Titration

Mrs Dowds Due date: 11/03/24
Angel Mhande 71255

8302
Life and Health Science
1.1.1: Make a standard solution and use it to carry out a titration.
Objective:
To make a standard solution of sodium hydroxide and use this to carry out a titration to calculate the
concentration of a sample of vinegar.
Introduction:
A standard solution is a solution that has accurately known concentration prepared from a primary standard that
is weighed accurately and made up to a fixed volume. A primary standard is a compound which is stable, of
high purity, highly soluble in water and of a high molar mass to allow for accurate weighing. A titration is a
technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution. A pipette is a thin glass tube used for measuring or moving small amounts of liquid. A burette is a
laboratory apparatus, which consists of a long, graduated glass tube, with a stopcock on its lower end. A burette
is used in quantitative chemical analysis to measure the volume of a liquid or gas. It is also used to dispense and
measure a variable amount a chemical solution. The indicator used for this experiment is phenolphthalein, as
this is a weak acid/strong base titration. At the end-point, the indicator changes from pink to colourless.
Hypothesis:
The hypothesis of this experiment was that the concentration of acetic acid in a vinegar solution sample can be
determined by titrating the sample with a sodium hydroxide solution of known concentration using
phenolphthalein as an indicator. The manufacturers concentration is 0.8M.
Chemicals:
0.1M sodium hydroxide solution
Phenolphthalein indicator
Deionised (or distilled) water
Vinegar
Materials and Apparatus:
/What you will need for this experiment:
Pipette (25cm3)
Pipette filter
Burette (50cm3)
/Retort stand
Boss-head
Clamp
Conical flask (250cm3)
Volumetric flask (500cm3) and stopper
Wash bottle
White card
White tile
Beakers (250cm3)
Dropping pipette
Filter funnel
Safety goggles
Preparing a standard solution of 0.1M sodium hydroxide:

1萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. 2.01g of sodium hydroxide was transferred into a beaker and weighed to the nearest 0.01g (2
d.p.)
2萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. The sodium hydroxide was dissolved in a small amount of deionised water. It was stirred to
help it dissolve.
3萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. The stirring rid was rinsed with deionised water and the washings were added to the beaker.
4萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. The contents of the beaker were transferred to a 500 cm 3 volumetric flask, through a filter
funnel.
5萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. The beaker was rinsed well, making sure all the liquid went into the flask. The filter funnel
was rinsed as well.
6萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. Deionised water was added, while swirling at intervals to mix the contents. This was done
until the level was within about 1cm of the mark on the neck of the flask.
7萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. A dropping pipette was used to add enough water to bring the bottom of the meniscus to the
mark.
8萏ː萑‫ﺘ‬葞ː葠‫ﺘ‬. The stopper was inserted, and the flask was inverted thoroughly several times to ensure
complete mixing, then the flask was labelled.
Results for experiment above:

Molar mass of sodium hydroxide, RFM 40
Mass of sodium hydroxide used, m 2.01g
Amount of sodium hydroxide, n= m/RFM 0.05025 mol
Volume of solution, V (must be in dm3) 0.5 dm3
Concentration of sodium hydroxide, c=n/V 0.101 mol dm3
RISK ASSESSMENT FORM
Type of Practical Activity: Make a standard solution and use it to carry out titration
Outline of the Procedure:
50cm3 of vinegar was placed in a 500cm3 volumetric flask and was diluted with water to the calibration mark.
The stopper was placed on top of the flask and inverted several times to ensure a homogeneous solution. The flask was
labelled.
The burette, pipette and conical flask was rinsed respectively with deionised water.
The burette was rinsed with diluted vinegar solution, and the pipette was rinsed with sodium hydroxide solution.
25cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution was placed in the conical flask, and 3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator was
added.
The burette was filled with diluted vinegar to the 0cm3 mark.
One rough and two accurate titrations were carried out and results were put into a table.
The concentration of ethanoic acid in the diluted vinegar solution was calculated.
Nature of the
Quantities being
Hazardous hazard (e.g. Steps to minimise
used or made and
Substance toxic, flammable risk
Concentrations
etc)
Sodium hydroxide Harmful if 2.01g Handle with care
solution swallowed,
flammable, 3 drops Do not swallow, inhale
Phenolphthalein corrosive or touch with bare skin
indicator
Ethanoic acid
Steps to minimise the risks from non-

Any non-chemical hazards
chemical hazards
Deionised water Try to avoid any spillages, if so, clean up to
minimise slipping hazards.
Emergency Action: If something goes wrong, notify the supervising teacher

immediately, or if it’s major, contact 999
Disposal of Residues: Clean with copious amounts of water in the sink
Procedure:
50cm3 of vinegar was placed in a 500cm3 volumetric flask and was diluted with water to the calibration mark.
The stopper was placed on top of the flask and inverted several times to ensure a homogeneous solution. The
flask was labelled.
The burette, pipette and conical flask was rinsed respectively with deionised water.
The burette was rinsed with diluted vinegar solution, and the pipette was rinsed with sodium hydroxide solution.
25cm3 of 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution was placed in the conical flask, and 3 drops of phenolphthalein
indicator was added.
The burette was filled with diluted vinegar to the 0cm3 mark.
One rough and two accurate titrations were carried out and results were put into a table.
The concentration of ethanoic acid in the diluted vinegar solution was calculated.
Results:
Trial 1 2
Final (cm3) 33.0 32.3 32.4

Burette readings
Initial (cm3) 0 0 0
Titre (cm3) 33.0 32.3 32.4
Mean Titre (cm3) 32.4
Analysis and conclusion:

Concentration of sodium hydroxide solution (C) = 0.1 M
Volume of sodium hydroxide solution used in each titration (V) = 25cm3
Number of moles of sodium hydroxide used (n = C.V) = n = 0.1 x (25/1000) = 0.0025
From equation: Ratio 1:1
Number of moles in diluted vinegar sample (n) = 0.0025 moles
Average titre of vinegar (V) = 32.4 cm3
Concentration of ethanoic acid in diluted vinegar (n = C.V) =c=n/v c= 0.0025/(32.4/1000)
C = 0.07716 mol dm-3
Concentration of ethanoic acid in original vinegar (x 10) =c =0.07716 x 10 =0.77 mol/dm-3
Percentage error = 0.8 - 0.77/0.8 = 0.0375%
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the concentration of ethanoic acid in diluted vinegar was 0.07716 mol dm -3 and the
-3
concentration of ethanoic acid in original vinegar was 0.77 mol / dm . The burette had an accuracy of +/- 0.05
cm3, this meant that the final reading of the burette was 32.4 but the proper reading could be anywhere between
31.9 to 34.9. to ensure accuracy, all of the results from the burette were found from the bottom of the meniscus.
For reliability, the titration was repeated until concordant results were found. To improve next time, this
experiment would be repeated again for more reliability and the standard solution could be made/ bought to the
correct concentration for accuracy.
References:
HYPERLINK "https://edu.rsc.org" https://edu.rsc.org HYPERLINK "https://salve.digication.com"
https://salve.digication.com

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Mrs Dowds Due date: 11/03/24

Angel Mhande 71255

Preparing a standard solution of 0.1M sodium hydroxide:

Results for experiment above:

RISK ASSESSMENT FORM

Steps to minimise the risks from non-

Emergency Action: If something goes wrong, notify the supervising teacher

Final (cm3) 33.0 32.3 32.4

Titre (cm3) 33.0 32.3 32.4

Mean Titre (cm3) 32.4

Analysis and conclusion:

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