Philippine Declaration of Independence (1898)

by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista

In the town of Cavite-Viejo, Province of Cavite, this 12th day of June 1898: BEFORE ME,
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, War Counsellor and Special Delegate designated to proclaim and
solemnize this Declaration of Independence by the Dictatorial Government of the Philippines,
pursuant to, and by virtue of, a Decree issued by the Egregious Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo y
Famy,

The undersigned assemblage of military chiefs and others of the army who could not attend,
as well as the representatives of the various towns,

Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of bearing the
ominous yoke of Spanish domination,

Because of arbitrary arrests and abuses of the Civil Guards who cause deaths in connivance
with and even under the express orders of their superior officers who at times would order the
shooting of those placed under arrest under the pretext that they attempted to escape in violation
of known Rules and Regulations, which abuses were left unpunished, and because of unjust
deportations of illustrious Filipinos, especially those decreed by General Blanco at the instigation of
the Archbishop and the friars interested in keeping them in ignorance for egoistic and selfish ends,
which deportations were carried out through processes more execrable than those of the
Inquisition which every civilized nation repudiates as a trial without hearing,

Had resolved to start a revolution in August 1896 in order to regain the independence and
sovereignty of which the people had been deprived by Spain through Governor Miguel Lopez de
Legazpi who, continuing the course followed by his predecessor Ferdinand Magellan who landed on
the shores of Cebu and occupied said Island by means of a Pact of Friendship with Chief Tupas,
although he was killed in battle that took place in said shores to which battle he was provoked by
Chief Kalipulako[1] of Mactan who suspected his evil designs, landed on the Island of Bohol by
entering also into a Blood Compact with its Chief Sikatuna, with the purpose of later taking by force
the Island of Cebu, and because his successor Tupas did not allow him to occupy it, he went to
Manila, the capital, winning likewise the friendship of its Chiefs Soliman and Lakandula, later taking
possession of the city and the whole Archipelago in the name of Spain by virtue of an order of King
Philip II, and with these historical precedents and because in international law the prescription
established by law to legalize the vicious acquisition of private property is not recognized, the
legitimacy of such revolution can not be put in doubt which was calmed but not completely stifled
by the pacification proposed by Don Pedro A. Paterno with Don Emilio Aguinaldo as President of
the Republic established in Biak-na-Bato and accepted by Governor-General Don Fernando Primo
de Rivera under terms, both written and oral, among them being a general amnesty for all deported
and convicted persons; that by reason of the non-fulfillment of some of the terms, after the
destruction of the Spanish Squadron by the North American Navy, and bombardment of the plaza of
Cavite, Don Emilio Aguinaldo returned in order to initiate a new revolution and no sooner had he
given the order to rise on the 31st of last month when several towns anticipating the revolution,
rose in revolt on the 28th, such that a Spanish contingent of 178 men, between Imus and Cavite-
Viejo, under the command of a major of the Marine Infantry capitulated, the revolutionary
movement spreading like wild fire to other towns of Cavite and the other provinces of Bataan,
Pampanga, Batangas, Bulacan, Laguna, and Morong, some of them with seaports and such was the
success of the victory of our arms, truly marvelous and without equal in the history of colonial
revolutions that in the first mentioned province only the Detachments in Naic and Indang remained
to surrender; in the second, all Detachments had been wiped out; in the third, the resistance of the
Spanish forces was localized in the town of San Fernando where the greater part of them are
concentrated, the remainder in Macabebe, Sexmoan, and Guagua; in the fourth, in the town of Lipa;
in the fifth, in the capital and in Calumpit; and in the last two remaining provinces, only in their
respective capitals, and the city of Manila will soon be besieged by our forces as well as the
provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pangasinan, La Union, Zambales, and some others in the Visayas
where the revolution at the time of the pacification and others even before, so that the
independence of our country and the revindication of our sovereignty is assured.

And having as witness to the rectitude of our intentions the Supreme Judge of the Universe,
and under the protection of the Powerful and Humanitarian Nation, the United States of America,
we do hereby proclaim and declare solemnly in the name and by authority of the people of these
Philippine Islands,

That they are and have the right to be free and independent; that they have ceased to have
any allegiance to the Crown of Spain; that all political ties between them are and should be
completely severed and annulled; and that, like other free and independent States, they enjoy the
full power to make War and Peace, conclude commercial treaties, enter into alliances, regulate
commerce, and do all other acts and things which an Independent State has a right to do,

And imbued with firm confidence in Divine Providence, we hereby mutually bind ourselves
to support this Declaration with our lives, our fortunes, and with our most sacred possession, our
Honor.

We recognize, approve, and ratify, with all the orders emanating from the same, the
Dictatorship established by Don Emilio Aguinaldo whom we revere as the Supreme Head of this
Nation, which today begins to have a life of its own, in the conviction that he has been the
instrument chosen by God, in spite of his humble origin, to effectuate the redemption of this
unfortunate country as foretold by Dr. Don José Rizal in his magnificent verses which he composed
in his prison cell prior to his execution, liberating it from the Yoke of Spanish domination,

And in punishment for the impunity with which the Government sanctioned the
commission of abuses by its officials, and for the unjust execution of Rizal and others who were
sacrificed in order to please the insatiable friars in their hydropical thirst for vengeance against and
extermination of all those who oppose their Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Penal Code of
these Islands, and of those suspected persons arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the
instigation of the friars, without any form nor semblance of trial and without any spiritual aid of our
sacred Religion; and likewise, and for the same ends, eminent Filipino priests, Doctor Don José
Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and Don Jacinto Zamora were hanged whose innocent blood was shed
due to the intrigues of these so-called Religious corporations which made the authorities to believe
that the military uprising at the fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of January 21, 1872 was
instigated by those Filipino martyrs, thereby impeding the execution of the decree-sentence issued
by the Council of State in the appeal in the administrative case interposed by the secular clergy
against the Royal Orders that directed that the parishes under them within the jurisdiction of this
Bishopric be turned over to the Recollects in exchange for those controlled by them in Mindanao
which were to be transferred to the Jesuits, thus revoking them completely and ordering the return
of those parishes, all of which proceedings are on file with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which
they are sent last month of last year for the issuance of the proper Royal Degree which, in turn,
caused the growth of the tree of liberty in this our dear land that grew more and more through the
iniquitous measures of oppression, until the last drop from our chalice of suffering having been
drained, the first spark of revolution broke out in Caloocan, spread out to Santamesa and continued
its course to the adjoining regions of the province where the unequalled heroism of its inhabitants
fought a one-sided battle against superior forces of General Blanco and General Polavieja for a
period of three months, without proper arms nor ammunitions, except bolos, pointed bamboos, and
arrows.

Moreover, we confer upon our famous Dictator Don Emilio Aguinaldo all the powers
necessary to enable him to discharge the duties of Government, including the prerogatives of
granting pardon and amnesty,

And, lastly, it was resolved unanimously that this Nation, already free and independent as of
this day, must use the same flag which up to now is being used, whose design and colors are found
described in the attached drawing, the white triangle signifying the distinctive emblem of the
famous Society of the "Katipunan" which by means of its blood compact inspired the masses to rise
in revolution; the three stars, signifying the three principal Islands of this Archipelago-Luzon,
Mindanao, and Panay where this revolutionary movement started; the sun representing the
gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization; the eight
rays, signifying the eight provinces—Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Bataan,
Laguna, and Batangas—which declared themselves in a state of war as soon as the first revolt was
initiated; and the colors of Blue, Red, and White, commemorating the flag of the United States of
North America, as a manifestation of our profound gratitude towards this Great Nation for its
disinterested protection which it lent us and continues lending us.

And holding up this flag of ours, I present it to the gentlemen here assembled—Don
Segundo Arellano, Don Tiburcio del Rosario, Sergio Matias, Don Agapito Zialcita, Don Flaviano
Alonzo, Don Mariano Legazpi, Don Jose Turiano Santiago y Acosta, Don Aurelio Tolentino, Don Felix
Ferrer, Don Felipe Buencamino, Don Fernando Canon Faustino, (Hijo), Don Anastacio Pinzun, Don
Timoteo Bernabe, Don Flaviano Rodríguez, Don Gavino (?) Masancay, Don Narciso Mayuga, Don
Gregorio Villa, Don Luis Perez Tagle, Don Canuto Celestino, Don Marcos Jocson, Don Martin de los
Reyes, Don Ciriaco Bausa, Don Manuel Santos, Don Mariano Toribio, Don Gabriel Reyes, Don Hugo
Lim, Don Emiliano Lim, Don Fausto Tinorio (?), Don Rosendo Simon, Don Leon Tanjanque (?), Don
Gregorio Bonifacio, Don Manuel Salafranca, Don Simon Villareal, Don Calixto Lara, Don
Buenaventura Toribio, Don Zacarias Fajardo, Don Florencio Manalo, Don Ramon Gana, Don
Marcelino Gomez, Don Valentin Polintan, Don Felix Polintan, Don Evaristo Dimalanta, Don Gregorio
Alvarez, Don Sabas de Guzman, Don Esteban Francisco, Don Guido Yaptinchay, Don Mariano
Rianzares Bautista, Don Francisco Arambulo, Don Antonio Gonzalez, Don Juan Arevalo, Don Ramon
Delfino, Don Honorio Tiongco, Don Francisco del Rosario, Don Epifanio Saguil, Don Ladislao Afable
Jose, Don Sixto Roldan, Don Luis de Lara, Don Marcelo Basa, Don Jose Medina, Don Epifanio Cirisia
(?), Don Pastor Lopez de Leon, Don Mariano de los Santos, Don Santiago Garcia, Don Claudio Tria
Tirona, Don Estanislao Tria Tirona, Don Daniel Tria Tirona, Don Andres Tria Tirona, Don Carlos
Tria Tirona, Don Sulpicio P. Antony, Don Epitacio Asuncion, Don Catalino Ramon, Don Juan
Bordador, Don Jose del Rosario, Don Proceso Pulido, Don Jose Maria del Rosario, Don Ramon
Magcamco (?), Don Antonio Calingo, Don Pedro Mendiola, Don Estanislao Galinco, Don Numeriano
Castillo, Don Federico Tomacruz, Don Teodoro Yatco, Don Ladislao Diwa (?),

Who solemnly swear to recognize and defend it unto the last drop of their blood.

In witness thereof, I certify that this Act of Declaration of Independence was signed by me
and by all those here assembled including the only stranger who attended those proceedings, a
citizen of the U.S.A., Mr. L. M. Johnson, a Coronel of Artillery.
 1. ↑ Now known as Lapu-Lapu

Study Guide Questions

1. What were the key events and circumstances leading up to the drafting and signing of the
1898 Declaration of Independence of the Philippines?
2. Why is the 1898 Declaration of Independence a crucial milestone in Philippine history? How
did it impact the Philippine struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule?
3. What are the main principles and statements outlined in the 1898 Declaration of
Independence? How do these principles reflect the aspirations and goals of the Filipino
people at that time?
4. Who were the key figures in drafting and signing the 1898 Declaration of Independence?
What roles did they play in the Philippine independence movement?
5. Did other countries or international entities recognize the 1898 Declaration of
Independence? If so, how did this recognition influence the course of the Philippine
revolution?
6. What is the 1898 Declaration of Independence legacy in modern-day Philippines? How is it
commemorated and remembered by Filipinos today?
7. Are there any similarities or differences between the 1898 Declaration of Independence of
the Philippines and other declarations of independence worldwide?
8. Why do you think it is important for Filipinos and people worldwide to remember and
understand the significance of the 1898 Declaration of Independence?
9. Provide at least two additional resources (books, articles, websites, etc.) where students can
find more information about the 1898 Declaration of Independence.