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 Research Methodology Multiple Choice
Questions
1. The arithmetic mean cannot be computed for ordinal scale
data. (True / False)
Answer: True

2. Branded shirts are more expensive than unbranded shirts

– this is an example of effective components. (True/False)
Answer: False

3. The ___ scale measurement has a natural zero.

Answer: Ratio

4. The difference between the score on the ___ scale does

not have a meaningful interpretation.
Answer: Ordinal

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5. Coding and analysis of attitudinal data obtained through

the use of a pure graphic rating scale can be done very
quickly. (True/False)
Answer: False

6. A comparative rating scale attempts to provide a common

 frame of reference to all respondents. (True/False)
Answer: True

7. The Likert scale is a single-item scale. (True/False)

Answer: False

8. The Likert scale is a balanced rating scale with an ___

number of categories and a neutral point.
Answer: Odd

9. In the ___ scale, if an attribute is twice as important as

some other attribute it receives twice as many points.
Answer: Constant sum rating

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10. A scale is said to be valid if it measures what it is

supposed to measure. (True/False)
Answer: True

11. A scale is said to be reliable if it is free from systematic

errors. (True/False)
Answer: False

12. The ___ of a scale can be increased by adding more

questions to it.
Answer: Sensitivity

13. A focus group discussion generally involves a ___ who

steers the discussion on the topic under study.
Answer: Moderator

14. Online focus groups are conducted in ___.

Answer: Web-based chat rooms

15. The ideal number of participants in a focus group

discussion is
(a5 2–6
(b) 6–10
(c) 8–12
(d) 10–15
Answer: (c) 8–12

16. Special respondent sub-strata who are passionately

involved with a brand or product category are known as
(a) Brand-obsessive group
(b) Online focus group
(c) Special focus group
(d) Brand ambassadors
Answer: (a) Brand-obsessive group

17. The interview method is a one-to-one interaction

between ___ and ___.
Answer: Investigator/interviewer, the interviewee

18. The ___ interview has no defined guidelines.

Answer: Unstructured
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19. When interviews are conducted with the help of the

computer they are called ___.
Answer: Computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI)

20. The questionnaire can be used to collect ___ data from a

___ of subjects.
Answer: Primary, sample

21. The questionnaire method follows a predetermined ___.

Answer: Sequence

22. Exploratory studies should most often make use of the

___ method
Answer: Unstructured interview

23. The questionnaire should ___ the respondent and result

in a ___ response.
Answer: Encourage, meaningful

24. In case the population under study is widely scattered,

one makes use of the ___.
Answer: Questionnaire
 25. In case the population is illiterate it is best to use the
___.
Answer: Schedule

26. The formalized-unconcealed questionnaire is the most

difficult to interpret. (True/False)
Answer: False

27. The process of questionnaire design is called the

schedule (True/False)
Answer: False

28. The non-formalized, concealed questionnaire is the most

frequently used questionnaire. (True/False)
Answer: False

29. Sampling control is highest in

(a) A web-based survey
(b) E-mail based survey
(c) Schedule
(d) Mail/fax survey
Answer: (c) Schedule

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30. The most cost-effective questionnaire administration
method is through
(a) Web-based
(b) Schedule
(c) Telephone survey
(d) Mail survey
Answer: (a) Web-based

31. Response rate is highest in a

(a) Mail interview
(b) Schedule
(c) Email survey
(d) Web-based survey
Answer: (b) Schedule

32. Interviewer bias is high in a telephonic survey.

(True/False)
Answer: True

33. Qualifying questions are also termed as filter questions.

(True/False)
Answer: True

34. ‘Are you a vegetarian?—Yes/No’ is an example of an

open-ended question. (True/False)
Answer: False

35. ‘Do you sing and dance?’ is an example of a double-

barrelled question. (True/False)
Answer: True

36. ‘Do you not think that all fairness creams make false
claims? –Yes/No’ is an example of a loaded question.
(True/False)
Answer: False
37. The questionnaire has many advantages. Which of these
is not one of them?
(a) Adaptability
(b) Anonymity
(c) Fast and economical
(d) Applicable to all sections of society
Answer: (d) Applicable to all sections of society

38. If the investigator distributes the questionnaire to his

friends and acquaintances or if there is self-selection of the
subjects, it could lead to
(a) Lower response
(b) Higher response
(c) Skewed sample response
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c) Skewed sample response

39. The chance of researcher bias is very ___ in the

questionnaire method.
Answer: low

40. The difference between the sample result and the results
obtained through a census using the identical procedure is
known as sampling error. (True/False)
Answer: True
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41. A population that is being sampled is also called the

universe. (True/False)
Answer: True

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42. Which of these is not a sampling frame?

(a) List of registered voters in a constituency
(b) Subscribers listed in a telephone directory
(c) The total number of students registered with a university
(d) 30 students who are surveyed of a class of 150 MBA
students
Answer: (d) 30 students who are surveyed of a class of 150
MBA students

43. A subset of the population is called

(a) Element
(b) Sampling unit
(c) Sample
(d) Sampling frame
Answer: (c) Sample

44. A judgmental sample provides a better representation of

the population than a probability sample. (True/False)
Answer: True

45. Non-probability methods are those in which the sample

units are chosen purposefully. (True/False)
Answer: True

46. The criteria for stratification should be related to the

___ of the study.
Answer: Objectives

47. Only the initial sample unit is chosen randomly in a ___

sampling
Answer: Systematic

48. For a 90% confidence, the value of Z would be ___.

Answer: 1.645

49. The size of the sample depends upon the size of the
population. (True/False)
Answer: False

50. The most commonly used approach for determining the

size of the sample is the ___ approach covered under
inferential statistics.
Answer: Confidence interval
51. The size of the sample is directly proportional to the ___
in the population and the value of Z for a confidence
interval.
Answer: variability

52. The editing process is carried out at two levels, the first
of these is field editing and the second is ___.
Answer: Central in-house editing

53. Going back to the respondent to check any errors during

questionnaire administration is known as ___.
Answer: Backtracking

54. Backtracking is best suited for industrial surveys.

(True/False)
Answer: True

55. Plug value refers to the fudged value that an investigator

might put for a missing response. (True/False)
Answer: False

56. The smallest code entry a researcher makes in a

codebook is a field. (True/False)
Answer: True

57. Several fields together can be clubbed into a record.

(True/False)
Answer: True

58. In a data matrix every column represents a single case.

(True/False)
Answer: False

59. All categories formulated for data entry must be

mutually exclusive. (True/False)
Answer: True
60. The process of identifying and denoting a numeral to the
responses given by a respondent is called___
Answer: Coding

61. In case the question is a Likert type question and it has

agreement/ disagreement on a five-point scale, the number
of corresponding columns in the codebook would be ___
Answer: One

62. Test tabulation is conducted on open-ended questions.

(True/False)
Answer: False

63. For classifying nominal data one can tabulate using class
intervals. (True/False)
Answer: False

64. Numerical data, like the ratio scale data, can be classified
into
(a) Class intervals
(b) Codes
(c) Fields
(d) Files
Answer: (a) Class intervals

65. 10–15 years; 16–20 years; 21 years and beyond is an

example of
(a) Inclusive class interval
(b) Exclusive class interval
(c) Class interval
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b) Inclusive class interval

66. Median can be computed for ordinal scale data.

(True/False)
Answer: True
67. To carry out ___, the sample should be drawn at
random.
Answer: Inferential analysis

68. The standard deviation as a measure of dispersion is

independent of units of measurement. (True/False)
Answer: False

69. The range could be obtained from interval scale data.

(True/False)
Answer: True

70. The positive square root of ___ is called standard

deviation.
Answer: Variance

71. To compare the variability of two distributions, ___ can

be used.
Answer: Coefficient of variation

72. The correlation coefficient can assume any value between

0 and 1. (True/False)
Answer: False

73. High association between two variables does not imply

cause and effect relationship. (True/False)
Answer: True

74. In a cross table, the percentages should be computed in

the direction of the ___ variable.
Answer: Independent

75. The first step in computing the percentages in a cross

table is to identify ___ and ___ variables.
Answer: Dependent, independent
76. In basic research, the context is vast and the time period
is flexible. (True/ false)
Answer: True

77. The research that is especially carried out to test and

validate the study hypotheses is termed
(a) Fundamental resaeach
(b) Applied research
(c) Conclusive research
(d) Exploratory research
Answer: (c) Conclusive research

78. The research studies that explore the effect of one thing
on another and more specifically, the effect of one variable
on another are known as
(a) Causal research
(b) Applied research
(c) Conclusive research
(d) Exploratory research
Answer: (a) Causal research

79. Every research study always begins with a hypothesis.

(True/ false)
Answer: False

80. The group of individuals from whom one needs to collect

data for the study is called the sample. (True/ false)
Answer: True

81. The assumption about the expected result of the research

is called the ___.
Answer: Hypothesis

82. The data collection methods may be classified into ___

and ___ data methods.
Answer: Primary, secondary
83. Marketing department of a business organization carries
out researches related to:
(a) Product
(b) Pricing
(c) Promotion
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above

84. Demand forecasting, and quality assurance and

management are part of
(a) Personnel and human resource management
(b) Marketing function
(c) Financial and accounting research
(d) Production and operations management
Answer: (a) Production and operations management

85. The research study must follow a ___ plan for

investigation.
Answer: Sequential

86. One of the most important aspects of a research study is

that it must be ___ if one follows similar conditions.
Answer: Replicable

87. The management decision problem must be reduced to a

___ problem.
Answer: Research

88. A research problem can be defined as ___ in the

decision makers’ existing body of knowledge which inhibits
efficient decision making.
Answer: A gap

89. Simple research problems usually test ___ relationships.

Answer: Linear
90. Complex problems look at the interrelationship between
___ variables.
Answer: Multiple

91. The management problem is a difficulty face by the ___

Answer: Decision maker

92. The management research problem has to be converted

into a ___ before it can be tested.
Answer: Research problem

93. The management decision problem can be tested, that is,

subjected to research inquiry.
(True/ False)
Answer: False

94. How can students be made to learn the course on

research methodology is a research problem. (True/False)
Answer: False

95. Which of these is not a step in the problem identification

process?
(a) Discussion with subject experts
(b) Review of existing literature
(c) Theoretical foundation and model building
(d) Management decision making
Answer: (d) Management decision making

96. The Publication Manual of the American Psychological

Association (2001) and the Chicago Manual of Style (1993)
are:
(a) Well known works on research
(b) Referencing style guides in management
(c) Publishing journals
(d) Management journals
Answer: (b) Referencing style guides in management
97. A valuable source of problem formulation is based on
informal interviews conducted with industry experts.
(True/False)
Answer: True

98. Formulation of the research problem does not require

primary data collection. (True/False)
Answer: False

99. The causal variable is also called the ___ variable.

Answer: Independent

100. The ___ variable is also called the effect.

Answer: Dependent

101. If one evaluates the impact of the pedagogy of Prof. N S

on the research methods course grades of students, then
Prof. N S, here, is the unit of analysis. (True/False)
Answer: False

102. Moderating variables are the ones that have a strong

effect on the relationship between the independent and
dependent variables. (True/False)
Answer: True

103. The hypotheses are always made in question form.

(True/False)
Answer: False

104. The hypotheses must be measurable and quantifiable.

(True/False)
Answer: True

105. The hypotheses that a talk about the relation between

two or more variables is called___ hypotheses.
Answer: Relational
106. If one is making a proposition about the magnitude or
behavior of a particular population, we call it a ___
hypothesis.
Answer: Descriptive

107. A formal document that presents the research

objectives, design of achieving these objectives, and the
expected outcomes/deliverables of the study is called
(a) Research design
(b) Research proposal
(c) Research hypothesis
(d) Research report
Answer: (b) Research proposal

108. In a research proposal, the time-bound dissemination

of the study with the major phases of the research has to be
presented using the
(a) CPM
(b) GANTT charts
(c) PERT charts
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above

109. Academic proposals require extensive literature review.

(True/False)
Answer: True

110. External organizational proposals are generally

conducted by external research agencies. (True/False)
Answer: True

111. The execution details of the research question to be

investigated are referred to as the ___.
Answer: Research design

112. Research designs come ___ the problem formulation

stage.
Answer: After

113. Researcher design is the same as the research method.

(True/false)
Answer: False

114. The formulated design must ensure:

(a) Converting the research question and the hypotheses into
measurable variables
(b) Specifying the process to complete the above task
(c) Specifying the ‘control mechanism(s)’
(d) All the above
Answer: (d) All the above

115. Previously collected findings in facts and figures which

have been authenticated and published are referred to as
___.
Answer: Secondary data sources

116. A carefully selected small set of individuals

representative of the larger respondent population under
study is called a ___.
Answer: Focus group

117. The case study method is generally focused on a single

unit of analysis. (True/False)
Answer: True

118. Expert opinion survey and respondent group

discussions together form a two-tiered research design.
(True/False)
Answer: False

119. A research study that tracks the profile of a typical social

networking user is an example of an exploratory research
design. (True/False)
Answer: False

120. If one wants to assess changes in investment behavior

of the general public over time, the best design available to
the researcher is a longitudinal design. (True/False)
Answer: True

121. A study to analyze the profile of the supporters of Anna

Hazare would need a cross-sectional research design.
(True/False)
Answer: True

122. Married couples are the unit of analysis in a cohort

analysis. (True/False)
Answer: False

123. Different groups of people tested over a single stretch of

time is a special characteristic of a longitudinal design.
(True/False)
Answer: False

124. The research variable in a longitudinal research design

is studied over fixed intervals in time. (True/False)
Answer: True

125. Descriptive designs do not require any quantitative

statistical analysis. (True/False)
Answer: False

126. ___ validity refers to the generalization of the sample

results to that of the population.
Answer: External

127. Test units are selected at random in a quasi-

experimental design. (True/ False)
Answer: False

128. There cannot be more than two independent variables

in a factorial experiment. (True/False)
Answer: False

129. There is no possibility of error in true experimental

research design. (True/False)
Answer: False

130. In the true experimental design and statistical design,

the respondents are selected at random which may not be
the case in real life. (True/False)
Answer: True

131. The data that is always collected first in a research study

is called ___ data.
Answer: Primary

132. ___ data is not always specific to the research problem

under study.
Answer: Secondary

133. Census data is an example of the primary data source.

(True/False)
Answer: False

134. Sampling frame of the respondent population is an

example of secondary data. (True/False)
Answer: True

135. Primary data methods have a significant time and cost

advantage over secondary data. (True/False)
Answer: False

136. Cash register receipt is an example of ___ secondary

data sources.
Answer: Internal

137. Customer grievance data available with the company is

an important source of ___ data.
Answer: Secondary

138. Statistical abstracts of India are prepared by ___.

Answer: Central Statistical Organization

139. The ___ prepares the National Sample Survey (NSS).

Answer: Ministry of Planning

140. Poor’s Statistical Services is a government publication

on the people below the poverty line.(True/False)
Answer: False

141. Syndicate sources are periodic in nature.(True/False)

Answer: True

142. Observation is a direct method of collecting

(a) Primary data
(b) Secondary data
(c) Both
(d) Published data
Answer: (a) Primary data

143. Observing the remains or the leftovers of the

consumers’ basket is referred to as
(a) Structured observation
(b) Unstructured observation
(c) Trace analysis
(d) Mechanical observation
Answer: (c) Trace analysis

144. In case one wants to know why some people use plastic
bags for carrying their groceries even after the imposition of
a ban on plastic bags by the Delhi Government, one may use
the observation method to collect the data. (True/False)
Answer: False

145. Usually the observation method entails that the

observation is disguised, i.e., carried out without the
respondent’s knowledge. (True/False)
Answer: False

146. The researcher who is conducting the research must be

___ and neutral in approach.
Answer: Objective

147. Research always requires a ___ and ___ method of

inquiry
Answer: Structured, sequential

148. Research is done for ___ existing theories or arriving at

new ___
Answer: Proving, models

149. An important aspect of business research is its ___

assisting nature.
Answer: Decision

150. Applied research is the kind of research where one

needs to apply specific statistical procedures. (True/ false)
Answer: False

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