Physics Cambridge A Level Book Answers

lOMoARcPSD|35081720
Physics cambridge a level book answers
Physics 9702 (The Cedar School)
Scan to open on Studocu
Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Trang Tran Thu ([email protected])
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK
Exam-style questions and sample answers have been written by the authors. In examinations, the way marks are awarded
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 1
Exam-style questions
1 A [1] b By Pythagoras’ theorem, displacement =
2 C [1] 2.22 + 152
3 a distance = speed × time = 15 200 m [1]
=
120 × 2.0
[1]
at an angle = tan −1
( 215.2 ) [1]
60 = 8° E of N or a bearing
bearing of 008° [1]
= 4.0 km [1] c time for 2.2 km at 2.0 m s − 1
=
2200
2
b The car’s direction of motion keeps = 1100 s [1]
changing. Hence, its velocity keeps total time = 1100 + 900 = 2000 s [1]
changing. In the course of one lap, d average speed = distance
its displacement is zero, so its average time
velocity is zero. [1] 17200
= [1]
2000
c distance travelled in 1 minute = 1
= 8.6 m s
−
[1]
0.5 × circumference but, displacement =
diameter of track [1] e average velocity = displacement
time
circumference 15200
=
π
= [1]

2000
4000m = 7.6 m s
1
−
[1]
= = 1270 m [1]
π

6 resultant velocity = 1.02 + 2.402
4 a By Pythagoras’ theorem, distance 2 = 2.6 m s 1
−
[1]
2 2 2
= 600 + 800 m [1]
at an angle of tan −
( 2.4 )
1 1.0
[1]
= 1000
1000 000 = 100
1000
0m [1] = 23° E of N or a bearing
7 a Distance in a (particular) direction [1]

b angle at B = tan 1
−
( 800
600 )
[1]
b When athlete returns to his original
displacement = 1000 m at an angle 53° W position or the start [1]
of N or a bearing
(direct) distance from original position
1000
c velocity = 60 zero [1]
1 8 boy
= 16.7 m s −
[1] s/m
38
40
36 35
at an angle 53° W of N [1] girl
30
5 a distance in car = 0.25 × 60 = 15 km [1]
25
total distance = 2.2 + 15 = 17.2 km [1] 20
15
10
5
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10 11 12
t/s
Cambridge International AS & A Level Physics – Sang, Jones, Chadha & Woodside
1 © Cambridge University Press 2020
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
–1
a Straight line from t = 0, s = 0 to t = 12, 100kmh
s = 36 [1]
b Straight line from t = 0, s = 0 to t = 5,

N
s = 10 [1]
Straight line from t = 5, s = 10 to t = 12, –1
500kmh
s = 38 [1] resultant
c 10 s where the graphs cross [1]

9 a Each second, it travels a constant
distance. [1]
At least two examples: 108 − 84 = 24, b Correct vectors dra
drawn
wn and labelled [1]
84 − 60 = 24, 60 − 36 = 24 cm [1]
Scale stated and diagram of
distance 24
b speed = time
=
0.1
[1] sufficient size [1]
1
= 240 cm s −
[1] Resultant velocity 510 (±10) km h 1
−
[1]
c 108 + 2 × 24 [1] 11° W of N or a bearing of 349° (±3°) [1]
= 156 cm [1] c 0.25 × 510 = 128 ≈ 130 km 11° W of N [1]
d distance = 240 × 0.001 = 0.24 cm [1] 11 a velocity of aircr
B
The smallest scale division on the ruler is
2 cm and so each dot is blurred by about
7.5ms–1 –1
1/10th of a scale 15ms
be observable butdivision.
difficult This
to seemight just
[1]
10 a Vector quantities have direction, and
A
scalar quantities do not. [1]
Correct vector diagram [1]
One example of a vector, e.g., velocity,
Velocity of aircraft in still air in easterly
acceleration, displacement, force [1]
direction or calculation [1]
One example of a vector
vector,, e.g., speed, time,
b 5000 5000 [1]
mass, pressure [1] t =
15
= 333 s and 13.5
= 370 s
total time = 703 or 704 s or 703.7 s [1]
10000 1
average speed =
703
703.7
= 14.2 m s −
[1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 2
change in speed
Exam-style questions b acceleration = [1]
time taken
1 A (Take care to change 200 km h −1 into m s−1
(Take (50 − 25 )
= = 1.25 m s
2
[1] −
and 1.4 km into 1400m.) [1] 20

distance tra
travelled
velled = average speed × time
2 C [1] taken [1]
( 25 + 50 )
3 C [1] average speed = = 37.5 m s 1
−
[1]
2
4 Using v2 = u2 + 2as [1] distance tra
travelled
velled = 37.5 × 20 = 750 m [1]
(v 2 − u2 )
distance s = 2a [1] c B must travel
travel an extra 50 m; its additional
(302 − 10 2 ) speed is 10 m s 1 −
[1]
= [1]
2 × 4.0 50
= 100 m [1] so, time required = 10 = 5 s [1]
d Consider car A: it travels at 40 m s 1 for
travels −
5 Using v = u + at [1]
25 s [1]
final velocity = 50 − 0.50 × 100 [1] = 0 [1]
1
total distance travelled 40 × 25 = 1000 m [1]
Using s = ut + at2 [1]
2 8 a component of velocity = v sin 30° [1]
vertical component
distance tra
travelled
velled =
50 × 100 − 0.5 × 0.50 × 1002 [1] = 5.6 sin 30° = 2.8 m s −1
[1]
1 2
= 2500 m [1] Using s = ut + 2
at with a = −g and s = 0 [1
[1]]
2.8
Train slows to rest and covers a distance of t =
4.9
= 0.57 s [1]
2500 m [1]
b horizontal component of velocity =
6 a Using s = ut + 1 at2 [1]
2 v cos 30° [1]
2 2
s = 20t − 0.5 × 9.8t = 20t − 4.9t [1] = 5.8 cos 30° = 4.85 m s − 1
≈ 4.9 m s 1
−
[1]
b Substituting values of t in the equation horizontal distance = speed × time [1]
gives [1]
= 4.85 × 0.57 = 2.77 m ≈ 2.8 m [1]
after 2.0 s, displacement = 20.4 m ≈ 20 m [1] 9 a 0.2 = 12 × 9.81 × t2 [1]
after 6.0 s, displacement = −56.4 m ≈ t = 0.202 s ≈ 0.20 s [1]
−56 m [1]
b i v2 = u2 + 2as; 2.912 = 1.922 + 2a ×
c Substituting s = 0 gives [1] 0.25 [1]
0 = 20t − 4.9t2 [1] 2 2
a = 9.56 m s −
≈ 9.6 m s −
[1]
t =
20 [1]
4.9 ii Air resistance [1]
t = 4.08 s ≈ 4.1 s [1] Acts in the opposite direction to
7 a distance travelled at constant speed the velocity and so reduces the
= speed × time [1] acceleration [1]
= 40 × 20 = 800 m [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
10 a i Ball travels upwards (or reverses 12 a v2 = u2 + 2as; 0 = v2 − 2 × 2 × 140 [1]

direction) on bouncing. [1] 23.7 ≈ 24 m s − 1
[1]
ii In both cases, the ball is accelerating v 23.7
due to gravity only. [1] b t = = 0.39 s
= [1]
60
s
iii Initial height of the ball above the The reactio
reaction
n time is approximately 0.3 s,
ground. [1] so the driver was alert. [1]
100000
iv − 1
= =
1
−
Ball does or
position. not(Kinetic)
bounce as high is
energy aslost
initial c 100 km h1 60 × 60 27.8 m s
≈ 28 m s
−
[1]
(as heat/internal energy) during the
bounce. [1] The driver was not speeding, as the speed
of 24 m s 1 is less than the speed limit. [1]
−
b i v2 = u2
2as leading to
+
v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 1.2 [1] 13 a Constant gradient [1]
v = 4.85 m s 1
−
≈ 4.9 m s 1
−
[1] b i 1.55 (±0.05) s [1]
ii v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 0.8 [1] ii Area under graph calculated between
1 1 t = 0 and t = 1.55 s [1]
v = 3.96 m s −
≈ 4.0 m s −
[1]
1.55
iii v = uleading to
+ at = 15 × = 11.6 ≈ 12 m [1]
2
4.85 = −3.96 + a × 0.16 [1] iii Area between t = 1.55 s and t = 4.1 s [1]
2
a = 55.1 ≈ 55 m s −
[1] 31.8 ≈ 32 m; accept error carried
Upwards direction [1] forward from time in i [1]
11 a Tangent drawn at t = 0.7 s and gradient of c i The initial speed of the ball or the
graph determined [1] hot-air balloon is 15 m s 1 −
[1]
2
a = 0.8 (±0.2) m s −
[1] ii The acceleration is in the opposite
b Acceleration is constant from t = 0 to direction to the initial speed of the
about t = 0.5 s [1] ball. or The acceleration
acce leration due to gravity
is downwards and the ball initially
Acceleration decreases from t = 0.5 s [1] rises. [1]
Gradient constant from t = 0 to t = 0.5 s
14 a v2 = u2 + 2as; 202 = 0 + 2 × 9.81 × s [1]
and decreases from t = 0.5 s [1]
s = 20.4 ≈ 20 m [1]
c Area under the graph used [1]
b v = u + at; 20 = 0 + 9.81 × t [1]
Correct method, e.g. trapezium rule or
squares counted [1] t = 2.04 ≈ 2.0 s [1]
distance = 0.20 ± 0.01 m [1] c distance = 80 × 2.04 = 163 m ≈ 160 m [1]
d Random errors:
errors: the points are either side
of the line [1]
Systematic errors: the whole line is shifted
up or down [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 3
3 ×10 3 m −
Exam-style questions 6 a speed = [1]

0.005 s
1
1 D [1] = 0.6 m s −
[1]
2 A [1] 6000 m
b speed = [1]
change in velocity
3 ×10 3 s −
3 a average acceleration = [1]

time = 2 × 109 m s −1
[1]
70 3 2 8 ×10 − 12
m
= = 140 × 10 m s
−
[1] c speed = [1]
0.00
0005
05 4 ×10 9 s −
average force = mass × acceleration [1] = 2 × 10

3
ms1− −
[1]
= 14 000 × 0.046 = 6440 N or 6.4 kN to 2
sig. figs [1] 7 a i The Earth [1]
weight ii Upwards [1]
b mass = [1]
g
iii Gravitational force [1]
mass = 6440
9.8
≈ 660 kg [1]
4 a weight = mass × g [1] b i The Earth or the ground under the
man [1]
weight = 70 × 1.6 = 112 N [1]
ii Downwards [1]
b resultant force = force up − force down [1]
iii Contact force [1]
= 500 − 112 = 388 N upwards [1]
resultant force 8 a i F = ma = 1100 × 1.5 = 1650 N [1]
c acceleration = [1]
mass
388
ii 1650 + 600 = 2250 N (so that
=
70
−2
= 5.54 m s upwards [1] resultant force is still 1650 N) [1]
5 a At first, the only force is the weight, [1] 1 1
but as its speed increases viscous drag b s = ut + at2 = 2
× 1.5 × 102 [1]
2
increases. [1] s = 75 m [1]
1
When viscous drag equals weight, the 9 a 1.5 m s −
[1]
acceleration is zero and the speed is
b Constant velocity is reached when weight
constant. [1]
= upward force due to air resistance [1]
b Put rubber bands around the cylinder
cylinder,, Air resistance increases with speed. [1]
the same vertical distance apart along
Air resistance is less than the weight of
the cylinder. [1]
the metal ball even at 2.5 to 3.0 m s 1 [1] −
Time the ball between the bands. [1]

c Initial acceleration is acceleration due
When terminal velocity is reached, the
to gravity or 9.81 m s 2 [1]−
time taken between successive bands

will be constant. [1] Initially, neither ball has any air
Initially,
resistance. [1]
Starting and stopping the stopwatch
involves random error. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
10 a F = ma = 1200 × 8
[1] b For example, body moves to the Moon
2
or rises above the Earth [1]
F = 4800 N [1]
Amount of matter is constant, but force
b i kg m s 2
−
[1] due to gravity is less on the Moon or at
ii kg m − 1
[1] altitude [1]
iii 4800 = b × 502 [1] c Mass: kg [1]

− 1 2 − 2 −2
b = 1.92 (kg m or N s m ) [1] Weight: kg m s [1]
iv drag force = 1.92 × 302 = 1728 N [1] 12 a For a body of constant mass, the
acceleration is directly proportional to
acceleration = (4800 − 1728)/1200 =
the resultant or net force applied to it. [1]
2.6 m s 2 −
[1]
Directions of the acceleration and the
v Sketch graph showing increasing
resultant force are the same. [1]
gradient and force values marked at
speeds of 0 and 50 m s 1 −
[1] b i It increases the time. [1]
Resistive force increases with speed,

Resistive ii If time increases then acceleration
so resultant force and acceleration decreases. [1]
decrease. [1] Since F = ma, when acceleration is less,
11 a Mass is the amount of matter in a body. [1] the net force is less, and there is less
force between the ground and the
Weight is a force [1]
legs. [1]
due to gravity acting on the body
body.. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720

lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 4
Exam-style questions e The contact force balances the
component of weight at 90° to slope [1]
1 C [1]
so, contact force = weight × cos 20° [1]
2 B [1]
4000N
= 1.5 × 9.8 cos 20° = 13.8 N = 14 N to 2
sig. figs [1]
3 a drag
5 a horizontal component of tension in string
1 = tension × cos 60° [1]
4000N = 1.0 × cos 60° = 0.50 N to the left [1]

[2]
horizontal component of tension in string
b Correct diagram to scale [1] 2 = tension × cos 30° [1]
= 6130 N (allow also calculation from = 0.58 × cos 30° = 0.50 N to the right [1]
components) [1] These components cancel, as there is no
4 a contact force resultant horizontal force
force.. [1]
b vertical component of tension in string 1
= tension × cos 30° [1]
friction
= 1.0 × cos 30° = 0.87 N upwards [1]
vertical component of tension in string 2
= tension × cos 60° [1]
weight
[2] = 0.58 × cos 60° = 0.29 N upwards [1]
b component of weight down slope c weight is balanced by upward

= weight × cos 70° or weight × sin 20° [1] components of tensions [1]
= 1.5 × 9.8 × cos 70° = 5.03 N = 5.0 N = 0.87 + 0.29 = 1.16 N = 1.2 N to 2 sig. figs
to 2 sig. figs [1] [1]
c Friction balances the component of d

weight down slope (as contact force is
1.0N
at 90° to slope) [1]
weight
so, friction = 5.03 N up the slope = 5.0 N
to 2 sig. figs [1]
0.58N
d uncertainty in angle = ±1° [1]
[1]
Smallest and largest values of friction
force are 4.79 N and 5.27 N [1] e By Pythagoras’ theorem, [1]
so, uncertainty is (5.27 − 4.79)/2 = weight = 1.16 N = 1.2 N to 2 sig. figs [1]
0.24 N or ±0.2 N [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 5
Exam-style questions 7 a Rate at which work is done or work
done/energy change per second [1]
1 B [1]
W [1]
2 B [1]
1 mass × velocity2
b kinetic energy = × [1]
3 a Loss of gra
gravitational
vitational potential energy → 2
gain in kinetic energy [1] gain in k.e.

c power = [1]
time taken
b Kinetic energy → heat (in the brakes) [1]
1 2
× 1100 × 18
c Loss of gra
gravitational
vitational potential energy → =
2 = 7130 ≈ 7.1 kW [1]
gain in kinetic energy [1] 25
8 a i vertical distance = 40 sin 5° = 3.49 m [1]
4 a i horizontal distance moved = 0.5 × 16
= 8.0 m [1] p.e.. lost
p.e = mgh = 90 × 9.81 × 3.49 [1]
horizontal component of force = 3078 ≈ 3100 J [1]
= 200 cos 30° = 173 N [1] 1 1
ii k.e. increase = mv2 = × 90 × 122 [1]
2 2
work done = 173 × 8.0 = = 6480 J [1]
1.39 × 103 J ≈ 1.4 kJ [1]
b i energy produced by cyclist =
ii Weight acts at 90° to
6480 − 3078 = 3402 J [1]
displacement [1] energy
useful power output = =
so, work done = 0 J [1] time
3402
iii Contact force acts at 90° to [1]
displacement [1] 67
power = 50.8 ≈ 51 W [1]
so, work done = 0J [1]
ii Energy is wasted [1]
b 86.6 ≈ 87 W [1] as work done against friction in the
5 Truck: k.e. = 1 mv2 = 9.0 MJ [1] axle/chain or against air resistance. [1]
2
Dust particle: k.e. = 1 mv 2
= 14 MJ [1] 9 a Work is the product of force and
2 distance moved. [1]
The dust particle has greater kinetic energy
than the truck. [1] The distance moved is in the direction
of the force. [1]
6 a gain in g.p.e. = mgh [1]
= 950 × 9.8 × 50 = 4.66 × 105 J ≈ 4.7 × 105 J b i As he falls, his potential energy
[1] decreases, his kinetic energy increases
work done and internal energy (thermal energy/
b time = [1] heat) is produced as work is done
power
against friction. [1]
4.6
666 × 105
t= = 116.5 ≈ 120 s [1] decrea se in p.e
decrease p.e.. = increase in k.e.
4000
+ internal energy produced [1]
c wasted power = 2.9 kW [1]
wasted energy = power × time [1]
= 2900 × 116.5 = 3.4 × 105 J [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii Graph with axes labelled and Ep ii Gravitational p.e. is energy due to

decreasing linearly from 1000 J to 0 [1] position in a gravitational field. [1]
Ek increasing from 0 when h = 0 [1] Elastic p.e
p.e.. is energy containe
containedd in a
Ek increases as a straight line to a stretched or squashed object. or When
value below 1000 J at h = 15 m [1] an object is raised above the Earth’s
surface its gravitational p.e. increases. [1]
1000 When a positively charged object
is brought near another positively
J Ek charged object its electric p.e.
p.e.
/ Ep
y
g
increases. [1]
r
e
n
E (Maximum [2])
b i mass = density × volume

6 10
= 1030 × 1.4 × 10 × 10.0 = 1.442 × 10
15 h/m
10
≈ 1.4 × 10 J [1]
10 a k.e. = work done on body to increase
speed from 0 to v = F × s [1] ii Water falls an av
average
erage distance of
5.0 m when released through turbines.
since F = ma and v2 = u2 + 2as and u = 0,
p.e. lost = mgh =
p.e.
s= v2
2a 1.442 × 1010 × 9.81 × 5.0
v2 1 also use of h = 10 m)
(accept also [1]
k.e. = ma × = mv2 [1]
2a 2 p.e.. lost
p.e = 7.07 × 1011 ≈ 7.1 × 1011 J
1 or ×
12
=
b i k.e. = 2 =
mv × 800 × 202 =
160 000 J ( 1.4 10 J if h 10 used) [1]
2 [1] iii energy output = 0.5 × (value in ii)
energy 160000 = 3.5 × 10
11
J (or 7.1 × 1011 J
power = = = 2.6
677 × 10 4
time 6 if h = 10 used) [1]
≈ 2.7 × 10 W 4
[1] energy 3. 5 ×1011 J
power = = (or
time 6 × 60 × 60
ii Air resistance increases (with speed). [1] 7.1× 1011 J
if h = 10 used) [1]
Net driving force less or more energy 6 × 60 × 60
(per second) wasted, so less availa
vailable
ble power = 1.64 × 107 ≈ 1.6 × 107 W (or
to increase k.e. [1] 3.3 × 107 W if h = 10 used) [1]
11 a i The potential energy of a body is the
energy stored in the body by reason of
its position or shape
shape.. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 6
Exam-style questions 7 a i In an elastic collision, both momentum
and kinetic energy are conserved. [1]
1 C [1]
ii In an inelastic collision, momentum is
2 B [1] conserved but not kinetic energy
energy.. [1]
3 D [1]
b change in momentum =
4 The law of conservation of momentum momentum after − momentum before [1]
applies if the Earth is considered to rise as = 0.35 × 2.5 − 0.35 × (−2.8) =
the ball falls. The momentum of the Earth 1.855 kg m s 1 ≈ 1.9 kg m s 1
− −
[1]
upwards equals the momentum of the ball
downwards. [1] c When the table (plus the Earth) is also
The weight of the ball has an equal and considered, thento

the ball is equal the initial
the final momentum
momentum of
upwards force on the Earth due to Newton’s
of the ball added to the momentum of
third law. [1]
the snooker table, and so momentum is
5 a momentum of ball before striking wall conserved. [1]
1
= mass × velocity = 2 × 3.0 = 6.0 kg m s
−
towards the ball [1] 8 a change in momentum =

mass × change in velocity [1]
momentum after striking the wall
= 6.0 kg m s
1−
away from the wall [1] = 1100 × (−24) = −26 400 N s ≈
−26 000 N s [1]
change in momentum of ball = 12 kg m s 1 −
away from the wall [1] change in momentum

b force = [1]
time
b There is no change in kinetic energy as the 26400
ball’ss speed and mass are unchanged. [1]
ball’ = = 1320 N ≈ 1300 N [1]
20
6 a linear momentum = mass × velocity [1] c average speed during braking = 12 m s 1 [1] −
so, distan
distance
ce travelled in 20 s = 12 × 20 =
b [units of1 mass] × [units of velocity] =
kg m s −
[1] 240 m [1]
9 a momentum = mass × velocity [1]
c Using v2 = 2as, 1
= 0.10 × 0.40 = 0.040 kg m s −
[1]
1
v = ( 2 × 3.5 × 40 ) = 280 = 16.7 m s −
[1]
b For each marble, component of
so, momentu
momentum m = mass × speed
momentum in x-direction = hal
halff of
= 900 × 16.7, so momentum
4 1 original momentum = 0.020 kg m s − 1
[1]
= 1.5 × 10 kg m s
−
[1]
0.020
020
so, momentum of one marble =
cos45°
d combined momentum to left
1
= 0.0283 kg m s
1 −
[1]
= 3.0 × 4.0 − 2.0 × 4.0 = 4.0 kg m s
−
[1]
and velocity = 00.0283
0283
.10
= 0.283 m s
−1
≈
combined mass = 8.0 kg [1] 0.28 m s 1 −
[1]
so, velocity after collision 1 1
c k.e. before = 2
mv2 = 2
× 0.10 × 0.402 =
4.0
= = 0.50 m s
1
−
to the left [1] 0.0080 J [1]
8.0 1
k.e. after = 2× × 0.10 × 0.2832 = 0.0080 J
2 [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
10 a initial momentum of ball = 0.16 × 25 b i Momentum is conserved, as there

1
= 4.0 kg m s
−
[1] are no external forces / the system
change in momentum = 4.0 − (−4.0) is closed. [1]
1
= 8.0 kg m s
−
[1] Momentum of alpha-particle in one
8 direction must equal that of uranium
b force = change intime
momentum
=
0.00
003
3
[1]
nucleus in the exactly opposite
= 2667 N ≈ 2700 N direction for the change to be zero. [1]
− 27 × − 25 ×
(This is the force on the ball but is equal ii 6.65 × 10 v
α
+ 3.89 × 10 vx = 0
and opposite to the force on the bat.) [1] [1]
va
c The bat slows down. [1] iii = −58.5 ≈ −58 or −59 [1]
vx
The law of conservation of momentum 13 a Momentum and kinetic energy [1]
requires that the change in momentum
of the ball and of the bat are equal but in b i momentum = 0.014 × 640 = 8.96 or
opposite directions
directions.. [1] momentum ≈ 9.0 kg m s 1 [1]
−
Energy is neither created nor destroy

destroyed,
ed, ii Bullets leave with momentum forwards
but thermal energy (heat/internal energy) and gun has equal momentum
and sound are created from the drop in backwards. [1]
k.e. (of the bat). [1] To stop motion/momentu
motion/momentum m of the gun,
The impact is non-elastic. [1] the soldier must provide a force. [1]
∆p
11 a The total momentum before the collision iii F = ; 140 = n × 8.96 [1]
is equal to the total momentum after the ∆t
= or
interaction. [1] number
15 or 16 of bullets per second 15.6 [1]
The system is closed or there are no
external forces acting. [1] 14 a
b i final momentum = initial momentum Change in Initial Final

0.35v = 0.25 × 30 [1]
momentum / kinetic kinetic
1
kg m s−
energy / J energy / J
1
v = 21.4 ≈ 21 m s −
[1]
truck X 6.0 × 104 2.5 × 105 4.0 × 104
ii change in momentum
= 0.25 × 30 − 0.25 × 21.4 [1]
truck Y 6.0 × 104 1.5 × 104 1.35 × 105
change in momentum = 2.14 ≈ One mark for each correct change in
2.1 kg m s 1 or 2.15 ≈ 2.2 kg m s
− 1
−
[1] momentum [2]
1 One mark for correct kinetic energy
iii change in total kinetic energy = 2 values for X [2]
2 1 2
× 0.25 × 30 −
2
× 0.35 × 21.4 [1] One mark for correct kinetic energy
change in total k.e. = 32.4 ≈ 32 J [1] values for Y. [2]
iv The arrow stops and the ball moves b total initial k.e. = 2.65 × 105 J and total
of 30 m s 1
off with a speed of [1] −
final k.e. = 1.75 × 105 J [1]
Relative speed remains unaltered in
Relative Collision is not elastic, because the total
an elastic collision, 30 m s 1 [1] −
k.e. has decreased in the collision [1]
4
∆p 6. 0 × 10
12 a i The total kinetic energy before the c force = = [1]
collision is equal to the total kinetic ∆t 1.6
energy after the collision. [1] 3.75 × 104 ≈ 3.7 or 3.8 × 104 N [1]
ii In a completely inelastic collision, the

maximum amount of kinetic energy is
lost (subject to the law of conservation
of momentum, which must be
obeyed). [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 7
stress
Exam-style questions d Young modulus = [1]
strain
2. 0 × 108
1 C [1] =
9
= 4.0 × 10 Pa [1]
0.050
2 D [1] e percentage uncertainty in E = the %
3 a i Density is the mass per unit volume uncertainty in the extension = ±2% [1]
of a substance. [1] absolute uncertainty = 0.02 × 4.0 × 109 =
ii Base units kg m 3
−
[1] ±8.0 × 107 Pa [1]
b i Pressure is the normal force acting 7 a For the point at the top of the straight line:
per unit cross-sectional area. [1] force 10.0 7
stress = = = 6.67 × 10 Pa
2 area 1. 5 ×10 7 −
ii −
=
Base
kg m units
s 2 m given
− 2
− by N
= kg m
1 m
s2
− −
[1] [1]
extension
strain =
4 The y- axis should be labelled F / N and the
y-axis original length
x-axis labelled extension / m. [1] 3
0. 8 ×10 −
= = 0. 4 ×10 3
−
[1]
Your graph should have a straight line from 2.0
the origin to the point where force = 5 N and stress
extension = 0.25 m [1] Young modulus = = 1.67 × 1011 Pa
strain
After the straight line, the graph continues ≈ 1.7 × 1011 Pa [1]
with a positive gradient but the gradient b energy stored = 1
× force × extension [1]
2
decreases. [1]
3
= 0.5 × 10.0 × 0.8 × 10 −
= 4.0 × 10 3 J−
[1]
5 Your diagram should show the two springs
connected one below the other. [1] c work done = average force × extension [1]
load = 7.5 N × 0.4 × 10 3 m = 3.0 × 10 3 J
− −
[1]
extension of one spring = [1]
2.0 spring constant 8 a 0.27 − 0.16 = 0.11 N [1]
= = 0.10 m [1]
20 b mass of water displaced = 0.11/9.81 =
Each spring has the same force,
force, so the same
0.0112 kg [1]
extension [1]
so, total extension = 0.20 m [1] volume = mass water displaced/density =
6 a cross-sectional area = πr2 = 1.96 × 10−7 m2 1.1 × 10 5 m3
−
[1]
or cross-sectional area ≈ 2.0 × 10−7 m2 [1] c weight of liquid displaced =
b weight = stress × area [1] 1.12 × 10 5 × 800 × 9.81 = 0.088 N
−
[1]
weight = 2.0 × 108 × 1.96 × 10 7

−
= 39.3 N ≈ new reading = 0.27 − 0.088 = 0.18 N [1]
39 N [1] 9 a P has largest Young modulus. [1]
extension
c strain = [1] P has steepest gradient or largest value of
length
0.050 stress/strain (before breaking). [1]
= = 0.050 or 5.0% [1]
1.0
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b Labelled diagram showing wire and b From the graph, strain = 4.0 × 10 3 [1] −
weights used to stretch wire [1] x

strain =
L
Method of viewing extension, e.g.,
x = 4.0 × 10 3 × 3.5 = 1.4 × 10 2 m (1.4 cm) [1]
− −
travelling microscope and marker [1]

breaking force
Series of weights and extensions noted [1] c breaking stress = [1]
cross-sectional area
Diameter of wire measured [1] breaking force =
9 − 3 2
× × p × ×
Initial
‘marker’length of wire measured to [1] 1.52 10 [ (0.42 10 ) ] [1]
= 842 ≈ 840 N [1]
Graph of force (y -axis) against extension
y-axis)
d At 0.6 GPa,
(x-axis) drawn [1]
FL force = 0.6 × 109 × [π × (0.42 × 10−3)2] = 333
Young modulus, E =
Ax N [1]
= gradient of force −extension graph × 1 1
energy stored = 2
Fx = 2
× 333 × 1.4 ×
length 10−2 [1]
[1]
area = 2.33 ≈ 2.3 J [1]
10 a Tensile stress is the ratio of the force 13 a i The spring constant or the stiffness
to cross-sectional area in a wire. [1] of the spring [1]
Tensile strain is the ratio of extension ii The energy stored in the spring or the
to initial length. [1] work done in extending the spring [1]
60 1 1
b i stress = [1] b i energy stored = 2
kx2 = 2
× 80 × 0.062
1. 3 ×10 6 −
[1]
stress = 4.62 × 107 ≈ 4.6 × 107 Pa [1]
stress 62 × 107
4.62 = 0.144 ≈ 0.14 J [1]
ii strain = = [1]
E 2.1×1011 ii The law of conservation of
strain = 2.2 × 10 4 −
[1] momentum must be obeyed. [1]
iii extension = strain × original length The momentum of each trolley

extension = 2.2 × 10 4 × 1.6 −
[1] must be equal (but opposite) and, as
extension = 3.52 × 10 4 ≈ 3.5 × 10 4 m [1]
− −
momentum = mv and the masses are
equal, then speeds must be the same. [1]
11 a Tensile [1]
iii 2× 1 mv2 = 0.144 [1]
Railway line expands on heating, reducing
Railway 2
stress. or Railwa
Railway
y line becomes unstressed v = 0.60 m s − 1
[1]
when line expands with temperature 14 a i mass = density × volume = ρAh [1]
and stresses are less than for higher
temperatures. [1] force or weight of liquid
ii pressure = [1]
F 2. 6 × 105 7
area
b i stress = A = 5. 0 ×10 3 = 5.2 × 10 −
[1] pressure = pAhg = ρhg [1]
A
stress 5. 2 ×107 b i height difference in manometer =
strain = = [1]
E 2.1×1011 60 cm = 0.60 m [1]
= 2.48 × 10 4 ≈ 2.5 × 10 4 m (0.025 %) [1]
− −
pressure difference = ρhg =

2.4
488 ×10 4 −
1000 × 0.6 × 9.81 = 5886 ≈ 5.9 × 103 Pa

ii temperature rise = [1]
1. 4 ×10 5 −
[1]
= 17.7 ≈ 18 °C [1]
ii force or weight = pressure × area force
12 a E = gradient of the graph [1] or weight = 5886 × 0.05 [1]
1. 2 ×109
=
3
[1] force or weight = 294 ≈ 290 N [1]
8. 0 × 10 −
= 1.5 × 1011 Pa [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
CAMBRIDGE INTERNA
INTERNATIONAL
TIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK
15 a p = ρhg = 1000 × 0.5 × 9.81 [1] 16 a k = F/x = 2.0 × 9.81/(0.280 − 0.250) [1]
= 4905 ≈ 4900 Pa [1] = 650 N m−1 [1]
b At the same depth in the same liquid. b Upthrust; causes a rise of 0.020 m [1]
or If pressure is different, liquid would
= 650 × 0.020 = 13 N [1]
flow
flo w from X to Y (and
( and there is no depth
difference). [1] c mass of liquid displaced = upthrust/9.81 =
c =
1.325 kg [1]
force downby
multiplied onarea
baseof base
pressure at X or Y[1]
volume of liquid displaced = volum
volumee of
The weight of the liquid is the downwar
downwardsds metal = mass/density of liquid = 0.0011
force on the base minus the upwards m3 [1]
force on the top horizontal surface in the
d mass/volume [1]
liquid. or Force down on base assumes
liquid is all of height 0.5 m above base but = 1800 kg m−3 [1]
container has some parts with water of
depth only 0.3 m. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 8
Exam-style questions 10 a i Arrow from left to right [1]
ii Arrow (and label) from left-hand
1 C (Power =VI thus I = P/V = 100/12 Q = It
electrode to positive terminal or
= (100/12) ×150 =1250 C) [1]
from negative terminal to right-hand
2 C (to define e.m.f. you must state that it is electrode [1]
the energy transferred per unit charge) [1]
b i charge = charge per ion × numbe
numberr of
3 Q = It [1]
ions = 1.6 × 10−19 × 3.6 × 1016 [1]
= 0.150 × 40 × 60 [1]
charge = 5.76 × 10−3 ≈ 5.8 × 10−3 C [1]
= 360 C [1]
ii I = ΔQ/Δt = 5.8 × 10−3/(8.0*60) [1]
Q
4 t= [1]
I I = 0.000 012 A = 12 µA [1]
2000 [1] 11 a Recognition that the current in the
Recognition
= 50 s milliammeter = current in the tube [1]
40
Q = It = 4.5 × 10−3 × 3 × 60 [1]
5 Q = It [1]
Q = 0.81 C [1]
= 30 × 103 × 2000 × 10−6 [1] total
total cha
charge
rge 8.1×10 − 1
b n= = [1]
= 60 C [1] ch
charg
argee per
per el
elct
ctro
ron
n 1.6 ×10 19
−
V 4.5
6 a I= = [1] = 5.06 × 1018 ≈ 5.1 × 1018 [1]
R 15
Correct powers of 10 throughout [1]
= 0.30 A [1]
V 230 c W = VQ = 75 × 1.6 × 10−19 [1]
b R= = [1]
I 6.5 W = 1.2 × 10−17 J [1]
= 35 Ω [1]
12 a electron number density, n = numb
number
er of
c V = IR = 2.4 × 3.5 [1] 3
atoms in 1 m = number of atoms in

8900 kg [1]
= 8.4 V [1]
7 a Q = It = 2.4 × 10 × 60 [1] 8900 × 6. 0 × 1026
= = 9.89 ×1028 ≈ 1029 m 3
−
54 [1]
= 1440 C [1]
b W = QV = 1440 × 6.0 [1] b drift velocity

velocityvv = I / nAe [1]
= 8640 J [1] = 3.5 × 10 3
−
/ 9.9 ×1028 × 5.0 ×10 8
−
× 1.6 × 10 19
−
[1]
8 W = QV = 1.6 × 10−19 × 50 × 103 [1]
= 4.4 × 103 mm s−1 [1]
= 8.0 × 10−15 J [1]
P 450 13 a The potential difference across the terminals
9 urrent taken by the hairdryer = = [1]
V 120 of a cell is the work done per unit change of
= 3.75 A [1] charge in the external circuit. [1]
so, fuse taken is 5 A, the nearest above
above the The e.m.
e.m.f.
f. of a cell is the work done per
supplied current [1] coulomb of charge in the complete circuit.
[1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b i Q = It = 100 × 3600 [1]

0.1
= 360 000 C [1] 15 a percentage uncertainty = × 100%
2.4
ii W = VQ = 12 × 360 00
000 W [1] = 4.1% [1]
V 8.9
W = 4.3 × 106 J [1] b R= =
I 2.4
V 2 122
c R= = [1] = 3.7 Ω
W 27 3.7
=
= 5.3 Ω [1] resistance per unit length 80 ×10 3
−
= 46  m 1
−
[1]
14 a Recognition that Energy = power × time [1]
= 1000 × 60 × 60 = 3600 000 J = 3.6 M J [1] c Add the percentage uncertainties = 2 +
P 9. 5 ×103 4.1 + 5 = 11% (rounded) [1]
b i I = = [1]
V 230 absolute uncertainty = 46 ×11% = 5 Ω m −1
11
= 41 A [1] (rounded) [1]
ii Very large
large current could cause heating
heating
of wires or voltage drop on sockets [1]
iii 50 A (or any value up to 100 A) [1]
c W = Pt = 9500 × 5 × 60 [1]
= 2.9 MJ [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 9
Exam-style questions 8 a The potential difference across the
terminals of a battery is the energy
1 B [1] transferred per coulomb of charge in
2 D [1] the external circuit. [1]
3 a W = 3.6 A to the right [1] The e.m.
e.m.f.
f. of a battery is the energy
transferred per coulomb of charge in the
b X = 4.3 2.4 1.9 downwards
− = [1] complete circuit. [1]
c Y = 4.8 2.7
− = 2.1 A to the left [1] b i 0.75 A [1]
d Z = 4.3 4.3
− = 0 [1] ii V = IR = 0.75
75 × 12 [1]
= 9.0 V [1]
4 X = − =
6.5 2.0 4.5 mA to the right [1] iii Use the circuit loop including both
Y 4.5 4.2 0.3 downwards [1]
= − =
batteries and the 3 Ω resistor:
5 a X 2.2 1.4 0.8 V
= − = [1]
9.0 = E2 + (1× 3 ) [1]
b X = 6.3 + 2 .4 − 5 .0 = 3.7 V [1] E2 = 6.0 V [1]
c X = 6.0 1.4 2.4
− − = 2.2 V [1] V 6
iv I = = [1]
X = 4.3 + 4.7 = 9.0 V R 12
d [1]
= 0.50 A [1]
Y = 9.0 V [1]
1.8 9 a The ammeter goes in the main circuit. It
6 a current in resistor I = = 8.2 mA [1] must have
have a low resistance so little energy
220
b p.d. across the lamp V 6.0 1.8 = − = 4.2 V is transferred in it / there is a small p.d.
[1] across it. [1]
6.0 b i resi
resista
stanceof
nceof thevoltm
thevoltmete
eterr and
c resistance R = V /I = = 730 Ω [1]
0.00
0082
82 1 1 −
d harge Q = It = 0.0082 × 60 [1] 400 Ω resistor = (1200 + 400 ) 1
= 0.492 C [1] = 300 Ω [1]
Q 0.492 9.0
n= = [1] urrent in the circuit = = 0.03 A [1]
19
e 1. 6 ×10 −
300
18
= 3.1 × 10 [1] potentialdropacross
7 a current in Y = 2.0 0.5 1.5 A
− = [1] 100 Ω resistor = 0.03 × 10
100 = 3.0 V
b p.d. across Y = 0.5 × 6.0 = 3.0 V [1] therefore, e.m.f. = 9.0 + 3.0 = 12.0 V [1]
3
so, resi
resist
stan
anceo
ceoff Y = = 2Ω [1]
1.5
c p.d. across X 12 3 9.0 V
= − = [1]
9.0
so, resi
resist
stan
anceo
ceoff X = = 4.5 Ω [1]
2.0
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii new resistanceof
resistanceof the
thecomb
combinat
ination
ion b resi
resista
stanceof
nceof theuppe
theupperr arm
1 1 = ( 40 + 20 ) = 60 Ω [1]
= ( + )−1 = 387 Ω
12000 400 resi
resista
stanceof
nceof thelowerarm
[1]
−1
9.5  1 1 
new current = = 0.0246 A
0246 [1] =  +  + 96 = 120 Ω
387  60 40  [1]
p.d. ac
acro
rossth
ssthee new 1 1 1
resi
resista
stanceof
nceof net
networ
work
k= ( + ) −
combination = 387 × 0.0246 60 120

= 9.53 ≈ 9.5 V [1] = 40 Ω [1]
iii The voltmeter is in parallel
parallel with the c total potential difference across whole
main circuit [1] lower arm = 6.0 V [1]
so it reduces the resistance of any p.d. acr
acrossthe
ossthe par
parall
allelsecti
elsection
on
combination it is in, as shown in
24 [1]
answers b i and b ii. [1] = × 6.0 = 1.2 V
120
10 a Resistance is the potential difference
current through 60 Ω resistor = 1.2/60 =
across a component divided by the current
0.02 A [1]
in it. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 10
Exam-style questions The greater the temperature
temperature,, the greater
the number of electrons that can escape,
1 B [1] so the more charge carriers there are and
2 A [1] the lower the resistance. [1]
3 a i When p.d. is 2.0 V, current I is 0.25 A [1] ρL 1.3 ×10 8
−
× 1.5
6 a resistance = =
6
[1]
so, resistance R = 2.0/0.25 = 8 Ω [1] A 0.008 × 10 −
= 2.4 Ω [1]
5.0
ii resistance = = 10 Ω [1] RA 30 × 8. 0×10 −9
0.50 b L = = [1]
8
ρ 1.30
3 0 ×10 −
b A filament lamp [1]

= 18.5 ≈ 18 m [1]
4 a Graph showing a current greater than 7 a V = IR = 0. 4
48
8×5 [1]
zero at 0 °C, with a positive gradient; it
may or may not be linear [1] = 2.4 V [1]
b Use the graph as a calibration graph. b i urrent = 0. 7

72
2 0. 48
−48 = 0. 2
24
4 [1]
Keeping the voltage across the thermistor ii 0.24 A [1]
constant, place the thermistor at the point
where the temperature is to be measured. c Resistance of the thermistor decreases [1]
[1] so circuit resistance decreases [1]
Read the current and convert to a so ammeter reading increases [1]
temperature using the calibration graph. [1]
8 a The atoms vibrate more [1]
5 a The number density of free electrons is
very high in copper. [1]
so their effective cross-sectional area
increases and there are more collisions. [1]
In silicon, the number density of free
electrons is very much less (a million times b Cross-sectional area [1]
less). [1] Material of which the wire is made [1]

In a metalli
metallicc conduct
conductor,
or, such as copper,
c i R =V =
1.5
[1]
the vibration of the ions increases their I 0.24
effective cross-section to the migrating = 6.25 Ω [1]
electrons. [1] 8
ρL 1.69 ×10 −
× 5.0
ii R = so A = [1]
b The higher the temperature, the more A 6.25
vibration, hence, the greater the effective = 1.35 × 10−8 m2 [1]
cross-section and the more collisions there 4A
are between the electrons and the ions. = = 1. 3 × 10 − 4
m [1]

This reduces the mean drift velocity
velocity.. [1]
d Less area open to air [1]
In semiconductors, thermal energy gives
Less cooling, therefore
therefore,, temperature
electrons sufficient energy to escape
esc ape from
rises [1]
their parent atoms. [1]
Current decreases [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ρL b i Straight horizontal line

9 a R = and A is thickness × width, (assuming V is on x-axis) [1]
A
ρL ii As above resistanc e [1]
above,, but at a higher resistance
so t = [1]
Rw iii Both at a (slightly)
(slightly) higher level [1]
2.3 ×103 × 36 ×10 − 3
c R ∝ length: 2 × length → 2 × resistance [1]
t = [1]
6 3
1.1×10 × 32 ×10 −
R ∝ 1/cross-sectional area: 2 × diameter

= 0.0023 m (2.3 mm) [1] → 4 × area → 14 × resistance [1]
V 12 new resistance = 2 × 1
=
1
× original
b I = = [1] 4 2
R 1.1×106 resistance [1]
= 1.1 × 10−5 A [1]
12 a
c Resistance decreases [1] d 0. 4 × 10 3 2−
R 4 π( )2 0.28 × π × ( )
RA 2 2
Current would increase [1] ρ = = =
L 2.25 2.25
Silicon wafer would get even hotte
hotterr, with
avalanche effect creating more and more [1]
charge carriers [1] = 1.56 × 10−8 Ω m [1]
10 a i, ii [2] 0.02
i b i diameter: uncertainty = = 5.0%
0.40
0.05
length: uncertainty = = 2.2% [1]
2.25
resistance: uncertainty = 0.01 = 1.8%
0.28 [1]
ii
ii totalpercenta
totalpercentage
ge uncer
uncertain
tainty
ty
b Diode has very low resistance
(in forward direction), so large current [1] = ( 2 × 5.0 ) + 2.2 + 1.8 = 14% [1]
Heating would lead to damage to

14
diode/supply [1] actual uncertainty = 1.5
566 ×10−8 ×
V 1.4 100
c = = [1] 22 × 10 Ω m [1]
= 0.22 −8
3
I 20 ×10 −
= 70 Ω [1]
11 a The current through the resistor is
proportional to the p.d. across it [1]
at constant temperature
temperature.. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 11
Exam-style questions 5 a The resistance due to the work done (or
energy transferred) in driving current
1 B [1] through the cell [1]
2 C [1] which equals the ‘lost volts’ divided by
3 a terminal p.d. = 2.5 × 0.30 = 0.75 V [1] the current. [1]
There is work done inside the cell against b i E = I ( R + r ) = 0.625 ( 2 + r ) [1]
the internal resistance. or There is a
= 0.341( 4 + r )
voltage (lost volts) across the internal
resistance. [1] r = 0.40 Ω [1]
b E = V + Ir [1] ii Substitution into E = I(R + r) so

1.5 = 0.75 + 2.5 × r so 2.5r = 0.75 [1] E = 1.50 V [1]
so, r = 0.30 Ω [1] c Internal resistance is too high [1]
c i power P = I 2 R = 2.52 × 0.30 [1] Maximum current < 4 A [1]
1.8
8775 ≈ 1.8
= 888W 6 a The e.m.
e.m.f.
f. of a cell is the work done per
ii Power
Power for 0.5 Ω: total resistance
resistance coulomb of charge [1] in the complete
R + r = 0.80 Ω circuit. [1]
1.5 b There is no/negligible current through
current = = 1.875 A [1]
0.8 the high resistance voltmeter and, hence,
the cell. When the resistor is connected
connected
power = 1.8752 × 0.5 = 1.76 W [1]
in parallel there is a much larger current
Power for 0.2 Ω: total resistance
Power through that and the cell. [1]
R + r = 0.50 Ω There is now a potential drop as electrical
electr ical
1.5 work is done against the internal
current = = 3.0 A [1]
0.5 resistance of the cell. [1]
power = 3.02 × 0.20 = 1.80 W [1] V 8.40
c i I= = [1]
4 a i The test cell is the wrong way round R 12
[1] 0.70 A [1]
so he must reverse it. [1] ii lost volts = 0.54 V [1]
lost v
voolts 0.54
ii At the balance point, the ammeter r= = = 0.77 Ω [1]
reading is zero. [1] I 0.7
iii The resistance of the voltmeter >
>>
>r
e.m.f . 2.25 or R [1]
b = [1]
1.434 34.6 7 a In circuit 1, the p.
p.d.
d. across the bulb
2.25 varies from 0 to 240 V. [1]
so, e .m.f . = × 1.43 9 33 V
4 34 = 0.93 [1]
34.6 In circuit 2, it never falls to zero. [1]
V 2 2402
b i R= = [1]
P 60
= 960 Ω [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii Resistance is greater when switched b E = I (R + r ) [1]

on. or Resistance is lower at room
= 0.6 × (8 + r ) = 1.50 × ( 2 + r ) [1]
temperature. [1]
r = 2.0 Ω [1]
Resistance of a metal increases with
increasing temperature (or decreases Substitution into either equation gives
with decreasing temperature). [1] E = 6.0 V [1]
8 a Voltmeter reading will decrease [1] 10 a A diagram similar to Figure 11.13 [2]
because current through R2 decreases. [1] b i ± 0.2 cm [1]
R2 470 R1 15.4
b Vout = Vin so, 2.0 =
× × 9 ii = = 0.36 [1]
( R1 + R2 ) 470 + R1 ( R1 + R2 ) 42.6
[1]
R1 15.4
R1 = 1645 ≈ 1600 Ω [1] iii = [1]
R2 ( 42.6 − 15.4 )
c resistance
resistance of R2 and voltmeter in parallel
−1
0.57 [1]
 1   1  iv uncertainty in R1 = ±0.2 cm;
  +   = 903 Ω [1]
  1645   2000 )   percentage uncertainty = 1.3%
R2 903 uncertainty in R2 = ± 0.2 cm;
Vout = ×Vin = = 5.9V [1]
( R1 + R2 ) (1645 + 903) percentage uncertainty = 0.5% [1]
9 a i Straight line through origin with total percentage uncertainty

= 10.7 + 0.5 = 11.2 ≈ 11%
positive gradient [1]
Graph axes labelled V ((x

x-axis) and total uncertainty = ±0.06 [1]
l (y-axis)
y-axis) [1]
ii A: 0 V; B: 2.2 V [1]
iii General diagram
diagram (with one or two
two
cells) [1]
Two cells in correct polarity [1]
Switches, or suitable comment
indicating that only one cell is used
at a time [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 12
Exam-style questions b Vibrates [1]
parallel to the direction of oscillation [1]
1 D [1]
2 Two waves occupy 4.8 divisions, so 1 wave = c Moves from the equilibrium position
2.4 div [1] to maximum displacement, back
to equilibrium, then to maximum
Time for 2.4 div = 2.4 × 500 µs = 1200 µs [1] displacement in opposite direction and
1 1 back to equilibrium [1]
frequency = =
period 1200 ×10 6 −
240 times per second [1]

= 833 Hz
d v = fλ leading to λ = 320 [1]
≈ 830 Hz [1] 240
3 a They travel through a vacuum. [1] λ = 1.3 m [1]

Their speed in vacuum is 3 × 10 m s . [1]
8 1 − 6 v= fλ = 1000 × 0.33 = 330 m s−1 [1]
b Microwaves have a shorter wavelength percentage uncertainty in f = 10/1000 × 100

(or higher frequency) than radio waves. [1] = 1.0% [1]
percentage uncertainty in λ = 2/33 × 100
c i Between 10 8 and 10
− −13
m [1]
= 6.06% [1]
ii Using c = fλ, frequency lies between
percentage uncertainty in v = 1.0 + 6.06
1016 and 1021 Hz [1]
= 7.06% [1]
4 a Doppler effect: source moving towards/
absolute uncertainty in v = 0.0706 × 330
away
aw ay from observer leads to decreased/ −1
= 23.3 m s
increased wavelength [1]
therefore, v = 330 ± 23 m s −1 [1]
b Maximum frequency when boat’s velocity
7 a Particles vibrate parallel to direction of
is directed towards the observer [1]
propagation [1]
420 × 330
observed frequency = 305 b 5 waves in 6 × 5 × 10 3 s so period
−
= 454 Hz [1] = 6 × 10
3
s −
[1]
Minimum frequency when boat’
boat’ss velocity f= 1 = 167 ≈ 170 Hz [1]
T
is directed away from observer [1]
420 × 330 c v = fλ leading to v = 167 × 1.98 [1]
observed frequency = 1
355 v = 330 m s −
[1]
= 454 Hz [1] 8 a i Lower [1]
c When boat’s
boat’s velocity is directed at the ii In the time between emitting one wave
wave
student [1] and the next, the source moves away.
5 a P
[1]
C R C R The wa
wavelengt
velengthh is larger or wa
waves
ves
i Any C correc
correctly
tly marked [1] appear further apart. [1]
ii Any R correctly marked [1] Since v = fλ, a larger wavelength is a
[1]
smaller frequency.
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
fc 4.00 × 1500
b observed frequency = = c The intensity of transmitted light from
(v + c ) (1500 + 30 ) the first polarising filter = I0 (the same as
[1] the incident intensity) [1]
= 3.9216 (MHz) [1] The intensity of light from the second
shift in frequency = 0.078 MHz = filter will be:
78 000 Hz [1] I = I0 cos2 θ = I0 cos2 45° = 0.50
0.50II0 [1]
c The Doppler
observer effect occurs
(the particles) when
moves the from
away The intensity of light from the last filter
will be:
the source (the transmitter). [1] I = I0 cos2 θ = [0.50
[0.50II0] cos2 45° = 0.50
0.50II0 ×
9 a A plane polarised wa
wave
ve is a transverse 0.50 = 0.25
0.25II0 [1]
wave
wave with oscillations (of the electric The final transmitted intensity is not zero,
field) in just one plane. [1] but 25% of the original intensity.
intensity. [1]
b View the reflected light using a polarising
(Polaroid). [1]
Rotate the filter about the horizontal axis:
the intensity of the light passing through
the filter will change, reaching a minimum
value when the transmission axis of the
filter is at right angles to the plane of
polarisation of the reflected light. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 13
Exam-style questions 7 separation of slits d = 5000
1
= 2.0 × 10−4 cm
1 B [1] = 2.0 × 10−6 m [1]
2 a t
First maximum when n = 1:
n
e λ 656 × 10 9 −
m
e
sin θ = = = 0.328 [1]
c d 2. 0 × 10 6 −
la 0
p
is Distanc
so, t = sin−1 0.328 = 19.1° [1]
D
Second maximum when n = 2:
9
2λ 2 × 656 × 10 −
sin θ = =
6
= 0.656 [1]
d 2. 0 ×10 −
The dashed line represents the resultant −1
wave. [2] so, θ = sin 0.656 = 41.0° [1]

8 a Superposition is the algebraic summing
(Your diagram should show a good
(Your
of the displacements [1]
attempt to sum the two waves.)
of two (or more) wa
waves.
ves. [1]
b Wavelength is the same as that of the
ax
longer wa
wave.
ve. [1] b λ= D [1]
3 a More rounded [1] leading to
λD 590 ×10 9 ×1.8 ×12
−
b Even flatter [1] a= = [1]

x 16.8 ×10 3 −
4 Radio waves have a long enough

a = 6.3 × 10−4 m [1]
wavelength,
wa velength, up to 1 km, that they can
diffract round the hills. [1] c i More fringes seen on screen or fringe
TV waves have very short wavelength brightness decreases less from middle
(centimetres or millimetres), so cannot to edge of screen [1]
diffract round the hills. [1] Less bright [1]
5 a Using ax = ld [1] ii Fringes wider / farther apart [1]
wavelength λ = ax
d
=
1.5 1.2
8.0
×
= 0.225 m ≈ Same brightness [1]
0.23 m [1]
9 a Coherent: constant phase difference [1]
b v = fλ; 330 = f × 0.225 [1] Monochromatic: very small or no
Monochromatic:
f = 1470 Hz ≈ 1500 Hz [1] range of wa
wavelengths/frequencies
velengths/frequencies [1]
6 When the waves are in phase, they add up b i First order produced by waves with
to give loud sound. [1] wavelength [1]
path difference of one wavelength
They gradually go out of phase, and when
Second order produced by
they are in antiphase, the sound is at its
waves
waves with path difference of
quietest. [1]
two wavelengths [1]
The waves
waves gradually come back into phase
and become loud again. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii Any two from: 11 a Spreading out of a wave after passing

Lines at end A are further apart or through a gap in a barrier [1]
lines at end B are closer together [1] or around an object [1]
Lines at end A are thinner or lines b i, ii and iii
at end B are wider [1]
Lines at end A are brighter or lines
at end B are dimmer [1]
iii nλ = d sin θ [1]
ο
sin 19.5
n = 1, leading to λ = 5000 × 10
2 [1]
λ= 6.68 × 10−7 ≈ 6.7 × 10−7 m [1]

0
nl
iv sin θ = D
leading to
min
sin θ = 2 × 6.68 × 10−7 × 5000 × 102 [1]
1
θ = 41.8 ° ≈ 42° [1]
10 a The superposition of two waves
waves 180°
out of phase [1]
to give (nearly) zero resultant. [1]
b λ = ax leading to x = Dal One mark for each line (the min
D
1.2 × 1.5 × 10 2 − line and the 1 line can be above the
= [1]
12.5 × 10 2−
central line) [3]
number of fringes in 45 cm distance = ax
c λ= D [1]
45 × 10 2 −
x
= 3.125 [1]
10 2 × 12 × 10 2
− −
Three maxima [1] leading to = 18 ×

[1]
60 × 10 2
−
3. 0 × 108 λ= 3.6 × 10−2 m (or 3.6 cm) [1]

c c = fλ leading to f = [1]
1. 5 × 10 2
−
f = 2.0 × 1010 Hz [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 14
Exam-style questions b i
vibrator 75 cm pulley
1 A [1] N N N N N
Longitudinal waves, e.g. sound, can also A A A A A A
produce stationary waves. So, this statement
is incorrect.
slotted masses
All the other statements are correct about
stationary waves. Any one node and any one antinode
shown. [2]
2 C [1] 75
ii wavelength cm= [1]
λ = 39.0 cm; v fλ 120 0.390 46.8 m s −1
= = × = 3
×
3 a Node and antinode marked [1] c fλ 120 0.7
= = 755 [1]
3
b Wavelength marked [1]
c 30 m s 1
=
−
[1]
λ
c Speed of the waves down the string
changes (with tension) [1]
A N A A so wa
wavelength
velength changes [1]
6 a i Vibrating [1]
c There would be double the number of
loops (6). [1] back and forth parallel to the tube [1]
4 a Resonance is when the frequency of one ii Stationary [1]
source of vibration coincides with the 3
natural frequency of vibration of a body, b 4λ = 63.8 cm [1]
causing the body to vibrate with a large v = fλ = 400 × 43
0.638 × [1]
amplitude. [1]
speed of sound 340 m s−1= [1]
λ
b 40.312 m
= [1] 7 a i The waves have a constant phase
v fλ 256 4 0.312 319 320 m s 1 [1]
= = × × = ≈
−
difference [1]
5 a Similarities:
over a period of time. [1]
Points in the waves vibrate [1]
ii The amount by which one wave
The wave speed fλ = [1] leads or lags another [1]
Differences: expressed using phase angle. [1]
A progressive wave transf
transfers
ers energy;
a standing waves does not b i Maxima occur when the reflected
transfer energy. [1] waves
wa ves are exactly in phase with the
incident wave. [1]
Points in a progressive wave have different
amplitudes of vibration with respect to Minima occur when the reflected
time; points of a standing wave have
have the waves are 180° out of phase with
same amplitude with respect to time. [1] the incident wave. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii Each time the wawave

ve amplitude falls to 9 v = fλ and λ = 2L =
zero, the plate has moved through 12 λ constant (L = length of wire) [1]
[1] f ∝ v ∝ √T
42.0
λ = [1] f = 210 × 1.4 = 248.5 Hz [1]
2.5
=16.8 cm [1] absolute uncertainty =
3 108
× 1
0.08 248.5 9.94 Hz
× × = [1]
c fλ leading to f
= =
−
[1] 2
× 2
16.8 10 f = 250 ± 10 Hz [1]
= 1.78 10
×
9
≈ 1.8 109 Hz
× [1]
(The value must be given to 2 sig. figs and
c Phase shift of 180° [1] absolute uncertainty given to 1 sig. fig)
On reflection [1]
8 a 7 ×90 cm so λ 51.4 cm
λ = = [1]
4
c fλ 512 51.4 10 2
= = × ×
−
[1]
=263 m s 1 −
[1]
b Q no movement [1]
P, R, S and T vibrate from side to side
parallel to the tube [1]
P and S ha
have
ve largest amplitude [1]
c Any two correct points [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 15
Exam-style questions c i Graph grid drawn correctly and
labelled [1]
1 D [1]
Carbon-14 marked correctly [1]
2 C [1]
3 Most strongly ionising implies that many more ii Nitrogen-14 marked correctly [1]
collisions occur, so there is greater loss of 9 a An α-particle contains two protons
momentum and, therefore, less penetration. [1] and two neutrons. [1]
4 The plum pudding model predicts that there fast -moving electron. [1]
A β−-particle is a fast-moving
will be no large-angle scattering events.
events. An An α-particle is much heavier than a
α-particle is more massive than an electron β−-particle (about 7400 or 8000 times
and will not be deviated by an electron. [1] larger). [1]
The actual experiment shows a few α-particles An α-particle is positively charged (+2e),
scattered through more than 90°. [1] whereas a β−-particle is negativel
negatively
y
These α-particles must have interacted with a charged (−e). [1]
charged object more massive than an electron.
b Isotopes have the same number of
This object, containing most of the mass of
protons in the nucleus or the same
s ame
the atom, was called the nucleus. [1]
proton number. [1]
5 The nucleus contains 38 protons and 52
neutrons. [1] Isotopes ha
have
ve different numbers of
neutrons in the nucleus or different
6 When the nucleus ejects an α-particle, nucleon numbers. [1]
it emits two protons and two neutrons, [1] 236 232 4
so the nucleon number decreases by 4 (A − 4) [1] c U→ Th + α
92 90 2
and the proton number (atomic number) All three nucleon numbers correct [1]
decreases by 2 (Z − 2). [1]
The nucleus then ejects two β−-particles, All three proton numbers
4 correct [1]
protons. [1]
formed by decay of two neutrons to protons. 10 a vol
volumeof sphere = πr3
umeof a sphere
3
The nucleon number (mass number) remains
R3 10 10 3
−
at A − 4, but the proton number now increases rati

ratio
o of thevolum
thevolumes
es = (= ) [1]
r3 10 15−
by 2, returning to Z. [1]
= 1015 [1]
131 131 0 0 b Assuming that most of the mass of the

7 I→ Xe +
β+ ν [3] atom is concentrated in the nucleus, [1]
53 54 −1 0
8 a β -particles are fast-moving electrons
− then 19 000 kg of gold atoms has a
that come from the nucleus. [1] volume of 1 m3; from part a the volume
of the nucleus with this mass is 1 × 10−15
14 14 0 0
b C→ N+
β+ ν m3 [1]
6 7 −1 0
den
densit
sity
y of nucleuss = 1.9 ×10 4 ×1015
nucleu
Proton numbers correct [1]
= 1. 9 ×1019 kgm 3
−
[1]
Nucleon numbers and all symbols
correct [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
11 a 82 protons [1] b Any three from:

128 neutrons [1] Most α-particles pass undeviated through
the gold, showing that most of an atom is
b Because the particles are charged, when
empty space. [1]
they collide with or pass close to atoms,
[1] Some α-particles are deflected though
large angles / greater than 90°, showing
they knock electrons from the atoms
atoms,,
that part of the atom is much heavier than
leaving behind charged atoms or ions. [1] an α-particle (and positive). [1]
c Two solutions, each with two β−-decays Electrons (negative) were known to exist,
and one α-decay [1] so other particles in the nucleus must have
have
Each β−-decay correct [1] been positive and heavier. [1]
Each α-decay correct [1] The relativ
relativee number of large deflections
A
showed the size of the nucleus. [1]
46 46 0 0
b 13 a i Ca → N+ β+ ν [1]
210 20 21 −1 0
23 23 0 0
ii Sc → N+ β+ ν [1]
12 11 1 0
a b i A down quark turns into an up quark,
208
an electron and an antineutrino. [1]
ii An up quark turns into a down quark,
a positron and a neutrino. [1]
206 c The weak nuclear force [1]

b
14 a A neutron is made up of other particles
but a quark is thought not to. [1]
b i
Charge Quarks
80 81 82 83 84 85
proton +1(e) two up and
A
one down
210
neutron 0 two down
and one up
ii The proton is positive, so either one or

a both up and down quarks are positive
positive..
208 [1]
The neutron is neutral, so if one quark
is positive, the other is negative. [1]
c Strong interaction or strong nuclear force

206
[1]
b b
1 1 0 0
d n → p+ β+ ν [2]
b 0 1 −1 0
80 81 82 83 84 85 86
12 a Most of the mass is concentrated in a

small space. [1]
This space/nucleus is positive and
surrounded by negative charged
electrons. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
CAMBRIDGE INTERNA
INTERNATIONAL
e
Group to Another particle in
which it the same group
belongs
electron lepton neutrino, muon,
muon neutrino, tau
and tau neutrino
proton
neutron Hadron
or baryon antineutron,
antiproton or a
variety of mesons
Note that that mesons (e.g. muons,
muons, pions)
can only be accepted if the neutron is
identified as a hadron not a baryon.
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 16
Exam-style questions c The weight is only equal to the tension
when the ball is at rest in the vertical
1 C [1] position. [1]
2 B [1] The ball is not in equilibrium in the
3 a The angle subtended at the centre of a vertical position because it has an
circle by an arc equal in length to the upward (centripetal) acceleration. [1]
radius. [1] 7 Friction between the tyres and the road
2π provides
provides the centripetal force
force.. [1]
b angular
angular speed ω = [1]
15 Oil reduces the frictional force, so the car
1
= 0.42 rad s
−
[1] carries on in a wider arc. (The frictional force
4 a At the position shown, the weight of is not enough to push the car around the
the truck [1] desired curve.) [1]
v2 8 a Weight acting vertically downwards, lift
b speed thetruck: g =
speed of thetruck: [1]
r force perpendicular to the aeroplane
v = gr = 9.8 × 4 [1] wings [2]
v = 6.3 m s 1
−
[1] b (lift = L, angle with horizontal = θ)
2
 20 
5 a force = mrω 2 = 60 × 10−3 × 0.15 ×  2 × π  Therefore the vertical force = L cos θ = mg
 60  [1]
[2]
horizontal force = L sin θ = mv2/r [1]
= 0.039 N [1]
Now,
mv2 m × 752
b The centripetal force on the toy
t oy increases sinθ r 800
= tanθ = = = 0.717
with its speed. [1] cosθ mg m× g
[1]
The toy falls off because the frictional θ = 36° [1]
force
is notbetween
sufficientthe
to turntable and
provide the the toy
centripetal 9 a Angle covered per unit time [1]
force. [1] Angle in radians [1]
6 a change in potential energy = kinetic 0. 2
20
0 × 9. 8
b i T cos θ = mg leading to T =
energy [1] cos 56°
1 [1]
mg ∆h = mv 2 , therefore,
2
T = 3.5 [1]
2 m × 9.8× 0.70
v= = 3.7 m s −1
[1] ii entripetalforce T sinθ = = mrω 2 [1]
m
T sin θ 3.5 × sin θ
mv2 0.0
0550 × 3.7 2 = = [1]
b centripetalforce Fc = =
mr 0.20
20 × 0.40
40
r 1.5
[1] 6.0 rad s 1−
[1]
= 0.46 N [1] 2π 2π
iii time period T = = = 1.0 s [1]
tension in the string T = Fc+ mg = 0.46 + ω 6.0
× =
(0.05 9.8) 0.95 N [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
10 a The force acting towards the centre of c Sharp turns in combat at high speed [1]
a circle [1] mean the pilot will experience high g
on a body moving round that circle [1] forces. [1]
mv2 12 a angle in radians = length of arc radius
b i entripetalforce = mg = [1]
r For a complet
completee circle, arc length =
1.8 circumference = 2pr [1]

therefore, v = rg = × 9.8 [1]
v = 3.0 m s−1 2 [1] angle in radians = 2pr/r = 2π [1]
b i 540 rpm = 540/60 rev s−1, therefore,
ii F = 2mg = 2 × 5.4 × 9.8 [1]
ω = 9 × 2π rad s−1 [1]
= 106 N [1]
v = rω = 0.10 × 9 × 2π = 5.7 rad s−1 [1]
11 a Pilot feels thrown out from the circle or
ii F = mrω 2 = 20 ×10 6
−
× 0.10 × 5.72 [1]
pilot feels pressed outwards against seat. [1]
= 6.4 × 10 3 N−
[1]
Inertia means that with no force pilot
would travel in a straight line. [1] c gravitational force ≈ 20 × 10 −3
× 10 = 0.2 N
Centripetal force pulls the pilot in [1]
towards the centre of the circle. [1] Very much less than the centripetal
mv 2 force [1]
b i F = , therefore,
r
Fr 6 m × 9.8 × 5 [2]
v= =
m m s−1
v = 17.1 m [1]
ii ω = v/r = 17.1 × 5 [1]
1
= 86 rad s −
revs per minute = 86 × 60/2 p

= 820 revs per minute [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 17
11
28 × 1023
3.28
6.6
677 × 10 −
[1]
Exam-style questions = ×
( 2.4
444 ×106 )2
1 B (A: failing to square r; C & D: inverting = 3.67 N kg−1 [1]
the multipliers) [1]
b mass of person = 900/9.8 = 91.8 kg [1]
2 B (A: dividing by r2; C & D: gravitational
potential is negative
negative,, not positive) [1] weight on Mercury = 91.8 × 3.67=
m1 m2 337 N ≈ 340 N [1]
3 F =G [1]
r2 7 distance from centre of Mars =
20 ×10 3 × 20 ×10 3
− −
3.4 ×106 + 20 × 106 = 23.4 × 106 km

= 6.6
677 ×10 11 ×
−
[1]
(5. 0 × 10 3 )2
−
Mm
potentialenergy G = − [1]
= 1.1 × 10
−9
N [1] r
4 a Arrow vertically downwards labelled 6.4 ×1023 × 250
= −6.6
677 ×10 11 × −
[1]
‘weight’ or ‘Earth’s gravitational pull’ [1] 23.4 × 106
Arrow
Arrow to right labell
labelled
ed ‘pull of mountain’
8
= −4.6 × 10 J [1]
[1] GMT 2
8 a r3 =
Arrow along the string labelled ‘tension’ [1] 4π2
mm
b F =G 1 2 [1] 6.67 × 10 11
−
× 1.48 ×1023 × (7.15 × 24 × 3600 )2
r2 = =
4 π2
3.8 ×1012 × 0.020
= 6.6
677 × 10 11 ×
−
95.5 × 1021 m3 [1]
12002
r = 4.6 × 107 m [1]
= 3.5 × 10−6 N [1]
b The proximity of the very large planet,
c Earth’s force F = mg = 0.020 × 9.8 =
Jupiter, would disrupt the orbit, through
0.196 N [1]
its gravitational pull. [1]
which is 5.6 × 104 times as large [1]
= = × ×
5 a Arrows towards the Earth [1] 9 a circumference
1011 = 9.42 × 10of
11 orbit
m 2πr 2π 1.5 [1]
b For a rise of 10 000 m, the Earth’s field circumference 4 2 ×1011

9.42
v = = [1]
may be considered to be uniform, [1] time 365 × 24 × 3600
but when something moves a significant v = 3.0 × 104 m s−1 [1]
distance away from the Earth we must (3. 0 ×104 )2
recognise that there is a significant b centripetalacceleration = [1]
1. 5 ×1011
reduction in the field. [1] = 6.0 × 10−3 m s−2 [1]
4 3
6 a mas
masss of Mer
Mercur
curyy = πr × ρ [1]
3 c 6.0 × 10−3 N kg−1; the gravitational
gravitational field of
4 6 3 3 23
the Sun provides the centripetal force [1]
= π × ( 2.44 × 10 ) × 5.4 × 10 = 3.28 × 10
3
[1]
M
F =G [1]
r2
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
M 6. 4 ×1023 c Curve ii [1]

10 a i g = G = 6.67
67 ×10 11
−
×
r2 (3.395 × 106 )2 Smaller hill to get up [1]
[1] GM
2
d Using ϕ once
= − [1]
= 3.7 m s −
[1] r
GM 6.67 ×10 −11
6.4 ×1023 GM
×
Using ϕ = −a second time [1]
ii ϕ = − = −
r
6
r 3.395 × 10
[1]
1 1 
= − 1.26 × 107 J kg−1 [1] (Using ∆ϕ = GM  −  scores both
marks)  r1 r2 
b 1.26 × 107 J kg−1 [1]
∆ϕ = 6.67 ×10 −11 × 4.87
1
c mv 2 mϕ , so v = 2ϕ 107
2 ×1.26 ×10
2
= =
 1 1 
[1] ×1024  − 7 
[1]
2 1×10 1.30
1.21 7
30 × 10 
= 5020 m s−1 [1]
= 1.86 × 106 J [1]
d The work done in lifting the mass of a 12 a Gravitational force per unit mass [1]
Mars probe from the Earth is very large
[1] at the point [1]
mm
so requires a very powerful rocket to b F =G 1 2 [1]
r2
do it all in one go. [1]
11 a Work done to bring unit mass [1] 11
1.27 × 1022 × 1.50 ×1021
= 6.6
677 × 10 −
× [1]
96 ×107 )2
(1.96
from infinity to that point [1]
18
=3.3 × 10 N [1]
b  mv2 2πr
c F = ,v = [1]
r r T
ii
rm
hence,T = 2π
i
F
7530 × 107 × 1. 5 × 1021
1. 75
= 2π [1]
3. 3 × 1018
2R
5
= 5.6 × 10 s (= 6.5 days) [1]
d Otherwise they would lose stability in

R their orbits (or words to that effect) [1]
13 a 0.80 N kg 1 (accept range ±0.1)
−
[1]
b 0.80 m s 2 (must be numericall

−
numerically
y equal
to part a) [1]
a = v , therefore, v
2
c [1]
R r
= ar = 80 ×19.2 ×106
0.80
i Dashed line in diagram: same radius
= 3.9 × 103 m s−1 [1]
but depth two times original [1]
outside original ‘well’ [1] d i Path spiralling into the centre [1]
ii Bold line on diagram:

diagram: goes along
along the ii Work done against friction in the
present lines [1] atmosphere causes heating [1]
but stops at twice the radius [1] causing satellite to ‘burn up’. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 18
Exam-style questions b i ¼ cycle [1]
1 B [1] ii 90° [1]
2 A [1] iii π/2 rad [1]

3 a No, constant acceleration under gra
gravity
vity c i 3
8 cycle [1]
towards ground but not on hitting ground
and when hit by player [2] ii 135° [1]
b Yes, the restoring force is directed iii ¾π rad [1]

towards a point and is proportional to 7 a period T = 8.0 ms [1]
the displacement from the point [2]
frequency = 1/
1/T
T = 125 Hz [1]
c No, it travels with constant acceleration
b i velocity: same shape graph, starting at
towards each plate and then suddenly
t = 0 at maximium value (amplitude is
reverses its direction of velocity on
not relevant as no scale for velocity [1]
hitting the plate [1]
ii acceleration: same shape as
d Yes, the restoring force is directed displacement graph but inverted, so
towards a point and is proportional to first maximum is negative [2]
the displacement from the point [2]
Displacement / Velocity / Acceleration
4 a x = 4 sin 2πt for x in cm or
x = 4 × 10 2 sin 2πt for x in m
−
[2]
b i maximum velocity = ωx0 = 2π f x0 =

2π × 1.0 × 4.0 [1]
1
= 25.1 cm s −
[1] 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Time/ms
2 2 2 2
ii v = ω (x
0 − x ) = 2π (4 − 2 )
1
= 21.8 cm s −
[1]
5 a f = 1/T
1/T = 1/0.84 = 1.19 Hz [1]
8 a No, it is not moving with simple harmonic
1
b vmax = 2πx0 f = 120 mm s −
[1] motion because the displacement does
not show a sine or cosine relationship
c m(vmax)2 = 3.6 × 10 4 J
k.e.max = ½ m(v −
[1]
with time or comment regarding gradient
as it passes through the equilibrium constant for time showing constant
position [1] velocity,, then a sudden change, not in
velocity
d g.p.e.max = 3.6 × 10 4 J (i.e. the same as
− keeping with a force proportional to
maximum k.e.) [1] displacement [1]
6 a i ½ cycle [1]
ii 180° [1]
iii π rad [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b i, ii c i angular displacement from equilibrium

Displacement position = ωt = 30° = π/6 rad [1]
x = 15 sin (π/6) [1]
= 7.5 cm [1]
Time
ii v = v0 cos ωt = ωx0 cos ωt = 15 × 3π
cos(π/6) [1]
Velocity
−
v = 120 cm s 1 [1]
iii 60° or π/3 rad [1]
Time
11 a Vibration/oscillation in which there is
Vibration/oscillation
acceleration towards
towards a fixed point [1]
Acceleration
The magnitude of the acceleration is
proportional to the displacement from
Time
the point. [1]
b a = ω2x0 [1]
a = (2π × 60)2 × 2.8 × 10 −3
= 400 m s 2
−
[1]
[3]
c F = ma = 190 N [1]
9 a Vibration / oscillation
Vibration osc illation in which there is
acceleration towards
towards a fixed point [1] d Graph showing sine-type wave, with
amplitude getting smaller [1]
The magnitude of the acceleration is
proportional to the displacement from Frequency remaining the same [1]
the point. [1] 12 a If driving frequency = natural frequency [1]
b f = 70 Hz [1] resonance occurs [1]
c i v = ωx0 [1] giving false reading for the shock wa

wave
ve
1
strength [1]
= 55 m s −
[1]
ii a = ω2x0 [1] b Shows that the acceleration is
proportional to the displacement [1]
2
= 24 000 m s −
[1]
and in the opposite direction to the
iii Use of F = ma = 5800 N [1] displacement [1]
10 a Oscillations that are exactly in step with 2
c ω = a/x0 [1]
each other / each point on one oscillation
2
moves in the same way as on the second ω = 500 [1]
oscillation [1] ω = 22.4 [1]
b x = 15 sin (3πt) [1] f =

22.4/2π = 3.6 Hz [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 19
Exam-style questions This is clearly a nonsense! We can see how
fundamental this law is, and why it is called
1 C [1] the zeroth law. [2]
2 B [1] 7 a ∆U an increase in internal energy [1]
3 a Kinetic energy remains constant. [1] q heat (energy) transferred to the system
Potential energy increases. [1] [1]
Internal energy increases
increases.. [1] W work done on system [1]
b i work done on gas W = p∆V = 4 × 105
b Kinetic energy increases
increases.. [1]
× 3 × 10−4 = + 120 J [1]
Potential energy remains constant (slight ∆ =− + =− [1]
increase/decrease if water expands/ U 220 120 100 J
contracts). [1] ii No work done on or by the gas so
W=0 [1]
Internal energy increases
increases.. [1]
−330 = q so heat is removed from
4 Just before the stone hits the ground, it has the gas; the temperature falls [1]
kinetic energy.
energy. All the molecules are moving
8 a No temperature difference, so 0 V [1]
together in the same direction. [1]
100 × 49
When it hits the ground, this unidirectional b temperature = [1]
63
movement of the molecules is converted into
= 77.8 ≈ 78 °C [1]
movement of individual molecules in random
directions. [1] 63 × 327
c i voltage = µV [1]
The kinetic energy for movement in random 100
directions is internal energy, and hence the = 206 µV [1]
temperature rises. [1]
ii That the variation between
5 The air is being compressed, so work is
being done on it. [1] temperature difference
in the thermocouple and the
remains e.m.f.
e.m.f.
linear
From the first law of thermodynamics
t hermodynamics,, the beyond 100 °C [1]
change in internal energy of a body is equal to 9 a 1 °C corresponds to a change of 18 Ω [1]
the energy supplied by heating plus the energy
temperature = (620 − 200)/18 = 23 °C [1]
supplied by doing work. [1]
In this case, there is no energy supplied by b 280 K = 7° C or 23° C = 296 K [1]
heating and little is lost, but work is done in Thermodynamic scale does not depend
compressing the air
air.. [1] on the property of a substance. [1]
6 If two bodies are at the same temperature, Change in resistance is not linear with
no energy flows from one body to another. temperature. [1]
Therefore,, if no energy flows from A to B and
Therefore
none flows from B to C, but energy flowed 10 a energy supplied = mc∆θ = 0.300 ×
from C to B, it would mean that A and B were 4180 × 80 [1]
at the same temperature, and A and C are at energy supplied = 100 320 J [1]
the same temperature, but C is hotter than B.
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
energy 100320 13 a Energy goes to potential energy of the

time = = [1] molecules [1]
power 500
as they are moved further apart (accept
= 201 s [1]
bonds broken) / work is done pushing
No energy is needed to heat the element back the atmosphere [1]
or the kettle [1]
b To reduce the energy gained from the
b energy supplied = power × time energy surroundings [1]
supplied = 500 × 120 = 60 000 J [1]
energy c energy input = 40 × 2 × 60 (= 4800 J) [1]
mass of water boiled awaway
ay =
s.l.h. Use of E = ml [1]
60000
= = 0.027 kg [1] m = mass decrease with heater on minus
2.2
266 × 106
mass remaining = 300 − 27 = 273 ≈ 270 g half mass decrease with heater off [1]
[1] m = 23.8 g
No energy is lost to the surroundings; 4800
l= = 202 J g−1 [1]
all the vapour escapes from the kettle. [1] 23.8
11 a The energy required to raise the 14 a i Sum of the kinetic energy and
temperature of unit mass of a substance potential energy of the molecules [1]
[1]
random distribution (of kinetic
by unit temperature rise [1] energy) [1]
b i heat needed = 0.020 × 2100 × 15 + ii Lowest temperature (at which
0.020 × 330 000 [1] energy cannot be removed
= 7230 J [1] from molecules) [1]
ii heat lost by water in cooling = 0K [1]

0.200 × 4200 × (26 − T) [1] b i mass per second = ρAv
heat gained by ice in melting and then mass per second
warming to temperature T = 7230 + = 1000 × 4.8 × 10−5 × 1.2 [1]
0.02 × 4200 × T [1]
mass per second = 0.058 kg [1]
T = 15.8 or 16 °C [1]
ii E = mc∆θ leading to
12 a The energy needed to change the state
9000
of unit mass
mass of a substance
substance [1] ∆θ = [1]
0.058 × 4200
without change in temperature [1]
= 37 °C [1]
Latent heat of fusion is heat needed to
change form solid to liquid and latent final temperature of the water
heat of vaporisation is heat needed to = 37 + 15 = 52 °C [1]
change the state from liquid to gas. [1] iii The heater is 100% efficient; no heat
is lost or gained from the pipe. [1]
b i Each minute the mass decreases by the
same amount. [1] iv Decrease the rate of flow of water [1]
ii energy provided = 120 × 60 = 7200 J [1]
L = 7200/0.0062 = 1.2 × 106 J kg−1 [1]
iii Too large [1]
Heat lost from beaker means less than
7200 J is used to boil the liquid. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 20
Exam-style questions 7 a Using pV = nRT, we have
pV 4.8 × 105 × 0.040
1 B [1] n= = [1]
RT 8.3
311× 293
2 C [1]
= 7.89 mol ≈ 7.9 mol [1]
3 a i 6.02 × 1023 [1]
b Using pV = nRT, we have
ii Chlorine is diatomic, so 12.0 × 1023 [1]
mass = 7.89 × 44 [1]
iii 1000 × NA = 6.02 × 1026 [1]
= 347 g ≈ 350 g [1]
23
b i 4 × NA = 24.1 × 10 [1] 8 Using pV = nRT, we have [1]
ii One C atom per molecule, so nRT 1× 8.31 31× 273 −2 3
×
23 V= = = 2.25 × 10 m [1]
24.1 10 [1] p 0 1×105
1.01
iii Two O atoms per molecule, so
9 Using pV = NkT, we have [1]
48.2 × 1023 [1]
3.0 ×1026 × 1.38 ×10 − 23
× 400
4 a 197 × 1.66 × 10−27 = 3.3 × 10−25 kg [1] p= [1]
−25 24 24
0.200
b 1/(3.3 × 10 ) = 3.06 × 10 ≈ 3.1 × 10 [1]
= 8.31 × 106 Pa [1]
c 3.06 × 1024/6.02 × 1023 [1]
1 ρ < 2>, 3p
= 5.08 mol ≈ 5.1 mol [1] 10 a Using p = 3
c <c2> =
we have <c p
[1]
p
pVV
5 a pressure p2 = 1 1 [1] 01×105
3 ×1. 01
V2 = =1.69 × 106 m2 s−2 [1]
105 ×140 5 0.179
= = 3.4 × 10 Pa, or
42 so, r.m.s
r.m.s.. speed = (1.69 × 106)1/2
3.3 atmospheres [1] = 1350 m s −1 [1]
b The temperature of the gas would b This is considerably faster than air
increase, causing pressure to be higher molecules at the same pressure [1]
than in part a. [1] because the He atoms have a much smaller
6 V2 = pV
p1V1 [1] mass, so greater speed needed for same
p2 energy. [1]
35 × 0.42
42 11 a i average k.e. per molecule at 27 °C =
= [1] 3
10 kT [1]
2
= 1.47 ≈ 1.5 cm3 [1] = 1.5 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 300 [1]
Assumes that the temperature at 25 m depth = 6.2 × 10−21 J [1]
is equal to the temperature at the surface of
the water and that the mass of gas is constant ii average k.e. at 243 °C = 1.07 × 10−20 J
(it does not dissolve in the water). [1] [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b ratio of energies = 1.07

= 1.72 [1] 15 a i No kinetic energy is lost in the
0.62
collision. [1]
ratio of speeds = ( ratio of energies ) ii Any three from:
= 1.31 : 1 or (ratio of temperatures) =
Total volume of molecules negligible
1.31 : 1 [1]
compared to that of container [1]
12 a The molecules hit the wall / rebound
from the wall. [1] No intermolecular forces [1]
Each impact causes a small force / Molecules in random motion [1]

impulse on the wall. [1] Time of collision small compared
Molecules are in random motion / many with the time between collisions [1]
impacts smear force over whole wall. [1] Large number of molecules [1]
b pV = nRT [1] b i 2 × 2.4 × 10−26 × 400 [1]
5
3. 4
42
2 ×10 × 1. 5
50
0
n= [1] = 1.9 × 10−23 kg ms−1 [1]
8.3
311× 276
ii 400/(0.3 × 2) [1]
= 224 mol [1]
= 667 [1]
c i Using pV = nRT
224 × 8.31
3 1× 315 iii 1.9 × 10−23 × 667 [1]
p= [1]
1.50 = 1.3 × 10−20 N [1]
= 3.91 × 105 Pa [1] 1
16 a kinetic energy of 1 mole = NA × 2
m
ii ∆E = 3 k∆T = 1.5 × 1.38 × 3
2 < c 2> = RT [1]
2 3
10−23 × (315 − 276) [1] energy to raise by 1 °C = R = 12 J [1]
2
∆E = 8.01 × 10−22 J [1] b 1 <cc 2> =
m< 3
< c 2> = 3 kT/m
kT or <c [1]
2 2
13 a N the number of molecules [1]
cr.m.s. = (3 × 1.38 × 10−23 × 373)/(3.34 ×
m the mass of one molecule [1]
10−27)½ [1]
<c2> the mean square speed [1] = 2150 ≈ 2200 m s −1
[1]
b i pV = nRT [1] c ratio of r.m.s. speeds hydrogen : oxygen
n = (6.0 × 10 5
× 4.1 × 10 4
×
−6
10 )/(8.31 × = (mass of oxygen molecule / mass of
295) [1] hydrogen molecule)½ [1]
n = 10 mol [1] = 3.99 ≈ 4.0 [1]
ii 10 × 6.02 × 1023 [1]

= 6.02 × 1024 [1]
iii 12 × 4 × 1.66 ×10−27 × <

<cc2> = 3/2
3/2kT
kT [1]
2 6
<c > = 1.84 × 10 [1]
cr.m.s = 1360 m s−1 [1]
14 a An ideal gas is a gas that obeys the ideal
gas law at all temperatures [1]
and pressur
pressures.
es. [1]
b i 125 (mol) [1]
ii 125 × 6.02 × 1023 = 7.53 × 1025
(molecules) [1]
iii pV = nRT [1]
V = 125 × 8.33115× 300 [1]

5 × 10
3
=
0.62 m [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 21
Exam-style questions 8 a
1 C (Direction of field: away

away from the positive
charge/ towards negative. Force: the charge
on an electron is negative therefore force away
from the negative plate) [1]
2 B (A: charge on an electron, C: calculated E as
V × d, D: calculated d/V only) [1]
3 a The foil is positively charged and
experiences a force in the same direction
as the electric field. [1]
Five good lines, not touching, good shape [2]
b The foil will become
bec ome negatively charged
(One mark for three good lines, not
[1]
touching, good shape)
and will experience a force in the opposite
Arrowss in correct direction
Arrow [1]
direction to the field. [1]
4 field strength E = F/Q [1] b The positive charge on the sphere induces
negative charges on the plate. [1]
= 4.4 × 10−13 N/8.8 × 10−17 C = 5000 N C−1 [1]
The opposite charges attract. [1]
5 p.d. V = E × d [1]
= 4000 × 0.04 = 160 V [1] C i The sphere would still be attracted to
the plate. [1]
6 a separation d = V/E [1]
The negative charge on the sphere now
= 2400/3.0 × 104 = 0.08 m = 8.0 cm [1] induces positive charges on the plate. [1]
b field strength E = V/d [1] = 2400/0.02 [1] ii The field direction would reverse. [1]
5 −1
=
1.2 × 10 V m [1] (But any[0])
indication that the shape
changes
7 The field is directly proportional to the p.d.,
so doubling the p.d. doubles the field strength. 9 a A series of parallel lines between the
[1] plates [1]
The field strength is inversely proportional Arrows vertica

vertically
lly downwards [1]
to the plate separation, so reducing the b Vertically downwards [1]
separation by a factor of 3 trebles the field
strength. [1] c 6.4 × 10−14 N [1]
Therefore, the electric field strength is

Therefore, d E = F/q = 6.4 × 10−14/1.6 × 10−19 [1]
increased by a factor of 6. [1] = 400 000 V [1]
e E = V/d leading to V = Ed = 400 000 × 2.5
−2
× 10 [1]
= 10 000 V [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
10 a Electric field strength is force per unit 11 a i Arrows from the inner electrode to
Arrows
charge on a stationary charge [1] the outer electrode [1]
per unit positive charge [1] ii Lines are closer together
together.. [1]
b E = V/d = 5.0 × 106/8.0 × 10−2 [1] b DV = EDx = 5.0 × 106 × 1.25 × 10−3 [1]
F = EQ = (5.0 × 106/8.0 × 10−2) × 1.6 × 10−19 = 6250 V [1]
[1]
c Given that E = 5.0 × 106 N C−1 (or 5.0 ×
= 1.0 × 10−11 N [1] 106 V m−1), in a distance of 4.0 µm the
c DW = FDx = 1.0 × 10−11 × 8.0 × 10−2 [1] potential drops 5.0 × 106 × 4.0 × 10−6 V [1]
work done = 8.0 × 10−13 J [1] potential drop = 20 V [1]

(Other routes are possible
possible.)
.)
d 8.0 × 10−13 J [1]
e Ek = ½ mv2 = 8.0 × 10−13

½mv [1]
v2 = 2 × 8.0 × 10−13/1.7 × 10−27 [1]
v = 3.1 × 107 m s−1 [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 22
9
Q 2. 4 × 10 −
b E [1]
Exam-style questions =
4 πε 0 r 2
=
4π × 8.85 × 10 − 12
× 0.042
1 C [1] = 1.4 × 104 V m 1 (or one-quarter of
−
2 A (B: use of 1/ of r2)

1/rr, C: use of r, D: use of [1] the answer to part a since distance has
doubled) [1]
3 a to e,
6 a potential V = Q/4π × e0r
a
+2 kV so Q = 4π × e0r × V [1]
= 4π × 8.85 × 10−12 × 0.03 × 20 × 103 [1]
= 6.7 × 10−8 C [1]
9
Q 6. 7 × 10 −
b b E = = [1]
−
πε 0 2 12 × 2
4 r 4 8.85 10 π× ×
0.03
5 −1
= 6.7 × 10 N C [1]
Q
7 ionisation potential V = [1]
4πε 0 r
c
1. 6 × 10 19 −
12 10
[1]
4π × 8.85 ×10 −
× 1.05 × 10 −
= 13.7 V [1]
8 a The electric field strength is the force
d at a point [1]
per unit positive charge at the point. [1]
9
Q 2. 0 × 10 −
b i E = =
2
4πε 0 r 4π × 8.85 × 10 12 × 0.052 −
e [1]
= 7200 V m−1 [1]
ii field due to B = 7200 − 1800 =
5400 V m 1 −
[1]
Q
E= leading to Q = E × 4π ×
4 a E = V/d = 2500/0.040 [1] 4πε 0 r 2
2
= 6.25 × 104 V m 1
−
[1] e × r
0
[1]
b i F = EQ = 6.25 × 104 × 2.4 × 10 − 9

[1] = 1.5 × 10−9 C [1]
19
Q 2. 0 × 10 −
= 1.5 × 10 4 N −
[1] c i V = =
12 2
4πε 0 r 4 π × 8.85 × 10 −
× 1.0 × 10 −
ii a = F/m = 1.5 × 10 /4.2 × 10 − 4 − 6

[1] [1]
2
= 36 m s −
[1] = 1800 V [1]
9
Q 2. 4 × 10 −
5 a E = = [1] ii Greater before removing sphere B [1]

4πε 0 r 2 4π × 8.85 × 10 −12
× 0.022
Potential is a scalar
scalar,, thus two potentials
= 5.4 × 104 V m 1
−
[1] tend to add [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
9 a i W = VQ leading to Q − 1. 6 × 10 19
−
13
b i V = =
W 8. 0 ×10 −
4πε 0 r 4π × 8.85 × 10 − 12
× 5.3 × 10 11 −
V = = [1]
Q2 × 1.6 × 10 19
−
[1]
6
= 2.5 × 10 V [1] = − 27.2 V [1]
ii Ek = 12 mv2 leading to ii W = VQ = −27.2 × 1.6 × 10−19 C
−27.2 [1]
13
2Ek 2 × 8.0 ×10 −
= − 4.4 × 10−18 J [1]
v2 = = [1]
27
m 6.6
655 ×10 −
c Gradient drawn at the relevant point [1]

= 2.4
411× 1014 [1]
leading to E = 5.1 × 1011 V m−1 [1]
7 −1
therefore, v = 1.6×10 m s [1] Q 6. 0 × 10 8 −
11 a E= 2
=
2
b i Zero [1] 4πε 0 r 4π × 8.85 ×10 12 × ( 0.8 ×1
100 2)− −
[1]
ii Zero [1]
13
= 8.4 × 106 N C−1 [1]
iii 8.0 × 10 −
J [1]
Q1Q2 Q1Q2 b i
c W = which gives r = [1]
4πε 0 r 4πε 0W Q1Q2 6.0 ×10
10 8
−
× ( −4.5 ×10
10 −8
)
=
F = =
4πε 0 r 2 2 2
2 ×1.6 × 10 − 19
× 79 × 1.6 × 10 − 19 4π × 8.85 ×10 − 12
× (5.0 × 10 −
)
14
12 13
= 4. 5 × 10 −
m [1]
4π × 8.85× 10 −
× 8.0 × 10 −
[1]
= − 9.7 × 10−3 N [1]
d Radius of nucleus is 4.5 × 10 −14
m [1] iireading = 0.0482 − 0.0097 =
This is the maximum radius of the 0.0384 N [1]
nucleus; if the inverse square law is still Q 1 1
c ∆V =  −  [1]
valid. [1] 4πε 0  r2 r1 
10 a Potential at a point is the work done in 6 ×10 −8  1 1 
bringing unit positive charge [1] = −
 3. 5 ×10 −2 5.0 × 10−2 
4π × 8.85 × 10−12  
from infinity to the point. [1] = 4.6 ×103 V [1]
work done = VQ = 4.6 × 10−3 × (−4.5×10−8)
−4
= −2.1 × 10 J [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 23
Exam-style questions 11 Three in parallel, 300 μF [1]
Three in series, 33 µF [1]
1 A (B: incorrect calculation of charge (use
of V 2), C & D: incorrect calculation of Two in parallel, the third in series with the
capacitance (use of V not V 2)) [1] pair 67 µF [1]
2 B (Both 1 and 4 increase the time constant Two in series, the third in parallel over the
(= CR ); large time constant leads to long
CR); pair, 150 µF [1]
decay time) [1] 12 a 1
=
1
+
1
+
1 =
10 [1]
Ctotal 100 200 600 600
6 3
3 Q = CV = 470 × 10 −
× 9.0 = 4.2 × 10 C −
[1] so, combined capacitance = 600 = 60 µF [1]
10
4 V=Q C
=
0.03
033
2200
3
× 10
−6
= 15 V [1] charge stored = 1.5 × 60 × 10 6
−
= 90 µC [1]
Q
5 2.0 = 4.0 × 10−4 = 400 µF
C = V = 5000 [1] Q1 = +90 µC, Q2 = −90 µC, Q3 = +90 µC,
6 W = 12 CV 2 = 0.5 × 470 × 10−6 × 122 = 0.034 J [1] Q4 = −90 µC, Q5 = +90 µC, Q6 = −90 µC
[2]
7 W = 12 QV = 0.5 × 1.5 × 10−3 × 50 = 0.0375 J [1]
Q
8 a W=½ CV2 = 0.5 × 5000 × 10
½CV −6
× 242 = b Using V = C [1]
1.44 J [1] p.d. = 0.90 V across the 100 µF capacitor,
capacitor,
b When charge is halved, p.d. is halved [1] 0.45 V across the 200 µF capacitor [1]
so energy stored = 0.15 V across the 600 µF capacitor [1]
0.5 × 5000 × 10 6 × 122 = 0.36 J
−
[1] 13 a Time delay, antisu
antisurge,
rge, antispa
antispark,
rk, etc. [1]
energy dissipated in lamp =
b i R = VI = 9.0/15 × 10−3 [1]
1.44 J − 0.36 J = 1.08 J [1]
R = 600 Ω [1]
9 a W=½ CV2 = 0.5 × 4700 × 10
½CV − 6
× 122 =
0.34 J [1] ii p.d. decreases across capacitor [1]
b Q = CV = 4700 × 10 −6
× 12 = 0.056 C [1] as charge flows off, so less p.d. to
c average current = Q/t = 0.056/2.5 = drive current through the resistor [1]
0.023 A [1] iii Evidence of using the area [1]
d average p.d. = 6.0 V [1] 45 ± 5 mC [1]
R = V/I = 6.0/0.023 = 260 Ω [1] iv C = Q/V = 45 × 10 3/9.0 −
[1]
e Current is dependent on p.d., which = 5.0 × 10 3 µF −
[1]
decreases at a non-uniform rate [1] 14 a i Q = V × 4πε0 r = 5.4 × 103 × 4π × 8.85
12
10 × 10 × 0.20
−
= 1.2 × 10 7 C −
ii C = Q/V = 2.4 × 10 8 / 5.4 × 103 = −
2.2 × 10 11 F = 2.2 pF
−
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b E = 12 QV or 12 CV2 = 12 × 1.2 × 10 7
−
× ii I = Qt = Q × frequency = 804 × 10 6
−
× 50
5.4 × 103 (or equivalent) [1] [1]
initial energy = 3.24 × 10 4 J −
[1] = 0.040 A [1]
p.d.. after discharge = 15 kV
p.d [1] iii P = VI where V is average p.d. [1]
1
therefore, energy remaining = ½ CV2
½CV =
2
× 12 × 0.04 [1]
11 2
= ½ × 2.2 × 10 × 15 000 = 0.0025 J
−
[1]
P = 0.24 W [1]
energy released = 0.0324 − 0.0025
≈ 0.03 J [1] c Capacitance is halved. [1]
c Not sufficient p.d. between sphere and Charge stored is halved. [1]
plate [1] Current is halved but (av
(average)
erage) V is
to continue ionising the air [1] unchanged. [1]
Q Power is halved. [1]
15 a V = so Q = 4πε0 × V × r
4π [1]
4πε 0 r (Maximum [2] if qualitativ
qualitative,
e, i.e.,
Q capacitance reduced, etc.)
C = = 4πε 0 r [1]
V 17 a The time constant is the time taken for the
Q 5 ×10 8 −
b i V = =
[1] charge on a capacitor to fall to 1/e
1/e of its
10 12 × 0.1
4 πε 0 r 4π × 8.85 ×10 −
initial value [1]

= 4500 V [1] = RC [1]
8
ii E = ½
½QV
QV = ½ × 5 × 10 −
× 4500 [1] b i 1
=
1 +
1
=
5
[1]
Ctotal 500 2000 2000
−
= 1.1 × 10 4 J [1] so, combined capacitance =
c i Q is shared, therefore, each sphere has 2000
= 400 µF [1]
5
a charge of 2.5 × 10 8 C −
[1] 6
ii Q = CV = 400 × 10 −
× 50 [1]
and the p.d
p.d.. is halved = 2250 V [1]
Q = 20 000 µC = 0.020 C [1]
8
thus, ½QV = ½ × 2.5 × 10 −
× 2250 =
2.8 × 10 5 J
−
[1]
iii Q Q0 exp=
(CRt ) which leads to
−
ii Energy is lost to heating the spheres,

spheres, 5  −t 
as charge moves from one to the other. = exp   and ln 0.05 ( = − 3.0 )
100  CR 
[1]
t t
16 a Capacitance is the charge stored [1] = =
( 400 ×10 × 250 × 10 )
−6 3
1.0
0 [1]
per unit potential difference across the
capacitor plates. [1] t = 3.0 s [1]
6
b i Q = CV = 67 × 10 −
× 12 [1]
Q = 804 ≈ 800 µC [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 24
Exam-style questions Clockwise magnetic field lines around and
close to each strip [1]
1 B [1]
Elliptical lines further aw
away
ay from the
2 C [1] strips, eventually becoming elliptical
3 a (force, F is given by F = BIl sin θ) around both strips (even farther away, the
shape becomes circular, not shown in the
The force is a maximum when the angle θ diagram) [1]
between the wire and the magnetic field is
90° (i.e. when sin θ = 1). [1] b The force on strip A is towards strip B
and the force on strip B is towards strip
b The force is zero when the angle θ A, i.e. the strips attract each other. [1]
between the wire and the magnetic field
is 0°. (The wire is parallel to the magnetic This is because strip A, on its own,
field.) [1] produces a magnetic field vertically down
the paper at strip B by the right-hand
4 a F = BIl ∝ I (force ∝ current) [1] rule. [1]
hence, the force increases by a factor of The left-hand rule can then be applied to
3.0 to a value of 1.41 × 10−2 N [1] strip B, which has a current into the plane
b F = BIl ∝ ∆B (force ∝ change in magnetic of the paper and a field down the
flux density) [1] paper. [1]
hence, the force is halved to a value of So, the force is to the left, towards
2.35 × 10−3 N [1] strip A. [1]
7 a The current is from Y to X. This is
c F = BIl ∝ ∆l (force ∝ change in length of
because Q shows that the magnetic field
wire in the field) [1]
above the wire, produced by the current,
hence, the force is reduced to 40% of its is from west to east. The right-hand rule
initial value to 1.88 × 10−3 N [1] then shows the current is upwards. [1]
5 a F = BIl sin θ [1] b P points towards the north-west. [1]
F 3. 8 × 10 3−
B= = [1] c Q then points towards the north-west. [1]

Il sinθ 1.2 × 0.03 × sin 50 ο
B = 0.138 T ≈ 0.14 T [1] 8 a F = BIl [1]
b The direction is given by Fleming’s

Fleming’s left- = 4.5 × 10−3 × 2.5 × 0.07 [1]
−4 −4
hand rule. The wire experiences a force = 7.88 × 10 ≈ 7.9 × 10 N [1]
into the plane of the paper. [1] b The magnetic field is in the same direction
6 a as the current (or the wire). [1]
c From Fleming’s left-hand rule, PQ

experiences a force out of the plane of the
paper and RS experiences a force into the
plane of the paper. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
Hence, the frame starts to rotate in a c force on wire =

clockwise direction (when viewed from the (102.45 − 101.06) × 10−3 × 9.81 = 0.0136 N
end PS). [1] [1]
d torque = F × d = 7.88 × 10−4 × 0.040 [1] F 0.01
0136
36
B= =
2
= 0.068 T [1]
=
−5
3.15 × 10 N m ≈ 3.1 or 3.2 × 10 N m −5 Il 4.0 × 5.0 ×10 −
[1] d Axes labelled and balance reading when

9 a Left to right [1] current is zero marked [1]
Balance reading decreases linearly with
b force = weight of paper tape
current [1]
F = mg = 60 × 10−3 × 10−3 × 9.81 [1]
g
= 5.89 × 10−4 N ≈ 5.9 × 10−4 N [1] /
g
102.45
F in 101.06
c B= [1] d
a
Il e
r
e
4 c
5.8
899 × 10 −
n
= [1] la
a
8.5 × 0.05
052 B
= 1.33 × 10−3 T ≈ 1.3 mT [1] 0 4

Current/A
d Moves up and down slowly [1]
10 a Diagram showing wire and magnetic field 12 a Magnetic flux density is the force acting
and a method of measuring the force (e.g. per unit current per unit length on a wire
diagrams similar to either Figure 24.14 or carrying a current [1]
24.15 in the coursebook) [1] when placed at right angles to the

Measure I, the current, and F, the force [1] magnetic field. [1]
Method of measuring the force
force,, e.g. Both electric field strength and magnetic
difference in readings on top-pan balance field strength are defined in terms of the
(in kg) × 9.81 [1] force on an object. For the electric field
strength, the object is a charge of one
Measure length of wire at right angles to
coulomb (1 C); for the magnetic field
magnetic field [1]
strength, the object is a wire of length 1 m
F carrying a current of 1 A. [1]
B= [1]
Il
b i The two wires attract one another or
b i Using the left-hand rule, the field is
there is a force upwards on the wire on
horizontally towards the north, the
the bench. [1]
force is upwards and thus the current is
from west to east. [1] The wire abo
above
ve the bench produces a
F horizontal magnetic field on the wire
ii I= [1] lying on the bench. [1]
Bl 0.02
This magnetic field interacts with the
= [1]
1.6 × 10 5
−
× 3.0 current in the wire lying on the bench
= 417 ≈ 420 A [1] to produce a force upwards. [1]
11 a The wire is carrying a current in a The currents flo

flow
w in the same direction
magnetic field and experiences a force. [1] causing the wires to attract each other.
[1]
There is an upwards force on the top-pan 2.0 ×10 7 × 4.0
−
ii B= = 2.67 × 10−5 T [1]

balance, reducing the reading. [1] 0.03
F = BIl = 2.67 × 10−5 × 4.0 × 1 [1]
b By Newton’s third law, the force is
downwards
downwar ds on the wire to produce an = 1.07 × 10−4 ≈ 1.1 × 10−4 N [1]
upwards force on the top-pan balance. [1]
By the left-hand rule, the current in the
wire is from left to right. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 25
Exam-style questions The force is proportional to the velocity of
the electron in a magnetic field but does not
1 C [1] depend on the velocity of the electron in an
2 The force is at right angles to the velocity v [1] electric field. [1]
and does no work on the electron, since 6 a i The electron is charged. or A moving
work = force × distance moved in the charge is the equivalent of a current.
direction of the force. [1] [1]
As no work is done on the electron, the kinetic The magnetic field of the moving
energy of the electron is constant, as is its charge interacts with the uniform
speed. [1] magnetic field. [1]
3 1 mv2 = eV = e × 1600 [1] ii The electron ionises atoms as it moves

2 and loses (kinetic) energy.
energy. [1]
mv The speed v of the electron decreases
r= [1]
Be mv
and the radius r decreases as r = BQ .
e 2V 3200 [1]
=
2 2
=
2
[1]
me B r 0.017 × (8 × 10 3 )2
−
b i F = Bev = 0.25 × 1.6 × 10 19 × 1.0 × 107 −
= 1.73 × 1011 ≈ 1.7 × 1011 C kg 1

−
[1] [1]
13
mass of α-particle = 4.0 × 10 −
N [1]
4 a ratio = =
ma
mass
ss of β-p
-par
arti
ticl
clee mv2 9.11 × 10 31 × (1.0 × 107 )2
−
ii r= = [1]
27 F 4. 0 × 10 13
−
4 ×1. 6
67
7 ×10 −
[1] 2.278 × 10 − 4
2.3 × 10 4 m
−
[1]
1 1×10 31
9.11 − = ≈
ratio = 7333 ≈ 7300 [1]

19 7 a i Quarter of a circle linking exit and
charge on α-particle 3. 2 × 10 −
b ratio = = entry points [1]

ch
char
arge
ge o
on
n β-p
-part
article 1. 6 × 10 19
icle −
[1] Force at right angles to the circle

marked at two points [1]
ratio = 2.0 [1]
Both forces toward
towardss the centre of
force on α-particle the circle (top right-hand corner of
c ratio = ; force = BQv ∝ square) [1]
force
force on β-p
-par
arti
ticl
clee
Q [1] source
ratio = ratio of charges = 2.0 [1]
region of proton
r mαQβ 7333 magnetic field
d ratio = α = = [1]
rβ mβQα 2.0
ratio = 3666 ≈ 3700 [1]
proton
detector
5 The force is always at right angles to the
direction of the magnetic field and is in the
same direction (or the reverse) in an electric
field. [1]
ii Into the plane of the paper [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
V 500
b i F = BQv = 0.25 × 1.6 × 10 −19
× 4.0 × 106 E= = = 1.0 × 104 V m 1 [1] −
d 5. 0 × 10 2 −
= 1.6 × 10 13 N
−
[1] E 1. 0 × 10 4
mv 2 1.67 × 10 27
−
× ( 4.0 × 10 ) 6 2 B= =
7
= 5.3 × 10 4 T −
[1]
ii r= = [1] V 1.88
88 × 10
33
F 1. 6 × 10 −
= 0.167 ≈ 0.17 m [1] mv2

10 a = BQv [1]
r
c The direction of the magnetic field is mv 1.67 × 10 − 27
× 1.0 ×106
= = [1]
5 19
[1]
− −
reversed. r BQ 6.0 ×10 × 1.6 ×10
The magnetic field is reduced in strength. r = 174 ≈ 170 m [1]
[1]
b Two paths shown, both circles or parts
8 a i Diagram showing − on right side
of circles of different radius [1]
and + on left side [1]
Radius of helium nucleus is roughly twice
Force on moving charges in magnetic
as large as radius of proton (354 m) [1]
field [1]
Left-hand rule explained [1]
ii Force due to electric
electr ic field or charges
on sides cancels magnetic force [1]
354m
174m
b Larger number density of charge carriers
[1]
Smaller drift velocity [1]
Same charge flo
flow
w per second but larger
number of charge carriers [1] radius of path of proton radius of path of helium nucleus
Smaller Hall voltage [1]
11 a – – – –
Smaller force on each charge carrier due
to lower drift velocity needs a smaller
electric field to cancel force due to
magnetic field [1]
V
9 a i The electron has a negative charge
and is in an electric field. [1]
The electric field from the plates
is downwards and the electron is i The opposite face to the one
negative,, so there
negative t here is a constant force marked X [1]
upwards. [1]
ii Between X and the opposite face [1]
ii A (small) spot is formed on the
screen at the same point. [1] b Electrons move until the magnetic eV force
Bev)) is equal to the electric force dH  [1]
(Bev
The vertical deflection for all the 
eVH
electrons in the electric field is the Bev = so VH = Bvd [1]
d
same, therefore, they all must have I
the same speed. [1] I = nAve or v = [1]
nAe
1 BdI BI
b mv2 = e × Vac [1]
2 VH = Bvd = = [1]
nAe nte
c i Into the plane of the paper/page [1]
I
ii Bev = eE [1] c i v=
E nAe
v= [1] =
B 0.04
1 8.5 ×1028 × 3.0 ×10 5
−
9 ×10 −3
1.6 ×10 19
−
iii mv2 = e × Vac × ×
2 [1]
76 × 1011
so, v = ( 2 × 1000 × 1.76 [1] = 1.1 × 10 5 m s− − 1
[1]
= 1.88 × 107 ≈ 1.9 × 107 m s − 1
[1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
CAMBRIDGE INTERNA
INTERNATIONAL
ii VH = ii Hall voltage VH or value calculated is

BI 0.60
60 × 0.04
04 very small with metal [1]
=
28 5 19
[1] Semiconductor has smaller value of n
nte 8.5 ×10 × 3.0 ×10 −
× 1.6 ×10 −
so larger Hall voltage VH [1]

= 5.9 × 10 8 V
−
[1]
e Electrons are forced in opposite direction
I
iii v= when strip is rotated through 180° [1]
nAe
VH is maximum when plane and B-field
percentage uncertainty = 1.3 + 0.2 + are normal to each other or VH is zero/
(2.5 + 3.0) = 7.0% [1]
minimum when plane and B-field are
d i Electrons move faster. [1] parallel to each other or Voltmeter
Larger magnetic force so larger voltage reading or VH depends on sine of angle
(or electric field) is needed to repel between plane and B-field [1]
them or obtain equilibrium [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 26
Exam-style questions 6 a A magnetic flux linkage of 1 Wb exists if
a coil of 1 turn and area 1 m 2 [1]
1 B [1]
has a field of 1 T passing at right angles
2 The most obvious demonstration is to show through it. [1]
that the secondary coil is made of insulated
(Other areas and numbers of turns are
wire, so no current can flow from the core
possible.)
to the secondary coil. (Alternatively
(Alternatively, if you 4
arrange for a small gap in the core, perhaps a ∆Φ 0.6 ×1.2 ×10 −
b i = [1]
piece of paper, then there is still an induced ∆t 0.2
e.m.f., even though paper is an insulator. The = 3.6 × 10 Wb s−1
−4
[1]
e.m.f.. will be reduced because the amount
e.m.f ∆ ( NΦ )
ii E= = 240 × 3.6 × 10−4 [1]
of flux in the core is reduced if there is not a ∆t
complete circuit of iron.) [1] E = 0.0864 ≈ 8.6 × 10−2 V [1]
An electrical current is induced because there iii e.m.f. correct and constant between
e.m.f.
is a change in the magnetic flux linking the 0 and 0.2 s and zero between 0.2 and
secondary coil. This changing flux is caused by 0.4 s [1]
the changing current in the primary coil. [1]
Negative e.m.f
e.m.f.. of half
half the value in ii
3 a Φ= BA [1] between 0.4 and 0.8 s [1]
= 20 × 10−3 × (5.0 × 10−2)2 = 5.0 × 10−5 Wb [1] e.m.f./V
∆( NΦ ) 0.086
b e.m.f. E = [1]
∆t
100 × 5.0 ×10 5 −
= [1]
0.1
= 5.0 × 10−2 V [1] 0.4 0.8
0
0
Time/s
∆ ( NΦ )
4 = = [1]
e.m.f. E ∆t Blv –0.043
E = 5.0 × 10−5 × 40 × 300 [1]
E = 0.60 V [1] distance 0.02
7 a i time taken = = =
absolute uncertainty = 10/300 × 0.60 [1] speed 0.5
absolute uncertainty = 0.02 V [1] 4.0 × 10−2 s [1]
(Therefore, V = 0.60 ± 0.02 V) ii flux linkage = NBA =
5 When there is no flux linkage
linkage,, the flux is 150 × 0.30 × (0.02 × 0.02) [1]
changing at the greatest rate and so the flux linkage = 1.8 × 10−2 Wb [1]
induced e.m.f. is a maximum. [2]
b The rate of change of magnetic flux is
When the flux linkage is a maximum, it is, constant. [1]
instantaneously,, not changing and thus there
instantaneously t here
is no induced e.m.f. [2]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
c initial flux linkage = 0 and final flux b i Φ= BA = 50 × 10−3 × p × (0.1)2 [1]

linkage = 1.8 × 10−2 Wb [1] Φ= 1.57 × 10−3 ≈ 1.6 × 10−3 Wb [1]
magnitude of induced e.m
e.m.f.
.f. = rate of ii change in flux linkage = ∆(
∆(NNΦ) =
change of magnetic flux linkage [1] −3
600 × 1.57 × 10 − 0 [1]
10 2 − 0
1.8 ×10 −
E= [1] ∆(NΦ) = 0.942 ≈ 0.94 Wb (magnitude

4. 0 ×10 2 −
only) [1]
E = 0.45 V (magnitude only) [1] ∆ ( NΦ ) 0.942
d When the coil is completely within the iii e.m.f. E = ∆t = 0.12 [1]
field, the induced e.m.f. is zero. [1] e.m.f. E = 7.85 ≈ 7.9 V [1]
The reason for this is that there is no 9 a i A change in magnetic flux causes an
change in the magnetic flux linkage. [1] induced e.m.f. [1]
e The spokes are cutting magnetic lines
e.m.f. / V
of flux. or The circuit (containing a
spoke and the connections) is sweeping
0.45
out an area of magnetic flux. [1]
ii Increase the strength of the magnetic
field (magnetic flux density). This
causes a greater magnetic flux linking
the circuit and thus a greater rate of
0
0 0.04 0.08 Time / s change of the magnetic flux. [1]
Correct axes and labels with e.m.f. Rotate the coil faster. Each change in
constant between 0 and 0.04 s [1] magnetic flux occurs in a smaller time,
and thus a greater rate of change of
Zero e.m.f. between 0.04 and 0.08 s [1]
flux occurs. [1]
8 a The magnitude of the e.m.f.
e.m.f. induced is
directly proportional to the rate of change b i area per second = pR2f = p × (0.15)2 × 5
[1] [1]
area per second = 0.353 ≈ 0.35 m2 s−1 [1]
of magnetic flux linkage. [1]
∆ ( NΦ ) ∆( BA)
ii E= =
∆t ∆t
= 0.353 × 5 × 10−3 [1]

E = 1.77 × 10−3 ≈ 1.8 × 10−3 V [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 27
Exam-style questions 6 a period = 8 × 5 = 40 ms = 0.040 s [1]
1
frequency = = 25 Hz [1]
1 A [1] T
2 A [1] b V0 = 3 × 0.5 = 1.5 V [1]

1.5
3 a V = V0 sin ωt, where ω = 2pf [1] Vr.m.s. = = 1.06 ≈ 1.1 V [1]
2
b I = I0 sin ωt [1] c I r.m.s. = V r.m.s./R = 1.06/200 = 5.3 × 10 3 A −
[1]
c P = I0V0 sin2 ωt = ((II0)2R sin2 ωt = V02
3
sin2(ωt)/
)/R
R [1] d <P> = I r.m.s. × V r.m.s. = 1.06 × 5.3 × 10 −
[1]
4 a 2.0 A [1] mean power = 5.6 × 10 3 W −

[1]
b 2pf = 50π [1] 7 a I0 = 2 × I r.m.s. [1]

so, f = 25 Hz [1] b i The current using the a.c. supply is not
steady and is mostly below 2.0 A. [1]
c I /A
The heating effect is greater using
2 the d.c. supply. [1]
Irms (1.4A)
2
1 Pdc ( I dc )
ii = [1]
0 Pac ( I rms )2
t /s
0.04 0.08
–1 Pdc
= 2 [1]
–2 Pac
8 a Correct dotted line showing a.c [1]

[2]
Peak voltage V0 = 2 × 6.0 = 8.49 ≈ 8.5 V
I0
d Ir.m.s. = = 1.41 ≈ 1.4 A [1] marked as peak on graph [1]
2
e 0.005 s and 0.015 s in the first cycle [1] Time for one cycle 1
50
= 0.02 s marked
on graph [1]
0.045 s and 0.055 s in the second cycle [1]
Correct half-wave rectified shape shown
I r.m.s. marked on graph [1] [1]
2 2
5 a average power = V /R = 20 /6.0 [1]
p.d./V
average power = 66.7 W ≈ 67 W [1]
8.5
b maximum power = 2 × average power =
2 × 66.7 ≈ 130 W [1]
0
Time/s
c energy = average power × time = 66.7 × 0.02 0.04
5.0 × 60 [1] –8.5
energy = 2.0 × 104 J [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
b i
3
× 0.02 = 0.015 s [1] c i t = 0.013 to 0.015 s [1]
4
Vmean 5.7 ii Vmean = 0.91 V (allow 0.01 V) [1]
ii Imean = = [1] (Vmean )2 0.912
R 400 iii <P> = = [1]
= 0.014 25 ≈ 1.4 × 10
2
A −
[1] R 1000
4 4
= 8.28 × 10 ≈ 8.3 × 10
−
W −
[1]
iii Q = Imeant = 0.014 25 × 0.015 [1]
4
10 a i The steady direct voltage that delivers
Q = 2.14 × 10 −
≈ 2.1 × 10 4 C
−
[1]
the same energy / power [1]
iv p.d. across capacitor falls from 8.49 to
to a resistance / resistive load as the
4.24 V
alternating voltage. [1]
Q 14 ×10 4
2.14 −
C= = [1] ii V0 = 2 × Vrms = 2 × 400 000 [1]

Vfinal −Vinitial 8.49
49 − 4.24
24
5 5
= 566 000 ≈ 5.7 × 105 V or The p.d.
= 5.04 × 10 −
≈ 5.0 × 10 F −
[1] between two conductors is twice
c Diode has very large / infinite resistance this value. [1]
6
[1] P 500 × 10
b i I r.m.s. = = [1]
Vr.m.s. 400 × 103
when the p.d. across the diode is negative
(i.e.,, it is reverse biased) or when top
(i.e. = 1250 ≈ 1.2 × 103 or 1.3 × 103 A [1]
contact of supply is at a smaller potential ii P = ((II r.m.s.)2R = 12502 × 4.0 [1]
than top plate of the capacitor. [1]
P = 6.25 × 106 ≈ 6.2 × 106 or
9 a Full-wave rectification occurs [1] 6.3 × 106 W [1]
Four diodes are used [1] iii When the voltage is stepped up, the
Circuit showing correct bridge rectifier current is reduced (for the same input
with four diodes, input and output (as per power). [1]
Figure 27.12 in the coursebook) [1] Smaller currents produced less energy
Circuit with all diodes connected in / power loss in the line’s resistance. [1]
correct direction [1] 11 a i Between A and B, the capacitor is
Correct explanation describing the two charging. [1]
diodes that conduct when the supply
ii Between B and C,
C, the capacitor is
voltage has positive potential at top and
discharging through the resistor. [1]
negative potential at bottom [1]
Correct explanation describing the other b V0 = 100 V; V = 80 V with t = 8.0 ms
two diodes that conduct when the supply (allow ±0.5 ms) [1]
voltage has negative potential at top and V = V0e−t/CR; ln (V
(V/V0) = −t/CR or ln
positive potential at bottom [1] (80/100) = −8.0 × 10−3/C × 120 [1]
−4
b Capacitor charges up to 1.0 V. [1] C = 3.0 × 10 F [1]
When the p.d. across capacitor exceeds the
supply p.d. c onducting. [1]
p.d. the diode stops conducting.
Capacitor provi
provides
des current in resistor and
discharges (exponentially). [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 28
Exam-style questions b Converting this to joule (J)
maximum k.e. = 11.3 × 1.6 × 10−19 =
1 A [1]
1.8 × 10−18 J [1]
2 A [1] work function
9 minimum frequency = [1]
3 E = hf [1] h
19
4.9 ×1.6 ×10 −
= 6.63 × 10−34 × 4.0 × 1018 = 2.7 × 10−15 J [1] = = 1.2 × 1015 Hz [1]
6.6
633 ×10 34 −
4 For shortest wavelength:

hc 10 a energy required = 54.4 eV [1]
E= [1]
λ = 54.4 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 8.7 × 10−18 J [1]
−34 8
6.63 ×10 × 3 × 10
= = × −23
[1] b energy change = 13.6 − 6.1 = 7.5 eV [1]
0.005 4 10 J 7.5 × 1.6 × 10 19
E −
so, range is from 4 × 10−25 J to 4 × 10−23 J [1] f= = = 1.8 × 1015 Hz

34
h 6.6
633 ×10 −
5 a E = 1.02 × 10−5 × 1.60 × 10−19 = [1]

1.63 × 10−24 J [1]
E 1.6
633 ×10 24
− This lies in the ultra
ultraviolet
violet region. [1]
b f= = = 2.46 × 109 Hz [1]
h 6.6
633 ×10 − 34
c The drop in energy from n = 2 to n = 1 is
c 3. 0 × 108 much more than that from n = 3 to n = 2 [1]
c λ= = = 0.12 m [1]
f 2.4
466 × 109 so the frequency of the light emitted is
much higher. [1]
6 a E = 5.0 × 106 × 1.6 × 10−19 =
34
8.0 × 10−13 J [1] hc 6.63 × 10 −
× 3.0 × 108
11 a E= =
9
[1]
λ 590 × 10 −
b i 10 000 eV [1] −19

E = 3.4 × 10 J [1]
ii E = 10 000 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 1.6 × 10−15 J
[1] b i Electrons ha
have
ve zero potential energy
21
6 ×10 −
at infinity,
infinity, and less than this near the
c E= = 3.8 × 10−2 eV [1] nucleus. [1]
19
1. 6 ×10 −
ii Electron is excited from the

7 a charge = 2
2ee [1]
−5.8 × 10−19 J level to the −2.4 × 10−19 J
so, energy in eV = 2 × 7500 = 15 000 eV [1] level, [1]
b E = 15 000 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 2.4 × 10−15 J [1] absorbing all the energy of the
2E 4. 8 ×10 16 −
incident photon. [1]
c v2 = =
27
= 7.06 × 1010 m2 s−2
m 6. 8 × 10 −
iii Incident light is directional;
directional; light is
[1]
reemitted in all directions
directions.. [1]
v = 8.4 × 105 m s−1 18
[1]
2. 5 ×10 −
12 a Electron is totally removed from the
8 a photon energy in eV = =
1. 6 × 10 − 19 nucleus.. (Accept atom is ionised.)
nucleus [1]
15.625 eV [1]
b i The potential energy of the electron is
k.e.max = hf − Φ; maximum k.e. = photon
less in level 2 than in level 3, [1]
energy − work function [1]
so energy is given out (as a photon). [1]
max
k.e. = 15.625 − 4.3 = 11.3 eV [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
ii change in energy = −2.4 − (−5.4) = b i 5.0 keV or 8.0 × 10−19 J [1]

3.0 eV or 4.8 × 10−19 J [1] 1
1
hc hc ii E= 2
mv2 → Em = 2
m2v2 → mv = p =
E= leads to λ = =
λ E
2Em [1]
6.63 × 10 34 × 3.0 × 108
−
19
[1] p= 2 × 8.0 × 10 −19
× 9.1×1
100 31
−
[1]
4.8 × 10 −
= 4.1 × 10−7 m [1] = 3.8 × 10−23 N s [1]

iii If E is inversely proportional to n2,
inversely iii λ =
h =
6.6
633 ×10 34 −
[1]
then En2 is a constant. p 3. 8 ×10 23 −
n = 1: En2 = −21.9 × 1 = −21.9 λ= 1.7 × 10−11 m [1]

n = 2: En2 = −5.4 × 4 = −21.6 c Neutrons have
have a greater mass than
n = 3: En2 = −2.4 × 9 = −21.6 [1] electrons,, so greater momentum
electrons [1]
All products are appro

approximately
ximately the for same energy, [1]
same. [1] so shorter wa
wavelength.
velength. [1]
Alternative route is to compare ratios 15 a The Planck constant h is in the equation
1 1 describing the particle-like behaviour of a
of E1 : En and : [1] photon; with E = hf ((E
E = energy of photon
( n1 )2 ( nn )2
and f = frequency). [1]
with linking comment. [1]
The Planck constant h is in the equation
13 a i Electromagnetic radiation displays
Electromagnetic
describing the wave-like behaviour of a
properties associated both with
particles [1] particle; with λp = h (p = momentum of
particle and λ = de Broglie wavelength). [1]
and with wa
waves.
ves. [1]
b i The photons of visible light ha
have
ve
ii Radiation below certain frequency
Radiation momentum. [1]
will not produce photoelectrons /
There is a change of momentum
maximum energy of photoelectrons
when the photons hit the
t he plate. [1]
increases linearly with frequency. [1]
Accordi ng to Newton’s second law
According law,, the
Energy of a packet (particle) depends
rate of change of momen
momentumtum of these
on frequency (wave). [1]
photons is equal to the force exerted
b Energy of the photon is less than the on the plate. [1]
work function, [1] E hc 6.63
63 × 10 −34
ii p= = = [1]
which is the minimum energy required c λc 550 × 10 9 −
to remove an electron from the metal p = 1.205 × 10−27 N s ≈ 1.2 × 10−27 N s

surface. [1] [1]
c k.e.max = hf − Φ, so x-intercept = iii energy of photon = hc hc//λ [1]
threshold frequency = 5.6 × 1014 Hz [1] number of photons per second =
Φ= hf0 = 6.63 × 10−34 × 5.6 × 1014 [1] area × intensity/
intensity/EE = AI λ/hc [1]
work function = 3.7 × 10−19 J [1] force = number of photons per second
× momentum of each photon = AI λ/hc
d k.e.max = hf − Φ, so gradient = h [1] × h/λ = AI/c [1]
(1.82 − 0 ) ×1.6 ×10 19 −
h= [1] force = 0.052 × 800/3.0 × 108 [1]

4. 4 × 1014
force = 6.7 × 10−9 N [1]
h = 6.62 × 10−34 ≈ 6.6 × 10−34 J s [1]
14 a Electrons show wave−particle duality. [1]
The de Broglie wa
wavelength
velength is the wa
wavelength
velength
of an electron (of a definite energy). [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 29
Exam-style questions c number of nucleons = 12; BE per nucleon
48 10 11
−
= 1.48 ×
12
[1]
1 D [1]
BE per nucleon = 1.23 × 10−12 J [1]
2 A [1]
8 a decrease in mass = 3.015 500 + 2.013 553
3 a Using ∆E = ∆mc2, ∆m = 2 × 1.67 × 10−27 [1] − 4.001 506 − 1.007 276 [1]
energy released = 2 × 1.67 × 10−27 × = 0.020 271 u [1]
(3.0 × 108)2 [1]
= 0.020 271 × 1.660 × 10−27 = 3.365 ×
−10
= 3.0 × 10 J [1] 10−29 kg [1]
23
b 1 mole contains NA particles (6.02 × 10 ) b energy released = ∆mc2 [1]
[1]
= 3.365 × 10−29 × (3.0 × 108)2 = 3.028 ×
energy released = 3.0 × 10−10 × NA [1] 10−12 J [1]
−10 23 14
= 3.0 × 10 × 6.023 × 10 = 1.8 × 10 J [1]
1.0
c energy released per mole = energy per
4 Using ∆E = ∆mc2, ∆m = (3. 0 × 108 )2
[1] reaction × NA [1]
= 3.028 × 10−12 × 6.023 × 1023 =
change in mass = 1.1 × 10−17 kg [1]
1.823 × 1012 J [1]
5 Using E = mc2, energy released per second
9 a 1 mole contains NA atoms [1]
= 70 × 10−6 × (3.0 × 108)2 [1]
Using A = λN
= 6.3 × 109 J [1]
but energy per second = power, so power A
λ= [1]
= 6.3 GW [1] N
6 change in mass = 221.970 − 217.963 − 4.002, 8.0
022 × 1021
change in mass = 0.005 u [1] = = 1.33 × 10−2 s−1 [1]
23
6.023 × 10
= 0.005 × 1.660 × 10−27 kg 0.693
= 8.30 × 10 −30
kg [1] b λt1/2 = 0.693, so t1/2 = λ
[1]
energy released = 8.30 × 10−30 × (3 × 108)2 [1] 0.693
half-life = = 52.0 s [1]
2
energy released = 7.47 × 10−13 J [1] 1.3
333 ×10 −
The energy is released as kinetic energy of 10 a From the graph, 2 × t1/2 = 28 s [1]
the α-particle [1] 28
so t1/2 = = 14 s [1]
and electromagnetic radiation (the γ-ray). [1] 2
7 a mass defect in u = 6 × (1.007 276 + 1.008 6 (or use the point (14, 80))
65 + 0.000 548) − 12.000 = 0.098 934 u [1]
0.693
mass defect in kg = b λt1/2 = 0.693, so λ = [1]
t1/ 2
0.098 934 × 1.660 × 10−27 = 1.64 × 10−28 kg
[1] decay constant = 0.693
693
= 4.95 × 10−2 s−1 [1]
14
b binding energy = mass defect × c2 [1]
= 1.64 × 10−28 × (3.0 × 108)2
= 1.48 × 10−11 J [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
0.693 0.693 b i Electrostatic forces larger as the

11 a λ1/2 = = [1] charge on each nucleus is twice that
t1/ 2 4. 9 × 109
on hydrogen (H) [1]
= 1.4 × 10−10 y−1 [1]
ii ∆m = 12.000000 − (3 × 4.001 506) =
b Using ln  N  = −λt [1] 0.004 518 u [1]
 
 N0 
∆m = 0.004 518 × 1.660 × 10−27 =
ln 0.992 = −1.4 × 10−10t [1] 7.500 × 10−27 kg [1]
t = 5.7 × 107 y [1] ∆E = 7.500 × 10−27 × (3.0 × 108)2
12 a i Graph dra
drawn
wn using these figures, single ∆E = 6.75 × 10−13 J [1]
smooth line, points plotted as crosses
crosses,,
15 a Alpha-particles have a very low
suggested scales: activity (y-axis) 50 Bq
penetration and those from outside the
per cm time (x-axis) 2 minutes per cm
body are stopped by the layer of dead
[1]
skin cells. [1]
ii There is a random element of Dust can be inhaled, bringing the
radioactive decay, which becomes α-particles inside the
t he body,
body, where they
more apparent at lower levels of are very dangerous. [1]
activity. [1] 2.4
b N = × 6.022 × 10 23 = 6.63 × 1021 [1]
b From the graph, t1/2 ≈ 3.8 minutes [1] 2.18
λ = (ln 2)/183 = 3.78 × 10−3 s−1 [1]
c All count rates would be greater [1] A = λN = 3.78 × 10−3 × 6.63 × 1021 [1]
19
but the the
remain timesame.
for the rate to halve would [1] A = 2.50 × 10 Bq [1]
13 a 92 protons, 143 neutrons [1]  A0   2.50
50 ×1019 
c λt = ln  A  = ln 
  
3
 10 
b V=
4
πr3 =
(
4 1.41×1
100 − 15
×
3
235 ) = ln (2.50 × 1018) [1]
3 3
t = ln (2.50 × 1018)/3.78 × 10−3 = 11 200 s [1]
= 2.76 × 10−42 m3 [1]
t = 3.1 hours [1]
−25
density = 3.8
899 ×10 m3 [1] 16 a Kinetic energy [1]
42
2.7
766 ×10 −
of the fission fragments [1]

density = 1.41 × 1017 ≈ 1.4 × 1017 kg m−3 [1]
b i change in mass = 3.90 ×
c When the nucleons are combined in the 10−25 − (1.44 × 10−25 + 2.42 ×
nucleus they have less energy ( = binding 10−25 + 1.67 × 10−27 × 2)
energy) than when separated. [1]
= 6.60 × 10−28 kg [1]
Less energy means less mass (or energy
has mass). [1] energy released =
6.60 × 10−28 × (3.0 × 108)2
d Sum the total mass of the separate
protons and neutrons. [1] energy released = 5.94 × 10−11 J ≈
5.9 × 10−11 J [1]
Subtract from that the mass of the 200 × 106
ii fissions per second = =
uranium nuclide. [1] 18 5 .94
9 4 × 10
11 −
3.37 × 10 [1]
Apply ∆E = ∆mc2 [1]
fissions per year =
iii
∆E is the binding energy [1] 3.37 × 1018 × 3.15 × 107 = 1.06 × 1026 [1]
14 a Nuclear fusion is the joining together 1.0
066 ×10 26
of two (or more) light nuclei to form a moles per year = = 176 [1]
6.0
0222 ×1023
heavier nucleus. [1] mass per year = 176 × 235 =
The repulsive electrostatic forces between 4.14 × 104 g ≈ 41 kg [1]
nuclei must be overcome. [1]
High temperatures mean particles moving
very fast / high energy. [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 30
Exam-style questions High potential (50 kV or more) between
anode and cathode [1]
1 B [1]
Reference to material for anode / reference
2 C [1] to cooling of anode [1]
3 a Radiation that can cause ionisation of
Radiation Reference to acceleration of electrons
the air (or of any other material it passes across the tube [1]
through) [1]
b Electric potential energy → kinetic energy
It is likely to have sufficien
sufficientt energy to
of electrons [1]
cause damage to DNA and hence cell ce ll
mutation. [1] → internal energy on collision with anode
[1]
b X-ray shadow imaging, CAT scan, plus X-radiation [1]
PET scan [2]
10 a i Peaks are formed by excitati
excitation
on of an
(2 marks for 3 correct, 1 mark for
inner electron in an atom to a higher
2 correct)
level. [1]
4 minimum wavelength = hc
hc//E [1] Energy is given out when it drops
= 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108/(20 000 × 1.6 × 10−19) back to ground state. [1]
= 6.2 × 10−11 m [1] ii Band is produced by many
5 There is a large difference between the interactions, [1]
acoustic impedance of air and skin. each absorbing different energies
energies.. [1]
Consequently,, a very large percentage of the
Consequently
ultrasound is reflected. [1] b i Low-energy X-rays are absorbed
by flesh [1]
The gel is used to match the impedances. [1]
so do not contribute to the overall
Ir ( Z2 − Z1 )2 1.78
78 − 1.63
63 picture. [1]
= [1] = ( )2 [1]
6 I0 ( Z2 + Z ) 2 2 78 + 1.63
1.78 63 Filtering these rays reduces the patient’
patient’ss
= 0.19% [1]
3
= 1. 9 × 10
−
overall exposure to radiation. [1]
7 wavelength = speed/frequency = 5200/800 000 ii Aluminium absorbs these low-energy
= 0.0065 m [1] X-rays. [1]
i.e. 3.25 × 10−3
Optimum thickness is half this, i.e. c Use of 115 keV [1]
−3
m ≈ 3.3 × 10 m [1]
E = hf leading to f = 115 × 103 × 1.6 ×
8 Large (relatively)
(relatively) exposure of patient to the 10−19/(6.63 × 10−34) [1]
ionising radiation with consequent risks [1]
= 2.78 × 1019 ≈ 2.8 × 1019 Hz [1]
Expensive, because sophisticated equipment is
Expensive,
required [1] 11 a i I = I0 e−mx [1]
9 a Diagram showing basic tube with cathode

cathode,, = 4.0 × 105 × exp (−250 × 5 × 10−2) [1]
anode (target) [1] = 1.5 W [1]
Cathode, anode, vacuum labelled / ii The long-wavelength / low-energy
referred to elsewhere [1] X-rays are absorbed, [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
which do not contribute to the overall b i E = mc2 = 2 × 1.67 × 10−27 × (3 × 108)2

picture / are absorbed by soft tissue, [1]
[1] = 1.50 × 10−10 J [1]
reducing the overall exposure to ii E = hc/λ gives λ = hc/E [1]
radiation. [1]
= 6.63 × 10−34 × 3 × 108/1.5 × 10−10
12 a acoustic impedance of a material =
= 1.3 × 10−15 m
density × speed of sound in the material
[1] c 82 Rb → 82 Kr + 0 β + 0 γ [2]
37 36 1 0
When ultrasound goes from one material
to another, some reflects. [1] 14 a i a solution containing molecules that
The proportion of the signal reflected is are readily taken up by the body [1]
determined by the acoustic impedance to which are attached radioactive
of the two materials. [1] nuclides [1]
b Z = ρc = 1.04 × 103 × 1.58 × 103 J [1] which emit β+-particles [1]
Z = 1.64 × 106 kg m2 s−1 [1] ii The line of response is a straight line
between the two detectors detecting
c i Some energy is reflected at the first the gamma rays produced by the
surface; incident energy is lower at the annihilation event. [1]
second surface. [1]
The precise position of the
ii time between pulses = 3.5 × 10 × 10−6 s annihilation event is on this line and
[1]
distance of tra
travel
vel of pulse = is calculated
between from the
the arrival of time difference
the two gamma
vt = 1.58 × 10 × 3.5 × 10 × 10−6 s
3
[1] rays produced in the event [1]
diameter of head = ½ × distance =
diameter b i When a particle and its antiparticle
2.76 × 10−2 ≈ 28 mm [1] meet they annihilate each other [1]
13 a Any five from: and emit a pair of γ-rays [1] which
vel at 180° to each other [1].
travel
tra
Tracer with β+ emitter as tag [1]
ii mass-energy [1] momentum [1]
on meets an electron in the tissue [1]
Positron
Positr
Anihilation of positron−electron pair [1]
Pair of γ-rays produced [1]
Travel at 180° to each other [1]
Strike detectors and the line of response
established [1]
Point at which interaction took place
determined by arrival times [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter 31
Exam-style questions 5 a Luminosity is the total radiant power
emitted from a star. [1]
1 B [1]
b The total surface area of a red giant is
2 D (% uncertainty = 2 × 2.5 + 1.2 = 6.2 %) [1]
much greater (area ∝ radius2). [1]
c 3. 0 ×108
3 a λ = = = 4.11 × 10−7 m Therefore, greater power is emitte
emitted
d
f 7. 3 ×1014 (luminosity) even though the power
≈ 4.1 × 10−7 m [1] emitted per unit area of its ‘cooler’
surface is smaller
smaller.. [1]
∆λ v
b i = ; therefore,
λ c c L = 4πσr2T 4 [1]
4.11×10−7 × 11×106 = × ×
−8
× ×
6 2
×
4
∆λ = [1] L 4π 5.67 10 [8.5 10 ] 7800 [1]

3. 0 ×108
∆λ = 1.51 × 10−8 m [1] L = 1.9 × 1023 W [1]
observed wavelength = (4.11 + 0.151) ×
d i Tλmax = constant (Wien’
(Wien’ss displacement
10−7 = 4.26 × 10−7 m ≈ 4.3 × 10−7 m [1]
law) [1]
∆λ v Tested for at least two values (ignore
ii = ; therefore,
λ c powers of ten); for example:
4.11×10−7 × 0.07 × 3.0 ×108 5000 × 580 = 2.9 × 106 (nm K) and
∆λ = [1]
3. 0 ×108 4500 × 640 = 2.9 × 106 (nm K) [1]
∆λ = 2.88 × 10−8 m [1] ii Tλmax = 2.9 × 106 nm K (allow 2.9 ×
observed wavelength = (4.11 + 0.288) × 10−3 m K) [1]
10−7 = 4.40 × 10−7 m ≈ 4.4 × 10−7 m [1] 106
T = 2.9 × = 7250 K ≈ 7300 K [1]
400
c All the galaxies are moving away from absolute uncertainty =
each other. [1] 10 × 7250 = 180 K [1]
This is because of the expansion of the 400
Universe after the Big Bang. [1] T = (7.3 ± 0.2) × 103 K (to 2 sf ) [1]
4 a The recession speed of a galaxy is directly hc 6.63 ×10 34 × 3.0 ×108
−
6 a E= = [1]
proportional to its distance from us. [1] λ 662 ×10 9 −
energy of photon = 3.00 × 10−19 J [1]

b gradient = H0 [1]
6. 0 ×106 b A spectral line is produced by the
gradient calculated, e.g. H0 = [1]
2. 3 ×10 24 emission of photons of a specific
H0 ≈ 2.6 × 10−18 s−1 [1] wavelength. [1]
c distance = maximum possible time × Photons of definite wa
wavelength
velength are
speed of light [1] produced when electrons make transitions
between two specific energy levels. [1]
distance = 14 × 109 × 3.15 × 107 × 3.0 × 108
[1]
26
= × or
distance
light-years)1.3 10 m ( 14 billion [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
∆λ v 7 a Radiant flux intensity is the radiant power

c i = [1] transmitted normally through a surface
λ c
per unit area. [1]
[662 − 656 ]× 3.0 ×108
v= [1] b F∝ 1
(inverse square law relationship)
656 d2
v = 2.7 × 10 m s−1
6
[1] [1]
1400
ii It must be travelling away from us. [1] c F at Neptune’s
Neptune’s position is equal to 302
[1]
d According to Hubble’s law, more F = 1.56 W m−2 [1]

−4
distant galaxies tra
travel
vel faster. [1] power = 1.56 × area = 1.56 × 1.0 × 10 =
1.56 × 10−4 W ≈ 0.16 mW [1]
Therefore, the wavelength is redshifted
more; the observed wavelength
wavelength would be
greater (than 662 nm). [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter P1
Exam-style questions • Avoid the balling
balling rolling to the side of
the track [1]
1 D [1]
• Measure the distance without introducing
2 B [1] parallax error. [1]
3 a 25.8 ± 3.3 cm or better 26 ± 3 cm [1] Suggested impro
improvements:
vements:
• Take readings at about five values of s
b 2.80 ± 0.18 cm or better 2.8 ± 0.2 cm [1]
and plot a graph of T2 against s. [1]
c 24.0 ± 0.1 g [1] • Take a video of the ball rolling down the
4 a 1.1 ± 0.1 V [1] ramp with a timer in the background and
0.7 ± 0.1 V [1] play it back frame by frame [1]
• Use a metal ball, held to an electromagnet
b If R kl then the two values of k are
=
at the same start position each time,

0.0440 Ω cm 1 and 0.0467 Ω cm 1
− −
[1]
turning off the magnet to start the ball. [1]
The criterion is that if the resistance
• Use longer distances. [1]
is proportional to length, then the
percentage difference in the values of k is • Have a groov
Have groovee down
down the middle
middle of the
less than the percentage uncertainty in the track. [1]
value
val ue of V. [1] • Always view from directly above
above the
Percentage difference in k values mark on the track when using a rule. [1]
=
0.27
= 0.6% [1] • (Maximum [8] marks: [4] for the
0.04
044
4
problems,, and the other [4] for solutions/
problems
Percentage uncertainty in lowest value of improvements.)
V is 14%, so the data is consistent with R
proportional to l. [1] 6 a Values for m correct and to the same
number of significant figures, or one
5 Apart from taking only two readings, which is more than data [1]
not enough, it is difficult to:
Values for T correct and to the same
• Release the ball
ball without giving it an initial
initial number of significant figures, or one
velocity [1] more than data [1]
• Start the
the stopwatch ball is released [1]
stopwatch as the ball Mass / g T20 / s T/s
• Stop the stopwatch exactly as the ball m / g0.5
crosses the line [1] 20 12.2 4.5 0.610
• Release the ball exactly on the line [1] 50 15.0 7.1 0.750
• Measure small times that are not much 100 18.7 10.0 0.935
larger than reaction times [1]
150 21.8 12.2 1.090
200 24.5 14.1 1.225
190 24.0 13.8 1.200
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
1.4 d, e See comments for experiment 2, plus the

1.2 difficulty of measuring to the middle
of the trolley for l and s (measure from
1.0
end of trolley and add on half the
0.8 length of a trolley found separately),
T/s
0.6 difficulties that may occur as the toy car
0.4 hits the straight section
sect ion (have
(have a slightly
curved join), and difficulties with the
0.2 car not running straight (ha(have
ve wheels in
0.0 grooves) [8]
0 5 10 15
m / g 0.5 (Marks: [1] for each sensible source of
uncertainty,, to a maximum of [4]; and
uncertainty
b Sensible axes used and labelled with
[1] for each sensible improvement,
improvement, to a
quantity and unit [1]
maximum of [4])
All points plotted to within half a
8 a Average value of voltage was 5.9 V and
small square [1]
uncertainty is ±0.2 or possibly 0.3 V
All points close to line [1]
Percentage uncertainty is between 3%
Line of best fit correct [1] and 5% [1]
c Gradient drawn with more than half b i 0.42 °C V 2
−
[1]
length of drawn line; value between and 0.35 °C V 2
−
[1]
0.062 and 0.064 [1] ii Two sig. figs, as V was measured to 2
y-intercept between 0.30 and 0.32 [1] sig. figs and θ was measured to 3 sig.
d C value given for y
= -intercept with
y-intercept
figs. Choose the lower number. [1]
unit s, e.g. 0.31 s [1] iii Percentage difference in values of
k is 18%. This is larger than the 5%
k value given for gradient with
=
uncertainty in V (which is larger than

unit, e.g. 0.063 s g 0.5 −
[1]
the percentage uncertainty in the value
7 a i 127 cm [1] of θ). Thus, the data is not consistent
ii 3 cm [1] with the suggested relationship.
relationship. [1]
2% [1] c Only two voltage readings is not enough. [1]
iii 4.7 s [1] The voltmeter reading fluctuates because
of contact resistance. [1]
iv 0.1 s [1]
The voltmeter reading fluctuates because
2% [1] of a change in mains voltage. [1]
b i When l 40 cm, v 27 cm s 1;
= =
−
The voltmeter reading falls because

when l 60 cm, v 38 cm s 1
= =
−
[1] the resistance of the wire changes as it

ii Two sig. figs, as this was the lower of heats up. [1]
the number of sig. figs for s (3 sig. figs) The temperature increases after the switch
and t (2 sig. figs) [1] is turned off (while heat passes from the
resistor to the water). [1]
c i k sl 3.175 and 3.167; the percentage
= =
(Maximum of [4] marks)

difference in k values is 0.26% [1]
d Clean the wires first. [1]
This is less than the percentage
Use a car battery. [1]
uncertainty in s 2%, so the data is
=
consistent with s proportional to l. [1] Use a metal whose resistance changes

little with temperature
temperature.. [1]
ii v2/l = 59 and 24 [1]
Use more than two voltages and plot a
Percentage difference 130% much ph of θ against V2. or Calculate more
graph
gra
larger than percentage uncertainty than two values of k. [1]
in v and so not consistent [1] Stir well and take the highest reading on
the thermometer after
afte r switching off.
off. [1]
(Maximum of [4] marks)
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
may be different.
Coursebook answers
Chapter P2
Exam-style questions d Diagram of source and GM tube, with
GM tube connected to counter [1]
1 C [1] Record
Record change in reading on counter
2 D [1] and divide count by time [1]
3 a Dependent variable is frequency; e Record for as long as possible (but
Record
independent variable is volume [1] much less than half-life) [1]
b Temperature (or air pressure) [1] f The source is quite large and it is difficult
c Loudspeaker connected to signal to know which part to measure to /
generator or tuning forks of different difficult to put a ruler over the distance
frequencies [1] [1]
d Connect to a microphone and Put a fiducial mark on the bench on the
oscilloscope.. Measure T, the time for
oscilloscope outside of the source to mark its middle
[1]
one wave on x-axis and f = T1 [1]
g Use lead absorbers / stand far aw
away
ay / stay
e Fill with water and tip water into
close for a short time [1]
measuring cylinder [1]
6 a Dependent variable is volume/radius/
f Add water [1] diameter; independent variable is
g Not too loud or use ear plugs [1] atmospheric pressure [1]
4 a Dependent variable is terminal velocity; b Temperature / type of balloon [1]
independent variable is bubble volume or
radius [1] c Bell jar or container to hold balloon [1]
Means to change pressure, e.g., vacuum
b Temperature / mass of air in bubble / pump [1]
atmospheric pressure [1]
d Turn on vacuum pump [1]
c Place marks on side of glass tube in which Pressure gauge shown or manometer
bubble
bubb le rises and time bubble between the (pressure may be measured in cm of
marks [1] liquid) [1]
d Squirt air from a small glass tube under e Wear goggles / stand behind safety
water and change the radius of the tube [1]
water screen (as bell jar may implode) [1]
5 a Dependent variable is count rate;
7 a 6.0 ± 0.7 [1]
independent variable is distance [1]
b 1.5 ± 0.2 [1]
b Amount of radioactive material /
atmospheric pressure / long half-life [1] c 9.0 ± 1.2 or 9 ± 1 [1]
c Wrap source in a few millimetres of d 1.0 ± 0.3 [1]

aluminium [1] e 5.0 ± 1.6 or 5 ± 2 [1]
and subtract background count [1]
f 1.73 ± 0.06 [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
8 Best-fit line: an even balance of points • Any [4] points from:

about the line along its whole length [1] Use small amplitudes [1]
Worst-fit line: line with most different gradient Trial experiment to find sensible value
to best-fit line but that still passes through as of mass [1]
many error bars as possible [1]
Use of electronic timer [1]
In questions 9 to 13, only brief descriptions
Fiducial aid [1]
are given.
9 • Dependent variab
variable
le R [1] Measure time from centre of oscilla
oscillation
tion
[1]
Independent variab
variable
le d [1] 11 • Dependent variab
variable
le B [1]
Constant: intensity of bulb [1]
Independent variab
variable
le I [1]
• Circuit diagram [1] Constant: coil turns and area [1]
Current and voltage measured [1] • Diagram showing coil and Hall probe
Distance d between source and LDR with voltmeter [1]
changed [1]
Coil connected to d.c. power supply [1]
d measured and shown [1]
Ammeter to measure I [1]
Method of measuring d [1]
Probe at right angles to direction of
V
• R= I
[1] magnetic field [1]
Graph of ln R against ln d should be a Method to locate centre of coil [1]
straight line (not through origin) [1] • Graph
Graph of B against I or graph of ln B
• Avoid touching hot lamp / do not stare against ln I [1]
at bright light [1] Straight line through origin or graph of
of
ln B against ln I has slope 1 [1]
• Any [4] points from:
Calculation of currents and choice of • Large current causes heating, so switch
sensible meter ranges [1] off when not in use [1]
Lamp is a line filament [1] • Any [4] points from:
Detail of how to measure distance to Method to create a large magnetic field
filament inside bulb [1] [1]
Repeat measure
measurement
ment and average [1] Reasoned method to keep probe in same
Trial experiment to find sensible distances orientation (e.g. set square, fix to rule) [1]
[1] Calibrate Hall probe [1]
Avoidance of outside light/reflections [1] Repeatt experiment with probe reversed
Repea
variable
le T [1] [1]
Independent variab
variable
le l [1] Avoid extern
external
al magnetic fields [1]
Constant: mass [1] 12 • Dependent variab
variable
le E [1]
• Displace mass downwards and release [1] Independent variab

variable
le v [1]
Constant: number of turns in coil or
Method of measuring l using rule [1]
same magnet [1]
Method to measure to centre of mass [1]
• Labelled diagram with magnet falling
Time 10 oscillations and divide by 10 [1]
vertically through coil [1]
Use stopwatch [1]
Voltmete
oltmeterr or c.r.o. connec
connected
ted to coil [1]
• Graph of ln T against ln l [1] Method to change speed of magnet [1]
Gradient of graph n [1] Measurements to find v, distance or
• Avoid masses falling on foot / mass flying time measurements [1]
off / avoid
avoid breaking ruler with large Determining v, e.g., v = 2 gh or V =
2h
t
amplitudes [1]
lOMoARcPSD|35081720
CAMBRIDGE INTERNA
INTERNATIONAL
4 2
• Plot graph of E against v or graph of ln E 14 a gradient = g
[1]
against ln v [1]
b i
T /s T2 / s2
Valid if straight line through origin or
gradient of log graph = +1 [1] 1.11 + 0
0..1 1.23 ± 0.02
• Keep away from falling magnet / use sand 1.28 + 0
0..1 1.64 ± 0.03
tray to catch magnet [1] 1.42 + 0
0..1 2.02 ± 0.03
• Any [4] points from: 1.59 + 0
0..1 2.53 ± 0.03
Detailed measurement of maximum E, 1.69 + 0
0..1 2.86 ± 0.04
use of datalogger / storage oscilloscope [1]
1.81 + 0
0..1 3.28 ± 0.04 [3]
Use video including playback frame by
frame [1]
ii All points plotted correctly [1]
Use short magnet or thin coil so v is
constant [1] All error bars correct [1]
Cardboard tube for magnet to fall down [1] iii Line of best fit [1]
How to support coil or tube vertically [1] Worst accept
acceptable
able straigh
straightt line [1]
Repeat for each v and average [1] iv 4.1 s2 m 1 uncertainty between ±0.1
−
variable
le VS [1] and ±0.3 [2]
Independent variab
variable
le f [1] v 9.6 m s 2 uncertainty between ±0.2 and
−
Constant: number of turns / input current

±0.6 [2]
/ voltage to coil [1] vi Using g = 9.6 ± 0.2 m s 2 gives t =
−
19.2 ± 0.2 s [2]

• Labelled diagram with a.c. generator [1]
15 a gradient n; y-intercept lg k
y-intercept [2]
Voltmeter connected to output [1]
c.r.o.
c.r.o. or frequency meter connected [1] b
lg (T / K) lg (R / W)
Measurement of time for one or more
wave on c.r.o. screen used to find f [1] 2.436 2.740 ± 0.008
Method of measuring VS; method of 2.452 2.681 ± 0.009
changing frequency [1] 2.467 2.625 ± 0.010
• Plot graph of VS against f or graph of
of 2.481 2.568 ± 0.012
ln VS against ln f [1]
2.496 2.519 ± 0.014 [4]
Valid if straight line through origin or
gradient of log graph = +1 [1] c i All points plotted correctly [1]
• Heating of coil, e.g. switch off when not All error bars correct [1]
in use to avoid overheating coil / do not ii Line of best fit [1]
touch [1]
Worst accept
acceptable
able straigh
straightt line [1]
• Any [4] points from:
iii − 3.7 [1] ± 0.2 [1]
Choice of number of turns to give
iv Use of a point on the graph and y =
reasonable
reasonable output [1]
1
mx + c to find c about 12 [1]
f= period
[1]
Use of point on worst line graph to
VS found using y-gain
y-gain [1] find value
value of c about 12 ± 1 [1]
r.m.s.. to peak from voltmeter [1]
Changing r.m.s v n=−3.7 ± 0.2
−3.7 [1]
Check that input voltage or current is k = 10intercept [1]
constant [1] Use of worst
worst value of intercept to give
Repeat and average [1] worst value of k [1]

Physics Cambridge A Level Book Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics Cambridge A Level Book Answers

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Physics Cambridge A Level Book Answers

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

lOMoARcPSD|35081720

Physics cambridge a level book answers

Physics 9702 (The Cedar School)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

7 a Distance in a (particular) direction [1]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

b Straight line from t = 0, s = 0 to t = 5,

c 10 s where the graphs cross [1]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

and 1.4 km into 1400m.) [1] 20

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

10 a i Ball travels upwards (or reverses 12 a v2 = u2 + 2as; 0 = v2 − 2 × 2 × 140 [1]

v2 = 2 × 9.81 × 1.2 [1] 13 a Constant gradient [1]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

Exam-style questions 6 a speed = [1]

3 a average acceleration = [1]

average force = mass × acceleration [1] = 2 × 10

Time the ball between the bands. [1]

time taken between successive bands

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

iii 4800 = b × 502 [1] c Mass: kg [1]

Resistive force increases with speed,

Downloaded by Trang Tran Thu ([email protected])

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

4000N = 1.0 × cos 60° = 0.50 N to the left [1]

b component of weight down slope c weight is balanced by upward

c Friction balances the component of d

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

gain in kinetic energy [1] gain in k.e.

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

ii Graph with axes labelled and Ep ii Gravitational p.e. is energy due to

b i mass = density × volume

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

The weight of the ball has an equal and considered, thento

towards the ball [1] 8 a change in momentum =

away from the wall [1] change in momentum

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

10 a initial momentum of ball = 0.16 × 25 b i Momentum is conserved, as there

Energy is neither created nor destroy

b i ﬁnal momentum = initial momentum Change in Initial Final

ii In a completely inelastic collision, the

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

weight = 2.0 × 108 × 1.96 × 10 7

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

weights used to stretch wire [1] x

travelling microscope and marker [1]

iii extension = strain × original length The momentum of each trolley

pressure difference = ρhg =

1000 × 0.6 × 9.81 = 5886 ≈ 5.9 × 103 Pa

= 1.5 × 1011 Pa [1]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

atoms in 1 m = number of atoms in

b W = QV = 1440 × 6.0 [1] b drift velocity

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

b i Q = It = 100 × 3600 [1]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL AS & A LEVEL PHYSICS: COURSEBOOK