Salale University

College of Agriculture and Natural Resource

Department of Forestry
First Round Model Exam Time allowed: 2:30hr
Choose the correct answer from the provided alternatives

1. Which of the following is wrong regarding distribution of biodiversity?

A. Species diversity decreases as we move from tropic to polar region
B. Species diversity increases as we move from lowland to highland area
C. Lower latitude generally has high species diversity than higher latitudes
D. Proximity to ocean can influence biodiversity distribution.
2. If the species have relatively large habitat/area requirements, and saving them automatically saves
many other species, which of the following indicates such species better.

A. Flagship species C. Keystone species

B. Umbrella species D. Indicator species

3. If you do biodiversity assessment in an area and you found high diversity, what does an area
suggests?
A. Food webs which are relatively simple
B. The environment is quite stressful
C. Environmental change is less likely to be damaging to the ecosystem
D. relatively few successful species in the habitat
4. Identify wrong statement/s about biodiversity conservation
A. Ex-situ conservation strategy is complementary to in-situ conservation
B. If the seed of the species is large and fleshy using seed bank as conservation strategy is
recommended
C. Protected areas are typical examples of in-situ conservation strategies
D. Ex-situ conservation strategy may Freezes the evolutionary process
5. For species that are protected by the law and overharvesting occurs, this is known as _____

A. Poaching C. Hunting
B. Cropping D. Fishing

6. From the following alternatives which one is correctly ordered from expensive to less expensive
degraded ecosystem management activities
A. Restoration----Rehabilitation--- Reclamation
B. Rehabilitation --- Restoration--- Reclamation
C. Rehabilitation----Reclamation--- Restoration
D. Restoration---- Reclamation-- Rehabilitation
7. From the following alternatives identify the correct statement/s
A. Forest landscapes with a variety of age classes and species suggest less frequent, smaller
scale disturbance
B. Forest landscapes with a variety of age classes and species suggest more frequent, smaller
scale disturbance
C. Forest landscapes supporting large areas of single-age stands indicate high frequent, and
intense large-scale disturbances
 D. It is not possible to predict future forest disturbance from prom previous disturbances
8. Where exotic monoculture timber plantations have been established but the management objective
has changed to production plus conservation or just conservation, which intervention method is
appropriate

A. Passive restoration C. Enrichment planting

B. Re seeding D. Direct seedling

9. Which of the following is wrong about forest ecosystem degradation ‘

A. Fragmentation of forest ecosystem cannot cause inbreeding depression
B. With or without the effect of human exercises, a few biological systems degrade to the point
where they can’t help the life
C. Climate change and other anthropogenic activities change land use and land cover and finally
leads to Nobel ecosystem
D. poverty is cause and consequence of forest degradation
10. One of the following is not the aim of restoration forestry
A. Improving biophysical landscape
B. Improving local wellbeing of the society
C. Improving biodiversity of an area
D. Rejecting ideas of local community in decision making process
11. In which succession stage water, nutrients, and sunlight are plentiful due to the lack of existing
vegetation

A. Stand initiation C. understory re initiation

B. stem exclusion D. competition

12. Why non-timber forest products are more interested than timber production now days?
A. The poor were not the real beneficiaries of investment of timber production
B. Non timber forest product utilizations have several environmental damages than timber utilization
C. Timber utilization is compatible with forest conservation
D. Large investment of timber production is easy for local community living in rural areas
13. From the following plant species one is associated with sericulture

A. Mulberry C. Mushroom
B. Bamboo D. Forest coffee

14. In NTFP management natural regeneration is one option, which of the following condition/s
appropriate for this management option?

A. If there are no enough resource base in wild ecosystem,

B. If there are enough knowledge and skills for propagation and cultivation techniques, and
C. If it is difficult to get viable seeds.
D. A&C

15. The following alternatives are a reason for Use of traditional medicinal plant associated with
conservation except:
A. Secrecy on use and plant name
B. Conservation at sacred areas
C. Selective harvesting of plant part
D. Traditional medicinal plants are cheap than the other medicine
16. Of the following Gum products found in Ethiopia, the country has potential, but no actual production
and marketing has been reported yet.
 A. Gum karaya C. Frankincense
B. Gum Arabic D. Hagar

17. Which one of the following forest harvesting system is preferred for the establishment of an even-
aged stand?

A. Selective cutting B. Clear-cutting C. Shelter wood cutting D. Seed-tree cutting

18. A type of log extraction in which tree segments/log are move along the ground from the stamp to a
landing area with help of a horse, wheel skidder or tractor is:

A. Yarding C. Forwarding

B. Skidding D. Aerial extraction

19. A preferred harvesting technique which is necessary for wildlife, habitat stability & esthetics is:
A. Selective cutting B. Clear-cutting C. Shelter wood cutting D. Seed-tree cutting
20. In which of the following sawing method, heartwood and sapwood are not separated

A. Quarter Sawing Method C. Plain sawing method

B. Tangential Sawing Method D. None

21. Which one of the following is a common component for both tactical and strategic harvesting plan?

A. Short term plan C. Map

B. Long term plan D. Written plan E.C & D

22. One of the following is wrong about the advantage of shelter wood cutting system.

A. Soil is not completely denudated

B. The young crop is protected against adverse climatic factors.

C. Suitable system for regeneration of both light demanding and shade bearer species

D. Require less skill of silvicultural workers

23. Which one of the following represents the correct phase of logging/harvesting operation?

A. Felling__Log extraction__Log processing__Hauling

B. Felling__Log processing__Log extraction__Hauling

C.Felling__Haulling__Log processing__Log extraction

D.Hauling__Felling_Log processing_Log extraction

24. The act or process of transversely cutting the stem or branches of a felled tree into logs is:

A. Bucking C. Limbing

B. Landing D. Crosscutting E.A&D

 25. Which one of the following is is/are objectives of harvesting plan?

A. To Provide efficient access to the forest for silvicultural, protection and transport purposes

B. To minimizing harvesting and transport costs.

C. To identifying opportunities to coordinate timber harvesting with the collection of non-timber forest
products.

D. To Protect the health and safety of workers and the public

E. All.

26. Which one of the following is not an objective of wood seasoning/drying?

A. It stops shrinkage of wood on drying C. It makes wood more durable

B. It avoid dead knots D. It makes wood resistant to decay E. All

27. Which one of the following sampling method is recommendable if the forest is composed of
heterogeneous age classes?

A. Stratified Random Sampling C. Systemic Sampling

B. Simple Random Sampling D. None

28. Assume that you have a 200ha of forest land and you want to do forest inventory by taking 8 sample
plots of 20m by 20m. How many ha will be the size of your sample plot?

A.0.42ha C. 400ha

B.0.32ha D.40ha

29. What is the value of basal area of a tree if the circumference at breast height is 60 cm?

A.0.6 C.0.028

B.0.06 D.0.28

30. All are the aims of applying silvicultural systems in dry tropical forests, except:
A. to conserving, rehabilitating and replacing forest abuse with sustained yield
B.to discouraging of ecological as well as socio-economic values of the forests
C. produces planned harvests of forest products over the long term.
D. to enhancing the productivity of forest
31. The removing of multiple stems from trees leaving a single stem is called:
A. salvage cutting B. singling C. sanitation cutting D. liberation
32. Which one of the following is not the importance of singling in both plantations and natural forests?
 A. improve the quality of the remaining uncut stem
B. produces some fire wood from cut stems
C. decrease the growth of the remaining uncut stem
D. to produce high quality timber
33. Which one of the following is not among factors affecting tree growth and species choice?
A. Seasonal deficiency of water C. Low temperatures
B. B. High temperatures D. Forest structure
34. Which one of the following is true about spacing?
A. Closer spacing is adopted to species which develop a large crown
B. Shade tolerant species require wider spacing than light-demanding species
C. Slower growing species need to be planted at close spacing to elongate the time of canopy closure
D. Wider spacing is recommended if the objective of forester is pole production
35. Of the following, one is odd
A. Limited to sprouting species C. Genetic quality
B. Nutrient depletion D. limited to short rotation crop
36. Which one of the following is not the effect of spacing on the stand quality?
A. time to canopy closure C. tree sizes and yield
B. misuse of land D. growth rate
37. What are the Characteristics of Fodder trees?
A. High leaf production C. Drought resistant
B. Rapid growth D. All
38. In which one of the following production objectives do the thickness and length of wood fibers are more
desired?
A. Pole production C. Timber production
B. Pulp and paper D. Charcoal
39. Which one of the following is said to be hazardous condition for plantation?
A. Waterlessness C. Hilly
B. Swampy area D. all
40. Which one of the following is not the disadvantages of close spacing?
A. Seedling costs C. Weed competition
B. Sunlight competition D. Below ground competition
41. Which one of the following datum is not necessary during record keeping
A. Local name of the species C. Temperature regime of the site
B. Name of collector D. None
42. One of the following is example of natural high forests in Ethiopia

A. Dry woodlands C. The Combretum- Terminalia

B. The moist evergreen montane vegetations
forests D. Acacia-Commiphora woodland

43. What determines species choice?

 A. objective/ purpose C. species requirement
B. site characteristics and D. All
44. Scope of seed technology encompasses
A. enhancing germinability C. Harvesting and storability
B. Seed handling techniques D. All
45. Which one of the following is not the objective of thinning?
A. reducing the stocking of the stand C. removing the unwanted branch of a tree
B. removing the poorly formed individuals D. gaining an intermediate financial return
46. Which one of the following sentence is not true?
A. Moisture content of seeds tends to vary with atmospheric humidity
B. How clean the seed indicates germination percentage
C. Seed storage methods can be determined by characteristics of the seed
D. Dormancy is useful to prevent seed germination during storage
47. All are the characteristics of unclassified seed source except one
A. It emphasizes on quantity rather than C. It emphasizes on genetic quality rather
quality than quantity
B. Provides sizeable amount of seeds in a D. All
short time and at low cost
48. The type of dormancy occurred due to the Presence of chemical inhibitors within the
embryo/endosperm is called
A. Exogenous dormancy C. Endogenous dormancy
B. Combined /double dormancy D. None
49. If the nursery man desires to determine the identity of mother trees, which one of the following seed
collection method is more applicable?
A. Collection of fallen seeds C. Collection from the crown
B. Manual shaking D. Mechanical shaking
50. How do you think can dormancy poses problems to the nursery man?
A. Irregularity of germination C. Occupation of nursery beds for a long
B. Increased production costs period of time
D. All
51. Which one of the following is true about spacing?
A. If quantity of production is the main interest, Closer spacing will be appropriate
B. For large sized products like saw log, closer spacing is more appropriate
C. Wider spacing is recommended if the objective of production is firewood and pulpwood
D. Closer spacing is more appropriate for species with high canopy closure
52. Which one of the following is not the characteristic of bare-rooted seedling?
A. requires favorable weather conditions D. Seedlings can be stored in the field for
B. Unreliable longer period of time
C. Easy to transport and handle
53. Regarding to nursery site, One of the following is odd among others
A. Roads B. Fences
 C. Seed beds D. Non-productive areas
54. On the basis of irrigation facilities nurseries are classified into dry nursery and wet nursery; what is
the difference between the two?
A. The former is maintained by irrigation while the latter is maintained without any artificial
watering
B. The former is temporal while the latter is permanent
C. The former is maintained without any artificial watering while the latter is maintained by
irrigation
D. All
55. One of the following is not the role of urban greening as part of plantation development
A. Investment C. Customer attraction
B. Employment D. None
56. What is the characteristic of permanent nursery?
A. Established for the short-term seedling C. It is established only to fulfil seasonal
production requirements
B. Produce high quantity seedlings per D. Produce thousands of seedlings and
hectare sometimes called flying nursery
57. Which one of the following is not among the ecological roles of forest?
A. Environmental rehabilitation C. Timber production
B. Habitat for wildlife D. Soil and water conservation
58. The system used to name all living B. Latin names
organisms is properly called ________.
C. scientific names
A. binomial classification
D. all of the above

59. Which of the following is the correct order of classification, from most specific to most broad?

A. Species, Family, Genus, Class, Order, Kingdom, Phylum.

B. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

C. Species, Genus, Order, Family, Class, Phylum, Kingdom.

D. Phylum, Class, Kingdom, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

60. Identification of trees according to species is called _____.

A. Forestry C. Ecology

B. Silvics D. Dendrology

61. Which of the following serves as a quick referral system in taxonomical studies?

A. Museum C. Zoological park

B. Herbarium D. Botanical garden

 62. The most important characteristics to use in tree identification are ___.

A. bark, fruit, twigs and leaves C. fruit, twigs, leaves, color and taste

B. bark, growth habit, leaves D. Twigs, bark, fruit, site

63. Labels are pasted on the herbarium sheets over…

A. Right hand top. C. Right hand bottom.

B. Left hand top. D. Left hand bottom.

64. Why we collect plant materials with flowers and/or fruits/ reproductive organs for herbaria?

A. Because they are conservative structure. C. Because they are unessential for
identification.
B. Because they are sensitive to climatic zone of
the vegetation. D. Because they have different characteristics
from place to place.

65. Which of the following is not a function of tree roots?

A. serve as an anchor for the tree C. absorb water from the soil

B. Conduct photosynthesis D. all of the above

66. _____ carries plant food manufactured in the leaves down to the branches - trunk and roots.

A. heartwood C. phloem

B. sapwood D. xylem

67. Which of the following factors may predispose a tree to insect or disease damage?
A. controlling wildlife damage C. planting only those species adapted to the site
B. harvesting over mature trees D. planting trees in low quality sites

68. A fire that has been started intentionally by a forester to be used as a management tool is a ___.

A. crown fire C. surface fire

B. prescribed burn D. wildlife

69. The best control of forest insects and disease problems is though ___.
A. prevention through proper forest practices D. the removal of all trees showing insect or
B. the application of appropriate chemicals disease damage
C. the introduction of exotic insect predators
70. Pathogens are:
A. disease causing organisms C. used in biological control
B. wood boring insects D. both a & c
 71. Dutch Elm disease is capable of damaging even healthy trees because:
A. it attacks the entire tree all at once
B. It is caused by air-borne organisms and is impossible to control
C. native species have little or no resistance to this disease
D. all of the above

72. Which of the following is a biological means of controlling / managing forest pests?
A. prevent wood contact with damp soils C. thin overstocked stands
B. release a parasite to reduce pest population D. use conventional pesticides

73. Which of the following is a Silviculture practice that is used to control / manage forest pests?
A. destroy logging slash, cones, branches C. release parasites to control infestation
B. harvest mature / over mature trees D. spray with a pesticide

74. Herbicide damage to trees may be indicated by:

A. elongated cankers C. twisting of needles & stunted growth
B. tumor-like enlargements on the trunk D. yellow to orange lesions on the bark

75. The best way to control forest insects or diseases is to __________.

A. spray as soon as a disease or insect is noticed
B. use integrated pest management
C. harvest all trees near the infestation immediately
D. all of the above

76. A forest fire which is out of control is called a _______.

A. ground fire C. suppression fire
B. spot fire D. wild fire

77. The discovery, confinement and extinguishing of a forest fire is called _____.
A. fire fighting C. firebreak
B. fire suppression D. burning

78. Chemicals used to control unwanted forest plants are classified as _____.
A. forest pesticides C. forest insecticides
B. forest herbicides D. forest fungicides

79. Dutch elm disease is spread by ______.

A. wind C. water (through the ground)
B. insects D. fire

80. Soft cambium and newly formed wood is damaged by these enemies which leave tunnels as a sign of
damage.

A. bark borers C. sap suckers

B. defoliators D. tip feeders

81. Insects that produce abnormal growth on twigs, limbs, trunks or leaves are ___.

A. gall forming insects B. root feeders

C. seed eaters D. wood borers

82. When frass is found at the base of a tree the probable cause is _________.

A. aphids C. caterpillars

B. boring insects D. scale

83. All of the following causes of defoliation. EXCEPT_________

A .Occurrence of forest pests and diseases C. Known as forest pests

B. Insects are causing serious problem D. fruits and seeds of forest trees increasing

84. All of the following methods and tactics are used in breaking the Fire Triangle, EXPCP

A. Digging a line or trench to separate the fire from the surrounding fuel

B. Spraying water or using dirt to “smother” the fire in order to remove the oxygen.

C. Adding fuel

D. Cooling with water or dirt to remove the heat.

85. An example of a stem canker disease is ____________.

A. chestnut blight C. Fomes

B. Dutch elm disease D. white pine blister rust

86. One of the following is not threats of forest ecosystems.

A. Deforestation C. Forest fire

B. Illegal lodging D. restoration

87. Which of the following is not true about heartwood?

A. Heart wood may be difficult to penetrate with liquids

B. Heartwood may be light in color than sapwood

C. Heartwood has a slightly higher weight per unit volume than sap wood

D. Heart wood may be highly decay and insect resistance

88. Which of the following is the unique feature that separates hardwoods from softwoods?

A. The presence tracheid cells in hardwood C. The presence of fibers in softwood

B. The presence of vessel elements in D. All

hardwood
89. Assume you are wanted to established wood processing industries in Ethiopia, which of the
following tree species you are going to recommend as the source of raw material for furniture
industries?

A. Ficus sur C. Croton macrostachyus

B. Cordia africana D. Acacia decurrens

90. Which of the following chemical constituent of wood is responsible for odor, color and decay
resistance?

A. Lignin C. Cellulose

B. Hemicellulose D. Extractive

91. When the liquid water in the lumens has been removed but the cell wall still saturated is termed as

A. Equilibrium moisture content C. Fiber saturation point

B. Hygroscopic D. Anisotropic

92. The oldest wood working machine that used for turning pieces of wood on its axis to produce
various cylindrical and circular shapes

A. Tenoning machine C. Lathe machine

B. Jointer machine D. Shaper machine

93. The machine type used to saw irregular shapes, circle and rip straight pieces which equipped with
lower and upper wheels that used for clock wise rotation of the blades is?

A. Band saw machine C. Thicknesser machine

B. Jointer machine D. shaper machine

94. Which of the following not correct about commercially important softwood and hardwood species in
Ethiopia?

A. Juniperus procera, Podocarpus falcatus, Cupressus lustanica and Pinus patula are the known
softwoods.

B. Eucalyptus species, Cordial africana, Croton macrostache, Prunus africana and Hyginia
abyssinica are the known hardwoods.

C. Juniperus procera , Podocarpus falcatus, Cordial africana, Croton macrostache are the known
softwoods

D. All of the above

95. Which tree part listed below is considered non-living?

A. Cambium C. Inner bark

B. Heartwood D. Sapwood
96. The ability of the wood to resist external forces or load tending to change its size and alter its shape
is?

A. Stress C. Deformation

B. Strain D. Stiffness

97. The process of refining and protecting a wood surface from biodegradable is

A. Wood planning C. Wood sizing

B. Wood finishing D. Wood joining

98. Which of the following adhesive is used widely in Ethiopia for production of plywood and particle
boards?

A. Phenol formaldehyde C. Melamine formaldehyde

B. Urea formaldehyde D. Resorcinol

99. Which type of machine is frequently used for ripping, cross cutting, dados and rabbet making using
different sizes of saw blades in furniture industry?

A. Radial arm saw machine C. Circular saw machine

B. Band saw machine D. Jointer machine

100. Which types of wood species is used in Ethiopia for production of plywood and chip wood?

A. Cordia africana

B. Eucalyptus globulus

C. Cupressus lustanica

D. Pinus patula