao and chocolate were an important part of Maya culture. There are often images of cacao
plants on Maya buildings and art objects. Ruling families drank chocolate at special ceremonies. And,
even poorer members of the society could enjoy the drink once in a while. Historians believe that cacao
seeds were also used in marriage ceremonies as a sign of the Union between a husband and a wife.
The Aztec culture in current-day Mexico also prized chocolate. But, cacao plants could not
grow in the area where the Aztecs lived. So, they traded to get cacao. They even used cacao seeds as a
form of money to pay taxes. Chocolate also played a special role in both Maya and Aztec royal and
religious events. Priests presented cacao seeds as offerings to the gods and served chocolate drinks during
sacred ceremonies. Only the very wealthy in Aztec societies could afford to drink chocolate because
cacao was so valuable. The Aztec ruler Montezuma was believed to drink fifty cups of chocolate every
day. Some experts believe the word for chocolate came from the Aztec word “xocolatl” which in the
Nahuatl language means “bitter water.” Others believe the word “chocolate” was created by combining
Mayan and Nahuatl words.
C. Chapter 3
The explorer Christopher Columbus brought cacao seeds to Spain after his trip to Central
America in 1502. But it was the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes who understood that chocolate could
be a valuable investment. In 1519, Cortes arrived in current-day Mexico. He believed the chocolate drink
would become popular with Spaniards. After the Spanish soldiers defeated the Aztec empire, they were
able to seize the supplies of cacao and send them home. Spain later began planting cacao in its colonies in
the Americas in order to satisfy the large demand for chocolate. The wealthy people of Spain first enjoyed
a sweetened version of chocolate drink. Later, the popularity of the drink spread throughout Europe. The
English, Dutch and French began to plant cacao trees in their own colonies. Chocolate remained a drink
that only wealthy people could afford to drink until the eighteenth century. During the period known as

46
the Industrial Revolution, new technologies helped make chocolate less costly to produce.
D. Chapter 4
Farmers grow cacao trees in many countries in Africa, Central and South America. The trees
grow in the shady areas of the rainforests near the Earth’s equator. But these trees can be difficult to grow.
They require an exact amount of water, warmth, soil and protection. After about five years, cacao trees
start producing large fruits called pods, which grow near the trunk of the tree. The seeds inside the pods
are harvested to make chocolate. There are several kinds of cacao trees. Most of the world’s chocolate is
made from the seed of the íòrastero tree. But farmers can also grow criollo or trinitario cacao plants.
Cacao trees grown on farms are much more easily threatened by diseases and insects than wild trees.
Growing cacao is very hard work for íarmers. They sell their harvest on a futures market. This means that
economic conditions beyond their control can affect the amount of money they will earn. Today,
chocolate industry officials, activists, and scientists are working with farmers. They are trying to make
sure that cacao can be grown in a way that is fair to the timers and safe for the environment.
E. Chapter 5
To become chocolate, cacao seeds go through a long production process in a factory. Workers
must sort, clean and cook the seeds. Then they break off the covering of the seeds so that only the inside
fruit, or nibs, remain. Workers crush the nibs into a soft substance called chocolate liquor. This gets
separated into cocoa solids and a fat called cocoa butter. Chocolate makers have their own special recipes
in which they combine chocolate liquor with exact amounts of sugar, milk and cocoa fat. They Tinely
crush this “crumb” mixture in order to make it smooth. The mixture then goes through two more
processes before it is shaped into a mold form.
Chocolate making is a big business. The market value of the yearly cacao crop around the
world is more than five billion dollars. Chocolate is especially popular in Europe and the United States.
For example, in 2005, the United States bought 1.4 billion dollars worth of cocoa Products. Each year,
Americans eat an average of more than five kilograms of chocolate per person. Specialty shops that sell
costly chocolates are also very popular. Many offer chocolate lovers the chance to taste chocolates grown
in different areas of the world.

47
Questions 1-5
Reading passage 1 has 5 chapters. Which chapter contains the following information? Write your answers
in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
1. the part of cacao trees used to produce chocolate
2. average chocolate consumption by people in the us per person per year
3. risks faced by fanners in the cacao business
4. where the fírst sweetened chocolate drink appeared
5. how ancient American civilizations obtained cacao
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in
Reading Passage 1? In boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

6. use cacao and chocolate in ceremonies was restricted Maya royal families
7. The Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes invested in chocolate and chocolate drinks.
8. The forastero tree produces the best chocolate.
9. some parts in cacao seed are get rid of during chocolate process.
10. Chocolate is welcomed more in some countries or continents than other parts around the world.

Questions 11-14
The flow chart below shows the steps in chocolate making.
Complete the flow chart using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each blank
Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.

Cacao seeds
sorting, cleaning and cooking ridding
seeds of their 11 ____________
Nibs

Crushing
12_____________

Add sugar, milk and 13 _________

Crumb mixture

crush Tinely then into a

shape in a 14 _______________
Chocolate

48
 17. Inspired by Mimicking Mother Nature
Using the environment not as an exploitable resource, hut as a source of inspiration
A. Researchers and designers around the globe endeavor to create new technologies that, by honoring
the tenets of life, are both highly efficient and often environmentally friendly. And while biomimicry is
not a new concept (Leonardo da Vinci looked to nature to design his flying machines, for example, and
pharmaceutical companies have long been miming plant organisms in synthetic drugs), there is a
greater need for Products and manufacturing processes that use a minimum of energy, materials, and
toxins. What’s more, due to technological advancements and a newfound spirit of innovation among
designers, there are now myriad ways to mimic Mother Nature’s best assets.

B. “We have a perfect storm happening right now,” says Jay Harman, an inventor and CEO of PAX
Scientific, which designs fans, mixers, and pumps to achieve maximum efficiency by imitating the
natural flow of fluids. “Shapes in nature are extremely simple once you understand them, but to
understand what geometries are at play, and to adapt them, is a very complex process. We only just
recently have had the Computer power and manufacturing capability to produce these types of shapes.”
“If we could capture nature’s efficiencies across the board, we could decrease dependency on fuel by at
least 50 percent,” Harman says. “What we’re finding already with the tools and methodology we have
right now is that we can reduce energy consumption by between 30 and 40 percent.”

C. It’s only recently that mainstream companies have begun to equate biomimicry with the bottom
line. DaimlerChrysler, for example, introduced a prototype car modeled on a coral reef fish. Despite its
boxy, cube-shaped body, which defies a long-held aerodynamic Standard in automotive design (the
raindrop shape), the streamlined boxfish proved to be aerodynamically ideal and the unique
construction of its skin-numerous hexagonal, bony plates-a perfect recipe for designing a car of
maximum strength with minimal weight.

D. Companies and communities are ílocking to Janine Benyus, author of the landmark book
Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (Perennial, 2002) and cofounder of the Biomimicry Guild,
which seats biologists at the table with researchers and designers at companies such as Nike, Interface
carpets, Novell, and Procter & Gamble. Their objective is to marry industrial problems with natural
Solutions.

49
E. Benyus, who hopes companies will ultimately transcend mere product design to embrace nature on
a more holistic level, breaks biomimicry into three tiers. On a basic (albeit complicated) level, industry
will mimic nature’s precise and efficient shapes, struchlres, and geometries. The microstructure of the
lotus leaf, for example, causes raindrops to bead and run off immediately, while self-cleaning and
drying its surface-a discovery that the British paint company Sto has exploited in a line of building
paints. The layered structure of a butterfly wing or a peacock plume, which creates iridescent color by
reíracting light, is being mimicked by cosmetics giant L’Oreal in a soon-to-be-released line of eye
shadow, lipstick, and nail varnish.

F. The next level of biomimicry involves imitating natural processes and biochemical “recipes”:
Engineers and scientists are now looking at the nasal glands of seabirds to solve the problem of
desalination; the abalone’s ability to self-assemble its incredibly durable Shell in water, using local
ingredients, has inspired an alternative to the conventional, and often toxic, “heat, beat, and treat”
manufacturing method. How other organisms deal with harmful bacteria can also be instructive:
Researchers for the Australian company Biosignal, for instance, observed a seaweed that lives in an
environment teeming with microbes to figure out how it kept free of the same sorts of bacterial
colonies, called bioĩilms, that cause plaque on your teeth and clog up your bathroom drain. They
determined that the seaweed uses natural Chemicals, called íuranones, that jam the cell-to-cell
signaling Systems that allow bacteria to communicate and gather.

G. Ultimately, the most sophisticated application of biomimicry, according to Benyus, is when a

company starts seeing itself as an organism in an economic ecosystem that must make thrifty use of
limited resources and creates symbiotic relationship with other like organisms. A boardroom approach
at this level begins with imagining any given company, or collection of industries, as a forest, prairie,
or coral reef, with its own “food web” (manufacturing inputs and outputs) and asking whether waste
Products from one manufacturing process can be used, or perhaps sold, as an ingredient for another
industrial activity. For instance, Geoffrey Coates, a chemist at Cornell, has developed a biodegradable
plastic synthesized from carbon dioxide and limonene (a major component in the oil extracted from
citrus rind) and is working with a cement factory to trap their waste CO2 and use it as an ingredient.

H. Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI), a global network of scientists, entrepreneurs, and
educators, has initiated ecoindustrial projects that attempt to find ways to reuse all wastes as raw
materials for other processes. Storm Brewing in Newfoundland, Canada-in one of a growing number of
projects around the world applying ZERI principles-is using spent grains, a by-product of the beer-
making process, to make bread and grow mushrooms.

As Industries continue to adopt nature 's models, entire manufacturing processes could
operate locally, with local ingredients-like the factories that use liquefied beach sand to make
windshields. As more scientists and engineers hegin to embrace biomimicry, natural organisms will
come to be regarded as mentors, their processes deemed masterful.

50
Questions 1-6
Look at the following descriptions mentioned in Reading Passage 1.
Match the three kinds of levels (A-C) listed below the descriptions.
Write the appropriate letters, A-C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

A First level: mimic nature’s precise and efficient shapes, structures, and geometries
B Second level: imitating natural processes and biochemical ‘recipes’
C Third level: creates symbiotic relationships with other like organisms
1 Synthesized Plastic, developed together with cement factory, can recycle waste gas.
2 Cosmetics companies produce a series of shine cosmetics colors
3 People are inspired how to remove excess salt inspired by nature
4 Daimler Chrysler introduced a fish-shaped car.
5 Marine plan company integrated itself into a part in economic ecosystem
6 natural Chemicals developed based on seaweed known to kill bacteria

Questions 7-14
Do the following statements agree with the iníormation in Reading Passage 1? In boxes 7-14 on your
answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage

7 Biomimicry is a totally new concept which has been unveiled recently.

8 Leonardo da Vinci has been the fírst designer to mimic nature
9 Scientists believe it involves more than mimicking the shape to capture the design in nature
10 We can save the utilization of energy by up to 40% if we take advantage of the current findings.
11 Daimler Chrysler’s prototype car modeled on a coral reef fish is a best- seller.
12 Some great companies and communities themselves are seeking Solutions beyond their own
industrial scope
13 The British paint company Sto did not make the microstructure of the lotus leaf, applicable
14 A Canadian beer Company increased the production the by applying ZERI principles

51
 18. Human Navigation-Finding Our Way
A. The human positioning System is flexible and capable of learning. Anyone who knows the
way from point A to point B--and from A to C- can probably figure out how to get from B to
C, too. But how does this complex cognitive System really work? Researchers are looking at
several strategies people use to orient themselves in space: guidance, path integration and
route following. We may use all three or combinations thereof. As experts learn more about
these navigational skills, they are making the case that our abilities may underlie our powers
of memory and logical thinking.

B. If you ask passersby for help, most likely you will receive information in many different
forms. A person who orients herself by a prominent landmark would gesture southward:
"Look down there. See the tall, broad MetLiíe Building? Head for that-the station is right
below it." Neurologists call this navigational approach "guidance", meaning that a landmark
visible from a distance serves as the marker for one's destination.

C. Another City dweller might say: "What places do you remember passing? ... Okay. Go
toward the end of Central Park, then walk down to St. Patrick's Cathedral. A few more blocks,
and Grand Central will be off to your left." In this case, you are pointed toward the most
recent place you recall, and you aim for it. Once there you head for the next notable place and
so on, retracing your path. Your brain is adding together the individual legs of your trek into a
cumulative progress report. Researchers call this strategy "path integration." Many animals
rely primarily on path integration to get around, including insects, spiders, crabs and rodents.
The desert ants of the genus Cataglyphis employ this method to return from foraging as far as
100 yards away. They note the general direction they came from and retrace their steps, using
the polarization of sunlight to orient themselves even under overcast skies. On their way back
they are faithful to this inner homing vector. Even when a scientist picks up an ant and puts it
in a totally different spot, the insect stubbornly proceeds in the originally determined direction
until it has gone "back" all of the distance it wandered from its nest. Only then does the ant
realize it has not succeeded, and it begins to walk in successively larger loops to find its way
home.

D. Whether it is trying to get back to the anthill or the train station, any animal using path
integration must keep track of its own movements so it knows, while returning, which
segments it has already completed. As you move, your brain gathers data from your
environment—sights, sounds, smells, lighting, muscle contractions, a sense of time passing—
to determine which way your body has gone. The church spire, the sizzling sausages on that
vendor's grill, the open courtyard, the train station--all represent snapshots of memorable

52
junctures during your journey.
E. In addition to guidance and path integration, we use a third method for finding our way. An
office worker you approach for help on a Manhattan Street corner might say: "Walk straight
down Fifth, turn left on 47th, turn right on Park, go through the walkway under the Helmsley
Building, then cross the Street to the MetLife Building into Grand Central." This strategy,
called route following, uses landmarks such as buildings and Street names, plus directions--
straight, turn, go through-for reaching intermediate points. Route following is more precise
than guidance or path integration, but if you forget the details and take a wrong turn, the only
way to recover is to backtrack until you reach a familiar spot, because you do not know the
general direction or have a reíerence landmark for your goal. The route-following navigation
strategy truly challenges the brain. We have to keep all the landmarks and intermediate
directions in our head. It is the most detailed and theretbre most reliable method, but it can be
undone by routine memory lapses. With path integration, our cognitive memory is less
burdened; it has to deal with only a few general instructions and the homing vector. Path
integration works because it relies most tundamentally on our knowledge of our body's
general direction of movement, and we always have access to these inputs. Nevertheless,
people often choose give route-following directions, in part because saying "Go straight that
way!" just does not work in our complex, man-made surroundings.

F. Road Map or Metaphor? On your next visit to Manhattan you will rely on your memory to
get around. Most likely you will use guidance, path integration and route following in various
combinations. But how exactly do these constructs deliver concrete directions? Do we
humans have, as an image of the real world, a kind of road map in our heads-with symbols for
cities, train stations and churches; thick lines for highways; narrow lines for local streets?
Neurobiologists and cognitive psychologists do call the portion of our memory th "cognitive
map." The map metaphor is obviously seductive: maps are the easiest way to present
geographic information for convenient visual inspection. In many cultures, maps were
developed before writing, and today they are used in almost every society. It is even possible
that maps derive from a universal way in which our spatial-memory networks are wired.

G. Yet the notion of a literal map in our heads may be misleading; a growing body of research
implies that the cognitive map is mostly a metaphor. It may be more like a hierarchical
structure of relationships. To get back to Grand Central, you first envision the large scale-that
is, you visualize the general direction of the station. Within that System you then imagine the
route to the last place you remember. After that, you observe your nearby surroundings to
pick out a recognizable storefront or Street corner that will send you toward that place. In this
hierarchical, or nested, scheme, positions and distances are relative, in contrast with a road
map, where the same iníormation is shown in a geometrically precise scale.
53
 Questions 15-19
Use the information in the passage to match the category of each navigation method (listed A-C) with
correct statement.
Write the appropriate letters A-C in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet. NB you may use any letter more
than once.
A. Guidance
B. Path integration.
C. Route following
15. Using basic direction from starting point and light intensity to move on.
16. Using combination of place and direction for destination.
17. Using a well-known building near your destination as orientation.
18. Using a retrace method from a known place if a mistake happens.
19. Using a passed spot as reference for a new integration.

Questions 20-22
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.
20. What does the ant of Cataglyphis respond if it has been taken to another location?
A. Changes orientation sensors improvingly B. Releases biological scent for help from others
C. Continues to move by the original orientation D. Totally gets lost once disturbed
21. Which of the following is true about "cognitive map" in this passage?
A. There is no obvious difference contrast by real map B. It exists in our head and always correct
C. It only exists under some cultures D. It is managed by brain memory
22. Which of following description of way findings correctly reflects the function of cognitive map?
A. It visualizes a Virtual route in a large scope
B. It reproduces an exact details of every landmark
C. Observation plays a more important role
D. Store or supermarket is a must in the map

Questions 23-27
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?
In boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true
FALSE if the statement is false
NOT GIVEN if the iníormation is not given in the passage
23. Biological navigation has a State of flexibility.
24. You will always receive good reaction when you ask direction.
25. When someone follows a route, he or she collects comprehensive perceptional information in mind on
the way.
26. Path integration requires more thought from brain compared with route- following.
27. In a familiar surrounding, your head will automatically figure out an exact map of where you are.

54
 19. Does class size matter?
A. Of all the ideas for improving education, few are as simple or attractive as reducing the
number of pupils per teacher. With its uncomplicated appeal, class-size reduction has lately
gone from being a subject of primarily academic interest to become a public issue. In the
U.S., more than 20 States have adopted policies aimed at decreasing class size.

B. One way investigators have attempted to analyze the effects of class size is by reviewing
existing data, such as records kept by the U.S. Department of Education. These show that
between 1969 and 1997, the average number of pupils per teacher in American public and
private elementary schools fell from 25 to 18, a decline of greater than 27 percent. In
secondary schools, the number also fell, from 19 to 14.
Does these findings mean that class size makes no difference? Not necessarily. For a variety
of reasons, most researchers, including us, pay little attention to those figures. For instance,
schools strive for more than just high test scores; they also usually try to keep their dropout
rates low. And indeed, the dropout rate for students aged 16 to 24 fell from 15 to 11 percent
over that period. Because dropouts generally come from the low end of the achievement
distribution, a reduction in the dropout rate could be expected to pull down average test
scores in the upper grades.
Ideally, U.S. students would all come from families that are financially well off, with two
highly educated, English-speaking parents who are involved in their children's schooling.
Teachers would all be Creative and have complete mastery of their subject matter. Schools
would be nicely outfitted with libraries, computers and other resources.

C. Over the past 35 years, hundreds of studies and analyses of existing data (such as the
Department of Education records) have íocused on class size. Uníortunately, most of these
studies were poorly designed. The notable exception was the STAR project. Students
entering kindergarten were randomly assigned to one of three kinds of classes: a small class
of 13 to 17 students, a regular-size class of 22 to 26.The students remained in whatever
category they had been assigned to through the third grade, after which they joined a regular
classroom in the fourth. To ensure that teaching quality did not differ, teachers were
randomly assigned to small and regular-size classrooms. Few teachers received any special
training for working with small classes, and there were no new curricular materials.

55
D. Charles M. Achilles of Eastern Michigan University found "an array of benefits of small
classes" in their review. They also found that the effect was stronger for minority students.
Black and Hispanic children improved their scores slightly more than did other students—a
significant finding from a policy standpoint. He argues, the STAR data cannot be used to
prove that the gains persist for years after a student has returned to regular-size classes. He
and others have also shown that during the study, too many children migrated from the
regular to the small classes, probably because school personnel caved in to parent demands.
Criticism does not undermine the findings of a statistically significant benefit of being in a
small class.

E. California's multi-billion- dollar effort, begun in 1996, stands more as a model of what
not to do than as an initiative worthy of emulation. That State is trying to reduce classes in
kindergarten through grade three from a maximum of 33 to a maximum of 20 in rich and
poor districts alike—despite a shortage of qualified teachers, especially in low-income
areas. This across-the-board approach may be politically expedient, but it seems to have
actually exacerbated the disparity in resources available to rích and poor schools in
Calitbrnia, The better-paying, more affluent districts got the best teachers — including a fair
number that came from the poorer districts, which were already having trouble recruiting
and retaining good teachers. The evaluators found a small but statistically significant
achievement advantage in reading, writing and mathematics for students in classes that had
been reduced to 20 or fewer pupils, as compared with the classes of more than 20.The
second program, Wisconsin's Student Achievement Guarantee in Education (SAGE), also
begun in 1996, was a five-year study. It was small — class size was reduced in just 14
schools — but noteworthy because it targeted schools in which at least 30 percent of the
students were below the poverty level.

F. Studies such as STAR and SAGE have made it hard to argue that reducing class sizes
makes no difference. On the other hand, the California initiative has shown that the strategy,
applied with too little íorethought and insight, can consume billions of dollars and, at least
in the short run, produce only minuscule gains and even some losses. Legislators and
administrators need mo re solid iníormation on the relative costs of the other options beíore
they can make sensible policy decisions.

56
 Questions 27-31

27. Criticism about STAR program due to some factors that are not reliable.

28. Two research programs have reached the same result.

29. Class-size reduction has gone from being a subject of primarily academic interest to become a public

issue.

30. Actions were taken to ensure the reliability of the data.

31. The existing data had been affected by many factors.

Questions 32-40
A: STAR
B: California
C: SAGE
32. Class’s composition was left by chance.

33. Small class size results in better performance even they went to the fourth grade.

34. The special groups got advantages from the program.

35. The program did some preliminary work.

36. The students remained in whatever category they had been assigned to through the third grade.

37. It targeted schools in which at least 30 percent of the students were below the poverty level. C

38. Some school need extra teacher's assistant to do this project.

39. The program aggravate the situation of the poorer districts, which were already having trouble

recruiting and retaining good teachers.

40.Students' background also affect their performance.

57
 20. Save the turles

A. Leatherback turtles follow the general sea turtle body plan of having a large, flattened, round body
with two pairs of very large flippers and a short tail. Like other sea turtles, the leatherback's flattened
forelimbs are adapted for swimming in the open ocean. Claws are absent from both pairs of flippers. The
Leatherback's flippers arc the largest in proportion to its body among extant sea turtles. Leatherback's
front ílippers can grow up to 2.7 meters (9 ft) in large specimens, the largest ílippers (even in
comparison to its body) of any sea turtle. As the last surviving member of its family, the leatherback
turtle has several distinguishing characteristics that differentiate it from other sea turtles. Its most
notable feature is that it lacks the bony carapace of the other extant sea turtles.

B. During the past month, four turtles have washed up along Irish coasts from Wexford to Kerry. These
turtles arc more typical of wamier waters and only occur in Irish waters when they stray off course. It is
likely that they may have originated from Florida, America. Two specimens have been taken to Coastal
and Marine Resources Centre (stored at the National Maritime College), University College Cork, where
a necropsy (post mortem for animals) will be conducted to establish their age, sex and their exact origin.
During this same period, two leatherback turtles were found in Scotland, and a rare Kemp's Ridley turtle
was found in Wales, thus making it an exceptional month for stranded turtles in Ireland and the UK.

C. Actually, there has been extensive research conducted regarding the sea turtles’ abilities to return to
their nesting regions and sometimes exact locations from hundreds of miles away. In the water, their
path is greatly affected by powerful currents. Despite their limited Vision, and lack of landmarks in the
open water, turtles are able to retrace their migratory paths. Some explanations of this phenomenon have
found that sea turtles can detect the angle and intensity of the earth’s magnetic fields.

D. However, Loggerhead turtles are not normally found in Irish waters, because water temperatures here
are far too cold for their survival. Instead, adult loggerheads prefer the warmers waters of the
Mediterranean, the Caribbean and North America's east coast. The four turtles that were found have
probably originated from the North American population of loggerheads. However it will require genetic
analysis to coníĩrm this assumption. It is thought that after leaving their nesting beach as hatchlings
(when they measure 4.5 cm in length), these tiny turtles enter the North Atlantic Gyre (a giant circular
ocean current) that takes them from America, across to Europe (Azores area), down towards North
Africa, before being transported back again to America via a different current. This remarkable round
trip may take many years during which these tiny turtles grow by several centimetres a year.
Loggerheads may circulate around the North Atlantic several times before they settle in the Coastal
waters of Florida or the Caribbean.

58
E. These four turtles were probably on their way around the Atlantic when they strayed a bit too far
north from the Gulf Stream. Once they did, their fate was sealed, as the cooler waters of the North East
Atlantic are too cold for loggerheads (unlike leatherback turtles which have many anatomical and
physiological adaptations to enable them to swim in our seas). Once in cool waters, the body of a
loggerhead begins to shut down as they get 'cold stunned', then get hypothermia and die.

F. Leatherbacks are in immanent danger of extinction. A critical factor (among others) is the harvesting
of eggs from nests. Valued as a food delicacy, Leatherback eggs are falsely touted to have aphrodisiacal
properties in some cultures. The leatherback, unlike the Green Sea turtle, is not often killed for its meat;
however, the increase in human populations coupled with the growing black market trade has escalated
their egg depletion. Other critical factors causing the leatherbacks’ decline are pollution such as plastics
(leatherbacks eat this debris thinking it is jellyfish; fishing practices such as longline fishing and gill
nets, and development on habitat areas. Scientists have estimated that there are only about 35,000
Leatherback turtles in the world.

G. We are often unable to understand the critical impact a species has on the environment—that is, until
that species becomes extinct. Even if we do not know the role a creature plays in the health of the
environment, past lessons have taught us enough to know that every animal and plant is one important
link in the integral Chain of nature. Some scientists now speculate that the Leatherback may play an
important role in the recovery of diminishing fish populations. Since the Leatherback consumes its
weight in jellyfish per day, it helps to keep Jellyfish populations in check. Jellyfish consume large
quantities of fish larvae. The rapid decline in Leatherback populations over the last 50 years has been
accompanied by a significant increase in jellyfísh and a marked decrease in fish in our oceans. Saving
sea turtles is an International endeavor.

59
 Question 1-6
Choose the most suitable headings for paragprahs B-G from the list of headings below.
There are more headings than photograph so you will not use them all.

i. Sea turtles are found in unusual locations

ii. Unique features of the Leatherbacks
1. Paragraph B iii. The Leatherback’s contribution
2. Paragraph C iv. Methods used for routes tracking
3. Paragraph D v. Predict the migration routes
4. Paragraph E vi. Remains multiplicity within the species
5. Paragraph F vii. The progress of hatching
6. Paragraph G viii. The fate of the lost turtles
ix. How trips suppose to look like?
x. Factors leading to population decline

Question 7-13
Choose words from the passage to answer the questions 7-13. Write NO MORE THAN THREE
WORDS for each answer.
7. How many Leatherback turtles are there in the world?
8. What is the most noticeable difference between other sea turtles and leatherbacks?
9. What candle leatherback turtles to die in Irish waters?
10. Where did the four turtles probably come from?
11. By which means can sea turtles retrace their migratory paths?
12. For what purpose are Green Sea turtles killed by people?
13. What kind of species will benefit from a decline in Leatherback populations?

60
 21. Taking nap

1-5 True/False/Not given

1. Majority of mistakes occurred in afternoon. True

2. Napping about 5 minutes could benefit the work. False

3. People work long hours tend to have sleeping problem. Not given

4. Staff need to take nap for 10 minutes can be positively effectives. True

5. Doing nothing is the culture of Australia. False

6-13 Summary
Then said that many companies have now discovered this problem. They want to encourage
employees to rest at noon, and buy facilities to help them say three kinds of facilities.

Facilities: that help taking

nap

6. cushion couch

A modern lounger with a 7. 8. lower back

Headphone on top of it

9. meditation room Background (quiet) 11. 12. bosses should understand

10. incense music positive effectives and take role then

except for the supervisor, staff take

nap 13. co-worker

61