Citrus Book

Citrus Genetic Resources
in India
Present Status and Management
SK Malik
R Chaudhury
S Kumar
OP Dhariwal
DC Bhandari
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

Pusa Campus, New Delhi 110 012, India
The National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR), is a nodal
organization under the aegis of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
for the management of plant genetic resources in India. NBPGR operates as per
the mandate of the Government of India and actively contributes to the global
efforts in ensuring food and nutritional security. The institute also recognizes
the need to integrate ex situ and in situ conservation approaches in a network
mode with all its stakeholders. NBPGR’s mission is to ensure the country’s
agricultural growth and development by ensuring unrestricted availability of
germplasm and associated information for use in research, development and
utilization as per the national and international legislations.
Citation:
Malik SK, Chaudhury R, Kumar S, Dhariwal OP and Bhandari DC (2012) Citrus
Genetic Resources in India: Present Status and Management. National Bureau
of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, p. 184.
Back Cover:
View of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and wild & semi-wild species of Citrus
Published by:
The Director,
National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources,
Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110 012, INDIA
ISBN 978-93-5087-305-2
© National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 2012
Printed by:
Alpha Printographics (India)
Mobile : 9999039940, 9811199620
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National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources
iwlk dSEil] ubZ fnYyh &110 012
Pusa Campus, New Delhi - 110 012
Dr. K.C. Bansal
Director
Foreword
Citrus is the third most important fruit crop of India with several species recorded
to have originated especially in parts of Northeast. India with World’s third highest
Citrus production after China and USA, is regarded as home of Citrus due to the
presence of vast genetic diversity of important species. Citrus fruits are rich in
antioxidants and have nutraceutical properties which make this fruit a prime
choice of daily diet in developed countries. Low consumption of fruits and
vegetables leading to increase in risk of various diseases in developing countries
has now led to public awareness and search for nutritious fruits and juices. Quality
planting materials and improved cultivars are the prime need of farmers to
increase productivity and quality of citrus fruits. Genetic resources are the
backbone of any crop improvement programme and for a diverse fruit like Citrus
their importance is incredible. Hence, in the national context management of
genetic resources of citrus assumes immense significance.
In the present publication, authors have provided the details of Citrus
germplasm management undertaken for the past one and half decades at NBPGR
and other institutions in India. The exhaustive survey and exploration to difficult
areas of Northeast India for collection of Citrus diversity and wide range of wild
and semi-wild species germplasm collected during these explorations is
elaborated in this publication. The basic information on origin, distribution, threat
perception, variability analyses, description of various species, presence of diverse
indigenous and exotic cultivars along with traditional usages and socio-economic
importance has been admirably compiled. Data generated in the field and during
elaborate experiments undertaken in the laboratory for various cryobanking
studies have been presented for several Citrus species.
The advent of Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the FAO
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
(ITPGFRA) has refocused national and international biodiversity conservation
through in situ approaches and for economic plants on on-farm, field genebanks
and traditional seed genebanks and cryogenebanks. With the realization of value
of crop wild relatives (CWR) and landraces, with inherent ability to face vagaries
of nature, the concept of handling of entire Crop Genepool rather than single
genera and few related species has now advanced. Agrobiodiversity conservation
with participatory approach of all stakeholders is still to take visible shape.
Collaborative efforts and consultation with other institutions and departments
during various PGR management activities have led to this publication on Citrus
genetic resources and I congratulate the authors for an excellent compilation.
I am confident this publication would be a useful source of information
to environmentalists, horticulturists, PGR workers, seed biologists, policy makers,
faculty and students who wish to refer it for their research work. Geographical
distribution of Citrus variability keenly surveyed and documented by the authors
is a useful guideline for other explorers. Variability assessed as per characterised
data represents genetic background for breeders to utilize and select elite types
of mother plants for developing specific progenies. Complementarity of different
conservation approaches is the need of the hour. The isolated activities of the
different institutes spread over the country have been synthesised in this
publication to project the overall national perspective. This is to maximise
effectiveness of achieving the common goal of successful in situ and ex situ
conservation and utilization of the Indian Citrus germplasm.
I compliment the authors for bringing out this informative publication
on Citrus genetic resources reiterating the leading role of NBPGR in Indian
PGR management and in this instance for Citrus, the most diverse horticultural
crop of India.
(K.C. Bansal)
Preface
Citrus genetic resources spanning across 5 major groups namely, Acids, Oranges,
Pummelo-grapefruit, Mandarins, Wild and semi-wild species and other related
genera, hold great economic significance for Indian fruit industry. India, a natural
home of several Citrus species harbours vast reservoir of diverse types/forms.
Genetic diversity of Citrus is mainly concentrated in the Northeastern and
Northwestern part of India. Study on genetic resources of Citrus in Northeastern
India indicated the presence of 23 species, one subspecies and 68 varieties, thus
according this area a special status as a treasure house of Citrus germplasm.
Due to the long history of cultivation and natural interspecific crossing among
the Citrus species vast variability has come up in nature. This caused an ambiguity
in identification of different species, cultivars, hybrids, etc and presented a
challenging task leading to initiation of deeper investigations. Documentation
of present genetic resource status, traditional knowledge associated with these
species and economic potential and threat perception of wild and semi-wild
species of Citrus occurring in India especially in Northeastern parts were
essentially required for designing a suitable genetic resources management
strategy. Survey, exploration, sustainable utilization, conservation and
preservation of invaluable Citrus germplasm have been the priority for NBPGR,
India. To protect these invaluable genetic resources of citrus, NBPGR (ICAR)
took initiative way back in 1981 by establishing the “Citrus Gene Sanctuary”,
probably first of its kind in the World, in the Garo hills of Meghalaya. It is
endowed with highly specified microclimate and is a part of buffer zone of Nokrek
Biosphere Reserve in Meghalaya. With only 12-13% of the earth’s surface
devoted to protected areas and other conservation areas, it is understandable
that all species diversity cannot be secured in them. Ex situ conservation, with
several options, are thus required to be adopted. Introduction of desirable Citrus
germplasm into country by NBPGR and other organizations have enriched the
diversity and strengthened the Indian Citrus Industry. With challenge of climate
change looming large, wild and weedy relatives assume significance. Due to
breadth of genetic diversity present in Citrus, which are adapted to a range of
environmental conditions, they are likely to be needed more than ever before to
maintain the adaptability of commercial Citrus cultivars. At NBPGR, New Delhi
various Citrus accessions collected during explorations from field genebanks,
farmer’s fields, orchards and natural habitats have been characterised for leaf,
fruit and seed characters using IPGRI descriptors to define range of diversity
present and to classify the variability for more than 600 accessions.
It has been pointed out that erosion of genetic resources of Citrus due to various
biotic and abiotic factors have resulted in loss of gene pools from nature and as
well as from different centers of collections. Conservationists face the task of
deciding how to best conserve these large Citrus species complex. Seed banking
is one of the most powerful and practical ex situ conservation tools available to
combat the loss of biodiversity while complementing the in situ conservation.
NBPGR has thus worked with integrated approach by cryobanking of seeds,
embryos and embryonic axes and a cryobase collection of about 700 accessions
has been successfully established. Investigations on 29 species for their seed
storage behaviour led to decision making for handling and processing for storage
using desired methodology. Accessions wise data of each Citrus species for
exploration and characterization is provided in this publication. It is important
to provide a coherent, coordinated and complementary approach to conservation
and utilization of Citrus genetic resources. This publication entails the efforts
made by NBPGR for PGR management of Citrus taking into consideration a
truly complementary conservation decision making in consultation with other
stakeholders and especially in coordination with NRC Citrus, Nagpur, Field
Genebanks of SAU’s, State Horticulture Stations and most valued Citrus farmers
in various parts of India. We gratefully acknowledge everyone who had
contributed and assisted whole heartedly in preparation of this publication. We
profusely thank all the past Directors of NBPGR who encouraged us to undertake
these activities. Authors welcome any valued suggestion from the readers for
the improvement of the presented information.
Acknowledgments
Authors sincerely acknowledge the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National
Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR) for providing the facilities and funding
to undertake the work on Citrus genetic resources. We are extremely thankful to Dr.
KC Bansal, present Director and earlier Directors of NBPGR for their continuous
encouragement and support. Our sincere thanks are due to Dr. IP Singh, Principal
Scientist, NRC Citrus, Nagpur for his support and collaboration in various explorations
and help in the preparation of this publication. We also acknowledge the help and
support extended by the Directors, Vice-Chancellors and curators of various Field
Genebanks in India viz. NRC Citrus, Nagpur, Maharashtra; Regional Research Station,
PAU, Abohar, Punjab; Citrus Research Station, Assam Agricultural University,
Tinsukhia, Assam; ICAR Research Complex of NEH, Umiam, Meghalaya; ICAR
Research Complex of NEH, Basar, Arunachal Pradesh; Regional Research Station, RAU,
Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan and Layalpur Farm, Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan. We profusely
thank all the farmers, orchard owners and forest staff who helped us by supporting and
providing germplasm and related information which consequently became the part of
our study and this publication. Our thanks are due to all Head of the Divisions and
Officer Incharges of Units and Regional Stations and staff and students of Tissue Culture
and Cryopreservation Unit, NBPGR for extending support and help during this study.
We sincerely acknowledge the help rendered by following persons for their valuable
support:
1. Dr. IP Singh, Principal Scientist, NRC Citrus, Nagpur
2. Dr. MK Kaul, Professor (Hort.), S.K. Rajasthan Agriculture University, Bikaner
3. Dr. KN Nair, Principal Scientist, NBRI, Lucknow
4. Dr. PS Aulakh, Head, Department of Horticulture, PAU, Ludhiana
5. Dr. JS Josan, Ex-Director, Regional Res. Station, PAU, Abohar
6. Dr. Anil Kumar, Horticulturist, Regional Res. Station, PAU, Abohar
7. Dr. DK Hore, Ex Officer Incharge, NBPGR Regional Station, Umiam, Shillong
8. Dr. SK Verma, Officer Incharge, NBPGR Regional Station, Bhowali
9. Dr. Rajwant K. Kalia, Principal Scientist, CAZRI, Jodhpur
10. Mr. Digvender Pal, SRF, TCCU, NBPGR, New Delhi
11. Mr. Ravish Choudhary, SRF, TCCU, NBPGR, New Delhi
12. Dr. Sushil Kumar, PPV & FRA, New Delhi
13. Mr. Anang Pal Singh, TCCU, NBPGR, New Delhi
14. Mr. Ajit Uchoi, Ph.D. Student, Cryolab, TCCU, NBPGR, New Delhi
15. Ms. Rohini MR, Ph.D. Student, Cryolab, TCCU, NBPGR, New Delhi
Contents
i Foreword
ii Preface
iii Acknowledgements
1. Introduction 1
2. Genetic Resources Management 3
3. Mandarins 42
3.1 Genetic Resources 42
3.2 Exploration and Collection 43
3.3 Characterization 44
4. Oranges 61
5. Acid members group 78
6. Pummelos and Grapefruits 124
7. Papeda and Other Wild Species 142
8. Related Genera of Citrus 157
9. Future Perspective 166
10. Bibliography 169
Genetic Resources Management
1. Introduction
Rich genetic diversity of fruits exists across the tropical and sub-tropical
regions of the world, with more than 500 species of fruits estimated to be found
in Southeast Asia alone (Rao and Bhag Mal, 2002). The South and Southeast
Asia represents above 300 species of native minor fruits (Arora, 1995). This
area has been the center of origin of a number of tropical and temperate fruit
species, most of which are still growing in wild or semi-wild state and exhibit a
sizable variability. India is endowed with a rich genetic diversity of fruits. Tropical
fruits constitute a major proportion of the spectrum of fruit diversity available in
India. Important tropical fruits mango, banana, citrus, papaya and guava alone
are grown in 4.29 m ha out of the total area of 6.32 m ha under fruit crops and
account for 81 percent of the total annual fruit production (Anonymous, 2010).
These and several other tropical fruit species not only meet the needs of local
and export markets for fresh fruit but also contribute substantially to the fruit
processing industry. Mango, citrus, banana and guava due to the presence of
vast diversity and liking flavour and taste were supported and improved by local
fruit growers and horticulturists for wide adoption. The genetic diversity of
tropical fruit trees is increasingly threatened; in the case of cultivated species by
specialization of production systems in a few varieties only linked to market
demand and also by land use changes, and in the case of natural wild species and
wild relatives due to habitat loss. The recognition of the value of the genetic
diversity of tropical fruits trees in the World and the threats that it faces has led
to increasing efforts for their genetic resources management by countries within
the tropical and sub-tropical regions (Bhag Mal et al., 2011). Tropical fruit basket
of India include good number of nutritious fruits namely banana, citrus, mango,
pineapple, papaya, guava, jackfruit, litchi, longan, tamarind and custard apple
(Singh and Chadha, 1993; Arora and Rao, 1995), with predominant fruits being
banana, mango, citrus, papaya and guava. Citrus is the third most important fruit
crop of India, with diverse Citrus fruits forming part of daily diet of vast Indian
population in one or other way. Starting from common lime and lemon to sweet
oranges and mandarins Citrus fruits have become a house hold requirement.
India is one of the 12 mega diversity rich countries of the World possessing
three hot spots of biodiversity (Conservation International-Biodiversity hotspots:
1
Citrus Genetic Resources in India
http://www. biodiversityhotspots.org). Northeast India falls under the “Indo-

Burma Region” of hot spot of biodiversity, which is the richest and one of the
most threatened places for plant life on the earth. Several Citrus species and
their natural hybrids have been reported to originate and exist in this area,
however, this vast indigenous Citrus diversity of India has not been used to its
full potential for Citrus improvement programmes.
Documentation of present genetic resources status, traditional knowledge
associated with these species and economic potential and threat perception for
wild and semi-wild species of Citrus occurring in India especially in Northeastern
and Northwestern parts is essential for designing the suitable strategies for their
survey, exploration, sustainable utilization, conservation and preservation. It has
been highlighted that erosion of genetic resources of Citrus due to various biotic
and abiotic factors have resulted in loss of gene pools from nature and as well as
from different centers of collections (Chadha, 1995). Farmers and local people
do not prefer to grow the wild and semi-wild species in their field or home
gardens due to low or negligible commercial value. All these factors are causing
serious imbalance in the genetic resources representation of many Citrus species
in this area of diversity, which has been classified as a hot spot with regard to
threat to citrus biodiversity (Singh and Singh, 2003). Any species or cultivar
lost from nature is a loss of unique genetic information contained in it, that had
evolved over several generations. As per the International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) norms seven Indian Citrus species are
endangered as indicated by threat perception analysis (Singh and Singh, 2003).
These species are C. indica, C. macroptera, C. latipes, C. assamensis, C.
ichangensis, C. megaloxycarpa and C. rugulosa.
Sustainable in situ and on-farm conservation is possible with active
synergies with farmers, communities and national institutions. Role of farmers
as active partners, conservator, promoter and custodian of local citrus diversity
need to be recognised. Realising the role of ex situ conservation and analysing
the advantages and disadvantages of all the current options available for Citrus
Plant Genetic Resources (PGR), various attempts made so far need compilation.
The present publication is a consolidation of information on various aspects of
genetic resources management of Citrus and its wild species in India. Basic and
applied studies especially for exploration, collection, characterization and
conservation made by NBPGR and other centres involved in citrus research in
India have been described in detail.
2
2. Genetic Resources
Management
2.1 Genus Citrus
The genus Citrus L. belongs to the subtribe Citrinae, tribe Citreae,

subfamily Aurantioideae of the family Rutaceae (Swingle and Reece, 1967). It
is characterized by few diagnostic characters: shrubs or small to large trees;
stem usually angular and spiny; leaves unifoliate usually with narrow to broadly
winged petiole and pellucid dots (oil glands) on leaf surface; fruit a hesperidium
(a type of berry with a leathery adherent pericarp, spongy or fibrous mesocarp
and fleshy endocarp filled with pulp vesicles containing sour or sweet juice).
Citrus species have diploid chromosome number (2n = 18), but some species
show polyploidy (27 and 36 chromosomes) (Cameron and Frost, 1968; Guerra,
1984). Citrus is a diverse genus with species having vast phenotypic variations
in tree and fruit characters. Some of the major citrus fruit types of the world are,
Citron [C. medica L.], Lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.], Lime [C. aurantifolia
(Christm.) Swingle], Mandarin [C. reticulata Blanco], Sour orange [C. aurantium
L.], Sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck], Pummelo [C. maxima (Burm.) Merr.],
Grapefruit [C. paradisi Macf.] and Kumquats [C. microcarpa Bunge].
Hodgson (1965) provided detailed account on taxonomy and nomenclature
of the citrus fruits in a book ‘Advances in Agricultural Sciences and Their
Applications’. He placed various citrus fruits into five groups based on their
fruit characters:
(1) Acid members group: 7 species, i.e. C. medica L., C. limon (L.) Burm. f.,
C. jambhiri Lush., C. limmetta (Risso) Lush., C. karna Raf., C. aurantifolia
(Christm.) Swingle, C. latifolia Tanaka and C. limettioides Tanaka.
(2) Orange group: 5 species, i.e. C. aurantium L., C. myrtifolia Raf., C.
bergamia Risso, C. natsudaidai Hayata and C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck.
3) Pummelo-grapefruit group: 2 species, i.e. C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. and
C. paradisi Macf.
(4) Mandarin group: 6 species, i.e. C. reticulata Blanco, C. unshiu Marcov.,
C. deliciosa Tenore, C. tangerina Hort. ex Tanaka, C. reshni Tanaka, and C.
nobilis Lour.
3
(5) Other species group (according to Tanaka system): 11 species, i.e. C.

macroptera Montr., C. hystrix DC., C. latipes (Swingle) Tanaka, C. macrophylla
Wester, C. limonia Osbeck, C. pennivesciculata Tanaka, C. maderaspatana
Tanaka, C. junos Seibold, C. ichangensis Swingle, C. indica Tanaka and C.
madurensis Lour.
2.2 Centre(s) of Origin
Citrus is believed to have its primary centre of origin in South and South-
East Asia, particularly in the region extending from Northeast India, eastward
through the Malayan Archipelago to China and Japan, and southward to Australia
and also to New Caledonia and New Guinea (Tanaka, 1954; Webber, 1967; Scora,
1975, 1988; Gmitter and Hu, 1990; Mabberley, 2004; Pfeil and Crisp, 2008;
Bayer et al., 2009). The Citrus belt of the world extends approximately 35O N
and 35OS latitude on either side of the equator. Citrus fruits are widely cultivated
throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, most of them located
far away from their actual centers of origin (Webber, 1967).
Probable centers of origin of twenty important Citrus species based on
various literature survey are summarized in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. The principal Citrus species with probable centres of origin in Asia
S. Species Common Probable
No. name centre of origin
1. C. medica L. Citron India
2. C. limon (L.) Burm. f. Lemon Eastern Himalaya
3. C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle Sour lime India
4. C. limmetta (Risso) Lush. Sweet lime None
5. C. jambhiri Lush. Rough lemon Northeast India
6. C. karna Raf. Karna khatta India
7. C. reticulata Blanco Mandarin Cochin-China
8. C. tachibana (Makino) Tanaka Tachibana Japan
9. C. indica Tanaka Indian wild Northeast India
orange
10. C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. Pummelo Polynesia and
Malay
11. C. megaloxycarpa Lush. Sour pummelo Western India
12. C. aurantium L. Sour orange India
4
13. C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck Sweet orange Southern Indo-

China
14. C. paradisi Macf. Grapefruit West-Indies
15. C. latipes (Swingle) Tanaka Khasi papeda Northeast India
16. C. macroptera Montr. Melanesian Southeast Asia
papeda
17. C. ichangensis Swingle (= C. Ichang papeda Southwest China
cavaleriei H. Leveille ex Cavalerie)
18. C. hystrix DC. Maurituis papeda Southeast Asia
19. C. micrantha Wester Micrantha Papeda Phillippines
20. C. assamensis Dutta & Ada-jamir Northeast India
Bhattacharya
21. C. pseudolimon Tan. Galgal India
2.3 Production of Citrus Fruits

The global production of citrus fruits in the year 2010 was 123694474
tonnes in a total area of 86,45,339 hectares. China, Brazil, India, USA, Mexico,
Spain and Iran are the leading citrus producing countries (Table 2.2) of the world
(FAOSTAT, 2012). Production of top two countries China (19.35%) and Brazil
(17.24%) accounted for more than 36% of the total global citrus fruits production,
while India is at the third rank and has contributed only 8.40% of the total global
production. In India area under the Citrus production is 987 (000HA) and
production is 9638 (000MT) which amounts to the productivity of 9.8 MT/HA
(Anonymous, 2010).
Andhra Pradesh state is the highest producer of Citrus fruits with 38837
(000MT) production and 13.8 MT/HA productivity while Maharashtra is the
second largest producer state with 1725.1 MT production but very low
productivity of 6.0 MT/HA. Other important states for Citrus production are
Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, West Bengal and all Northeast
Indian states, with highest productivity recorded up to 21.3 MT/HA in Punjab.
The major citrus producing states and districts and commercial cultivars
grown in different zones of india are as follows :
1. Northwestern Zone:
· Jammu & Kashmir (Jammu, Kathua, Udhampur and Rajauri)
5
Table 2.2. Global citrus fruits production (in tonnes)

Country Pummelos Lemons Oranges Tangerines, Others Total (%)
and and etc.
Grapefruits Limes
China 2868750 1058105 5003289 10121000 4886900 23938044
(19.35)
Brazil 72100 1020350 19112300 1122730 — 21327480
(17.24)
India 260300 3098900 6268100 — 764300 10391600
(8.40)
USA 1123090 800140 7478830 539770 43700 9985530
(8.07)
Mexico 400934 1891400 4051630 409442 103600 6857006
(5.54)
Spain 43200 578200 3120000 1708200 6800 5456400
(4.40)
Iran 46500 706800 1502820 276138 87000 2619258
(2.12)
World 6957837 14244782 69416336 21311892 11763628 123694474
Source: http://www.faostat.fao.org, visited on 27/06/2012.
· Himachal Pradesh (Kangra and Sirmaur)

· Punjab (Abohar, Fazilka, Faridkot, Batinda and Hoshiarpur)
· Haryana (Sirsa, Fatehabad, Hisar and Bhiwani)
· Rajasthan (Shriganganagar, Jhalawar, Bharatpur, Dholpur and Sawai
Madhopur)
Commercial cultivars:
Mandarin- Kinnow;
Sweet oranges- Jaffa, Malta, Blood red, Valencia, Hamlin and Pineapple
Acid lime - Kagzi lime, Vikram, Kagzi Kalan
Lemon- Galgal, Eureka, Baramasi, Pant lemon 1, 2 and 3
Pummelo- Chakotra
Grapefruit- Duncan, Marsh seedless, Foster and Ruby red
2. Northeastern Zone:
6
· West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Midnapur and 24 Pargana (N),

· Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Sikkim and Tripura
Mandarin - Khasi mandarin, Sikkim or Darjeeling mandarin
Sweet oranges - Malta, Tasi, Sohbitara, Soh-nariang, Mitha chakola, Ruby,
Blood red, Valanecia
Acid lime - Kagzi lime, Vikram, Kagzi kalan
Lemon- Assam lemon, Pant lemon and Chinara
Pummelo- Kanapora, Batabi, Bhogote, Sah-myngor, Sagothra, Rabab,
Jambura and Der-tawk
Grapefruit- Duncan, Marsh seedless and Ruby red
Others- Satkara
3. Central Zone:
· Madhya Pradesh (Mandsaur, Shajapur, Chhindwara, Khandwa and
Hoshangabad)
· Maharashtra (Amravati, Nagpur, Akola, Aurangabad, Wardha and
Yevatmal)
· Orissa (Ganjam), Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Mandarin- Nagpur mandarin
Sweet oranges- Mosambi, Malta
Acid lime-Baramasi, Vikram, Jai devi, Pramalini, Sai Sarbati
Lemon- Bhadri lemon, Pant lemon
Pummelo- Chakotra, Mahatabi, Gagar
Grapefruit- Saharanpur special, Duncan, Marsh seedless Ruby red
4. Southern Zone:
· Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Prakasam, West Godavari, Guntur, Kuddapa,
Anantpur, Nalgonda and Karimnagar)
· Tamil Nadu (Dindgual Anna, Trichy, Tirunelveli and Kattabomman)
Karnataka (Bijapur, Bagalkot, Chitradurga, Raichur, Bellari, Koppal,
Korlagu, Chikmagalur and Hassan).
7
Mandarin- Coorg mandarin

Sweet oranges- Satgudi, Sonamitri
Acid Lime- Pramalini, Vikram, PKM-1
Lemon- Tirupati, Coorg Lime, Pant lemon, Sylhet lime, Gajanimma
Belladikithuli- Baduvapuli, Valadipudi, Khichli
In India all the four zones are important for commercial Citrus production
where different citrus types and cultivars are grown and increase in area and
production is noticed every year (Fig. 2.1). Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh
are important states for Citrus cultivation, much ahead of other Indian states
(Fig. 2.2)
2.4. Indian Citrus wealth
India has a distinct position in the ‘Citrus belt’ of the world due to
remarkable diversity in citrus genetic resources, both in cultivated and wild
species. Apart from the most commonly cultivated species/hybrids, such as
citrons, lemons, limes, mandarins, sour oranges, sweet oranges, pummelos and
grapefruits, four species, viz. Indian wild orange, Khasi papeda, Ichang papeda,
and Melanesian papeda were recorded to occur in wild or semi-wild state in
Northeast India (Brandis, 1874; Bonavia, 1888-90; Lushington, 1910; Tanaka,
1937; Cheema and Bhatt, 1934; Bhattacharya and Dutta, 1956; Swingle and
Reece, 1967; Singh, 1967; Singh and Nath, 1969; Nair and Nayar, 1997; Singh
and Singh, 2001; Sharma et al., 2004; Malik et al., 2006).
Natural diversity of Citrus in India has also contributed to the development
of several distinct indigenous cultivars/land races/ natural hybrids known under
C. assamensis Dutta & Bhattacharya (Ada- Jamir or Ginger lemon of Assam),
C. jambhiri Lush. (rough lemon), C. karna Raf. (Karna Orange or Karna- khatta),
C. limetta Risso (Sweet lime), C. limettioides Tanaka (Sweet lime), C.
megaloxycarpa Lush. (Sour pummelo), C. pseudolimon Tanaka (Hill lemon),
etc., which occur mostly in Northeast India and in the Northwestern Himalayas.
Bhattacharya and Dutta (1956) recorded 17 species, 45 horticultural varieties
and five hybrids of Citrus in Northeast India. These indigenous genetic resources
have great utility in citrus improvement programmes. The diverse eco-
geographical distribution and the occurrence of spontaneous mutations and
natural hybridization have given rise to a wide range of variability in Citrus and
related genera. Singh and Chadha (1993) listed 30 Citrus species and botanical
varieties that are indigenous to India or have been domesticated here for a very
8
long time. It is interesting to note that out of 30 Citrus species available in India
at least 9 species are available throughout India, whereas 15 species are confined
to Northeastern India, 9 species to South India, 6 species to Northwestern India
and 1 species to central India (Table 2.3).
Table 2.3. Important indigenous and exotic cultivars of Citrus cultivated in India
Citrus group Cultivars Areas of cultivation

Indigenous Exotic
Mandarins Nagpur mandarin, Kinnow mandarin, Maharashtra, Madhya
(C. reticulata) Khasi mandarin, Honey, Wilking, Pradesh, Northeastern
Sikkim mandarin, Fewtrell’s Early, King, states, Darjeeling,
Coorg mandarin, Willow leaf, Orlando, Sikkim, Coorg region
Laddu, Butwal, Temple, Fairchild, of Karnataka, Punjab,
Hazara, Srinagar Fremont, Dancy, Rajasthan, Haryana
Ponkan, Kamla
Australia, Fox
mandarin, Thorny
mandarin, Fortune,
Afourer
Sweet orange Mosambi, Satgudi, Jaffa, Hamlin, Malta, Maharashtra, Andhra

(C. sinensis) S o n a m i t r i , Valencia late, Pradesh, Punjab,
Loyalpur S-1, Pineapple, Blood red, Rajasthan,
Loyalpur S-2, Washington naval, Northeastern states
Mitha chakola, Olinda Valencia late,
Tasi, Chakola tenga Delta Valencia,
Campbell Valencia,
Vanale, Moro, Rhode
Red Valencia, Parent
naval, Declarbe sweet
orange, Vaniglia
sanguigno, Sweet
orange, Teneriff,
Tardiff, Seleta, Aspal
orange, Joppa
Acid lime Kagzi lime, PKM- Tahiti lime Andhra Pradesh, Tamil
(C. aurantifolia) 1, Vikram, Nadu, Karnataka,
Pramalini, Sai Maharashtra
Sarbati, Kagzi
Kala, Tenali and
Tirupati, Coorg
9
Lime, Akola lime,

Mungalipattu,
Sylhet lime
Lemon Hill lemon, Assam Eureka lemon, Italian Uttar Pradesh,

(C. limon) lemon, Galgal, lemon, Lesban lemon, Himachal Pradesh,
Baramasia, Pant Seville, Harvey lemon Assam and North-
lemon 1,2,3, no.252,No.302,Villa eastern states,
Bhadri lemon, franca Karnataka, Uttar
Chinara, Kagji Pradesh
kalan
Pummelo Chakotra, Gagar, Sweet China, Royal, Northeastern states,

(C. maxima) Red flesh, White Triumph, Foxey Foothills of
flesh, Pink fleshed, Northwestern
K a n a p o r a , Himalayas, parts of
Bhogote, Sah Bihar, Uttarakhand,
myngor, Sagothra, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa
Rabab, Jambura,
Ser tawk,
Devanahalli-1. 2,
Midnaapur sel-1,
IKP-1, IKP-2
Grapefruit Saharanpur special, Duncan, Frost marsh, Northeastern Region,

(C. paradisi) Serbial, Champa Marsh seedless, Ruby and parts of
umtambi red, Foster pink, Red Uttarakhand, Himachal
blush, Thompson Pradesh, Punjab,
seedless, Smooth flat Rajasthan
Citron Bira jora, Pati jora, Etrong citron Northeastern states,

(C. medica) Jora tenga, foot hills of
Gandhraj, Pongam, Northwestern and
Soh manong, Central Himalayas,
Mitha jora, Tayum, Punjab, and peninsular
Themachhi, region of India
Bemberia
Citrus group Rootstocks
Areas of cultivation
Indigenous Exotic
Rough lemon
(C. jambhiri) Jatti-khatti, EC-25833, Florida Northeastern and foot
Jullandhari khatti, rough 8748, Rough hills of Northwestern
Jambhiri, Mithi, lemon, South Africa, and Central Himalayas,
Renuka lemon,
10
Wynad rough Italian rough, Esteus Punjab, and southern

lemon, Gol nimbu, rough peninsular region
Kata jamir, Sinduri
lemon, Naity jamir
Karna khatta (C. Khatta, Duranj Western Himalayan
karna) region
Small Mandarins Billikichilli, Cleopatra mandarin, Field genebanks,

(C. reshni, C. Belladikithuli, EC-18089 gardens, backyards and
maderaspatana) Kodakithuli orchards in Andhra
Pradesh and other parts
of India
Trifoliate orange - Flying dragon, Field genebanks,

(Poncirus Pomeroy, Rubidoux, NRCC, Nagpur, PAU
trifoliata) Trifoliate Florida, EC- RS, Abohar and others
31974, Dweat tangor
Sour orange Karun Jamir, Seville orange Nagaland, Meghalaya,

(C. aurantium) Sohmyndong, Assam
Mole kaipuli
Rangpur Lime Rangpur lime L- EC-115795, Florida Northeastern India,

(C. limonia) 19, Sharbati lime, Rangpur- 8747, 8748 Parts of Central and
Kusai lime, Kole South India
jamir
C. macrophylla - Alemow Field genebank of

NRC Citrus, Nagpur
Other hybrids Citranges cv. Troyer Field genebanks of
citrange (EC-22050), NRCC, Nagpur, PAU
Carizo, Savage, Yama, RS, Abohar and other
Citremone, Citrumelos field genebanks
2.5 Economic importance of Citrus
Citrus genetic diversity of India represented by several wild and cultivated

species of Citrus have great potential for improvement of Citrus industry and
also used for several nutritional and medicinal purposes. Citrus fruits are good
sources of citric acid, flavonoids, phenolics, pectins, limonoids, ascorbic acid,
etc. (Dugo and Digiacomo, 2002). The dietary, nutritional, medicinal and cosmetic
properties of citrus fruits are well documented (Swingle and Reece, 1967; Dugo
11
Fig. 2.1. Production trends of Citrus in India from 1991 to 2010. (Source:
NHB database, Anonymous, 2010)
Fig. 2.2. Leading citrus producing states of India during 2009-10. (Source:
NHB database, Anonymous, 2010)
12
and Digiacomo, 2002). Recent pharmacological studies support the traditional

medical applications of citrus fruits in scurvy, obesity, cancer, HIV/AIDS,
contraception, cough, and reducing blood pressure (Mabberley, 2004). Oranges
are used for treatment of cold, fever, liver disorders, gall bladder problems, acne,
and ringworm (Govindachari et al., 2000; Inbesi and Pasquale, 2002; Bisignano
and Saiya, 2002; Mabberley, 2004; Arias and Laca, 2005). Modern scientific
studies confirm the utility of lemon fruit as antipyretic, and as a remedy for loss
of appetite and haemorrhoids (Arteche Garcýa, 1998). The lemon and citron
juice is used by traditional healers for treating snake bites in Northwestern
Colombia. Citrus fruits are used for curing total tooth loss and prevalent
cardiovascular disease in men and women (Lowe et al., 2003). Citrus fruits
contain many secondary metabolites, viz. ascorbic acid, flavanones, phenolics
and pectin, which show antioxidant properties and are important to human
nutrition. Anti-oxidant property has been reported in fruit extracts of Citrus
medica (citron) and C. sinensis (blood orange) (Jayaprakasha and Patil, 2007).
Limonoids are the secondary metabolites found in all citrus fruits, which showed
anti-cancerous activities (Tian et al., 2001). In a recent study, citrus components
such as pectin, pulp, naringin and limonin showed anti-proliferative activity
against colon cancer (Vanamala et al., 2006). Further, several citrus flavonoids
were examined for anti-cancerous activity against various stages of colon cancer,
in which apigenin and naringenin were more efficient than the hesperidin and
nobiletin (Leonardi et al., 2004). Citrus flavonoids and limonoids, present in
leaves and fruits, are also used for the fragrance. Besides several pharmaceutical
and edible uses of Citrus fruits, various wild and semi-wild species and local
cultivars have socio-economic and religious importance in specific tribes and
community groups (Malik et al., 2006). Ethno-botanical studies revealed that
local inhabitants and various tribes of Northeast India have been using different
parts of these plants especially fruits for various economic purposes. Besides
the commercially cultivated Citrus species, several important species like
Memang narang, Melanesian papeda, Khasi papeda, Sour pummelo and Ada-
jamir are found to grow in Northeast India in wild and semi-wild state (Singh
and Singh, 2003; Sharma et al., 2004; Malik et al., 2006). These wild and semi-
wild species of Citrus have great socio-economic, cultural and religious
importance and are important gene sources for agronomic traits like disease
resistance, cold tolerance, etc.
Socio-economic importance of Citrus wild, semi-wild species and local
cultivars is of great relevance especially for tribal population and marginal farmers
in remote areas of Northeast and Northwest Himalayas. Several farm communities
13
and tribals farmers inhabited in the remote areas of Northeast and Northwestern
India are earning their livelihood from these fruits and some of these rare species
are of major livelihood support for them (Fig. 2.3 B-F). Due to the lack of
infrastructure facilities, backend operations and processing facilities tribal farmers
have to carry their fruits in specially designed baskets (Fig 2.3 A,B) from farm
to local markets, some times 15-20 km away, on their backs in remote areas of
Northeast India. There is an urgent need to develop marketing facilities and
value chain for these fruits in such areas. There are some examples where at the
initiative of the farmers communities, such operations have been successfully
undertaken and processing of fruits at farm itself is providing good income and
livelihood support to them. Citrus community garden of Kachai lemon (Citrus
jambhiri) in Kachai village of Uhkrul district of Manipur in Northeast India is
being successfully managed by village head and providing livelihood support to
local inhabitants (Sthapit and Singh, 2012). Such models may be replicated for
different local Citrus types having commercial importance in other parts of
Northeast India to provide livelihood support and also serve the purpose of in
situ on-farm conservation.
2.6 National and International PGR Status
2.6.1 National Status
In India Citrus genetic resources are being managed by multiple agencies
such as research institutes of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),
State Agricultural Universities and also by the State Horticultural Farms, and
Fruit Research Stations. Besides these several private nurseries, orchards,
gardens, parks etc. which are owned by progressive farmers and public enterprises
are also maintaining Citrus germplasm as field collections. Citrus research in
India especially the genetic resource management and citrus improvement needs
to be given more impetus at par with that existing in other countries like USA
and China. India being the treasure house of indigenous germplasm of several
species and home of important commercial citrus species still lags behind in
production and productivity due to less emphasis on research, development and
availability of quality planting material. Major drawback is the development of
cultivars suitable for the indigenous cultivation which are adaptable to diverse
edapho-climatic situations existing in India. Presently, rare Indian wild species
germplasm has hardly been utilized for Citrus improvement programmes in india.
Most of the commercial cultivars are introduced from the exotic sources and
some of them have adapted fairly well to the Indian conditions e.g. Kinnow.
14
Fig. 2.3. Citrus marketing operations in Northeast India, A- Women carrying

citrus fruits on their backs to market, B- Local Citrus fruit market in Sikkim. C-
Roadside shops of Citrus fruits, D- Traditional healer selling C. indica fruits as
medicine, E&F- Locally processed products of Citrus fruits being sold in roadside
shops and in remote villages
15
Diverse suitable area having potential for Citrus cultivation especially Northeast
India is unable to produce to its fullest capacity due to non-availability of quality
planting material, poor agronomic pracitices and onset of diseases. Lack of
technology, expertise and infrastructure with public and private nurseries is
leading to poor services to farmers affecting productivity.
In India National Research Centre for Citrus (NRCC), of ICAR, located
at Nagpur in Central India is the only dedicated institute for Citrus research,
development and extension. This Centre has also been designated as National
Active Germplasm Site (NAGS) for Citrus by NBPGR. Besides undertaking
Citrus improvement programmes, production and protection, this centre takes
up the germplasm collection, field maintenance, characterization, evaluation,
supply and other genetic resources management activities. Other ICAR and CSIR
national institutes such as Indian Institute of Horticultural Research (IIHR,
Bangalore), National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR, New Delhi)
and National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI, Lucknow) are also undertaking
research and management of Citrus genetic resources. State Horticulture
Departments, State Agricultural Universities (SAUs) and some private nurseries
and companies are also taking up germplasm maintenance and improvement in
different parts of India. Some progressive farmers are taking up Citrus germplasm
conservation and maintenance due to their passion and love for this wonder
fruit. Diverse type of Citrus trees are being maintained in their orchards or farms
not for any economical gains but for the sake of diversity conservation. One of
the fascinating example is of Late Sardar Kartar Singh Narula, Udhyan Pandit
promoter of Layalpur Farm/Nursery at Sri Ganganagar, Rajasthan who has been
maintaining 50-60 different types of Citrus accessions since last several years
and also taking up selection and improvement work. Similarly, in the Darjeeling
district of West Bengal a Citrus garden with more than 50 different types of
Citrus including indigenous and exotic collections is being maintained by a
famous progressive farmer, Mr. Gambhir Das Gurung of Bara Mangwa Busty.
These progressive farmers are providing germplasm to various stakeholders and
also evaluating and improving it. All India Coordinated Research Project
(AICRP) on Tropical Fruits (Citrus) of ICAR with its Network at nine centres
(Table 2.4) at SAU’s and ICAR institutes in various agro-ecological regions of
India has been taking up work on genetic resources management, crop
improvement, crop production and crop protection. Since last several decades
crop specific responsibilities for multi-location evaluation and improvement work
has been assigned to these centres.
16
2.6.2 International Status

Citrus being a diverse crop is cultivated in almost all the parts of World,
however, with origin being in the Southeast Asia, maximum diversity and genetic
resources are available in Asian and Australian countries. Countries with well
organised National Plant Genetic Resources System like USA have build up an
international collections in the field genebanks during early nineteenth century,
while genetic resources rich countries in Asia depended more on the existing
natural diversity with them. Consequently, germplasm resources assembled in
the field genebanks have been amply utilized in developed countries for breeding
work. Several selections and hybrid varieties have been released using these
genetic resources. Some of these varieties of sweet oranges and mandarin have
benefited the other countries in Asia, Europe and Australia. Introduction of
varieties like Kinnow mandarin have largely benefited the countries in South
Asia like India and Pakistan. Status of World citrus genetic resources have been
compiled in the first report of ‘The State of the World Plant Genetic Resources
for Food and Agriculture’ (http://apps3.fao.org/wiews/docs/swrfull.pdf) and
presented to the Fourth International Technical Conference on Plant Genetic
Resources held in Leipzig, Germany, in June 1996, and published in 1998
reporting only 6,174 accessions in the World. While the second report on World
Status of PGR (http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1500e/i1500e.pdf) which was
published recently in the year 2010 to update the information in the first report,
indicated 29,690 accessions of Citrus in the World. Apparently there is a
tremendous increase in the germplasm holdings of the nations approximately by
five times during the past decade. This may be due to the limited information
presented in the first report, probably lacked from some sources. The germplasm
details provided in these reports only provided numbers for wild species,
landraces, breeding lines, advance cultivars and most dominantly the mixture of
all of these types of germplasm. This general information does not serve much
useful purpose for any horticulturist or germplasm curator as Citrus being a
diverse genus specific information is required for utilization of germplasm. For
better management of World Citrus genetic resources for conservation and
utilization, FAO in 1997, constituted the Global Citrus Germplasm Network
(GCGN) to involve national institutions and existing regional and inter-regional
citrus networks such as, the Inter-American Citrus Network (IACNET),
MECINET, IACNET, CLAM and NeSCRA. The main objective of this network
was to link germplasm related activities undertaken in the different parts of the
World. However, the present status of existence of the GCGN could not be
ascertained as the last proceedings of GCGN countires meeting available on
17
various Citrus related websites is of the year 2000. Even if this network exists
there is need to have more proactive role by involving countries from all over
the World to facilitate genetic resources exchange and utilization for Citrus
improvement.
2.7 Exploration and Collection
Collection of Citrus genetic diversity from Northeastern parts of India
was taken up intensively by Tanaka (1928; 1937) and Bhattacharya and Dutta
(1956) during 3rd to 5th decade of last century. Most of the new Citrus species
were identified, collected and documented from Northeastern parts of India during
this period. Since then, no significant information has been added to our
knowledge about the occurrence of any additional species of Citrus from this
region. However, recent surveys and explorations enumerated loss of some
species and local types from various pockets where these were earlier reported
to occur (Singh and Singh, 2003; Malik et al., 2006). Study on genetic resources
of Citrus in Northeastern India indicated the presence of 23 species, one
subspecies and 68 varieties, thus according this area a special status as a treasure
house of Citrus germplasm (Sharma et al., 2004). Some of the Citrus species
still grow in a wild or semi-wild form in the forestlands. Natural populations of
these species are shrinking drastically due to large-scale deforestation to meet
the land requirement for cultivation in the Himalayan region (Ahuja, 1996).
Therefore, there is an urgent need to collect this vast genetic diversity and
document the ethno-botanical as well as indigenous technical knowledge about
the Citrus species particularly from Northeastern India.
During last one and half decades, NRCC, Nagpur and NBPGR, New Delhi
under the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) and also as
Table 2.4. Centres of AICRP on Tropical Fruits (Citrus) in India
Centre University/institutes involved Citrus crop group

Akola Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Nagpur mandarin, Acid
Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra lime
Chethali IIHR Regional station, Chethali, Coorg mandarin
Karnataka
Ludhiana Punjab Agricultural University, Kinnow mandarin, Acid
Ludhiana, Punjab lime
Periyakulam Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Acid lime
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
18
Pune IARI Regional station, Pune, Maharashtra Acid lime

Pusa Rajendra Agricultural University, Acid lime, Pummelo
Samastipur, Bihar
Rahuri Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Sweet orange, Acid lime
Maharashtra
Tinsukhia Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Khasi mandarin
Assam
Tirupati Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Acid lime, Sweet orange
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
Source: http://www.iihr.ernet.in/aicrp/
institutional priority, undertook extensive explorations and survey programme
of citrus in various parts of India. During these explorations vast diversity of
various Citrus species representing important rootstocks species, mandarins,
acid lime, pummelo, grapefruit and sweet oranges along with the indigenous
wild species were collected (Singh and Singh, 2003; Malik et al., 2006; Malik
et al., 2012a). During these explorations major emphasis of NBPGR was on
collecting diversity of wild, semi-wild and endangered Citrus species such as
C. indica, C. ichangensis, C. megaloxycarpa, C. macroptera and C. latipes from
entire Northeastern India and for which specific explorations were undertaken
during 2003 to 2011 as a misson mode programme. Since last four decades
germplasm representing sizable diversity of cultivated, wild and rootstocks
species and several intermediate Citrus types have been collected during various
explorations undertaken in India and national identity for more than 1400
accessions has been obtained from NBPGR (Table 2.5, Fig. 2.4). Accessions
wise passport data of each species is provided in respective chapters dealing in
that Citrus group.
2.8 Germplasm Introduction and Exchange
Introduction of citrus germplasm have been initiated since 1940s in India.
Large number of exotic collections both scion and rootstocks were introduced
at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa; Fruit Research Station, Abohar;
Citrus Experiment Station, Chethali; Citrus Experiment Station, Shrirampur and
Tirupati; Indian Institute of Horticultural Research and National Research Centre
for Citrus, Nagpur. One of the successful and commercially important
introductions of Citrus in India is “Kinnow Mandarin” introduced by Dr. J.C.
Bakshi in 1954 at Abohar, Punjab from California (USA). This cultivar has
been very well adapted now to the Northwestern parts of India especially Punjab,
Haryana and Rajasthan and is providing very good income to farmers. This
19
Table 2.5. Number of collections of Citrus species made from various States
during explorations by NBPGR and NAAS
S.No. State Total
Collections
1 Andaman and Nicobar Islands 14
2 Andhra Pradesh 50
3 Arunachal Pradesh 86
4 Assam 84
5 Delhi 11
6 Gujarat 42
7 Himachal Pradesh 101
8 Jharkhand 4
10 Karnataka 16
11 Kerala 11
12 Madhya Pradesh 10
13 Maharashtra 85
14 Manipur 45
15 Meghalaya 273
16 Mizoram 119
17 Nagaland 23
18 Orissa 19
19 Punjab 91
20 Rajasthan 42
21 Sikkim 29
22 Tamil Nadu 10
23 Tripura 19
24 Uttar Pradesh 70
25 Uttarakhand 221
26 West Bengal 21
introduction has brought the “Golden Revolution” in the Citrus Industry of

Northwestern India (Kaul and Aulakh, 2012). Other important introductions
include several sweet orange, mandarin, lime and lemon varieties and hybrids
from Europe, USA and Australia namely Valencia Late, Washington Navel, Jaffa,
Malta Blood Red, Pineapple, Shamouti, Ruby Orange, Satsuma, Dancy tangerine,
Clementine, Cleopatra, Wilking, Temple, Duncan, Marsh seedless, Lisbon lemon,
Spora lime, Trifoliate orange, Ichange lemon, C. hytrix and Microcitrus australis
(Dutta, 1958). Important rootstock Alemow (Citrus macrophylla Wester) native
to the island of Cebu, Philippines introduced long back has proved to be the best
rootstock for Nagpur mandarin and Acid lime and is gaining importance in India.
20
During 1956-2001, 268 exotic accessions were introduced at Indian Institute

of Agricultural Research (IARI), however, presently only 23 accessions are
existing in their field genebank (Pandey and Singh, 2004). Similarly at NRC
Citrus, Nagpur which is an Active Germplasm Site for Citrus in India, 30 scions
and 19 rootstocks mostly introduced from USA, France, Japan, Australia and
Niger are existing (Singh et al., 2000). Regional Fruit Research Station, Punjab
Agricultural University, Abohar is maintaining maximum 75 accessions of citrus
germplasm introduced during 1956 to 1989 from USA. Vegetative and
reproductive performance of these introductions has been evaluated and found
satisfactory at these centers (Singh et al., 2000). Recently, in 2009-10 important
germplasm of Citrus have been introduced from Brazil. These included Satsuma
(C. unshiu), Clementine (C. clementina), Mandarin/Tangerin (C. reticulata),
Sweet orange varieties (C. sinensis) (Singh et al., 2012). More than 262 accessions
belonging to C. limon, C. paradisi, C. reshni, C. limonia, C. grandis, C. jhambiri,
C. obovoldea/ obovoidea, C. medica, C. clementina, C. sinensis, C.
volkamariana, C. reticulata, C. unshiu, C. grandis, C. aurantium, C. jambhiri,
C. shunkokan, C. wilsonii, C. unshiumarc, C. canaliculata, Citrus hybrid,
Poncirus trifoliata and Fortunella species have been introduced into India through
NBPGR Exchange Unit since 1984 till to date from Egypt, USA, Brazil, Nigeria,
New Zealand, Japan, Israel, France, Australia, Nepal and Peru. Private nurseries
and some multinational companies in collaboration with State Horticulture
Departments are also importing Citrus germplasm in India for research and
commercial purposes. Citrus being an Annex-1 crop of Internationl Treaty on
Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) can be exchanged
under the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA). Safe movement of
Citrus germplasm and planting material from one country to another is ensured
using various techniques available such as chemotherapy, thermotherapy,
cryotherapy and various tissue culture based techniques namely ovule culture,
nucellar culture and shoot tip grafting (Vijaya Kumari and Reddy, 2012).
Citrus germplasm and varieties have been amply exchanged even before
1947 within India where several new introductions were exchanged with existing
and new orchards, state horticulture farms/ nurseries, Regional Fruit Research
Stations and field genebanks and hence moved from one place to another. This
exchange has amply benefited the farmers and commercial Citrus producers of
various states from time to time.
21
Fig. 2.4. Collection sites of Citrus germplasm from various states of India
2.9 Characterization and Evaluation

Characterization and evaluation of germplasm facilitates its utilization
for crop improvement purposes. Indian Citrus germplasm especially of
indigenous origin have not been sufficiently characterized and evaluated. Even
if limited germplasm is characterized it has been for only phenotypic characters.
Citrus is a very diverse fruit crop therefore, detailed evaluation and
characterization data are needed to assess the genetic diversity present in
individual species. In Citrus sizable variability is present with respect to tree
structure/canopy development shape of canopy, features of fruits, diseases and
insect resistance as well as their utility as rootstock. Apart from variation in fruit
size, colour also varied from yellow green to red orange in lime and shape from
oblate to pyriform. At maturity, fruits of some cultivars were observed to have
high acidity while others had almost none. Tree size also varied considerably
and hence offers breeders the possibility of breeding them for various desirable
22
characters. During the year 1999 to 2003 NRC Citrus, Nagpur collected 384
accessions of citrus from different parts of country and most of them were
characterized based on physico-chemical characters of fruits (Singh and Singh,
2003). Indian Citrus germplasm has been characterised by several workers on
the basis of herbarium observations and morphological descriptions (Singh and
Chadha, 1993). Chemotaxonomic and numerical taxonomic studies have also
aided in the characterization and classification of Citrus (Nath and Randhawa,
1969; Singh and Singh, 1983).
On the basis of multi-location evaluation, cultivars and rootstocks suitable
for different agroclimatic situations have been identified (Singh and Chadha,
1993). Several species and clones have been evaluated for resistance to insect-
pests and diseases and for processing qualities and suitability as rootstock.
Germplasm collected from Northeastern region has been evaluated for physio-
chemical characters of fruit (Singh and Govind, 2000). Some species like C.
indica and C. macroptera when shifted to new environment showed poor
performance with regard to plant growth. The variation in fruit size, thickness,
seeds per fruit, juice content and acidity was found to be more pronounced.
Based on the yield and physio-chemical parameters, certain lemon types having
less seeds, thin rind and adequate juice content have been identified for
commercial cultivation. Variability in vegetative growth and flowering in 30
accessions of citrus rootstocks, trifoliate orange and trifoliate hybrids collected
from exotic and indigenous sources have been reported at Nagpur (Singh et al.
1999). Performance of different citrus rootstocks in citrus germplasm repository
at NRCC, Nagpur showed large variability particularly in physico-chemical
characteristicts of fruits (Singh and Singh, 2001). Singh and Sheo Govind (2002)
evaluated nine citrus hybrids which were introduced in the year 1983 to assess
their performance under mid hills situations of Umiam, Meghalaya. At NRC
Citrus, Nagpur, evaluation of citrus rootstock strains for optimum growth and
productivity of Nagpur mandarin and Acid lime has been undertaken. About 54
Nagpur mandarin clones have been evaluated for vegetative and reproductive
characters and wide variation was observed in all the characters. Clonal selection
among 54 Nagpur mandarin clones for early/late maturity, good fruit quality
with high yield and less seed per fruit led to selection of 7 clones with promising
characters at NRC Citrus (Singh et al., 2012). Besides this various sweet orange,
acid lime, pummelo, citron, galgal and sweet lime clones have been characterized
and evaluated at NRC Citrus. Overall 155 accessions of various Citrus types
have been characterized and several superior plants belonging to different Citrus
groups are identified for detailed evaluation. Eight exotic mandarin acessions
23
have been evaluated at ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region Gangtok,
Sikkim and “Fortune” cultivars has been found to be more suitble for Sikkim
(Kishore et al., 2012).
Evaluation of citrus genetic resources has been undertaken at various
centres in India under the AICRP Tropical Fruits (Citrus) and several promising
genotypes have been identified in Nagpur mandarin, acid lime and pummelos
(Table 2.6). Multi-location evaluation of various Acid lime selections at Rahuri
and Tirupati namely Sai Sharbati, RHR-L-122, RHR-L-124, Tenali selection
have been undertaken. Similarly Nagpur mandarin selections are evaluated at
Akola and Coorg mandarin at Chethali. At Tinsukhia, Khasi mandarin germplasm
is evaluated and selection CRS-4 recorded the highest yield. Sweet orange
germplasm is evaluated at Rahuri and Tirupati, selections -2 and 4, Himakuntala
selection-1, Kodur Sathgudi and Nucellar mosambi are evaluated for performance
at various centres. Similarly production and protection trial including rootstocks
performance have been undertaken at various centres for different agronomic
traits and diseases (insects, pests and nematodes). At Mahatma Phule Krishi
Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharasthra, 140 accessions of Citrus species and allied
genera are being evaluated for horticultural performance and resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses (Pujari et al., 2000). They reported rough lemon strains to
be more vigorous. Mandarin group, trifoliate orange and its hybrids showed
delayed flowering. List of various superior selected clones under the AICRP
Tropical Fruit (Citrus) - is given in Table 2.6.
At NBPGR, New Delhi various Citrus accessions collected during
explorations from field genebanks, farmers’ fields, orchards and natural habitats
have been characterised for leaf, fruit and seed characters using IPGRI
descriptors. 32 indigenous and exotic cultivars of sweet oranges, 51 accessions
of mandarins including its hybrids have been characterized for morphological
characters. Accessions wise characterization data of each species is provided in
respective chapters dealing in that Citrus group.
2.10 Conservation: Strategy and Planning

Conservation of genetic resources of diverse genus like Citrus needs
appropriate planning and complementarity of conservation approaches using
both in situ and ex situ methods. Establishment of gene sanctuaries and on-farm
conservation are the suitable approaches for in situ conservation while for ex
situ conservation suitable methods are field genebank and cryogenebank. In the
24
Table 2.6. List of superior selected clones of Citrus from different AICRP Tropical
Fruits (Citrus) Centres
S.No Name of the center Clone selected
1 NRC for Citrus, Nagpur, N-4 clone of Nagpur mandarin; NRCC
Maharashtra Pummelo-1,NRCC Pummelo-2, NRCC
Pummelo-3, NRCC Pummelo-4, NRCC
Pummelo-5
2 IIHR, Chethali, Karnataka Clone 11 of Coorg mandarin
3 IIHR, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Clone PTF-1, PTF-2, PTF-3, PTF-4
Karnataka of Pummelo
4 Citrus Research Station, Assam CRS-4 clone of Khasi mandarin
Agricultural University, Tinsukia, Assam
5 Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural Telani clone of acid lime
University, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh
6 Dr. Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Mandarin 182
Vidyapeeth, Akola, Maharashtra
Source : http://www.iihr.ernet.in/aicrp/
present scenario most appropriate strategy for Citrus germplasm is to immediately
adopt measures to ensure conservation of vulnerable species before they are lost
from nature. Ex situ conservation in field genebanks with duplicate collections
in cryogenebanks complemented with in situ conservation in Gene Sanctuary,
National Parks and on-farm, especially for wild and semi-wild species of Citrus
are the best options. In situ conservation facilitates dynamic conservation of
species in its natural habitat where species evolve along with other ecosystem
components. Till the appropriate steps and planning for in situ conservation are
taken, the field genebank conservation and cryopreservation of seeds, embryo,
embryonic axes of germplasm in the cryogenebank are needed to be immediately
taken up. However, in view of differences in seed desiccation and freezing
tolerances of many Citrus species, it necessitates the determination of seed storage
behaviour and development of suitable protocols for seed/embryo
cryopreservation. Therefore, the complementary conservation strategy is to be
adopted for long-term comprehensive conservation of diverse genus like Citrus.
2.10.1 In situ Conservation
Wild species of Citrus in Northeast India have diverse social, economic
and scientific importance. Sincere in situ conservation efforts are urgently
required to safeguard existing genetic diversity for posterity and utilization in
25
Citrus improvement programmes. Policy interventions, implementation of

Farmers’ Rights and generating awareness among local tribal and farmer
communities would support the task of dynamic conservation and preservation
of associated indigenous knowledge. Bioprospecting for confirmation of
medicinal and nutritional traits in these Citrus genotypes and use of modern
biotechnological tools would further enhance the possibilities of utilizing rare
genes to mitigate the challenges of climate change and biological stresses
encountered by Citrus industry.
2.10.1.1 Gene Sanctuary
To protect the invaluable genetic resources of citrus, initiative was taken
way back in 1981 by establishing the “Citrus Gene Sanctuary” in the Garo hills
of Meghalaya by NBPGR (ICAR) covering an area of about 10, 266 hectares
(Singh, 1981). The citrus gene sanctuary in the Garo hills of Meghalaya is a
unique sanctuary, probably first of its kind in the World. It is endowed with
highly specified microclimate with a combination of tropical and mild temperate
seasons and experiencing very high humidity and rainfall. Gene sanctuary is a
part of buffer zone of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and spreads over the east,
west and south Garo hills of Meghalaya. Citrus species growing inside the gene
sanctuary are still safe, however, the slow rate of regeneration of these species
and increasing human intervention around the gene sanctuary area are the causes
of serious concern. This “Citrus Gene Sanctuary” (Fig. 2.5 A, B) deserves the
status of ‘Heritage Site’ under the provisions existing in “Biological Diversity
Act, 2002” of India (Anonymous, 2004).
Conservation of Citrus genetic resources needs urgent attention so as to
protect the existing genetic diversity and to promote cultivation of rare and
endangered species that are of great relevance in socio-economical structure of
tribal populations of this area. Sharma et al. (2004) suggested the creation of
more nature reserves, gene sanctuaries and gene parks, and inclusion of Citrus
species in the social forestry system to safeguard the genetic resources and to
allow their further evolution under the natural stresses. Species specific
conservation strategy is to be adopted depending upon biological status,
population size, diversity and endemism.
2.10.1.2 In situ-On-farm conservation
On-farm conservation is an important component of genetic resources
conservation especially in marginal and diverse agro-ecosystems. Vast indigenous
genetic diversity of Citrus in Southeast Asia is presently being maintained on-
26
Genetic Resources Managment
farm especially in small orchards, backyards and farmers’ fields. In Northeastern

India and foot hills of Northwestern and central Himalayan tracts, specific species
of Citrus are being maintained by local people for generations (Fig 2.5 C, D).
The existing citrus diversity forms the important component of their socio-
economic structure as the fruits of these species are being used for edible,
medicinal and religious purposes. Important species of Northeastern India which
are being conserved on-farm are C. reticulata (Khasi mandarin and Darjeeling
mandarin), C. sinensis (Tasi and Soh-nairange), C. medica, C. jambhiri, C.
grandis, C. limon (Assam lemon), C. latipes, C. macroptera and C. assamensis.
Similarly diversity of C. grandis, C. jambhiri, C. karna, C. rugulosa and one
hybrid of C. grandis locally known as Kimb is being maintained in foot hills of
Northwestern Himalayas especially in parts of Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. Conservation of these species on-farm by local farmers
is on their wish and discretion but due to the increasing population pressure and
availability of commercial cultivars, several of these traditional citrus types are
being removed by many farmers. Success of on-farm conservation of such
arboreal species would require special measures such as commitment of some
form of incentive to farming communities by local Government Departments,
without which farmers would be unable to maintain these species of low or no
commercial importance to them.
Species specific conservation strategy is to be adopted depending upon
diversity and endemism and also population size. For example, C. indica and C.
latipes are endemic to Northeast India and require to be grown in the specific
microclimate. In contrast, C. macroptera var. annamensis and C. indica due to
their increasing commercial, religious and cultural importance are now being
preferred for cultivation by the farmers and tribal people in some parts of the
Northeast india. In situ and in situ on-farm conservation strategies are proposed
for wild and semi-wild species (C. indica, C. macroptera, C. latipes, C.
ichangensis) and also for other indigenous domesticated species/varieties (C.
assamensis and C. megaloxycarpa). C. medica which is growing as natural wild
in various parts of Northeast India is still being conserved in National Parks.
“Jora Tenga”, a natural wild cultivar of C. medica is being conserved naturally
in the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park which was earlier reported by Bhattacharya
and Dutta (1956) in their monograph. While other natural wild strains of C.
medica namely Tayum and Themachhi growing in natural wild conditions in
Basar area of Arunachal Pradesh and Nokrek Biosphere Reserve (NBR), Garo
Hills, respectively are threatened due to no conservation efforts. Similarly, C.
ichangensis a natural wild species of Citrus is growing in disturbed forest land
27
of Naga hills of Khonama area of Nagaland and is being protected by local

people inspite of no use of its fruits for edible or socio-economic purpose.
2.10.2 Ex situ Conservation
2.10.2.1 Field genebank
Presently most of the germplasm of Citrus species and allied genera in
India is being maintained and conserved in field genebanks. Approximately 1,500
accessions of indigenous and exotic germplasm are being maintained in
approximately 20 field genebanks throughout India (Table 2.7). Largest collection
of 614 accessions of Citrus spp, Poncirus trifoliata and Severinia species
including rootstocks from exotic and indigenous sources is being maintained
(Fig 2.5 E) at National Research Centre (NRC) Citrus, Nagpur (Singh et al.,
2012). Other centres where Citrus germplasm is being maintained include, Central
Horticultural Experiment Station, Chethali, Karnataka; Indian Institute of
Horticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalore, Karnataka; Regional Research Station,
Punjab Agriculture University, Abohar, Punjab (Fig 2.5.F); Horticultural
Experiment Station, Bhatinda, Punjab; Division of Fruits and Horticultural
Technology, IARI, New Delhi; Department of Horticulture, Rahuri, Maharashtra,
Citrus Improvement project, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh; Citrus Experiment Station,
Kalol, Maharashtra; Horticultural Experiment Station (HES), Periyakulam, Tamil
Nadu and Citrus Experiment Station, Tinsukia, Assam and NBPGR Regional
Station (RS), Bhowali and Shillong. Some of the important field genebanks such
as at Burnihat, Assam and Dhaulakuan, Sirmour, Himachal Pradesh holding
valuable Citrus germplasm have been completely declined (Singh and Singh,
2003). Other field genebanks which are older than 10-15 years, such as at
Regional Research Station, Abohar, Regional Research Station, Chethali, ICAR
Research Complex of NEH, Umiam, Meghalaya, ICAR Research Complex of
NEH, Basar, Arunachal Pradesh are facing serious problems of virus diseases
and die-back syndrome causing loss of many accessions.
Citrus growing countries of the World including India are also maintaining
important Citrus germplasm in the field genebanks. These include USA (Citrus
Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Florida; National Clonal
Germplasm Repository at Riverside, California), Japan (Fruit Tree Research
Stations, Okitsu and Kuchnotsu), China (National Citrus Germplasm Repository,
Beibei Chongqing, Sichuan Province; Citrus Research Institute of the Chinese
Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beibei, Chongqing), Australia (Queensland
Horticulture Institute, Queensland), Malaysia (MARDI, Cameron Highlands;
28
University of Malaya, UM; Botanical Gardens, Rimba Ilmu), Thailand (Nan

Horticultural Research Station), Indonesia (National Plant Genetic Resources
Laboratory, Institute of Plant Breeding, Los Banos, Laguna), Vietnam (National
Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technology), Israel and Korea.
In the field genebanks, trees are highly subjected to risks of losses caused
by several biological and climatic factors like pests and pathogens attack, mineral
deficiency, drought, weather damage, and human error (Withers and Engels,
1990). The routine maintenance of trees in the field genebank is most expensive
when compared to other conservation methods ( Engelmann, 2010). In addition,
distribution and exchange from field genebanks is difficult because of the
vegetative nature of the material and the greater risks of disease transfer from
country to country (Engelmann, 1997). In case of Citrus specific agronomical
and climate requirements and threat of die back and others diseases proved to be
challenging task of field genebank maintenance.
2.10.2.2 In vitro conservation
In vitro conservation of woody species has been widely taken up for short
to medium-term conservation. Feasibility of in vitro establishment, in vitro
multiplication, regrowth pattern of sub-cultures, sub-culture period, rooting of
cultures and hardening of plantlets in field are some of the crucial and essential
steps for achieving successful in vitro conservation. In Citrus several explants
like shoot tips, stem sections, root sections, leaf sections, stem internodes, epicotyl
segments and transverse thin cell layer have been used for micropropagation
followed by in vitro conservation and cryopreservation using various techniques
in several laboratories of the World (Marin and Duran-Vila, 1991; Duran-Vila,
1997; De Carlo and Lambardi, 2005; Liu and Deng, 2007).
2.10.2.3 Cryopreservation
The cryobanking of plant germplasm offers safe storage for a substantial
range of clonally propogated species, avoiding some of the challenges associated
with field genebanks specifically in case of Citrus diversity. The ex situ stored
citrus germplasm serves as a resource for citrus crop improvement programmes.
In view of species to species variation in seed storage behavior in Citrus and to
obtain genetically stable plants with high recovery percentage, cryopreservation
of seeds and embryonic axes is the only suitable method for long-term
conservation for citrus germplasm. However, seeds of many Citrus species show
non-orthodox (recalcitrant or intermediate) seed storage behavior and therefore,
can not be stored using conventional storage methods.
29
Table 2.7. Citrus germplasm being maintained at various Field genebanks in

India (Modified from Singh and Singh, 2003)
S. Location Holdings (App.

No. no. of acc.)
Northeast India
1. Citrus Research Station, Assam Ag. Univ., Tinsukhia, Assam 36
2. ICAR Res. Complex of NEH, Umiam, Meghalaya 92
3. ICAR Res. Complex of NEH, Basar, Arunachal Pradesh 54
Northwest India
1. RFRS, Punjab Agriculture University (PAU), Abohar, Punjab 132
2. PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab 76
3. Hort. Research Stn. (YSP Univ. of Hort. & Forestry), Sirmour,
Dhaulakuan, Himachal Pradesh 11
4. NBPGR, RS, Bhowali, Uttaranchal 35
5. Reg. Res. Station (RAU), Sriganganagar, Rajasthan 45
6. Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 33
7. HAU, Hisar, Haryana 50-60
8. Layalpur Farm, Sriganganagar, Rajasthan 50-60
Central India
1. NRC for Citrus, Nagpur, Maharashtra 614
2. PDKV, Akola, Maharashtra 18
3. RFRS (PDKV), Katol, Maharashtra 33
4. Hort. Res. Sta. (Maha. Agr. Univ.), Parbhani, Maharahstra 68
5. Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Maharashtra 66
6. FRS (MPKV), Srirampur, Rahuri, Maharashtra 34
South India
1. Reg. Res. Sta. (IIHR), Chethali, Karnataka 126
2. IIHR, Hessarghatta, Bangalore, Karnataka 76
3. HES (TNAU), Periyakulam, Tamil Nadu 20
4. S.V. College of Agr., Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 115
5. HRS (TNAU), Yercad, Tamil Nadu 41
30
Fig. 2.5. (A) View of Citrus Gene Sanctuary at Garo Hills, Meghalaya, (B)
Entrance to the Nokrek National Park at Garo Hills, (C&D) Citrus plants
maintained in back of farmers houses, (E) View of field genebank of NRC
Citrus, Nagpur, (F) View of field genebank at Regional Research Station, PAU,
Abohar
31
2.10.2.4 Cryopreservation using diverse explants

Cryopreservation techniques for long-term conservation of varied
germplasm have been developed for more than 100 species of cultivated plants
using various forms, including cell suspensions, callii, apices, somatic and zygotic
embryos, embryonic axes, seeds, dormant buds and pollen (Englemann, 1997;
2010). These techniques have mainly been used for the long-term conservation
of species which are vegetatively propagated or of species which produce seeds
which are intermediate or recalcitrant in nature. Cryopreservation is the only
current alternative for long-term conservation of species of Citrus, and this
method has been extensively attempted using seeds and a wide range of other
explants like zygotic embryos, embryonic axes, shoot apices, embryogenic callus,
cell suspensions and somatic embryos (Engelmann 1991; 1994; Malik et al.,
2012b). Cryopreservation may be achieved through techniques namely air
desiccation followed by fast freezing, vitrification, encapsulation–dehydration
or encapsulation-vitrification. The design of suitable cryopreservation protocol
requires a prior determination of the desiccation and freezing tolerance of the
explant of targeted species.
A typical cryopreservation technique for in vitro materials involves
pregrowth, cryoprotection, freezing, storage, thawing and recovery and for seeds
and axes, air desiccation followed by freezing. New approaches like vitrification
and encapsulation–dehydration have been introduced as simple and relatively
inexpensive methods so as to use them routinely for plant germplasm
conservation.
2.10.2.4.1 Air Desiccation Followed by Fast Freezing
Cryopreservation of seeds and embryonic axes has proved to be suitable
method for long term conservation for citrus germplasm. Decoated seeds
(embryo) are desiccated by silica gel drying to critical moisture content (CMC)
level between 8.5 to 17.2% before fast freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN) at
-196°C. The embryonic axes excised from the large seed is the preferred explant
for cryostorage because of its organized small structure, independent identity
and the presence of appreciable proportion of meristematic tissues. The aseptically
excised embryonic axes are desiccated to around 11-16% moisture level using
air drying (desiccation method) before exposing to temperatures of liquid
nitrogen. The axes are later thawed rapidly in a water bath maintained at +38°C
and cultured on a defined media to obtain complete plants. Effectiveness of
these techniques for long-term conservation. has been proven in several Citrus
32
spp with high recovery growth of intact seeds of C. limon, C. sinensis, C. grandis,
C. aurantium, C. deliciosa, C. aurantifolia, C. australasica, C. inodora and C.
garrawayi and of embryonic axes of C. aurantifolia, C. halimii, C. madurensis,
C. macroptera, C. latipes, C. aurantifolia, C. jambhiri, C. reticulata, C. grandis,
C. mitis and Poncirus (Table 2.8, Fig. 2.8)
2.10.2.4.2 Vitrification
Vitrification technique using Plant Vitrification Solution (PVS) have been
first time successfully attempted on nucellar cells of Naval orange (Sakai, 1990)
and somatic embryos of Sweet orange “Washington Navel” for cryopreservation
(Marin and Duran-Vila, 1988). Vitrification involves treatment (loading) of
sample with cryoprotective substances followed by dehydration with highly
concentrated vitrifying solution, rapid freezing and thawing, removal of
cryoprotectant (unloading) and recovery. Various cryoprotectants like
dimethylsulphoxide, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, sucrose or polyethylene glycol,
are used either alone or in binary or tertiary mixtures. Mixtures of cryoprotectants
have generally proved to be more effective than using single cryoprotectant.
Vitrification procedures have been developed for more than 10 different species
of Citrus using embryonic axes and cell suspensions (Table 2.8, Fig. 2.6B).
2.10.2.4.3 Encapsulation-dehydration
This technique is based on the technology developed for the production
of synthetic seeds. Encapsulation technique has been applied mostly to shoot
apices, axillary buds and somatic embryos. Specimens are encapsulated in
calcium alginate beads. These are then pre-grown in liquid medium with high
sucrose concentration. After removal from liquid medium beads are partially
dehydrated and rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Recovered beads are cultured
in-vitro for regeneration and recovery of whole plantlet (Table 2.8, Fig. 2.6C).
Successful cryo recovery has been achieved in C. aurantifolia, C. madurensis,
P. trifoliata using axes and apices.
2.10.2.5 National status of cryopreservation
At NBPGR, New Delhi emphasis has been given to study the sensitivity
of embryo and embryonic axes to desiccation and freezing in several Indian
Citrus species. Successful cryopreservation has been achieved using all three
techniques namely desiccation followed by fast freezing for embryo and EA,
vitrification and encapsulation-dehydration of EA with varying recovery
percentages (Table 2.8). Cryopreservation of decoated seeds of 28 Citrus species
33
and one related genus Poncirus trifoliata was attempted after desiccating them
to a range of moisture content between 7.23 to 17.8 % as shown in Table 2.8 and
Fig. 2.6. Desiccated seeds of Citrus species survived liquid nitrogen exposure
well with original germinability percentages; 85-90% recovery in 10 species
and 52-84% in 19 species. C. indica, wild endemic and endangered species could
be successfully cryostored (Fig. 2.7).
Embryonic axes of 11 Citrus species (C. reticulata, C. sinensis, C.
aurantifolia, C. medica, C. grandis, C. paradisi, C. jambhiri, C. karna, C. latipes,
C. macroptera, and C. indica) and Poncirus trifoliata hybrids (Fig. 2.8 A-F)
were successfully cryopreserved using desiccation and followed by fast freezing
method (Table 2.8). Embryonic axes of all the species were desiccated in the
range of moisture content between 10.11-16.38% in sterile condition followed
by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen for fast freezing. On desiccation of
embryonic axes in laminar flow, a critical moisture content level between 10.11
to 16.38 % was achieved within 3 to 5 hrs. There was variation between the
species in duration for achieving the required desiccation level. Embryonic axes
of C. jambhiri, C. karna, C. grandis, C. latipes and Poncirus could be desiccated
upto 16% moisture level within 5 hrs, whereas, it took 4 hrs in C. medica and C.
reticulata. These desiccation levels, however, did not have adverse affect on
germinability of axes in C. jambhiri, C. grandis, C. limon, C. aurantifolia and
C. reticulata. Fast freezing of axes of different species at moisture contents
between 10-16% was successfully achieved. The growth of cryopreserved axes
in vitro was similar to that of desiccated controls (Fig. 2.8). Recovery of
cryopreserved axes of C. sinensis, C. jambhiri, C. grandis and C. indica was
more than 90% (Table 2.8). Growth of all plantlets whether from fresh, desiccated
or cryopreserved axes was normal with no intervening callus. However, in species
like C. jambhiri some abnormal and stunted growth of embryonic axes after
desiccation and cryopreservation was observed during in vitro regeneration. In
vitro regenerated plantlets could be successfully transferred to the field in all the
species. Using developed protocols diverse accessions of 29 species collected
from various parts of India from naturally growing plants and from field genebank
collections have been successfully cryostored. Cryostored germplasm of various
species has been monitored for viability for different periods and it has been
found to retain the original viability levels (Malik et al., 2012b).
Successful cryopreservation of these many species and diverse genotypes/
cultivars using embryos and embryonic axes with species to species variation in
recovery growth further confirms the variable seed storage behavior among Citrus
34
Table 2.8 Seed storage behaviour and successful cryopreservation of Citrus

species undertaken at Cryogenebank at NBPGR, New Delhi, India using embryos
and EA
S. Species Seed storage Explant Method of Recovery
No. behaviour stored cryostorage (%) accessions
1. C. reticulata Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 93.3,75,80,70
2. C. sinensis Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 70,90,80,90
3. C. aurantifolia Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, VT 55,57,67
4. C. limon Intermediate Embryo SDFF 88
5. C. medica Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, VT 80,85,77
6. C. grandis Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 85,95,100,90
7. C. paradisi Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 88,75,100
8. C. jambhiri Recalcitrant Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 68.7,96,100,90
9. C. karna Recalcitrant Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 60.5,73,70,70
10. C. latipes Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 60,64, 45,77
11. C. macroptera Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 70,87,62,92
12. C. indica Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF, ED, VT 86,90,87,90
13. C. aurantium Intermediate Embryo SDFF 90
14. C. limetta Intermediate Embryo SDFF 80
15 C. limettioides Intermediate Embryo SDFF 80
16. C. limonia Intermediate Embryo SDFF 85.6
17. C. pseudolimon Intermediate Embryo SDFF 74
18. C. amblycarpa Intermediate Embryo SDFF 90
19. C.maderaspatana Intermediate Embryo SDFF 50
20. C. madurensis Intermediate Embryo SDFF 52
21. C. myritifolia Intermediate Embryo SDFF 60
22. C. pectinifera Intermediate Embryo SDFF 56.6
23. C. reshni Intermediate Embryo SDFF 87.5
24. C. regulosa Intermediate Embryo SDFF 71
25. C. samperflorens Intermediate Embryo SDFF 70
26. C. taiwanica Intermediate Embryo SDFF 90
27. C. tangerina Intermediate Embryo SDFF 90
28. Citrus spp. Intermediate Embryo SDFF 74.8
29. P. trifoliata Intermediate Embryo,EA SDFF,DFF 88.3,70
EA- Embryonic axes; SDFF- Silica drying of embryos/decoated seeds followed by fast freezing;
DFF- Desiccation of EA in sterile conditions followed by fast freezing; ED-Encapsulation-
Dehydration; VT-Vitrification
35
Fig. 2.6. Successful cryopreservation of Poncirus trifoliata EA using (A)

desiccation-freezing, (B) Vitrification and (C) encapsulation-dehydration
techniques
36
Fig. 2.7. Successful cryopreservation of embryos of C. indica, a wild endemic

and endangered species (A, B) Fruit and cut halve showing seeds, (C) Extracted
bold seeds, (D) Seedlings raised from cryopreserved embryo in petriplates (E)
Healthy plantlets raised from cryopreserved embryos, (F) Healthy seedling plants
transferred in the pots
species. Successful crypreservation with high percentage viability in many

species of Citrus using very simple protocol suggests the effectiveness of this
technique for long-term conservation. Development of reliable methods for long-
term conservation of Citrus germplasm, high recovery rate of genetically stable
plantlets with normal growth has prompted the initiation of efforts for
establishment of base collection of several indigenous and exotic Citrus species
in National cryogenebank at NBPGR (Malik et al., 2012a) (Table 2.9).
In conclusion, there are certain key parameters which should be considered
when planning complementary conservation strategy. The extent of genepool
37
Fig. 2.8. Successful cryopreservation of embryonic axes using DFF method in

Citrus species, (A) Whole seeds- inset: embryo and embryonic axes, (B-F)
Normal plantlets raised from embryonic axes in different Citrus species after
cryopreservation
38
Table 2.9. Present status of cryostored accessions of Citrus species in liquid

nitrogen vapour phase at NBPGR Cryogenebank
Species No. of Indigenous and exotic cultivars Explant Embryony
acc. Status
cryostored
C. reticulata, C. 84 Nagpur orange, Local orange, Khasi Embryos Polyembryonic
nobilis, C. reshni, Mandarin, Lahore Local, Laddu,
C. amblycarpa, C. Orange East India, Narangi,
madurensis, C. Hazara, Butwal, Cleopatra
tangerina, C. Mandarin, Billi Kitchli, King,
taiwanica, C. Wilking, Kinnow, Sikkim
pectinifera, Mandarin, Dweet Tangor, Ponkan,
Tangors, Tangelos Temple, SZ-In-COM, Feutrell’s
early, Kamla, Ser thlum, Ser thumb,
Fox mandarin, Santara,
Calamondin, Janeru-tenga,
Nandshodai, Japanese orange, Pearl
tangelo, Minneola Tangelo, Orlando
tangelo, Darjeeling mandarin, Soh-
niamtra, Sampson Tangelo,
Thornton tangelo, Dweet tangor,
Shekwasha, Nasnaran, Calamondin,
Summer orange
C. sinensis 69 Declarbe sweet orange, Olinda Embryos Polyembryonic

Valencia late, Teneriffe, Tardiff,
Mosambi, Morro, Vanale, Med.
Sweet orange, Blood Red, Satgudi,
Seleta, Malta, Jaffa, Sonamitri,
Hamlin, Vaniglia sanguigno, Mitha
chakola, New Hall ( Naval), Temple,
Joppa, Zingthuang, Sernam, Tahii
(Tasi), Loyalpur S-1, Loyalpur S-2,
Campbell velencia
C. aurantium, C. 32 Karun jamir, Smooth flat Seville, Embryos Polyembryonic

myrtifolia Sour orange, Chinnota
C. medica 29 Etrog Citron, Madkakkar, Tayum, Embryos Monoembroyonic

The-ma-chhi, Pati-Jora, Bira- Jora,
Gandhraj, Pongam, Holong Tenga,
Soh-mondong, and Jora Tenga,
Chonchunu, Bor-tenga, Bemberia
C. limon 37 Bhadri lemon, Eureka lemon, Embryos Polyembryonic

Nimbu, Baramasi lemon, Villa
franca, Sopai, Sher thur, Dhori, Sher
phang, Assam lemon
39
C. pseudolimon 09 Hill lemon, Galgal, Chinara Embryos Polyembryonic
C. limettioides 10 Sweet lime, Kagzi-wak-ma Embryos Polyembryonic
C. limonia 22 Rangpur lime, Kole jamir, Tenga Embryos Polyembryonic
C. aurantifolia 58 Kagzi lime, Assam lime, Sylhet Embryos Polyembryonic

lime, Coorg lime, Kagazi nimbu,
Nimbu, Atol nimbu, Pant-l lime,
Seedless lime, Coorg lime,
C. jambhiri 95 Jatti-khatti, Jamir, Naity Jamir, Embryonic Polyembryonic

Gambhiri, Jullundhri-khatti, Florida axes and
Rough, Italian Rough, Mithi, Soh- Embryos
myng-dong, Soh bitter, Hathi nimbu,
Soh-Julia, Gole nimbu, Nimbu
Tenga, Sinduri lemon, Hasu,
Ganpen, Esteus rough, Atol, Rough
lemon, Sher-phang, Mithi,
Chawangbawla
C. karna 61 Karna khatta, Duranj, Sher-pharkar Embryos Polyembryonic
C. pennivasiculata 02 Gajanimma Embryos Polyembryonic
C. volkameriana 04 Volkomer lemon Embryos Polyembryonic
C. semperflorens 03 Sadaphal Embryos Polyembryonic
C. maxima 70 Pummelo, Chakotra, White Flesh, Embryos Monoembroyonic

Red Flesh, Triumph, Jambura
C. megaloxycarpa 07 Sour pummelo, Sisuphal Embryos Monoembroyonic
C. paradisi 17 Marsh seedless, Grapefruit red flesh, Embryos Polyembryonic

Thompson seedless, Soh-khayllah,
Smooth flat, Foster pink, Duncan
C. indica 09 Memang Narang, Memang athur Embryos Monoembroyonic
C. latipes 12 Khasi Papeda, Soh-kymphor Embryos Monoembroyonic
C. macroptera 09 Melanesian papeda, Satkara, Embryos Monoembroyonic

Hatkara
C. ichangensis 02 Ketsa chupfu Embryos Monoembroyonic
C. hybrid 24 — Embryos Polyembryonic
C. spp. 46 — Embryos Polyembryonic
40
Fortunella japonica 2 Kumquat Embryos Polyembryonic
Poncirus trifoliata 9 Pomeroy, Rubidoux, Troyer Embryos Polyembryonic

& its hybrids Citrange, Seaton citrumelo, carizo
Citrange, Citrumelo, Citremone
722
coverage and the distribution of genetic diversity should be assessed, both within
the genepool and geographically. The reproductive biology of a species is
critically important to decide the methodology. The extent of genetic erosion
and other threats need to be taken into consideration. The nature of the plant
materials to be stored, together with the importance of a continued evaluation
for the germplasm would be deciding factors. Combinations of different methods
would depend on availability of human and financial resources, of conservation
facilities and mandate of the institute and Nation.
41
3. Mandarins
3.1 Genetic resources

Citrus reticulata Blanco
Common name: Mandarin
Vernacular name: Santara, Soh-niamtra
Description
Plant medium to tall, upto 20 ft height, erect habit, branches erect in young
trees, relatively less spiny. Leaves broadly or narrowly lanceolate; margin crenate,
apex attenuated and almost acute, emarginated, medium coriaceous, dark green,
lighter beneath; veins slightly prominent on upper surface, articulated; flowers
arising singly or in small clusters in the axils of the leaves, white, perfect; fruits
depressed globose or sub-globose, with thin, loose peel easily separating from
the segments, bright orange or scarlet-orange when fully ripe hollow axis, segment
10-14, orange pulp, very juicy and sweet; seeds small, pointed at one end, chalazal
spot brown, cotyledon green, polyembryonic.
Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.
Common name: Cleopatra mandarin
Discription
The tree is round-topped, densely branched symmetrical, and thornless,
with small, dark-green leaves. The fruit is orange-red, small, oblate, and highly
depressed at the apex, with thin, slightly rough rind. The flesh texture is soft
and juicy and the flavor is somewhat acidic highly aromatic. Seeds are small,
polyembryonic, and have green cotyledons. This species is grown as ornamental
plant in home gardens throughout India and also used as rootstock for mandarin.
Citrus madurensis Lou.
Common name: Calamondin
Description
Calamondin is a shrub or small onamental tree growing upto 15 ft. height.
Leaves broadly oval, dark green above; petiole narrowly winged, articulated;
42
Mandarins
flower white, small, solitary or in pair, stamens 20; The fruits small, 2.5 to 3 cm
wide, sub-globose or oblate to spherical, bright orange or reddish orange in
colour with depressed apex, segments 7-10, juicy and taste very sour even at
maturity. Seed usually 2-5, small, green colyledon, polyembryonic.
Citrus nobilis Lour.
Common name: King orange
Description
King mandarin is medium size tree, branching upright, thorny; leaves small,
dark green; petiole narrowly winged, obovate shape; flower similar to sweet
orange; fruit large and mandarin like with rough and bumpy surface, colour
deep orange yellow; base rounded, segments easily separable, juice sac spindle
shape, abundant juice, acidity and sweetness well blended; seeds large similar
to sweet orange, 18-20 in number; cotyledon white, chalazal spot reddish,
polyembryonic.
Tangelos [Citrus reticulata x C. paradisi]
Tangelos are hybrid between mandarin (C. reticulata) and grapefruit
(C. paradisi). Generally, these hybrids are morphologically very close to mandarin
in fruit characters. The first tangelo was made by Swingle using safeguarded
cross-pollination technique. Similar hybrids have originated in China, Indo-China,
Japan, and other Far Eastern countries by insect cross-pollination of mandarin
oranges and grapefruit growing in dooryard groves of mixed varieties of citrus
fruit trees. Some of these tangelos are Pearl, Minneola, Orlando, Sampson,
Thornton, etc.
Tangors [Citrus reticulata x C. sinensis]
Tangors are hybrid of mandarin (C. reticulata) and sweet orange
(C. sinensis). These hybrids have been made by safeguarded cross-pollination
of these two species mandarin and sweet orange. The Temple orange which is
one of the important tangor, was developed through cross pollination in Florida.
The King mandrain of Indo-China is a natural tangor which is growing for very
long in the United States.

C. reticulata (mandarin) is one of the most important commercially
cultivated fruit crops of India. Several cultivars of this species are found, which
are adapted to different agro-climatic regions of India. Among them, Khasi
43
mandarin, Sikkim/Darjeeling mandarin, Kinnow and Nagpur mandarin are most

successful region-specific cultivars. These cultivars are commercially cultivated
as cash crop. A total of 45 accessions of mandarin representing several indigenous
and exotic cultivars, viz. Kinnow, Honey, Laddu, Kamla, Local orange, King,
Orange east India, Ser-thlum, Khasi mandarin, Sikkim mandarin, Nagpur
mandarin, Dancy etc. were collected from Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Sikkim, West Bengal and other Northeastern states. C. reshni (Cleopatra
mandarin) sour type of mandarin is grown in the home garden and farmer’s field
for ornamental as well as rootstock purpose. Eight accessions of this species
have been collected from Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam,
Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. Germplasm of other related mandarin species
like C. madurensis, C. nobilis, C. pectinifera, C. deliciosa, C. taiwanica and
tangelos and tangors were also collected from field genebanks, farmers fields
and orchards in Assam, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan and Punjab.
Passport details of all the collected accessions of mandarin group are given in
Table 3.1 and collection sites are shown in Fig. 3.1.
3.3 Characterization
Citrus reticulata
A large variability have been recorded in all of the fruit characters of this
species. Fruits were obloid, pyriform and spheroid and rarely ellipsoid in shape
with depressed, rounded or truncate apex. Fruits were greenish yellow to drak
orange in colour with smooth surface rarely pitted. Seed shape also showed a
large variation. Seeds were clavate, ovoid, semi-deltoid or spheroid in shape.
Seed cotyledon green, cream and white in colour with purple, reddish, brown
chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 28.33 gm (IC593855) to 205.35 gm
(IC470343), which exhibited a large variability. TSS value ranged from 2.00 to
12.00oB. Seed weight also showed a large variation. Heaviest ten seed weight
(3.08 gm) was recorded in IC586983 and lowest seed weight (0.36 gm) was
observed in IC591448. Detailed characterization data of qualitative and
quantitative traits is given in Table 3.2 and 3.3. Representative photographs of
phenotypic variability in mandarin cultivars are given in Fig. 3.2 and 3.3.
Citrus reshni
Fruits varied from spheroid to obloid in shape with truncate apex. Fruits
were yellow and orange in colour with smooth to pitted surface texture. Most of
cultivar showed pitted surface texture. Seeds were clavate, ovoid and spheroid
in shape with green, yellow and creamish cotyledons and brown chalazal spot.
44
Mandarins
Fig. 3.1. Map of India showing collection sites of mandarin cultivars
Fruit weight varied from 28.33 gm (IC591411) to 58.00 gm (IC395379). TSS

value ranged from 6.00 to 12.67oB. Heaviest seed weight was 1.35 gm in
IC587012 and lowest seed weight was 0.51 gm in IC591453. The accession
with highest fruit weight and high TSS value was IC395379. Detailed
characterization data of qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 3.2
and 3.3. Representative photographs of phenotypic variability in cleopatra
mandarin cultivars are given in Fig. 3.5 A, D.
Other Mandarains
Two accession each of C. nobilis and C. taiwanaca and one accession
each of C. madurensis, C. pectinifera and tangor and five accessions of tangelos
were characterized for fruit and seed characters and data is shown in Table 3.2
and 3.3. Representative photographs of phenotypic variability in mandarin
cultivars are given in Fig. 3.4 A-F and 3.5 E, F.
45
Table 3.1. Passport data of mandarins group (C. reticulata, C. reshni, C. deliciosa, C. nobilis, C. pectinifera, C.
taiwanica, etc.) collected from different parts of India
S. Collector IC No. Botanical Common/Vern. Biological District State Lati- Longi-
No. Number Name /Cult. Name status tude tude
1 DMRK-43 278045 Citrus reticulata Santara Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
2 MDY-2 395337 Citrus reticulata Kinnow Cultivated Sirmour Himachal Pradesh 30.91 76.96
3 MDY-8 395343 Citrus reticulata Nagpuri Orange Cultivated Hoshiarpur Punjab 31.65 75.89
4 MDY-49 395380 Citrus reticulata Honey Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
5 MDY-85 395413 Citrus reticulata Laddu Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
6 MD-159 417227 Citrus reticulata Kamla Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
7 MD-426 470341 Citrus reticulata Wilking Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
8 MD-427 470342 Citrus reticulata Feutrel early Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
46
9 MD-442 470357 Citrus reticulata Local orange Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
10 MD-443 470358 Citrus reticulata Honey Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
11 MD-456 470367 Citrus reticulata Kinnow Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
12 MD-464 470369 Citrus reticulata King Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
13 MD-469 470373 Citrus reticulata Fremont Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
14 MD-470 470374 Citrus reticulata Ponkan Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
15 MD-501 470395 Citrus reticulata mandarin King Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
16 MD-502 470396 Citrus reticulata Orange East India Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
17 MD-503 470397 Citrus reticulata Feutrel early Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
18 MD/07/143 558167 Citrus reticulata Kambla Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
19 MD/08/206 568598 Citrus reticulata Ser-thlum Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
20 MD/08/221 568613 Citrus reticulata Ser-thlum Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.03 92.40
21 MD/08/238 568630 Citrus reticulata Ser-thlum Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
22 MD/08/230 568622 Citrus reticulata Sherta Cultivated Aizawl Mizoram 23.48 92.39
23 MD-09-15 583258 Citrus reticulata King Theppi Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
24 MD-09-17 583260 Citrus reticulata Sikkim orange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
25 MD-09-18 583261 Citrus reticulata Hill orange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
26 MD-09-19 583262 Citrus reticulata Kamla Australia Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
27 MD-09-21 583264 Citrus reticulata Khasi mandarin Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
28 KARHMD- 586981 Citrus reticulata Dancy Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/33
29 KARHMD- 586982 Citrus reticulata King mandarin Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/34
47
30 KARHMD- 586983 Citrus reticulata Thorny mandarin Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
Mandarins
10/35
31 KARHMD- 586984 Citrus reticulata Fox mandarin Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/36
32 KARHMD- 586985 Citrus reticulata Fortune Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/37
33 KARHMD- 586986 Citrus reticulata Afourer Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/38
34 MD-10/45 586993 Citrus reticulata Santara Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.22 88.58
35 MD-10/46 586994 Citrus reticulata Santara Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.21 88.62
36 MD-10/60 587008 Citrus reticulata Darjeeling mandarin Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
37 MD-10/66 587014 Citrus reticulata Santara Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 26.86 88.22
38 MS-07 587025 Citrus reticulata Soh-niamtra Cultivated Ri-Bhoi Meghalaya 25.41 91.55
39 MD-11/78 591437 Citrus reticulata Khasi mandarin Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.23
40 MD-11/89 591448 Citrus reticulata Kinnow mandarin Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.18 94.34
41 MD-11/90 591449 Citrus reticulata Khasi mandarin Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.18 94.34
42 MD-457 470368 Citrus reticulata Dancy Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
43 MSA-10 593855 Citrus reticulata Kinnow mandarin Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.42 76.40
44 MSA-11 593856 Citrus reticulata Mandarin Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.42 76.40
45 MSA-21 593864 Citrus reticulata Kinnow mandarin Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.55 76.27
46 MDY-48 395379 Citrus reshni Cleoptra mandarin Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
47 MDY-84 395412 Citrus reshni Billi-kitchli Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
48 MD-429 470344 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
48
49 MD-09-08 583251 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
50 KARHMD- 586987 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/39
51 MD-10/64 587012 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
52 MD-11/53 591411 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
53 MD-11/94 591453 Citrus reshni Cleopatra mandarin Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.22 94.27
54 MD-428 470343 Citrus reticulata Kinnow mandarin Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
55 MDY-53 395384 Citrus madurensis Calamondin Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
56 MD-430 470345 Citrus madurensis Calamondin Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
57 MD-11/77 591436 Citrus nobilis Janaru tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.23
58 MD-11/82 591441 Citrus nobilis Janaru tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.57 95.36
59 MDY-3 395338 Citrus pectinifera Shekwasha Cultivated Sirmour Himachal Pradesh 30.91 76.96
60 MDY-52 395383 Citrus pectinifera Shekwasha Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
61 MD-437 470352 Citrus pectinifera Shekwasha Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
62 MDY-35 395368 Citrus taiwanica Summer orange Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.67 76.91
63 MDY-57 395388 Citrus taiwanica Nanshodai dai Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
64 MD-09-24 583267 Citrus taiwanica Japanese orange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
65 MD-444 470359 Citrus reticulata Dancy Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
66 MDY-50 395381 Citrus reticulata x Pearl tangelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
C. paradisi
67 MD-453 395389 Citrus reticulata x Minneola tangelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
C. paradisi
68 MD-468 470372 Citrus reticulata x Orlando tangelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
49
C. paradisi
69 MD-474 470375 Citrus reticulata x Sampson tangelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
Mandarins
C. paradisi
70 KARHMD- 586991 Citrus reticulata x Thornton tangelo Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/43 C. paradisi
71 MDY-86 395414 Citrus reticulata x Dweet tangor Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
C. sinensis
72 MD-513 470406 Citrus reticulata x Dweet tangor Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
C. sinensis
Fig. 3.2. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of mandarin

collected from different parts of India, (A,) Kinnow mandarin from Punjab; (B)
Khasi mandarin from Meghalaya; (C) King mandarin (C. nobilis) from Punjab;
(C) Nanshodaidai (C. taiwanica) from Arunachal Pradesh; (D) Sikkim mandarin
from Sikkim; (E) Shekwasha (C. pectinifera) from Himachal Pradesh
50
Mandarins
Fig. 3.3. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of C. reticulata

(mandarin) collected from different parts of India, (A) MSA-11, from H.P.; (B)
MSA-21, Kinnow mandarin from H.P; (C) MD-456, Kinnow mandarin from
Punjab; (D) MD-11/78, Khasi mandarin from Assam; (E) MD-09/17, Sikkim
mandarin from Sikkim; (F) MD-10/60, Darjeeling mandarin from West Bengal
51

collected from different parts of India, (A) MDY-35, Nanshodaidai from H.P;
(B) MD-457, Dancy from Punjab; (C) MD-513, Dweet Tangor from Punjab;
(D) MD-469, Fremont from Punjab; (E) MD-464, King mandarin from Punjab;
(F) MD-427, Feutrell’s early from Rajasthan
52
Mandarins

collected from different parts of India, (A) MDY-48, Cleopatra mandarin from
Punjab; (B) MD-11/64, Cleopatra mandarin from West Bengal; (C) MD-11/53,
Cleopatra mandarin from Assam; (D) MDY-84, Billi Kitchli from Punjab; (E)
MD-11/77, Janeru tenga from Assam; (F) MD-11/82, Janeru tenga from Assam
53
Table 3.2. Qualitative data of Mandarins group
Coll. No. IC No. Species Common/Vern. Fruit Shape of Fruit Fruit Adherence Seed Colour Chalazal
Name /Cult. Name shape fruit apex colour surface of albedo shape of coty- spot
texture to pulp ledons colour
MDY-2 395337 C. reticulata Kinnow Spheroid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Spheroid Light green Purple
MDY-8 395343 C. reticulata Nagpur orange Obloid Depressed Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MDY-49 395380 C. reticulata Honey Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Medium Clavate Light yellow Yellow
cream
MDY-85 395413 C. reticulata Laddu Obliod Depressed red orange Smooth Weak Spheroid Dark green Brown
MD-426 470341 C. reticulata Wilking Obloid Rounded Green yellow Smooth Medium Semi spheroid Light green Cream
MD-427 470342 C. reticulata Feutrell early Obloid Depressed Orange Smooth Medium Spheroid Light yellow Brown
cream
MD-442 470357 C. reticulata Local orange Pyriform Depressed Green yellow Smooth Weak Clavate Light green Brown
MD-443 470358 C. reticulata Honey Spheroid Truncate Orange Smooth Medium Clavate Light green Brown
54
MD-444 470359 C. reticulata Dancy Pyriform Rounded Orange Pitted Strong Clavate Light green Brown
MD-456 470367 C. reticulata Kinnow Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Medium Clavate Green Purple
MD-457 470368 C. reticulata Dancy Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Clavate Green Brown
MD-464 470369 C. reticulata King Spheroid Truncate Dark yellow Rough Strong Ovoid Light green Reddish
MD-469 470373 C. reticulata Fremont Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Indian
Red
MD-470 470374 C. reticulata Ponkan Spheroid Truncate Yellow green Smooth Low Clavate Light green Light
purple
MD-501 470395 C. reticulata Mandarin King Obloid Depressed Orange Smooth Medium Ovoid Light green Brown
MD-502 470396 C. reticulata Orange East India Pyriform Depressed Orange Smooth Weak Clavate Light yellow Brown
cream
MD-503 470397 C. reticulata Feutrell early Obloid Truncate Dark orange Smooth Medium Spheroid Light green Reddish
MD/07/143 558167 C. reticulata Kambla Obloid Depressed Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Green Brown
KARHMD- 586981 C. reticulata Dancy Spheroid Truncate Yellow orange Rough Medium Clavate Light green Light
10/33 purple
KARHMD- 586982 C. reticulata Mandarin King Ellipsoid Truncate Green Yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Green Cream
10/34
KARHMD- 586985 C. reticulata Fortune Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Weak Spheroid Cream Purple
10/37
KARHMD- 586986 C. reticulata Afourer Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Weak Semi-deltiod Cream Light
10/38 brown
MD-10/45 586993 C. reticulata Santara Obloid Truncate Orange Rough Weak Clavate Light green Light
brown
MD-10/46 586994 C. reticulata Santara Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Weak Spheroid Light green Light
brown
MD-10/60 587008 C. reticulata Darjeeling Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Strong Clavate Light green Dark
mandarin brown
MS-07 587025 C. reticulata Soh-niamtra Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Weak Spheroid Light green Light
55
brown
MD-11/78 591437 C. reticulata Khasi mandarin Spheroid Truncate Orange Smooth Strong Spheroid Cream Brown
Mandarins
MD-11/89 591448 C. reticulata Kinnow mandarin Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Clavate White Brown
MD-11/90 591449 C. reticulata Khasi mandarin Spheroid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Clavate White Brown
MSA-10 593855 C. reticulata Kinnow mandarin Spheroid Rounded Orange Smooth Intermediate Clavate White Red
MSA-11 593856 C. reticulata Mandarin Obloid Truncate Red Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid White Brown
MSA-21 593864 C. reticulata Kinnow mandarin Spheroid Truncate Dark Yellow Smooth Weak Ovoid White Brown
MD-511 — C. reticulata Butwal Pyriform Depressed Dark yellow Smooth Medium Clavate Green Brown
MDY-48 395379 C. reshni Cleoptra mandarin Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Medium Clavate Light yellow Light
brown
KARHMD- 586987 C. reshni Cleopatra Obloid Truncate Dark orange Pitted Weak Spheroid Light green Brown
10/39 mandarin
MD-10/64 587012 C. reshni Cleopatra Obloid Truncate Orange Pitted Weak Spheroid Light green Light
mandarin brown
MD-11/53 591411 C. reshni Cleopatra Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Clavate Cream Brown
mandarin
MD-11/94 591453 C. reshni Cleopatra Obloid Truncate Orange Pitted Weak Ovoid Green Brown
mandarin
MD-11/77 591436 C. nobilis Janeru tenga Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Warty Medium Fusiform Cream Brown
MD-11/82 591441 C. nobilis Janeru tenga Obloid Truncate Green yellow Warty Strong Cuneate Light green Brown
MD-428 470343 C. reticulata Kinnow mandarin Obloid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Light green Reddish
MDY-35 395368 C. taiwanica Summer orange Pyriform Truncate Orange Smooth Medium Ovoid Light green Brown
MDY-57 395388 C. taiwanica Nanshodaidai Obloid Truncate Green Pitted Medium Clavate Cream Light
brown
MDY-53 395384 C. madurensis Calamondin Spheroid Truncate Light orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Dark green Light
brown
MDY-52 395383 C. pectinifera Shekwasha Spheroid Depressed Light orange Smooth Medium Spheroid Dark green Brown
MDY-50 395381 C. reticulata x Pearl tangelo Spheroid Rounded Green Smooth/ Strong Semi-deltoid Light green Reddish
C. paradisi pitted
56
MDY-58 395389 C. reticulata x Minneola tangelo Pyriform Rounded Orange Smooth Medium Semi-deltoid Light green Reddish
C. paradisi
MDY-86 395414 C. reticulata x Dweet tangor Spheroid Rounded Golden Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Light yellow Brown
C. sinensis cream
MD-468 470372 C. reticulata x Orlando tangelo Spheroid Truncate Green Rough Medium Clavate Cream Purple
C. paradisi
MD-474 470375 C. reticulata x Sampson tangelo Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Light green Brown
C. paradisi
KARHMD- 586991 C. reticulata x Thornton tangelo Spheroid Truncate Yellow green Pitted Medium Clavate Cream Purple
10/43 C. paradisi
Table 3.3. Quantitative parameters of Mandarins group
Coll. No. IC No. Species Name Common/Vern. Fruit Fruit Fruit Width of Fruit No. of TSS(0B) No. of 10
/Cult. Name weight diameter length epicarp at rind segments seed/ Seed
(gm) (mm) (mm) equatorial thick- per fruit fruit wt.
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MDY-2 395337 C. reticulata Kinnow 191.33 73.25 59.41 1.70 3.20 11.00 9.00 15.00 1.62
±6.98 ±1.64 ±1.03 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.45 ±0.45
MDY-8 395343 C. reticulata Nagpur Orange 153.25 55.00 49.80 1.20 2.27 10.00 2.00 13.00 1.31
±5.50 ±0.46 ±0.40 ±0.13 ±0.13 ±0.00 ±0.58 ±6.43 ±0.03
MDY-49 395380 C. reticulata Honey 90.73 56.28 53.74 2.23 2.55 10.00 8.07 13.67 0.69
±6.50 ±5.88 ±6.15 ±0.24 ±0.25 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±1.67 ±0.07
MDY-85 395413 C. reticulata Laddu 135.25 56.83 55.77 1.20 2.04 9.33 2.00 11.33 1.31
±5.50 ±0.20 ±0.23 ±0.13 ±0.34 ±0.33 ±0.47 ±3.67 ±0.03
57
MD-426 470341 C. reticulata Wilking 78.32 48.97 53.23 1.35 1.16 11.33 7.07 2.33 0.57
±9.97 ±6.22 ±3.12 ±0.11 ±0.04 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.67 ±0.50
Mandarins
MD-427 470342 C. reticulata Feutrell’s early 161.20 64.38 56.44 1.20 2.27 11.33 7.33 11.33 1.31
±6.50 ±3.97 ±2.50 ±0.13 ±0.13 ±0.67 ±0.18 ±3.67 ±0.03
MD-442 470357 C. reticulata Local orange 118.49 63.42 65.17 2.35 1.10 11.00 7.33 3.33 0.74
±5.50 ±3.24 ±2.19 ±0.21 ±0.14 ±0.58 ±0.18 ±1.86 ±0.03
MD-443 470358 C. reticulata Honey 191.33 73.25 59.41 1.70 3.20 11.00 9.00 15.00 1.07
±6.98 ±1.64 ±1.03 ±0.63 ±0.45 ±0.12 ±0.56 ±0.00 ±0.02
MD-444 470359 C. reticulata Dancy 108.69 59.72 62.43 2.16 1.83 9.33 8.67 16.33 0.70
±5.50 ±2.90 ±0.80 ±0.18 ±0.40 ±0.67 ±0.33 ±2.33 ±0.04
MD-456 470367 C. reticulata Kinnow 150.96 69.77 57.75 1.60 1.93 10.67 8.53 7.33 1.15
±6.50 ±5.31 ±2.91 ±0.45 ±0.15 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.76 ±0.03
MD-457 470368 C. reticulata Dancy 91.04 64.33 51.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 7.53 15.33 0.54
±4.34 ±2.33 ±1.00 ±0.05 ±0.12 ±0.26 ±0.07 ±1.45 ±0.04
MD-464 470369 C. reticulata King 174.54 71.73 65.29 2.46 3.64 10.33 5.07 11.33 1.16
±5.50 ±1.17 ±1.08 ±0.15 ±0.78 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.88 ±0.03
MD-469 470373 C. reticulata Fremont 60.00 47.29 45.70 1.77 2.77 10.67 6.07 11.67 2.15
±10.00 ±3.87 ±3.50 ±0.15 ±0.09 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±2.77
MD-470 470374 C. reticulata Ponkan 55.00 16.00 4.16 1.00 1.83 10.66 8.00 14.66 1.05
±5.77 ±0.57 ±0.44 ±0.00 ±0.16 ±0.88 ±0.00 ±1.76 ±0.13
MD-501 470395 C. reticulata Mandarin King 203.68 56.67 55.27 1.23 3.30 11.33 9.13 7.00 1.50
±5.50 ±0.35 ±0.64 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±2.52 ±0.20
MD-502 470396 C. reticulata Orange East India 137.83 56.59 56.00 1.67 3.00 11.00 9.13 8.33 1.83
±5.50 ±0.18 ±0.47 ±0.03 ±0.06 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±2.19 ±0.05
MD-503 470397 C. reticulata Feutrell’s early 110.16 63.00 54.00 2.00 2.00 2.67 8.53 11.00 1.07
±1.36 ±1.53 ±1.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.58 ±0.02
MD/07/143 558167 C. reticulata Kambla 146.15 51.00 56.80 1.20 2.37 10.00 2.00 8.33 0.85
±5.75 ±0.46 ±0.40 ±0.13 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.47 ±2.40 ±0.01
KARHMD- 586981 C. reticulata Dancy 62.67 51.52 41.40 1.56 3.68 10.00 9.50 3.33 1.12
10/33 ±4.84 ±1.44 ±1.07 ±0.09 ±0.03 ±0.58 ±0.29 ±1.67 ±0.12
KHRHMD- 586982 C. reticulata Mandarin King 166.67 51.17 56.90 1.23 3.20 11.33 8.83 8.67 1.42
10/34 ±6.50 ±1.01 ±0.56 ±0.03 ±0.07 ±1.45 ±0.17 ±0.88 ±0.10
KARHMD- 586985 C. reticulata Fortune 65.67 51.47 42.92 1.90 3.98 8.50 12.00 14.33 0.90
58
10/37 ±8.69 ±2.82 ±1.91 ±0.29 ±0.50 ±0.41 ±1.15 ±0.67 ±0.12
KARHMD- 586986 C. reticulata Afourer 38.33 44.10 34.93 0.71 3.94 8.33 11.17 5.00 0.71
10/38 ±6.49 ±1.88 ±2.26 ±0.17 ±0.89 ±0.88 ±0.73 ±0.42 ±0.25
MD-10/45 586993 C. reticulata Santara 133.00 69.53 53.07 1.83 4.84 10.00 12.00 9.67 1.07
±4.36 ±1.08 ±1.38 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±0.05 ±0.05 ±0.33 ±0.01
MD-10/46 586994 C. reticulata Santara 61.00 50.69 41.89 1.21 2.32 10.33 12.00 10.00 0.98
±7.02 ±0.93 ±3.98 ±0.23 ±0.18 ±0.67 ±1.15 ±1.15 ±0.12

MD-10/60 587008 C. reticulata Darjeeling 94.00 60.59 48.79 1.35 2.86 10.00 10.67 12.00 1.02
mandarin ±5.57 ±2.20 ±0.60 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±1.00 ±0.40
MS-07 587025 C. reticulata Soh-niamtra 76.67 54.65 47.68 2.00 3.40 10.00 9.20 12.00 1.16
±0.33 ±0.06 ±0.38 ±0.12 ±0.36 ±0.12 ±0.56 ±0.12 ±0.23
MD-11/78 591437 C. reticulata Khasi 100.00 58.92 48.04 1.33 3.04 10.00 8.67 12.32 0.67
mandarin ±5.77 ±0.33 ±1.85 ±0.04 ±0.41 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.07
MD-11/89 591448 C. reticulata Kinnow mandarin 80.00 56.31 46.12 1.46 4.85 11.00 14.33 23.00 0.36
±5.00 ±1.90 ±1.35 ±0.14 ±0.18 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±7.00 ±0.07
MD-11/90 591449 C. reticulata Khasi mandarin 75.00 50.78 48.03 1.18 3.72 10.00 10.00 15.33 1.05
±7.64 ±2.99 ±2.19 ±0.06 ±0.54 ±0.58 ±0.00 ±2.91 ±0.03
MSA-10 593855 C. reticulata Kinnow 28.33 42.51 36.41 0.55 1.61 9.00 12.00 25.00 1.54
mandarin ±3.33 ±0.97 ±0.73 ±0.02 ±0.02 ±0.00 ±0.63 ±3.51 ±0.04
MSA-11 593856 C. reticulata Mandarin 128.33 60.61 52.10 2.01 3.65 12.00 10.00 18.67 2.12
±4.41 ±2.22 ±2.87 ±0.05 ±0.05 ±0.42 ±0.56 ±5.84 ±0.01
MSA-21 593864 C. reticulata Kinnow 78.33 55.05 54.64 1.40 3.75 10.00 10.33 16.34 0.60
mandarin ±3.33 ±0.58 ±2.49 ±0.06 ±0.07 ±0.09 ±0.33 ±0.06 ±0.60
MD-511 — C. reticulata Butwal 98.08 41.39 45.48 2.33 3.00 10.67 8.13 13.00 1.17
±8.50 ±2.46 ±1.73 ±0.26 ±0.05 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±6.43 ±0.05
MDY-48 395379 C. reshni Cleopatra 58.00 52.29 31.55 1.23 4.14 13.33 12.67 6.00 0.96
mandarin ±1.15 ±0.58 ±0.62 ±0.29 ±0.22 ±0.67 ±0.67 ±0.58 ±0.06
KARHMD- 586987 C. reshni Cleopatra 52.00 51.29 33.55 1.64 4.54 11.33 11.67 4.00 0.86
10/39 mandarin ±1.15 ±0.58 ±0.62 ±0.29 ±0.22 ±0.67 ±0.67 ±0.58 ±0.00
MD-10/64 587012 C. reshni Cleopatra 35.67 46.59 33.38 1.68 3.66 7.00 11.00 12.00 1.35
mandarin ±3.48 ±0.96 ±0.64 ±0.02 ±0.11 ±3.00 ±0.05 ±1.15 ±0.08
mandarin ±3.33 ±1.37 ±0.54 ±0.06 ±0.02 ±0.05 ±0.08 ±5.50 ±0.03
59
mandarin ±1.67 ±0.36 ±0.74 ±0.07 ±0.04 ±0.33 ±0.67 ±2.52 ±0.12
MD-11/77 591436 C. nobilis King 85.00 56.59 48.99 1.91 5.57 11.00 10.67 17.33 1.38
Mandarins
mandarin ±6.50 ±5.45 ±4.95 ±0.11 ±0.24 ±0.89 ±0.44 ±2.60 ±0.09
MD-11/82 591441 C. nobilis Janaru tenga 140.00 71.68 52.86 2.19 7.95 10.33 10.67 9.33 4.05
±6.50 ±3.87 ±4.02 ±0.26 ±0.23 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±1.33 ±0.24
MD-428 470343 C. reticulata Kinnow 205.35 81.67 71.67 2.67 2.67 3.00 3.33 21.33 1.07
mandarin ±6.60 ±1.67 ±3.33 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.45 ±2.33 ±4.37 ±0.02
MDY-35 395368 C. taiwanica Summer 49.99 39.77 38.93 1.00 1.83 11.00 3.00 16.33 0.73
orange ±1.37 ±0.43 ±0.43 ±0.09 ±0.40 ±0.58 ±0.03 ±2.33 ±0.02
MDY-57 395388 C. taiwanica Nanshodaidai 134.00 66.52 54.22 2.63 8.75 11.67 10.00 20.00 3.08
±6.50 ±3.41 ±2.56 ±0.15 ±0.13 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.43
MDY-53 395384 C. madurensis Calamondin 43.99 32.07 31.70 1.00 1.53 7.67 5.00 15.33 0.73
±1.37 ±0.07 ±0.15 ±0.08 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.56 ±1.45 ±0.02
MDY-52 395383 C. pectinifera Shekwasha 23.72 35.54 29.09 0.62 0.50 7.67 6.07 6.00 1.32
±3.21 ±1.36 ±1.47 ±0.12 ±0.08 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±2.08 ±0.02
MDY-50 395381 C. reticulata Pearl 49.36 35.67 35.33 1.02 1.60 10.66 3.00 10.00 0.475
x C.paradisi tangelo ±1.57 ±0.12 ±0.18 ±0.08 ±0.28 ±0.66 ±0.07 ±1.10 ±0.04
MDY-58 395389 C. reticulata Minneola 99.56 53.00 56.00 1.76 2.17 11.33 3.00 11.00 1.72
MDY-86 395414 C. reticulata Dweet 238.33 56.00 65.20 2.33 3.00 10.33 3.00 10.00 1.45
x C. sinensis tangor ±5.50 ±0.30 ±0.05 ±0.33 ±1.23 ±0.33 ±0.12 ±2.50 ±0.05
MD-468 470372 C. reticulata Orlando 117.86 59.84 60.29 1.02 1.60 12.00 8.267 7.66 0.691
MD-474 470375 C. reticulata Sampson 171.77 70.49 73.17 1.76 1.17 10.00 8.26 11.00 0.94
KARHMD- 586991 C. reticulata Thornton 73.33 53.44 51.27 1.81 5.26 9.66 10.33 9.90 0.55
10/43 x C.paradisi tangelo ±5.50 ±4.23 ±2.31 ±0.09 ±0.44 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±2.00 ±0.05
60
Oranges
4. Oranges

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck
Common name: Sweet orange
Vernacular name: Mosambi, Sonamitri, Ser-nam, Sohning-raing, Tasi, Mitha
chakola, Chakola tenga
Description
The tree is medium sized upto 12ft in height, profusely branched, dense
canopy and spiny. Leaves have elliptic to ovate lamina with acute or slightly
acuminate apex, lamina margin almost entire to slightly crenate, narrowly winged
petiole with obovate in shape. Flowers in small racemes or singly in the axils of
the leaves, medium-sized; calyx with 5 lobes; petals 5; stamens 20-25; ovary
sub-globose with 10-13 locules; style slender, clearly delimited. Fruits sub-
globose, oval or spheroid, peel thin, tight, not bitter, central axis (pith) solid,
pulp yellowish; seeds cuneate-ovoid with rough-margined plane surfaces, white
inside, cotyledon creamish, chalazal cap brown seeds highly polyembryonic.
Citrus aurantium L.
Common name: Bitter or Sour orange
Vernacular name: Karun jamir, Serenga, Bamsim, Kampil
Description
A medium-sized tree, 10-20 ft in height, with a rounded top; twigs angled
when young, with single, slender spines, often short, or stout spines up to 5-8
cm long on rapidly growing shoots; leaves medium-sized, ovate, bluntly pointed
at tip, broadly rounded to cuneate at base; petioles 2-3 cm long, broadly winged,
often 1.2-1.8 cm wide at top, but sometimes narrower, 1 cm or less, narrowing
rapidly towards wingless base; flowers large, white, very fragrant; 5-12 per cent
male (staminate only); fruits sub-globose, usually slightly depressed at both base
and apex, peel thick, with a rather rough surface, becoming brilliant orange with
61
a reddish or scarlet red at maturity; segments 10-12, hollow axis filled with
juicy pulp, acidic, bitter in taste. Seeds numerous, medium size, ovoid in shape,
cream colour cotyledon, dark brown chalazal cap, polyembryonic.
Germplasm of C. sinensis (Sweet orange) was collected through various
surveys and exploration missions conducted to diversity rich areas in different
parts of India. C. sinensis is found in cultivation at large scale in India for
production of juice and processed products. A total of 56 accessions of sweet
oranges indigenous as well as exotic cultivars/types viz. Mosambi, Sohoj,
Sonamitri, Ser-nam, Sohning-raing, Tasi, Mitha Chakola, Jaffa, Joppa, Satgudi,
Blood oranges, Naval oranges, Valencia, etc. were collected from Punjab,
Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram,
Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal. However, large collection representing
indigenous and exotic cultivars were made from the Field genebank of Punajb
Agricultural University, Regional Station, Abohar, Punjab. Important local
cultivars Tasi which is vanishing rapidly from the natural habitat, farmers fields
due to less demand was collected from the Basar area of Arunachal Pradesh.
Mitha chakola and Chakola tenga, cultivars of sweet oranges were collected
from Tinsukhia area of Upper Assam, which are found as semi-domesticated in
these locations. These local cultivars are also under the threat due to the farmers
liking for more remunerative commercial crops.
A total of 17 accessions of C. aurantium (Sour orange) representing
cultivars/types viz. Karun jamir, Smooth flat Seville, Chinotto, Serenga, Kampil
and Bamsim were collected from Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim and Meghalaya.
One accession of C. myrtifolia was collected from Abohar, Punjab.
Passport details of sweet and sour oranges collected through various
explorations by NBPGR and partners are provided in Table 4.1 and collection
sites are shown in Fig. 4.1.
62
Oranges
Fig. 4.1. Map of India showing collection sites of sweet and sour oranges
Citrus sinensis
Fruits were spheroid, ellipsoid, ovoid and oblique in shape. Fruit apex
varied from rounded to truncate. Fruits were greenish yellow to orange in colour
with pitted surface texture in most of the cultivar and rarely smooth texture in
some cultivars. Seeds were clavate, ovoid and semi-deltoid in shape with creamish
to white cotyledons and reddish chalazal spot. A large variability was recorded
in almost all of the fruit characters. Large variation was found in fruit weight,
ranged from 71.84 gm to 382.33 gm. A very large variation was found in TSS
value of the fruit. Highest TSS was 31.330B and lowest TSS was recorded as
2.000B. Seeds also showed a large variability in shape, size and colour. Ten seed
weight varied from 0.20 to 8.20 gm. The accession having heaviest seed and
high value of TSS was IC395346. Detailed characterization data of qualitative
and quantitative traits is given in table 4.2 and 4.3. Phenotypic variability in
fruits of various sweet orange cultivars are shown in Fig. 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4.
63
Table 4.1. Passport data of oranges group (C. sinensis and C. aurantium) collected from different parts of India
1 DMRK-10 278012 Citrus sinensis Sojoh Cultivated East Khashi Hills Meghalaya 25.30 91.70
2 MDY-12 395346 Citrus sinensis Jaffa Cultivated Hoshiarpur Punjab 31.65 75.89
3 MDY-13 395347 Citrus sinensis Sonamitri Cultivated Hoshiarpur Punjab 31.65 75.89
4 MDY-33 395366 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.67 76.80
5 MDY-94 395421 Citrus sinensis Loyalpur S- 1 Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
6 MDY-95 395422 Citrus sinensis Loyalpur S- 2 Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
7 MD-199 417265 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.35 92.28
8 MD-431 470346 Citrus sinensis Blood red Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
9 MD-439 470354 Citrus sinensis Mosambi Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
10 MD-440 470355 Citrus sinensis Jaffa Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
64
11 MD-441 470356 Citrus sinensis Hamlin Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
12 MD-445 470360 Citrus sinensis Blood red Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
13 MD-452 470365 Citrus sinensis Campbell Valencia Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
14 MD-465 470370 Citrus sinensis Campbell Valencia Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
15 MD-485 470383 Citrus sinensis Aspal orange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
16 MD-486 470384 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
17 MD-488 470386 Citrus sinensis Vanale Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
18 MD-494 470390 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
19 MD-499 470394 Citrus sinensis Satgudi Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
20 MD-507 470401 Citrus sinensis Mosambi Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
21 MD-508 470402 Citrus sinensis Declarbe sweet orange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
22 MD-509 470403 Citrus sinensis New Hall (Naval) Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
23 MD-510 470404 Citrus sinensis Mediterranian sweet Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
orange
24 MD-512 470405 Citrus sinensis Teneriffe Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
25 MD-514 470407 Citrus sinensis Tardiff Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
26 MD-515 470408 Citrus sinensis Temple Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
27 MD-516 470409 Citrus sinensis Vaniglia sanguigno Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
28 MD-517 470410 Citrus sinensis Joppa Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
29 MD/07/140 558164 Citrus sinensis Mausambi Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
30 MD/08/225 568617 Citrus sinensis Zingthuang Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.03 92.40
31 MD/08/242 568634 Citrus sinensis Ser nam Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
32 MD/08/260 568652 Citrus sinensis Ser nam Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.53 92.29
33 MD/08/271 568663 Citrus sinensis Ser nam Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.49 92.29
34 MD-09-06 583249 Citrus sinensis Exelyer malta Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
35 MD-09-07 583250 Citrus sinensis Daccus malta Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
36 MD-09-09 583252 Citrus sinensis Sohning raing Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
37 MD-09-10 583253 Citrus sinensis Valenacia newton Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
65
38 MD-09-14 583257 Citrus sinensis Sweet orange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
Oranges
39 MD-09-30 583273 Citrus sinensis Mosambi Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.02 94.40
40 MD-09-32 583275 Citrus sinensis Tahii (Tasi) Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.02 94.30
41 MD-09-33 583276 Citrus sinensis Tahii (Tasi) Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.46
42 MD-10/59 587007 Citrus sinensis Malta Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
43 MD-10/61 587009 Citrus sinensis Naval Washington Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
44 MD-11/71 591430 Citrus sinensis Mitha chakola Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
45 MD-11/79 591438 Citrus sinensis Chakola tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.57 95.36
46 MD-11/88 591447 Citrus sinensis Mosambi Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.18 94.34
47 MD-11/98 591457 Citrus sinensis Malta Cultivated Wokha Nagaland 26.08 94.13
48 IPSKM-262 322089 Citrus sinensis Mosambi Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
51 MSD-01 — Citrus sinensis Seleta Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
52 MSD-02 — Citrus sinensis Parent naval Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
53 MSD-03 — Citrus sinensis Rhode red valencia Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
54 MSD-04 — Citrus sinensis Olinda valencia late Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
55 MSD-05 — Citrus sinensis Morro Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
56 MSD-06 — Citrus sinensis Delta valencia Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
57 MDY-78 395406 Citrus aurantium Karun jamir Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
58 MDY-87 395415 Citrus aurantium Karun jamir Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
59 MD-170 417237 Citrus aurantium Serenga Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.93
60 MD-178 417245 Citrus aurantium Kampil Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
61 MD-185 417251 Citrus aurantium Sarenga Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.58 90.06
62 MD-186 417252 Citrus aurantium Bamsin Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.54 90.12
63 MD-432 470347 Citrus aurantium Sour orange Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
66
64 MD-498 470393 Citrus aurantium Karun jamir Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
65 MD/07/127 558151 Citrus aurantium Serenga Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
66 MD/07/129 558153 Citrus aurantium Serenga Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
67 MD/07/132 558156 Citrus aurantium Bamsim Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
68 MD/07/148 558172 Citrus aurantium Bamsim Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
69 MD/07/151 558175 Citrus aurantium Bamsim Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
70 MD/07/157 558181 Citrus aurantium Kampil Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.16 90.39
71 KARHMD- 586990 Citrus aurantium Smooth flat seville Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/42
72 MD-10/52 587000 Citrus aurantium Sour orange Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.26 88.43
73 MDY-72 395401 Citrus myrtifolia Chinotto Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
Oranges
Citrus aurantium
Fruit shape varied from pyriform, spheroid to ellipsoid with rounded or
truncate apex. Fruits were greenish yellow to orange in colour with pitted, rough
or smooth surface texture. Seeds were fusiform, cunieform, ovoid, spheroid and
semi-deltoid in shape with creamish to whitish cotyledons and dark brown to
reddish chalazal spot. A large variation was found in fruit and seed characters.
Fruit weight ranged from 72.92 gm to 280.00 gm. TSS value of the fruits varied
from 5.07 to 22.67oB. Seed weight also showed large variation. Lowest weight
(0.41 gm) was recorded in IC470347 and highest weight (3.04 gm) was found in
IC558172 for ten seeds. The accessions having light seed weight and lowest
value of TSS is IC470347. Detailed characterization data of qualitative and
quantitative traits is given in Table 4.2 and 4.3. Phenotypic variability in fruits
of various sour orange cultivars is shown in Fig. 4.5.
67
Fig. 4.2. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of Citrus

sinensis (Sweet orange) collected from Punjab, (A) Satgudi; (B) Mosambi; (C)
Jaffa; (D) Blood red; (E) Olinda Valencia late; (F) Campbell Valencia
68
Oranges

sinensis (Sweet orange) collected from different part of India, (A) MD-494,
Sweet orange from Punjab; (B) MD-507, Mosambi from Punjab; (C) MD-516,
Vaniglia sanguigno from Punjab; (D) MDY-12, Jaffa from Punjab; (E) MD-441,
Hamlin from Rajasthan; (F) MD-509, New Hall (Naval) from Punjab
69

sinensis (Sweet orange) collected from different parts of India, (A) MD-09/30,
Mosambi from A.P; (B) MD-10/59, Malta from W.B; (C) MSD-04, Olinda
Valencia Late from Punjab; (D) MD-431, Blood red from Rajasthan; (E) MSD-
05, Morro from Punjab; (F) MD-488, Vanale from Punjab
70
Oranges
Fig. 4.5. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of C. aurantium

(sour orange) collected from different parts of India, (A) KARHMD-10/42,
Smooth flat seville from Sikkim; (B) MD-498, Karun jamir from Abohar; (C)
MD-10/52, from Sikkim; (D) MD-432, from Rajasthan
71
Table 4.2. Qualitative data of Oranges group
MDY-12 395346 C. sinensis Jaffa Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
MDY-13 395347 C. sinensis Sonamitri Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
MDY-33 395366 C. sinensis Sweet orange Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid White Indian
Red
MDY-94 395421 C. sinensis Loyalpur S- 1 Spheroid Truncate red orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MDY-95 395422 C. sinensis Loyalpur S- 2 Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
MD-445 470360 C. sinensis Blood red Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
72
MD-465 470370 C. sinensis Valencia Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD-485 470383 C. sinensis Aspal orange Ovoid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Light
brown
MD-488 470386 C. sinensis Vanale Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD-499 470394 C. sinensis Satgudi Ellipsoid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Indian
Red
MD-507 470401 C. sinensis Mosambi Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Semi deltoid Cream Indian
Red
MD-508 470402 C. sinensis Declarbe sweet Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
orange Red
MD-509 470403 C. sinensis New Hall (Naval) Ellipsoid Rounded Light orange Pitted Strong Fusiform Cream Indian
Red
MD-510 470404 C. sinensis Mediterranean Spheroid Truncate Yelloiw Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Indian
sweet orange Red
MD-512 470405 C. sinensis Teneriffe Spheroid Truncate Green-Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Indian
Red
MD-514 470407 C. sinensis Tardiff Spheroid Rounded Green-Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Indian
Red
MD-515 470408 C. sinensis Temple Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD-516 470409 C. sinensis Vaniglia sanguigno Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD-517 470410 C. sinensis Joppa Ellipsoid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD/07/140 558164 C. sinensis Mausambi Ellipsoid Rounded Green-Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Indian
Red
MD-10/59 587007 C. sinensis Malta Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
MD-10/61 587009 C. sinensis Naval Washington Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid White Indian
Red
MD-11/71 591430 C. sinensis Mitha chakola Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Indian
73
Red
Oranges
MD-11/79 591438 C. sinensis Chakola tenga Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Semideltoid White Indian
Red
MD-11/88 591447 C. sinensis Mosambi Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid White Indian
Red
MD-11/98 591457 C. sinensis Malta Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid White Indian
Red
MSD-01 — C. sinensis Seleta Oblique Truncate Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Indian
Red
MSD-02 — C. sinensis Parent naval Spheroid Truncate Yellow green Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Indian
Red
MSD-03 — C. sinensis Rhode red valencia Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Indian
Red
MSD-04 — C. sinensis Olinda valencia late Oblique Truncate Green Pitted Strong Semi deltoid Cream Indian
Red
MSD-05 — C. sinensis Morro Oblique Rounded Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MSD-06 — C. sinensis Delta valencia Spheroid Rounded Green Pitted Strong Clavate White Indian
Red
MDY-78 395406 C. aurantium Karun jamir Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Smooth Strong Fusiform Cream Dark
brown
MD-432 470347 C. aurantium Sour orange Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Rough Strong Cuneiform Cream Dark
brown
MD-498 470393 C. aurantium Karun jamir Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Brown
MD/07/127 558151 C. aurantium Serenga Ovoid Rounded Green yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid Cream Indian
Red
MD/07/129 558153 C. aurantium Serenga Ellipsoid Rounded Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD/07/148 558172 C. aurantium Bamsim Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD/07/151 558175 C. aurantium Bamsim Spheroid Rounded Yellow Rough Strong Ovoid Cream Indian
Red
MD/07/157 558181 C. aurantium Kampil Pyriform Truncate Orange Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid White Indian
Red
74
KARHMD- 586990 C. aurantium Smooth flat seville Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Wrinkle White Indian
10/42 Red
Table: 4.3. Quantitative data of Oranges group
Coll. No. IC No. Species Name Common/Vern. Fruit Fruit Fruit Width of Fruit No. of TSS (0B) No. of 10
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MDY-12 395346 C. sinensis Jaffa 170.67 56.23 62.43 2.33 4.80 9.00 31.33 1.50 8.20
±0.33 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.12 ±0.40 ±1.67 ±0.01 ±0.34
MDY-13 395347 C. sinensis Sonamitri 272.53 66.17 76.73 1.92 5.02 11.33 2.00 10.00 0.40
±7.33 ±0.17 ±0.23 ±0.32 ±0.37 ±0.67 ±0.43 ±2.08 ±0.18
MDY-33 395366 C. sinensis Sweet orange 208.33 72.40 70.23 2.60 6.60 11.67 8.33 5.00 2.45
±6.23 ±2.95 ±1.35 ±0.31 ±0.87 ±0.33 ±0.67 ±0.58 ±0.89
MDY-94 395421 C. sinensis Loyalpur S- 1 172.53 57.57 67.10 1.92 5.02 11.00 2.00 3.33 0.40
±7.33 ±0.30 ±0.31 ±0.32 ±0.37 ±0.58 ±0.89 ±0.88 ±0.99
MDY-95 395422 C. sinensis Loyalpur S- 2 231.67 56.10 65.13 3.14 6.25 11.00 2.00 1.00 0.40
±5.50 ±0.38 ±0.07 ±0.10 ±0.22 ±1.00 ±0.72 ±0.00 ±0.58
75
MD-445 470360 C. sinensis Blood red 231.67 75.23 78.29 2.03 6.25 11.67 8.00 4.33 2.45
Oranges
±6.50 ±2.66 ±1.92 ±0.03 ±0.22 ±0.33 ±1.00 ±0.88 ±1.82

MD-465 470370 C. sinensis Valencia 296.67 85.02 85.64 2.70 6.13 11.00 7.33 2.33 1.45
±6.50 ±1.81 ±1.96 ±0.12 ±0.18 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.59
MD-488 470386 C. sinensis Vanale 261.67 80.57 75.27 3.03 5.60 11.00 8.40 9.00 1.82
±5.50 ±3.53 ±2.08 ±0.38 ±0.35 ±0.45 ±0.31 ±0.58 ±0.78
MD-499 470394 C. sinensis Satgudi 200.00 71.16 75.68 1.90 5.27 10.67 7.00 3.33 1.42
±6.50 ±4.41 ±4.40 ±0.38 ±1.52 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±0.88 ±0.54
MD-507 470401 C. sinensis Mosambi 275.00 76.97 71.84 2.22 5.02 10.00 8.67 2.67 1.82
±9.50 ±1.62 ±0.75 ±0.42 ±0.37 ±1.00 ±0.67 ±0.33 ±0.45
MD-508 470402 C. sinensis Declabre sweet 246.67 77.59 73.12 4.25 5.35 12.00 8.20 10.67 2.66
orange ±6.12 ±2.58 ±2.19 ±0.12 ±0.43 ±0.58 ±0.57 ±1.76 ±1.23
MD-509 470403 C. sinensis New Hall (Naval) 342.67 79.68 100.91 3.14 6.79 9.33 7.73 2.00 0.40
±6.45 ±3.91 ±2.82 ±0.10 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.00 ±0.78
MD-510 470404 C. sinensis Mediterranean 260.00 78.48 83.97 2.99 5.78 10.33 8.00 3.00 1.20
sweet orange ±6.50 ±3.67 ±5.56 ±0.23 ±0.50 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.58 ±0.15
MD-512 470405 C. sinensis Teneriffe 241.67 83.48 88.74 2.75 5.17 10.00 8.33 6.00 2.30
±7.50 ±3.26 ±1.68 ±0.30 ±0.91 ±0.58 ±0.88 ±0.58 ±2.45
MD-514 470407 C. sinensis Tardiff 170.00 66.68 67.10 1.53 3.70 11.33 7.83 1.33 3.15
±5.50 ±1.00 ±2.78 ±0.20 ±0.32 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±0.33 ±3.15
MD-515 470408 C. sinensis Temple 326.67 84.17 74.75 2.10 3.53 13.33 9.00 18.67 3.49
±5.50 ±2.08 ±2.46 ±0.06 ±0.24 ±0.88 ±0.00 ±0.67 ±0.58
MD-516 470409 C. sinensis Vaniglia sanguigno 175.00 67.51 67.51 1.17 3.80 11.33 8.17 3.00 1.45
±9.50 ±7.34 ±7.34 ±0.09 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±1.15 ±0.56
MD-517 470410 C. sinensis Joppa 129.48 64.02 61.37 1.92 3.20 9.33 7.87 3.33 1.33
±5.50 ±2.66 ±4.76 ±0.32 ±0.27 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±0.14
MD-07/140 558164 C. sinensis Mosambi 226.67 73.67 77.90 2.17 5.07 11.33 8.40 3.00 2.00
±7.50 ±2.16 ±1.19 ±0.09 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±0.60 ±0.05 ±0.56
MD-10/59 587007 C. sinensis Malta 163.01 52.17 64.59 1.67 3.10 10.00 15.67 1.82 2.07
76
±1.90 ±0.03 ±0.28 ±0.33 ±0.78 ±0.56 ±2.33 ±0.12 ±0.03
MD-10/61 587009 C. sinensis Naval Washington 71.84 42.22 55.02 1.00 3.02 9.00 2.67 2.03 3.04
±0.75 ±0.42 ±0.37 ±1.00 ±0.37 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.48 ±0.08
MD-11/71 591430 C. sinensis Mitha chakola 161.92 52.62 61.39 3.58 4.33 10.67 10.83 12.33 2.53
±3.90 ±3.84 ±0.09 ±0.46 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±1.76 ±0.21
MD-11/79 591438 C. sinensis Chakola tenga 157.16 50.02 60.77 3.29 5.33 11.00 12.33 20.00 1.87
±1.01 ±0.29 ±0.09 ±0.32 ±0.88 ±0.58 ±0.88 ±9.45 ±0.16

MD-11/88 591447 C. sinensis Mosambi 266.14 61.85 61.36 2.55 4.00 11.33 10.90 9.33 1.41
±0.33 ±1.92 ±0.07 ±0.25 ±0.18 ±0.33 ±0.42 ±3.71 ±0.11
MD-11/98 591457 C. sinensis Malta 197.95 52.70 61.65 2.85 4.00 11.00 12.17 11.67 2.06
±1.51 ±0.67 ±0.13 ±0.09 ±0.78 ±0.58 ±0.17 ±2.40 ±0.03
MSD-01 — C. sinensis Seleta 326.67 87.79 79.34 3.30 5.78 12.33 9.00 3.33 2.02
±6.50 ±2.03 ±1.48 ±0.26 ±0.11 ±0.33 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±0.26
MSD-02 — C. sinensis Parent naval 382.33 94.02 101.13 1.60 6.00 14.67 7.67 3.33 2.02
±6.74 ±3.44 ±3.02 ±0.06 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.89
MSD-03 — C. sinensis Rhode red valencia 142.33 62.89 62.74 2.20 3.20 11.00 6.43 1.00 0.20
±4.33 ±0.69 ±0.79 ±0.21 ±0.06 ±0.58 ±0.12 ±0.45 ±0.10
MSD-04 — C. sinensis Olinda valencia late 323.33 83.99 94.94 2.33 8.40 11.00 6.00 0.33 2.15
±3.33 ±1.10 ±2.69 ±0.09 ±0.31 ±0.58 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.15
MSD-05 — C. sinensis Morro 233.33 77.52 77.44 3.00 7.80 11.00 6.67 4.00 2.07
±5.50 ±2.77 ±5.31 ±0.12 ±0.12 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±2.08 ±0.78
MSD-06 — C. sinensis Delta valencia 142.33 62.89 62.74 2.20 3.20 11.00 6.43 1.00 0.20
±4.33 ±0.69 ±0.79 ±0.21 ±0.06 ±0.58 ±0.12 ±0.58 ±1.45
MDY-78 395406 C. aurantium Karun jamir 72.92 43.37 46.67 1.67 2.10 9.77 12.33 2.13 2.11
±4.43 ±0.19 ±0.44 ±0.33 ±0.78 ±0.38 ±1.45 ±0.45 ±0.80
MD-432 470347 C. aurantium Sour orange 219.84 81.77 78.57 2.11 5.18 10.67 5.07 18.00 0.41
±9.50 ±1.62 ±1.75 ±0.09 ±0.59 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.53 ±0.14
MD-498 470393 C. aurantium Karun jamir 221.86 85.08 82.01 3.02 7.68 9.67 9.20 21.00 1.02
±8.75 ±6.49 ±3.75 ±0.32 ±1.43 ±0.33 ±0.25 ±3.79 ±0.10
MD/07/127 558151 C. aurantium Serenga 88.33 39.17 43.60 2.10 3.10 9.00 5.67 11.00 0.75
77
±1.67 ±3.44 ±0.06 ±0.47 ±0.12 ±0.58 ±0.88 ±4.36 ±0.10
Oranges
MD/07/129 558153 C. aurantium Serenga 86.67 34.77 44.10 2.30 3.10 7.33 7.53 18.67 2.11
±4.41 ±0.39 ±0.06 ±0.00 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±0.15 ±9.17 ±0.80
MD/07/148 558172 C. aurantium Bamsim 166.67 42.67 51.67 2.27 3.63 10.33 7.33 18.33 3.04
±7.50 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.03 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±4.67 ±0.08
MD/07/151 558175 C. aurantium Bamsim 280.00 50.67 53.23 2.27 3.77 11.00 7.33 94.00 2.07
±6.12 ±2.67 ±0.63 ±0.03 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.07 ±0.10 ±0.03
MD/07/157 558181 C. aurantium Kampil 140.00 40.63 45.67 2.10 3.13 13.33 6.33 39.00 1.81
±7.12 ±1.93 ±0.17 ±0.15 ±0.03 ±0.88 ±0.33 ±5.50 ±0.34
KARHMD- 586990 C. aurantium Smooth flat seville 75.95± 42.64 46.05 1.67 2.63 10.00 22.67 1.86 2.07
10/42 1.73 ±0.22 ±0.27 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±3.71 ±0.00 ±0.03
5. Acid members
group
Citrus medica L.
Common name: Citron
Vernacular name: Bira-jora, Bemberia, Pati-jora, Soh-mondong, Tayum,

Themachhi
Description
A bushy small shrub or tree of irregular habit of growth upto 10 ft height;

twigs angled and purplish when young, cylindrical at maturity, glabrous, with
spine stout, short, single spines in the axils of the leaves; leaves glabrous, obovate
or elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bluntly pointed or rounded at the tips, cuneate
or rounded at the base, margins serrate; petioles short, wingless or narrowly
margined, not clearly articulated with the leaf blade or sometimes articulation
absent; inflorescences short, few-flowered racemes, flower buds large, purplish,
flowers perfect, petals 5, pinkish on the outside; stamens numerous, 30-40 or
even 60, ovary large, with 10-13 locules, tapering into the thick style; fruit large,
oblong or oval, surface smooth or more often rough and bumpy, mammilated
apex, yellowish when ripe, rind very thick, segments small, filled with pale
greenish pulp-vesicles with acid or sweetish pulp; seeds numerous, small, pointed
at the base, smooth, cotyledon white, chalazal cap red, monoembryonic.
Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.
Common name: Lemon
Vernacular name: Nimbu, Assam lemon, Kagji kalan, Baramasi lemon
Description
The tree is 10 to 20 ft in height and usually with sharp thorns on the twigs.
Leaves are oblong, elliptic or long-ovate in shape, serrated margin, slightly
winged or margined petiole. Flowers are solitary or 2 or more clustered in the
78
Acid members group
leaf axils. Flower buds are purplish tinged; the opened flowers have 4 or 5 petals,
white on the upper surface (inside), purplish beneath (outside) and stamens 20-
40. The fruit is oval or oblong with a mammilated apex, surface smooth or rough,
pale green colour, rind thick, albedo white, segments 8-10, pulp light yellow,
juice sour in taste. Seeds are ovoid or cuneate in shape, creamish cotyledon,
chalazal cap reddish, polyembryonic.
Citrus pseudolimon Tanaka
Common name: Hill lemon
Vernacular name: Galgal, Chukh, Chinara
Description
Galgal is a medium size tree 5.0-6.5 m tall, profusely branched, spiny,

stout spines, upto 2-3 cm long; leaflets broadly elliptic-ovate to oblong, 9.5-
15.5 cm, crenate margin, base cuneate-rounded, obtuse-acute to blunt or pointed
at apex; petioles 1-2 cm long and 0.3-0.4 cm wide, marginally winged, distinctly
articulated; flowers in clusters of 4-9, solitary, terminal or axillary, mildly fragrant.
Fruits ovate-oblong, yellow, 10-11.5 cm in diameter, apex slightly mammilated,
smooth to slightly rough surface, rind 0.6-0.8 cm thick, strongly adhering,
segments 8-10, pulp light yellow, coarse, vesicles cylindrical, fusiform, loosely
packed, seeds 28-59/fruit, light yellow, conical ovate with prominent ridges and
smooth surface, creamish cotyledon, purple colour chalazal cap, polyembryonic.
Citrus jambhiri Lush.
Common name: Rough lemon
Vernacular name: Jambhiri, Jatti khatti, Gol nimbu, Gambhir, Jamir, Naity jamir
Description
Tree is 10 to 20 ft height and usually has sharp thorns on the twigs. The
alternate leaves, reddish when young, become dark-green above, light-green
below; leaf lamina are oblong, elliptic or long-ovate, finely serrated, with slender
wings on the petioles, distinctly articulated. Flower buds purplish tinged, flowers
solitary or in clusters with 4 or 5 petals. Fruit is spherical with collared
mammilated apex, peel is rough and yellow, aromatic, dotted with oil glands.
The pulp is pale-yellow, in 8 to 10 segments, hollow axis, pulp melting, very
79
juicy and acidic. Seeds are ovoid in shape, cotyledon light green, chalazal cap
purplish, highly polyembryonic.
Citrus karna Raf.
Common name: Karna khatta
Vernacular name: Duranj, Karna Nimbu, Khatta Nimbu
Description
Tree is upto 20 ft in height. Leaves are elliptic or broadly lanceolate with

narrowly winged petiole. Fruit is medium to medium large, of variable form but
in general round to oval, usually with broad and prominent nipple, sometimes
depressed or lacking, rind moderately thick, firm, surface smooth, warty or ribbed,
tightly adherent, colour golden yellow to deep orange, segments 10-12, axis
medium-large and semi-hollow to solid, flesh colour dull orange, coarse-textured,
only moderately juicy, flavor acid with faint aroma suggestive of sour orange.
Seeds are numerous, clavate in shape, creamish cotyledon, chalazal cap reddish
and polyembryonic.
Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle
Common name: Sour lime
Vernacular name: Nimbu, Kagzi lime, Atol nimbu, Arunachal lime
Description
It is a shrubby tree, upto 4 m tall, with spiny branches. The leaves are
ovate or elliptic with narrowly winged petiole. The flowers are yellowish white
with a light purple tinge on the margins, in clusters of 3-5 flowers in the axil of
leaves. Fruits are rounded, smooth surface, greenish yellow or yellowish at
maturity, thin rind, strong adherence with endocarp, pulp light greenish, juicy,
segments 6-10, solid axis and juice very sour. Seeds are ovoid in shape, creamish
cotyledons, brown chalazal cap and polyembryonic.
Citrus limettioides Tan.
Common name: Sweet lime
Vernacular name: Mitha nimbu, Kagji-wak-ma
80
Acid members group
Description
The tree is upto 15 ft height. Leaves are elliptic or elliptic-oblong, margin

serrated and petioles nearly wingless or margined. The flowers are solitary in
the leaf axils or in terminal clusters of 2 to 6 flowers. Fruits solitary or in bunches
of 2 to 5, round in shape with rounded apex, smooth surface, yellow colour after
maturity, segments 8-12, strong adherence of rind with endocarp, very juicy,
juice sweet with light sour in taste. Seeds are ovoid or spheroid in shape, cream
cotyledon, chalazal cap brown and polyembryonic.
Citrus limonia Osbeck
Common name: Rangpur lime
Vernacular name: Kole jamir, Tenga
Description
Tree is upto 20 ft tall, densely foliaged and profusely branched. The fruits
are spheroid or round in shape with truncate or round base and apex, orange to
reddish orange colour surface with minutely pitted smooth texturey moderately
loose skin, lime like aroma. Fruit is highly acidic and very juicy, 8 to 10 segments
with numerous seeds, slightly hollow in the center. Seeds are clavate or semi-
deltoid in shape, light green cotyledon, reddish chalazal cap and polyembryonic.
Survey and exploration missions were carried out to diversity rich regions
of India especially Northeast India to study the area of occurrence, distribution,
natural population and biological status of these Citrus species. C. medica (Citron)
is cultivated throughout India, although natural wild populations of this species
are also found to grow in Northeast India. A total of 30 accessions of citron
represented by various cultivars and natural types of citron, viz. Bira-jora, Bora-
tenga, Bemberia, Themachhi, Tayum, Pati-jora, Jora-tenga, Soh-mondong,
Gandhraj, Pongam, Chonchunu, etc. were collected from various states of India
(Northeastern states, Sikkim, West Bengal, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh), however
most of the accessions were collected from Northeast India (Table 5.1). During
the survey natural wild population of citron was observed in Debru Saikhowa
National Park, Tinsukhia, Assam. ‘Tayum’, a natural wild type of citron, is found
to grow in wild and semi-wild state throughout the Arunachal Pradesh (Fig. 5.2
C). ‘Themachhi’ is another natural wild type of this species, naturally growing
81
in the Nokrek Biosphere Reserve, Garo Hills, Meghalaya (Fig. 5.2A). It is also
grown by the tribal people in their backyard and homestead garden for their
medicinal and nutritional value. Passport details of all the collected accessions
are given in Table 5.1 and collection sites are shown in Fig. 5.1.
Citrus limon (Lemon) is distributed throughout India and showed high

level of variability (Fig 5.3). A total of 46 accessions of indigenous and exotic
types lemon representing several cultivars/types, viz. Assam lemon, Khasi lemon,
Harvey lemon, Nimbu, Baramasi lemon, Bhadri lemon, Villa franca, Eureka
lemon, Kagzi kalan and Sher-phang were collected from different Indian states
of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab
and Uttarakhand. C. peudolimon (Hill lemon) is commercially cultivated
throughout the Western Himalayan regions especially in Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand and locally known as Galgal. It is also cultivated in Northeast India
and known as ‘Chinara’ by the local people. Thirty six variable accessions of C.
peudolimon were collected from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan,
Meghalaya, Assam and Mizoram (Fig. 5.1 and Table 5.1).
Citrus jambhiri (Rough lemon) is an important Indian species and referred

in old Indian literature as Jambir. High level of phenotypic variability has existed
within the C. jambhiri throughout India, but maximum diversity was observed
in Western Himalayan region (Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh) and Northeast
India. Rough lemon is commercially cultivated in Uttarakhand and Himachal
Pradesh for production of lemon juice and for making pickles. A total of 56
diverse accessions of rough lemon, viz. Jambhiri, Jalandhari khatti, Jatti khatti,
Esteus rough, Gambhir, Naity jamir, Gol nimbu, Hathi nimbu, Sinduri lemon,
Hasu, Ganpan, etc. were collected from Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab,
Sikkim, West Bengal and Northeastern states (Fig 5.1 and Table 5.1).
Citrus karna is cultivated throughout the Uttarakhand and Himachal

Pradesh and locally known as Karna khatta or Duranj. Distribution of this species
is not restricted to Western Himalayan region but also distributed and cultivated
in other states of India like Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Northeastern states. A
total of 38 accessions of Karna khatta were collected from different part of India,
especially Western Himalayas and Northeast India. Two accessions of C.
volkameriana (Volkomer lemon) were collected from Assam and Arunachal
Pradesh, while one accession of C. pennivesiculata (Gajanimma) was collected
from Field genebank of Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Station, Abohar,
82
Acid members group
Fig. 5.1. Map of India showing collection sites of acid members group
Punjab. C. pennivesiculata is generally found to grow in South India (Table 5.1,

Fig. 5.1).
Citrus aurantifolia (Sour lime) is widely distributed and most cultivated

species throughout India and locally known as Nimbu, Atol nimbu, Kagzi nimbu
and lime. A total of 33 accessions of this species were collected from Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Northeast India. C.
limettioides (Sweet lime) is occasionally distributed in different parts of India,
but frequency of this species is very low. Twelve accessions of this species
representing cultivars/types viz. Sweet lime, Kagzi-wak-ma were collected from
Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 10
accessions of C. limonia (Rangpur lime) were collected from different states of
83
Table 5.1. Passport data of Acid members group (C. medica, C. limon, C. pseudolimon, C. aurantifolia, C. limettioides,
C. limonia, C. jambhiri, C. karna, etc.) collected from different part of India
1 DMRK-44 278046 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
2 DMRK-116 278118 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Champhai Mizoram 23.47 93.33
3 MDY-71 395400 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
4 MD-154 417222 Citrus medica Themachhi Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
5 MD-176 417243 Citrus medica Themachhi Wild South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
6 MD-475 470376 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
7 RS/OPD-54 548593 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 27.75 81.48
8 MD/07/115 558139 Citrus medica Themachhi Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.29 90.19
84
11 MD/08/211 568603 Citrus medica Ser Wild Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
12 MD/08/252 568644 Citrus medica Ser Wild Lunglei Mizoram 22.51 92.48
13 MD-09-16 583259 Citrus medica Tayum Wild Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
14 MD-09-27 583270 Citrus medica Tayam Wild West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.05 94.42
15 MD-10/49 586997 Citrus medica Bemberia Wild East Sikkim Sikkim 27.29 88.53
16 MD-10/54 587002 Citrus medica Bemberia Wild South Sikkim Sikkim 27.27 88.40
17 MD-10/62 587010 Citrus medica Bemberia Wild Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
18 MS-41 587029 Citrus medica Themachhi Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.35 90.16
19 MD-11/48 591406 Citrus medica Pati-jora Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
20 MD-11/49 591407 Citrus medica Bira-jora Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
21 MD-11/52 591410 Citrus medica Soh-mondong Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
22 MD-11/63 591421 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
23 MD-11/64 591422 Citrus medica Gandharaj Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
24 MD-11/65A 591424 Citrus medica Pongam Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
25 MD-11/66 591425 Citrus medica Holong tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
26 MD-11/74 591433 Citrus medica Citron Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
27 MD-11/83 591442 Citrus medica Bore tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.57 95.36
28 MD-11/84 591443 Citrus medica Jora tenga Wild Tinsukia Assam 27.35 95.21
29 MD-11/85 591444 Citrus medica Citron Wild Tinsukia Assam 27.35 95.21
30 MD-11/99 591458 Citrus medica Chonchuno Wild Kohima Nagaland 25.58 94.13
31 DMRK-11 278013 Citrus limon Assam lemon Cultivated Ri-Bhoi Meghalaya 25.41 91.55
32 DMRK-16 278018 Citrus limon Adhalatio Cultivated Jaintia Hills Meghalaya 25.45 92.20
33 DMRK-68 278070 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
34 DMRK-86 278088 Citrus limon Khasi lemon Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
35 MDY-21 395354 Citrus limon Baramasi lemon Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.56 76.65
36 MDY-81 395409 Citrus limon Harvey lemon Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
85
37 MD-191 417257 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.50 90.10
38 MD-202 417268 Citrus limon Num Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.36 92.29
39 MD-206 417272 Citrus limon Dhori Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.36 92.29
Acid members group
40 MD-413 470328 Citrus limon Baramasi lemon Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.34 77.91
41 MD-483 470382 Citrus limon Lemon Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
42 MD-487 470385 Citrus limon Bhadri lemon Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
45 MD-504 470398 Citrus limon Villa Franca Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
46 MD-604 537669 Citrus limon Galgal Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.73 76.45
47 RS/OPD-10 548549 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh 28.75 79.77
48 RS/OPD-23 548562 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh 28.68 79.97
49 RS/OPD-44 548583 Citrus limon Galgal Cultivated Lakhimpur Uttar Pradesh 27.97 80.88
50 RS/OPD-50 548589 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 27.61 81.88
51 RS/OPD-55 548594 Citrus limon Nimboo Cultivated Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 27.36 81.59
52 RS/OPD-68 548605 Citrus limon Nimboo Cultivated Gonda Uttar Pradesh 27.22 81.99
53 RS/OPD-69 548606 Citrus limon Nimboo Cultivated Gonda Uttar Pradesh 27.22 81.99
54 RS/OPD-71 548608 Citrus limon Nimboo Cultivated Barabanki Uttar Pradesh 27.05 81.26
55 MD/07/152 558176 Citrus limon Lemon Cultivated West Garo hills Meghalaya 25.13 90.31
56 MD/08/224 568616 Citrus limon Sher phang Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.03 92.40
57 MD-09-23 583266 Citrus limon Assam lemon Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
58 MD-11/39 591397 Citrus limon Assam lemon Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
59 MD-11/65 591423 Citrus limon Sopai Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
60 MD-11/75 591434 Citrus limon Lemon Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
61 MDY-76 395404 Citrus limon Villafranca Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
62 MD/08/208 568600 Citrus limon Sher phang Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
86
63 MD/08/237 568629 Citrus limon She thur Cultivated Aizawl Mizoram 23.40 92.50
64 MD/08/247 568639 Citrus limon Ser phang Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
65 MD/08/249 568641 Citrus limon Ser phang Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
66 MD/08/251 568643 Citrus limon Ser phang Cultivated Lunglei Mizoram 22.51 92.48
67 MD/08/254 568646 Citrus limon Ser phang Cultivated Lunglei Mizoram 22.51 92.48
68 MD/08/255 568647 Citrus limon Ser thur Cultivated Lunglei Mizoram 22.51 92.48
69 MDY-82 395410 Citrus limon Eureka lemon Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
70 MD-200 417266 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.32 92.25
71 MD-203 417269 Citrus limon Nimbu Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.36 92.29
72 MD-207 417273 Citrus limon Num Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.30 92.36
73 IPSKM-269 322096 Citrus limon Kagzi Kalan Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
74 IPSKM-274 322101 Citrus limon Lemon Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
75 IPSKM-275 322102 Citrus limon Kagzi Kalan Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
76 IPSKM-284 322111 Citrus limon Lemon Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
77 IPSKM-273 322100 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
78 DMRK-73 278075 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
79 MDY-16 395349 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.81 76.12
80 MDY-17 395350 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Hoshiarpur Himachal Pradesh 31.53 75.91
86 MDY-31 395364 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.61 76.73
87 MDY-43 395375 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.16 76.34
88 OPD/RC - 7 415175 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.10 76.27
89 OPD/RC - 8 415176 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.12 76.26
90 MD-169 417236 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.93
87
91 MD-180 417247 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
92 MD-182 417248 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.41 90.14
93 MD-188 417254 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.49 90.03
Acid members group
94 MD-194 417260 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.32 90.19
95 MD-409 470324 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.35 78.02
96 MD-410 470325 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.35 78.02
97 MD-416 470331 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.32 76.12
100 MD-438 470353 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
101 MD/07/103 558127 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.32 90.19
106 MD/07/158 558182 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.43
107 MD/08/207 568599 Citrus pseudolimon Chinara Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
108 MD-11/59 591417 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
109 MSA-05 593851 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.42 76.35
111 MSA-13 593858 Citrus pseudolimon Galgal Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.44 76. 36
113 DMRK-9 278011 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.30 91.70
114 MDY-25 395358 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.65 76.46
115 MDY-27 395360 Citrus Jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.65 76.46
116 MDY-32 395365 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.67 76.8
88
120 MDY-45 395376 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.16 76.34
121 MDY-62 395392 Citrus jambhiri Jallandhari khatti Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
122 MDY-63 395393 Citrus jambhiri Jatti khatti Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
123 MDY-64 395394 Citrus jambhiri Esteus rough Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
124 MDY-83 395411 Citrus jambhiri Mithi Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
125 OPD/RC - 2 415170 Citrus jambhiri Jatti Khati Cultivated Gurdaspur Punjab 32.27 75.64
126 MD-212 417278 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated West Kameng Arunachal Pradesh 27.37 92.16
127 MD-401 470316 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Udham Singh Nagar Uttarakhand 28.99 79.49
128 MD-407 470322 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.35 78.02
129 MD-421 470336 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.11 76.29
130 MD-423 470338 Citrus jambhiri Gambhiri Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.23 76.30
131 MD-435 470350 Citrus jambhiri Jatti Khati Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
132 MD-477 470378 Citrus Jambhiri Grambhir Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
133 MD-478 470379 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
134 MD-479 470380 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
135 MD-924 553631 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.66 76.84
136 MD/07/133 558157 Citrus jambhiri Atol Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
137 MD/08/214 568606 Citrus jambhiri Chambowa Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
138 MD/08/223 568615 Citrus jambhiri Sher hang Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.03 92.40
139 MD/08/243 568635 Citrus jambhiri Chownbula Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
140 MD/08/253 568645 Citrus jambhiri Chawangbawla Cultivated Lunglei Mizoram 22.51 92.48
141 MD-09-05 583248 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
142 MD-09-25 583268 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 28.01 94.42
143 MD-09-31 583274 Citrus jambhiri Jambhiri Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.02 94.40
144 KARHMD-10/40 586988 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
89
145 MD-10/53 587001 Citrus jambhiri Jamir Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.25 88.45
146 MD-10/56 587004 Citrus jambhiri Naity Jamir Cultivated West Sikkim Sikkim 27.28 88.29
147 MD-10/58 587006 Citrus jambhiri Naity Jamir Cultivated West Sikkim Sikkim 27.15 88.25
Acid members group
148 MD-10/68 587016 Citrus jambhiri Naity Jamir Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 26.86 88.22
149 MD-11/40 591398 Citrus jambhiri Gol nimbu Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
150 MD-11/41 591399 Citrus jambhiri Hathi nimbu Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
151 MD-11/54 591412 Citrus jambhiri Sinduri lemon Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
152 MD-11/57 591415 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
154 MD-11/67 591426 Citrus jambhiri Soh bitter Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
156 MD-11/76 591435 Citrus jambhiri Nimbu tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
157 MD-11/81 591440 Citrus jambhiri Gol nimbu Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.57 95.36
158 MD-11/87 591446 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.18 94.34
159 MD-11/92 591451 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.25 94.36
160 MD-11/93 591452 Citrus jambhiri Hasu Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.25 94.36
161 MD-11/96 591455 Citrus jambhiri Ganpen Cultivated Wokha Nagaland 26.05 94.22
162 MD-11/97 591456 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Wokha Nagaland 26.08 94.13
163 MD-11/100 591459 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Kohima Nagaland 25.57 94.13
164 MSA-25 593866 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Palampur Himachal Pradesh 32.09 76.25
165 MSA-41 593879 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.17 75.56
166 IPSKM-278 322105 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 24.91 79.59
167 IPSKM-280 322107 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 24.91 79.59
168 IPSKM-283 322110 Citrus jambhiri Rough lemon Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
169 IPSKM-266 322093 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
170 IPSKM-279 322106 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 24.91 79.59
90
171 DMRK-197 278199 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.57 91.88
172 MDY-18 395351 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.81 76.12
176 MDY-34 395367 Citrus karna Karna khatta Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.67 76.8
177 MDY-39 395371 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.67 76.91
178 MDY-40 395372 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.98 76.79
179 MDY-46 395377 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.16 76.34
180 OPD/RC - 3 415171 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Gurdaspur Punjab 32.27 75.64
181 MD-403 470318 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Nainital Uttarakhand 29.43 79.25
182 MD-414 470329 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.29 76.17
183 MD-424 470339 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.23 76.30
184 MD-480 470381 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
185 MD-603 537668 Citrus karna Karna Khatta Cultivated Bilaspur Himachal Pradesh 31.33 76.77
186 MD/08/215 568607 Citrus karna Sherpharkar Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
187 MD/08/216 568608 Citrus karna Sherpharkar Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
188 MD-09-12 583255 Citrus karna Karma Khatta Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
189 MD-11/56 591414 Citrus karna Karna khatta Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
190 MD-11/62 591420 Citrus karna Karna khatta Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
191 MSA-01 593849 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.43 76.34
195 MSA-14 593859 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.44 76. 36
91
199 MSA-26 593867 Citrus karna Duranj Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.09 76.25
Acid members group
207 MD-09-04 583247 Citrus volkameriana Volkomer lemon Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
208 MD-11/51 591409 Citrus volkameriana Volkomer lemon Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
209 MD-466 470371 Citrus pennivesiculataGajanimma Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
210 DMRK-117 278119 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi lime Cultivated Champhai Mizoram 23.47 93.33
211 MDY-23 395356 Citrus aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.56 76.65
212 MDY-79 395407 Citrus aurantifolia Coorge lime Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
213 MDY-80 395408 Citrus aurantifolia Sylhet lime Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
214 MDY-89 395417 Citrus aurantifolia Seedless lemon Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
215 MDY-90 395418 Citrus aurantifolia Pant-1 lemon Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
216 OPD/RC - 26 415194 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.35 78.02
217 MD-165 417232 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.56
218 MD-168 417235 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.93
219 MD-189 417255 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.49 90.03
220 MD-196 417262 Citrus aurantifolia Atol nimbu Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.54 90.22
221 NSP/OPD-04-10 438459 Citrus aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.11 76.53
222 MD-415 470330 Citrus aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.32 76.12
223 MD-490 470388 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
224 MD-496 470391 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
92
225 MD-605 537670 Citrus aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.73 76.45
226 RS/OPD-5 548544 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh 28.75 79.77
227 RS/OPD-40 548579 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Lakhimpur Uttar Pradesh 27.86 80.64
228 MD/07/128 558152 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi nimbu Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
229 MD/07/139 558163 Citrus aurantifolia Kaghzi-nimbu Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.12
232 MD-09-22 583265 Citrus aurantifolia Arunachal lime Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
233 MD-09-26 583269 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi Nimbu Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.05 94.39
234 MD-09-34 583277 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi Nimbu Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.46
235 MD-11/47 591405 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi lime Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
236 MSA-04 593850 Citrus aurantifolia Nimbu Cultivated Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 31.43 76.34
237 IPSKM-260 322087 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi lime Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
238 IPSKM-264 322091 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi lime Cultivated Tikamgarh Madhya Pradesh 24.74 78.83
242 IPSKM-276 322103 Citrus aurantifolia Kagzi lime Cultivated Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 24.91 79.59
243 MD-177 417244 Citrus limetta Kagzi-wak-ma Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
244 MD/07/117 558141 Citrus limetta Sweet lime Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.29 90.19
245 MD/07/141 558165 Citrus limetta Kagzi-wak-ma Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
246 MD/08/204 568596 Citrus limetta Sweet lime Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
249 MD/08/239 568631 Citrus limetta Sweet lime Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
250 MD-09-01 583244 Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Cultivated Lower Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.21 93.46
251 MD-11/73 591432 Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
252 MD-11/91 591450 Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.23 94.35
93
253 IPSKM-268 322095 Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
254 IPSKM-282 322109 Citrus limettioides Sweet lime Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
255 IPSKM-277 322104 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh 24.91 79.59
256 MDY-65 395395 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
Acid members group
257 MDY-88 395416 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
258 MD-10/50 586998 Citrus limonia Kole Jamir Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.30 88.48
259 MD-10/55 587003 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated South Sikkim Sikkim 27.27 88.40
260 MD-10/63 587011 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
261 MD-10/67 587015 Citrus limonia Kole Jamir Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 26.86 88.22
262 MD-11/45 591403 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
263 MD-11/86 591445 Citrus limonia Tenga Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.31 94.40
264 MD-11/95 591454 Citrus limonia Rangpur lime Cultivated Mokokchung Nagaland 26.22 94.27
Citrus medica
C. medica is a highly variable group as far as fruit size and shape are
concerned. Fruit shape varied from spheroid to ellipsoid. Shape of fruit apex
was mammiform. Surface texture of fruits was smooth in most of the cultivars
while pitted and rough texture was also recorded. Seeds were ovoid or spheroid
in most of the cultivars along with clavate, spheroid, cuneiform or semideltoid
in shape with creamish colored cotyledons and reddish chalazal cap. A large
variability was recorded in quantitative characters of almost all of the fruit
characters. Fruit weight of smallest fruit was 41.67 gm and heaviest was ten
times higher which was 451.67 gm in IC591422. TSS value ranged from 4.00
than to 10.00oB in this group. Seed weight showed large variations as smallest
seeds as per 10 seeds weight was 0.27 gm (IC470376) and heaviest weight was
1.96 gm (IC591407). The accessions with heaviest fruits (above 400 to 450 gm)
were IC591422, IC591424 and IC591421. The higher fruit weight with reasonably
high TSS was recorded in accession IC591424. Detailed characterization data
of qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3. Representative
photographs showing phenotypic variability in Citron are given in Fig. 5.2.
Citrus limon
Fruit shape varied from spheroid to ellipsoid in most of the cultivars. Shape
of fruit apex was mammiform in most of the cultivars but also with acute,
depressed, truncate and rounded apex. Fruits were greenish to yellowish in color.
Fruit surface texture was smooth and rarely with pitted and rough texture. Seed
shape was ovoid in most of the cultivars but clavate, cuneiform and spheroid
shape were also recorded with creamish colored cotyledons and deep purple to
reddish chalazal cap colour. A large variability was recorded in almost all of the
fruits characters. Large variation was found in fruit weight, which ranged from
43.67 to 470.50 gm is diverse accessions. TSS value varied from 4.00 to 8.87oB,
which was twice from the lowest value. Ten seed weight of smallest seed was
0.60 gm in IC470398 and highest was 1.81 gm in IC395354. The lowest fruit
weight with low TSS was recorded in IC395404 and largest fruit with high TSS
was observed in IC470385. Detailed characterization data of qualitative and
quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3. Representative photographs
showing phenotypic variability in lemon are given in Fig. 5.3.
94
Acid members group
Citrus pesudolimon
Fruit shape varied from spheroid to ellipsoid with mammiform, rounded

or truncate apex. Fruit colour was greenish yellow to dark yellow and with smooth
surface and also pitted texture. Large variation was found in seed characters.
Seed shape varied from ovoid to semi-deltoid, with clavate and spheroid in some
of the cultivars with creamish cotyledons and purple to reddish chalazal spot
colour. Fruit weight was ranged from 163.33 to 576.67 gm. TSS value ranged
from 4.00 to 11.33oB. Ten seed weight showed large variation as smallest seed
weighed 0.68 gm (IC395333) and heaviest weighed 2.97 gm (IC395364 and
IC558182). The accessions with heaviest fruits were IC470339 (also good TSS),
IC593863 and IC593851. Detailed characterization data of qualitative and
quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3. Representative photographs
showing phenotypic variability in hill lemon are given in Fig. 5.4.
Citrus jambhiri
C. jambhiri indicated high variability in fruit shape, size and colour and
probably this is the most diverse and highly distributed citrus species of India.
Fruit shape varied from spheroid to ellipsoid in most of the accessions; ovoid
and pyriform fruit shape was also recorded in some of the accessions. Shape of
the fruit apex was mammiform in most of the cultivars with depressed and rounded
apex with collared neck, while truncate apex was rarely observed. Large variation
was found in fruit color. Fruits were greenish yellow, yellow and orange in colour
with rough, smooth and pitted surface texture. Seed shape was ovoid in most of
the cultivars with clavate and semi-deltoid shape with light greenish to creamish
cotyledons and purple to reddish chalazal spot. Large variation was found in
fruit weight. Smallest fruit showed 26.67 gm in IC591452 and heaviest fruit
showed 273.33 gm in IC591426. TSS value ranged from 1.00 to 10.00oB. Ten
seed weight was minimum (0.35gm) in IC591451 and maximum (1.94gm) in
IC591398. The accessions with heavier fruits were IC591426, IC591418 and
IC593866 with TSS from 7.0 to 8.5oB. Detailed characterization data of qualitative
and quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3. Representative photographs
showing phenotypic variability in rough lemon are given in Fig. 5.5 and 5.6.
Citrus karna
Fruit shape varied from spheroid to ellipsoid with ovoid or blunt

mammiform apex. Fruits were yellow to orange in colour with pitted, smooth or
rough surface texture. Seed shape varied from ovoid to clavate in most of the
95
cultivars with reddish chalazal spot colour. Fruit weight ranged from 170.00
(IC593875) to 396.92 (IC470339) gm. TSS of fruits varied from 4.00 to 10.33oB.
Ten seed weight varied from 1.05 to 2.87 gm. The accessions having heaviest
fruits were IC470339 and IC593874. Detailed characterization data of qualitative
showing phenotypic variability in Karna khatta are given in Fig. 5.7.
Citrus aurantifolia
C.aurantifolia is the only cultivated species where several local selection

and improvement have been made in India. Fruit shape was spheroid with
rounded, acute or slightly mammilated apex in most of the cultivars. Fruits were
greenish yellow in color with smooth, rough and pitted surface texture. Seeds
were cuneiform, ovoid, fusiform and semi-deltoid in shape with whitish to
creamish cotyledons and brown chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 29.85
(IC470388) to 150.63 gm (IC470391). TSS of fruits varied from 3.00 to 8.00oB.
The ten seed weight also showed large variation. Highest seed weight (1.92 gm)
was found in IC558166 and lightest weight (0.44 gm) was found in IC470388,
which reflects a great variability in this character. Detailed characterization data
photographs showing phenotypic variability in sour lime are given in Fig. 5.9
and 5.10.
Citrus limonia
Fruits varied from pyriform to spheroid in shape with depressed, acute,

truncate or rounded apex. Fruits were yellowish to orange in color with pitted
and smooth surface texture. Seeds were cuneiform in most of the cultivars with
semi-deltoid and clavate in shape. Cotyledons were light green to creamish in
color with brown, purple and reddish chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from
43.67 gm to 193.67 gm, which showed a large variation. TSS value also showed
large variation, which ranged from 3.00 to 11.33oB. Ten seed weight ranged
from 0.42 gm (IC395416) to 3.05 gm (IC586998). The accession IC586998 with
heaviest fruit showed high value of TSS. Detailed characterization data of
qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3. Representative
photographs showing phenotypic variability in Rangpur lime are given in Fig.
5.8.
96
Acid members group
Other Citrus species
Two accessions of C. volkameriana (Volkomer lemon) and one accession

of C. pennivesiculata (Gajanimma) had spheroid fruit with rounded apex. Fruits
were orange and pitted surface texture in Volkomer lemon, while light yellow
with smooth texture in Gajanimma. Seeds were of clavate shape with creamy
cotyledon and purple colour chalazal cap in Volkomer lemon, while ovoid shape
with white cotyledon and brown clour chalazal cap in Gajanimma. Volkomer
fruit weight was 75 gm with TSS 8oB and ten seed weight 1.15 gm in IC583247,
whereas fruits were heavier (201 gm) with TSS 6.0oB and ten seed weight 1.05
gm in IC591409. Gajanimma fruits were heavier (218 gm) with TSS 8.07oB and
ten seeds weight recorded was 0.39 gm.
C. limettioides fruits were ellipsoid to spheroid with slightly mammiform

to rounded fruit apex (Fig. 5.10 E,F). Yellow colour fruit had smooth texture and
contained ovoid to spheroid seeds with cream to white cotyledon and brown
chalazal spot colour. Fruit weight of sweet lime ranged from 78 to 158 gm, TSS
ranged from 8.6 to 11oB and ten seed weight varied from 0.5 to 1.33 gm. Detailed
data of qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 5.2 and 5.3.
97
Fig. 5.2. Phenotypic variability in Indigenous cultivars of Citrus medica (Citron)

collected from Northeast India India, (A) Themachhi from Meghalaya; (B) Bora
tenga from Mizoram; (C, D) Tayum from Arunachal Pradesh; (E) Bemberia
from Sikkim; (F) Themachhi from Meghalaya
98
Acid members group
Fig. 5.3. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of Citrus limon
(Lemon) collected from different part of India, (A) Assam lemon from Assam;
(B, C) MD-487, Bhadri lemon from Punjab; (D) MDY-82, Eureka lemon from
Punjab; (E) MD-504, Villa franca from Punjab; (F) MD-413, Baramasi lemon
from Uttarakhand
99
Fig. 5.4. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of C. pseudolimon (Galgal)

collected from Himachal Pradesh and Meghalaya, (A-E) Galgal from Himachal
Pradesh; (F) MD-07/125, Chinara from Meghalaya
100
Acid members group
Fig. 5.5. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of C. jambhiri (Rough

lemon) collected from different parts of India, (A) Jatti khatti from Punjab; (B)
Jalandhari khatti from Punjab; (C) Soh bitter from Assam; (D) Jambhiri from
Arunachal Pradesh; (E) Jamir from Himachal Pradesh; (F) Sinduri lemon from
Assam
101
Fig. 5.6. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of C. jambhiri (Rough

lemon) collected from different parts of India, (A) MD-11/67, Soh bitter from
Assam; (B) MD-11/69, from Assam; (C) MD-11/87, from Nagaland; (D) MD-
11/92, from Nagaland; (E) MD-11/96, Ganpen from Nagaland; (F) MD-11/97,
from Nagaland
102
Acid members group
Fig. 5.7. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of Citrus karna (Duranj)

collected from different parts of India, (A, B) Duranj from Himachal Pradesh;
(C) MSA-07, from H.P; (D) MSA-14 from H.P.; (E) MSA-19, from H.P; (F)
MD-11/56, Karna khatta from Assam
103
Fig. 5.8. Phenotypic variability in cultivars of C. limonia (Rangpur lime) collected

from different parts of India, (A) MD-11/45, Rangpur lime from Assam; (B)
MD-11/86, Tenga from Nagaland.
Fig. 5.9. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of C. aurantifolia (Lime)

collected from Uttar Pradesh, (A) Habit of sour lime (Nimbu); (B) tree bearing
mature fruits; (C, D) Variability in fruits
104
Acid members group
Fig. 5.10. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of C. aurantifolia

(Nimbu) and C. limettioides collected from different parts of India, (A, B) MD-
09-22, Arunachal Lime from Arunachal Pradesh; (C) MD-11/47, Kagzi lime
from Assam; (D) MSA-36, Kagji lime from H.P; (E, F) Sweet lime from Andhra
Pradesh
105
Table 5.2. Qualitative parameters of fruit and seed in Acid members group of Citrus
MDY-71 395400 C. medica Citron Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-475 470376 C. medica Citron Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD/07/115 558139 C. medica Themachhi Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Spheroid Cream Reddish
MD/07/123 558147 C. medica Themachhi Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-10/49 586997 C. medica Bemberia Ellipsoid Mammiform Light yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-10/62 587010 C. medica Bemberia Ellipsoid Mammiform Light yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid Cream Reddish
MS-41 587029 C. medica Themachhi Ellipsoid Mammiform Light yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid Cream Reddish
MD-11/48 591406 C. medica Pati-jora Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-11/49 591407 C. medica Bira-jora Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream Reddish
MD-11/52 591410 C. medica Soh-mondong Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Cuneiform Cream Reddish
MD-11/63 591421 C. medica Citron Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Semideltoid Cream Reddish
106
MD-11/64 591422 C. medica Gandharaj Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Reddish
MD-11/65A 591424 C. medica Pongam Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Reddish
MD-11/66 591425 C. medica Holong tenga Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Spheroid Cream Reddish
MD-11/74 591433 C. medica Citron Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Reddish
MD-11/83 591442 C. medica Bore tenga Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Light Reddish
cream
MD-11/84 591443 C. medica Jora tenga Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Light Reddish
cream
MD-11/85 591444 C. medica Citron Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-11/99 591458 C. medica Chonchuno Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Light Reddish
cream
MDY-21 395354 C. limon Baramasi lemon Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Purple
MDY-76 395404 C. limon Villafranca Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Cuneiform Cream Reddish
MDY-81 395409 C. limon Harvey lemon Spheroid Acute Green Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MDY-82 395410 C. limon Eureka lemon Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Light Brown
green
MD-413 470328 C. limon Baramasi lemon Spheroid Acute Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream Dark
brown
MD-483 470382 C. limon Lemon Pyriform Mammiform Green yellow Rough Strong Clavate Cream Deep
purple
MD-487 470385 C. limon Bhadri lemon Ellipsoid Acute Dark yellow Rough Strong Clavate Cream Deep
purple
MD-489 470387 C. limon Lemon Pyriform Depressed Dark yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid White Deep
purple
MD-497 470392 C. limon Lemon Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Deep
purple
MD-504 470398 C. limon Villa Franca Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-07/152 558176 C. limon Lemon Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Light Purple
green
MD-11/39 591397 C. limon Assam lemon Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Spheroid Cream Purple
MD-11/75 591434 C. limon Lemon Spheroid Rounded Yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid Cream Purple
MDY-16 395349 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Ovoid Cream Raddish
107
MDY-17 395350 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Raddish
MDY-19 395352 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Rough Strong Ovoid White Purple
MDY-22 395355 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Purple
MDY-24 395357 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid White Reddish
Acid members group
MDY-26 395359 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Reddish
MDY-28 395361 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Reddish
MDY-31 395364 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid White Reddish
MDY-43 395375 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Goldenyellow Rough Strong Ovoid Cream Reddish
MD-409 470324 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Truncate Dark yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Cream Purple
MD-410 470325 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Pitted Medium Semi-deltoid White Deep
purple
MD-416 470331 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Deep
purple
MD-418 470333 C. pseudolimon Galgal Spheroid Truncate Dark yellow Smooth Medium Semi-deltoid White Brown
MD-420 470335 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Deep
purple
MD-438 470353 C. pseudolimon Galgal Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Deep
purple
MD/07/122 558146 C. pseudolimon Chinara Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Light Purple
green
MD/07/158 558182 C. pseudolimon Chinara Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Purple
MD-11/59 591417 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid Cream Purple
MSA-05 593851 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Green Yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid White Purple
MSA-06 593852 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Rounded Green Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Purple
MSA-13 593858 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Rounded Green yellow Rough Strong Spherod Creamish Purple
MSA-20 593863 C. pseudolimon Galgal Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid Cream Purple
MDY-25 395358 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Light orange Smooth Strong Clavate Light Purple
green
MDY-27 395360 C. Jambhiri Jambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Dark orange Rough Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MDY-32 395365 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Golden yellow Rough Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
108
MDY-37 395369 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Strong Cuneiform Green Purple
MDY-38 395370 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Pyriform Mammiform Yellow Rough Strong Ovoid Cream Purple
MDY-41 395373 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Yellow orange Rough Medium Ovoid Cream Reddish
MDY-45 395376 C. jambhiri Jambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Light orange Rough Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MDY-62 395392 C. jambhiri Jallandhari Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Medium Clavate Green Purple
khatti
MDY-63 395393 C. jambhiri Jatti khatti Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Purple
MDY-64 395394 C. jambhiri Esteus rough Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MDY-83 395411 C. jambhiri Mithi Spheroid Depressed Dark yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MD-401 470316 C. jambhiri Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MD-421 470336 C. jambhiri Jamir Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Strong Clavate Light Reddish
green
MD-423 470338 C. jambhiri Gambhiri Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MD-435 470350 C. jambhiri Jatti Khati Pyriform Truncate Yellow Rough Strong Clavate Light Reddish
green
MD-477 470378 C. jambhiri Gambhir Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Strong Clavate Cream Reddish
MD-478 470379 C. jambhiri Jamir Ovoid Mammiform Green Rough Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Reddish
MD-479 470380 C. jambhiri Jamir Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Green Purple
MD/07/133 558157 C. jambhiri Atol Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light Reddish
green
MD-09-05 583248 C. jambhiri Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Rough Strong Clavate Light Deep
green purple
KARHMD- 586988 C. jambhiri Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Green Pitted Medium Clavate Light Deep
10/40 yellow green purple
MD-10/53 587001 C. jambhiri Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Light orange Smooth Strong Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-10/56 587004 C. jambhiri Naity Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Yellow green Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Deep
purple
109
MD-10/58 587006 C. jambhiri Naity Jamir Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-10/68 587016 C. jambhiri Naity Jamir Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Pitted Strong Spheroid Cream Deep
purple
Acid members group
MD-11/40 591398 C. jambhiri Gol nimbu Ellipsoid Round Yellow Smooth Weak Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/41 591399 C. jambhiri Hathi nimbu Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/54 591412 C. jambhiri Sinduri lemon Spheroid Rounded Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/57 591415 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Medium Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/60 591418 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Pappilate Weak Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/67 591426 C. jambhiri Soh bitter Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pappilate Medium Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/69 591428 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Medium Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/76 591435 C. jambhiri Nimbu tenga Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Medium Clavate White Deep
purple
MD-11/81 591440 C. jambhiri Gol nimbu Spheroid Rounded Orange Pitted Medium Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/87 591446 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform dark yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/92 591451 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Weak Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/93 591452 C. jambhiri Hasu Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Medium Ovoid White Deep
purple
MD-11/96 591455 C. jambhiri Ganpen Spheroid Mammiform Green orange Pitted Medium Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/97 591456 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MD-11/100 591459 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Rounded Yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Light Deep
110
green purple
MSA-25 593866 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Pappilate Medium Ovoid Light Deep
green purple
MSA-41 593879 C. jambhiri Rough lemon Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Pitted Medium Clavate Light Deep
green purple
MDY-18 395351 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Yellow orange Smooth Strong Ovoid White Red
MDY-20 395353 C. karna Karna Khatta Ellipsoid Mammiform Green Smooth Strong Ovoid White Purple
MDY-29 395362 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Orange Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Red
MDY-30 395363 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Red
MDY-34 395367 C. karna Karna khatta Spheroid Mammiform Golden yellow Smooth Strong Clavate White Red
MDY-39 395371 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Orange Rough Strong Clavate White Red
MDY-40 395372 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Clavate White Red
MDY-46 395377 C. karna Karna Khatta Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Red
MD-403 470318 C. karna Duranj Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark orange Pitted Medium Spheroid Light Purple
yellow
MD-414 470329 C. karna Duranj Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Red
MD-424 470339 C. karna Duranj Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Red
MD-480 470381 C. karna Karna Khatta Pyriform Mammiform Green yellow Rough Strong Ovoid White Red
MD-11/56 591414 C. karna Karna khatta Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Red
MD-11/62 591420 C. karna Karna khatta Spheroid Mammiform Orange Smooth Strong Semideltoid Cream Red
MSA-01 593849 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-07 593853 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Green Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-08 593854 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Orange Smooth Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-12 593857 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Green Rough Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-14 593859 C. karna Duranj Ellipsoid Mammiform Green yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Red
MSA-15 593860 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Dark Yellow Pitted Strong Clavate Cream Red
MSA-17 593861 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Red
MSA-19 593862 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Rough Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-26 593867 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Ovoid White Red
MSA-28 593869 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Dark yellow Rough Strong Ovoid White Red
111
MSA-29 593870 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Red
MSA-35 593874 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Green yellow Pitted Strong Semideltoid Cream Red
MSA-37 593875 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Red orange Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Red
MSA-38 593876 C. karna Duranj Ellipsoid Mammiform Orange Rough Strong Clavate White Red
Acid members group
MSA-39 593877 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Rough Strong Clavate White Red
MSA-40 593878 C. karna Duranj Spheroid Mammiform Orange Pitted Strong Semideltoid White Red
MD-09-04 583247 C. volkameriana Volkomer lemonSpheroid Rounded Orange Pitted Medium Clavate Cream Purple
MD-11/51 591409 C. volkameriana Volkomer lemonSpheroid Rounded Orange Pitted Medium Clavate Cream Purple
MD-466 470371 C. pennivesiculata Gajanimma Spheroid Rounded Light yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid White Brown
MDY-23 395356 C. aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Ellipsoid Acute Green yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Light Brown
green
MDY-79 395407 C. aurantifolia Coorge lime Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light Dark
green brown
MDY-80 395408 C. aurantifolia Sylhet lime Ellipsoid Truncate Orange Smooth Strong Cuneiform Light Brown
green
MDY-89 395417 C. aurantifolia Seedless lemon Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream Dark
brown
MDY-90 395418 C. aurantifolia Pant-1 lemon Ellipsoid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream Dark
brown
MD-415 470330 C. aurantifolia Kagji nimbu Ellipsoid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-490 470388 C. aurantifolia Nimbu Pyriform Mammiform Green yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Brown
MD-496 470391 C. aurantifolia Nimbu Ellipsoid Mammiform Orange Rough Strong Fusiform Cream Brown
MD/07/139 558163 C. aurantifolia Kaghzi-nimbu Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Brown
MD/07/142 558166 C. aurantifolia Kaghzi-nimbu Ellipsoid Mammiform Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Brown
MD/07/153 558177 C. aurantifolia Kaghzi-nimbu Ellipsoid Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid White Brown
MD-11/47 591405 C. aurantifolia Kagzi lime Spheroid Round Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Light
brown
MSA-04 593850 C. aurantifolia Nimbu Spheoid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong clavate Cream light
brown
MD-11/73 591432 C. limettioides Sweet lime Ellipsoid Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Brown
112
MD-11/91 591450 C. limettioides Sweet lime Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid White Light
brown
MDY-65 395395 C. limonia Rangpur lime Spheroid Depressed Dark orange Smooth Strong Cuneiform Light Reddish
green
MDY-88 395416 C. limonia Rangpur lime Spheroid Depressed Orange Smooth Strong Clavate Light Reddish
green
MD-10/50 586998 C. limonia Kole Jamir Spheroid Truncate yellow Pitted Medium Semi-deltiod Cream Purple
MD-10/63 587011 C. limonia Rangpur lime Spheroid Truncate Orange Pitted Medium Cuneiform Light Purple
green
MD-10/67 587015 C. limonia Kole Jamir Pyriform Acute Orange Pitted Medium Cuneiform Cream Purple
MD-11/45 591403 C. limonia Rangpur lime Spheroid Round Orange Smooth Weak Cuneiform Cream Purple
MD-11/86 591445 C. limonia Tenga Spheroid Round Orange Smooth Weak Semideltoid Light Light
green brown
MD-11/95 591454 C. limonia Rangpur lime Spheroid Rounded Orange Smooth Medium Clavate Cream Brown
Table 5.3. Quantitative data of Acid members group
Coll. No. IC No. Species Name Common/Vern. Fruit Fruit Fruit Width of Fruit No. of TSS No. of 10
/Cult. Name weight diameter length epicarp at rind segments (0B) seed/ Seed
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MDY-71 395400 C. medica Citron 114.98 40.67 72.67 1.74 6.91 10.67 4.00 7.00 0.64
±0.78 ±0.67 ±1.45 ±0.26 ±0.42 ±0.67 ±0.10 ±3.21 ±0.05
MD-475 470376 C. medica Citron 119.74 52.60 96.58 2.66 7.38 10.67 7.33 3.51 0.27
±8.50 ±7.56 ±1.87 ±0.25 ±0.49 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±2.03 ±0.02
MD/07/115 558139 C. medica Themachhi 85.00 36.10 87.10 1.83 10.00 10.00 5.80 10.54 0.73
±5.70 ±0.85 ±0.78 ±0.17 ±1.15 ±0.58 ±0.78 ±13.00 ±0.00
MD/07/123 558147 C. medica Themachhi 83.33 46.00 63.33 2.00 10.33 11.67 7.83 6.00 0.64
±8.33 ±1.00 ±3.33 ±0.47 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±3.00 ±0.05
MD-10/49 586997 C. medica Bemberia 144.00 61.77 71.10 2.29 9.09 8.67 7.33 2.00 0.65
113
±5.23 ±1.32 ±6.25 ±0.03 ±0.99 ±0.67 ±0.33 ±0.47 ±0.05
MD-10/62 587010 C. medica Bemberia 141.33 61.44 82.71 2.17 8.21 10.67 8.00 10.00 0.73
±5.20 ±1.88 ±4.84 ±0.17 ±1.06 ±0.67 ±0.00 ±1.15 ±0.06
Acid members group
MS-41 587029 C. medica Themachhi 82.00 42.00 43.18 2.33 9.33 11.00 5.60 18.93 0.73
±2.00 ±1.15 ±0.00 ±0.17 ±0.33 ±0.65 ±0.45 ±9.50 ±0.10
MD-11/48 591406 C. medica Bira-jora 380.00 89.27 98.26 2.54 10.53 11.00 5.80 51.00 1.69
±9.75 ±9.72 ±8.77 ±0.06 ±0.11 ±0.45 ±6.00 ±5.50 ±0.06
MD-11/49 591407 C. medica Bira-jora 241.67 79.30 81.18 1.09 3.94 13.00 7.13 92.67 1.96
±6.01 ±0.52 ±0.73 ±0.01 ±0.06 ±0.56 ±0.13 ±4.06 ±0.07
MD-11/52 591410 C. medica Soh-mondong 93.33 52.22 66.95 1.27 3.24 10.00 7.00 13.00 0.93
±5.50 ±0.24 ±5.68 ±0.08 ±0.08 ±0.45 ±0.00 ±1.00 ±0.03
MD-11/63 591421 C. medica Citron 390.00 80.38 109.04 1.56 8.17 10.00 7.67 95.00 0.77
±9.50 ±5.53 ±5.29 ±0.06 ±0.54 ±0.60 ±0.33 ±7.12 ±0.16
MD-11/64 591422 C. medica Gandharaj 451.67 80.84 135.24 2.25 7.80 10.00 5.67 24.00 0.84
±9.45 ±5.81 ±6.45 ±0.34 ±0.28 ±0.65 ±0.33 ±6.23 ±0.14
MD-11/65A 591424 C. medica Pongam 400.00 76.97 88.58 2.15 7.71 10.33 7.67 10.33 0.66
±6.50 ±5.37 ±6.12 ±0.05 ±0.70 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.05
MD-11/66 591425 C. medica Holong tenga 285.00 76.11 101.14 2.39 7.05 11.67 7.67 68.67 0.51
±9.50 ±2.45 ±2.97 ±0.16 ±0.36 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±6.12 ±0.11
±8.26 ±5.40 ±5.12 ±0.10 ±0.23 ±0.33 ±0.29 ±5.81 ±0.02
MD-11/83 591442 C. medica Bore tenga 228.33 73.23 93.28 1.58 5.61 10.00 7.00 15.00 0.83
±7.26 ±4.85 ±2.17 ±0.08 ±0.32 ±0.78 ±0.94 ±5.13 ±0.14
MD-11/84 591443 C. medica Jora tenga 228.33 73.23 93.28 1.58 5.61 10.00 7.00 15.00 0.83
±8.45 ±4.85 ±2.17 ±0.08 ±0.32 ±0.89 ±0.05 ±5.13 ±0.14
±7.45 ±2.52 ±5.29 ±0.27 ±0.19 ±0.58 ±0.17 ±6.12 ±0.06
114
MD-11/99 591458 C. medica Chonchuno 41.67 39.30 51.02 1.38 7.42 10.33 10.00 7.67 1.12
±4.41 ±1.06 ±2.43 ±0.10 ±0.13 ±0.33 ±0.65 ±0.88 ±0.07
MDY-21 395354 C. limon Baramasi lemon 218.71 64.70 60.30 1.00 1.67 14.33 4.00 18.67 1.81
±6.16 ±0.12 ±0.37 ±0.56 ±0.20 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.45 ±0.04
MDY-76 395404 C. limon Villa Franca 43.67 97.30 71.30 1.27 0.10 10.33 4.00 58.33 0.69
±10.71 ±0.43 ±0.32 ±0.17 ±0.05 ±0.67 ±0.00 ±4.84 ±0.04
MDY-81 395409 C. limon Harvey lemon 123.67 58.30 51.30 3.64 0.40 13.67 5.00 58.33 1.76
±2.03 ±0.33 ±0.41 ±0.12 ±0.86 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±4.84 ±0.03
MDY-82 395410 C. limon Eureka lemon 150.00 60.22 73.87 2.10 3.50 8.00 6.00 12.00 0.69
±5.26 ±0.58 ±0.56 ±0.25 ±0.56 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.08
MD-413 470328 C. limon Baramasi lemon 148.42 62.32 66.05 1.73 2.02 13.00 7.27 2.00 0.91
±9.87 ±2.81 ±4.94 ±0.11 ±0.22 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±1.00 ±0.01
MD-483 470382 C. limon Lemon 166.44 68.39 79.14 2.87 1.31 10.67 7.13 15.00 1.17
±9.16 ±4.83 ±8.56 ±0.21 ±0.15 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.05 ±0.02
MD-487 470385 C. limon Bhadri lemon 470.50 92.51 122.23 4.96 14.47 12.33 8.87 74.67 1.17
±8.21 ±2.49 ±2.01 ±0.23 ±2.11 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±8.57 ±0.01
MD-489 470387 C. limon Lemon 250.26 81.26 86.21 4.41 8.52 9.33 8.87 16.33 1.16
±9.32 ±2.88 ±1.69 ±0.38 ±0.61 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±3.53 ±0.07
MD-497 470392 C. limon Lemon 184.19 63.86 89.30 1.83 1.18 9.67 8.87 5.00 0.69
±9.30 ±3.83 ±9.50 ±0.16 ±0.11 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±2.31 ±0.01
MD-504 470398 C. limon Villa Franca 134.41 59.18 72.09 1.91 3.24 8.67 5.13 9.33 0.60
±8.20 ±3.34 ±7.50 ±0.19 ±0.56 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±2.60 ±0.06
MD/07/152 558176 C. limon Lemon 88.33 35.93 45.30 0.10 0.13 10.33 7.60 15.00 1.09
±4.41 ±0.75 ±0.03 ±0.56 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.23 ±3.00 ±0.06
MD-11/39 591397 C. limon Assam lemon 121.67 51.50 89.03 1.96 3.68 13.33 7.17 3.67 1.53
±5.50 ±1.36 ±5.29 ±0.10 ±0.04 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±2.03 ±0.04
MD-11/75 591434 C. limon Lemon 173.33 78.71 82.90 2.16 4.42 12.00 7.60 5.69 0.69
±9.50 ±8.18 ±7.61 ±0.04 ±0.27 ±0.58 ±0.49 ±0.05 ±0.15
115
MDY-16 395349 C. pseudolimon Galgal 63.33 35.53 45.27 1.50 1.31 11.67 4.00 18.67 0.94
±6.01 ±0.30 ±0.29 ±0.06 ±0.15 ±0.33 ±0.56 ±1.45 ±0.06
±5.00 ±0.57 ±0.10 ±0.03 ±2.11 ±0.58 ±0.45 ±1.45 ±0.06
Acid members group
±9.30 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±0.03 ±0.61 ±0.33 ±0.59 ±3.79 ±0.04
±7.12 ±0.78 ±0.06 ±0.07 ±0.45 ±0.58 ±0.63 ±1.45 ±0.06
±9.25 ±0.64 ±0.59 ±0.14 ±0.12 ±0.58 ±0.00 ±3.79 ±0.13
±8.23 ±0.58 ±0.18 ±0.06 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.03
±2.89 ±0.59 ±0.50 ±0.96 ±0.37 ±0.00 ±0.26 ±1.45 ±0.08
±9.65 ±0.50 ±0.10 ±0.36 ±0.14 ±0.36 ±0.53 ±1.45 ±0.26
±6.20 ±0.38 ±0.20 ±0.01 ±0.20 ±1.45 ±0.46 ±1.25 ±0.06
MD-409 470324 C. pseudolimon Galgal 326.70 83.48 92.17 2.55 9.20 9.00 6.07 26.67 1.31
±6.30 ±0.26 ±2.35 ±0.47 ±0.92 ±0.25 ±0.07 ±2.03 ±0.03
±6.60 ±0.75 ±1.71 ±0.12 ±0.70 ±0.00 ±0.07 ±1.76 ±0.06
±9.30 ±6.74 ±8.46 ±0.36 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±3.76 ±0.09
±7.50 ±0.58 ±5.12 ±0.29 ±2.79 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±6.50 ±0.09
±7.10 ±1.03 ±3.82 ±0.01 ±0.09 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.07
116
±5.50 ±2.05 ±8.50 ±0.01 ±0.27 ±0.07 ±0.17 ±0.88 ±0.08
MD-07/122 558146 C. pseudolimon Chinara 338.33 62.33 69.00 2.10 4.59 12.00 5.67 44.00 0.70
±5.50 ±0.33 ±0.14 ±0.00 ±0.06 ±0.29 ±0.17 ±5.03 ±0.45
MD/07/158 558182 C. pseudolimon Chinara 338.33 65.33 71.00 2.10 5.40 10.00 5.67 44.00 2.97
±5.50 ±0.33 ±0.29 ±0.00 ±0.06 ±0.58 ±0.17 ±5.03 ±0.26
MD-11/59 591417 C. pseudolimon Galgal 291.67 78.26 93.07 2.38 4.50 11.00 5.83 10.00 1.51
±7.50 ±5.51 ±9.61 ±0.20 ±0.14 ±0.45 ±0.17 ±3.61 ±0.09
MSA-05 593851 C. pseudolimon Galgal 356.67 82.56 176.48 2.14 4.56 11.00 7.17 13.67 2.36
±5.50 ±2.05 ±8.50 ±0.01 ±0.27 ±0.09 ±0.17 ±0.88 ±0.08
±5.75 ±1.78 ±0.93 ±0.02 ±0.07 ±0.25 ±0.07 ±0.67 ±0.09
±7.50 ±1.06 ±3.44 ±0.22 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±3.93 ±0.10
±8.82 ±2.52 ±0.37 ±0.16 ±0.06 ±0.33 ±0.15 ±1.86 ±0.12
MDY-25 395358 C. jambhiri Jambhiri 119.01 43.30 54.00 2.52 3.13 9.00 3.00 6.67 0.99
±8.42 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.18 ±0.03 ±0.58 ±0.00 ±1.67 ±0.03
±8.45 ±0.15 ±0.21 ±0.09 ±0.38 ±0.67 ±0.15 ±2.03 ±0.03
±8.45 ±0.15 ±0.44 ±0.42 ±0.46 ±0.33 ±0.45 ±4.33 ±0.01
±7.50 ±0.36 ±0.41 ±0.16 ±0.73 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±3.21 ±0.01
±3.25 ±0.09 ±0.10 ±0.54 ±0.16 ±0.33 ±0.25 ±0.88 ±0.01
±4.41 ±0.18 ±7.14 ±0.45 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.26 ±1.67 ±0.01
117
±7.64 ±0.18 ±0.20 ±0.54 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.67 ±0.01
MDY-62 395392 C. jambhiri Jallandhari khatti 100.00 55.70 66.90 2.52 3.20 11.00 3.00 20.00 0.64
±10.00 ±0.46 ±0.06 ±0.18 ±0.00 ±0.58 ±0.00 ±2.31 ±0.02
Acid members group
MDY-63 395393 C. jambhiri Jatti khatti 95.00 59.00 67.80 1.14 2.77 9.00 3.67 20.00 0.64
±7.50 ±0.00 ±0.17 ±0.09 ±0.37 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±2.31 ±0.02
MDY-64 395394 C. jambhiri Esteus rough 101.67 33.83 46.47 2.87 6.52 9.00 4.00 23.33 0.64
±6.01 ±7.25 ±0.15 ±0.42 ±0.11 ±0.58 ±0.12 ±0.88 ±0.02
MDY-83 395411 C. jambhiri Mithi 116.67 55.33 66.13 1.27 2.27 10.67 1.00 9.67 0.71
±8.82 ±0.09 ±0.15 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.45 ±0.06
MD-401 470316 C. jambhiri Jamir 101.88 55.91 55.55 1.42 1.80 8.33 1.00 17.67 0.71
±3.25 ±0.87 ±1.09 ±0.19 ±0.14 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.76 ±0.06
±8.23 ±1.84 ±3.69 ±0.54 ±0.38 ±0.04 ±0.07 ±2.03 ±0.01
MD-423 470338 C. jambhiri Gambhiri 148.25 56.43 60.56 2.88 2.69 9.67 5.93 13.33 1.04
±8.25 ±2.13 ±0.44 ±0.45 ±0.46 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±4.33 ±0.03
MD-435 470350 C. jambhiri Jatti Khati 105.54 64.51 67.47 2.49 4.47 9.00 10.00 22.00 0.71
±7.42 ±0.76 ±0.72 ±0.54 ±0.73 ±1.00 ±0.16 ±3.21 ±0.04
MD-477 470378 C. jambhiri Grambhir 156.68 67.89 81.73 3.94 3.67 10.33 6.67 15.67 0.91
±7.50 ±3.14 ±2.50 ±0.53 ±0.16 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.88 ±0.04
±8.81 ±0.84 ±4.46 ±0.20 ±0.39 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.58 ±0.07
±3.15 ±1.10 ±0.33 ±0.06 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.00 ±0.01
MD/07/133 558157 C. jambhiri Atol 125.33 57.00 63.67 2.05 3.13 9.00 6.93 6.67 0.80
±0.33 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.12 ±0.03 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±1.67 ±0.01
MD-09-05 583248 C. jambhiri Jamir 101.67 56.30 66.38 3.46 5.73 9.67 6.67 9.67 0.90
±6.01 ±0.04 ±0.10 ±0.23 ±0.57 ±1.45 ±0.33 ±1.45 ±0.05
118
KARHMD- 586988 C. jambhiri Jamir 95.00 59.53 61.81 3.84 8.78 8.67 7.67 9.67 0.90
10/40 ±8.45 ±1.75 ±0.93 ±0.70 ±0.73 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±1.45 ±0.00
MD-10/53 587001 C. jambhiri Jamir 98.00 37.17 36.20 1.59 2.91 9.00 7.90 9.67 0.72
±6.50 ±2.89 ±2.05 ±0.20 ±0.96 ±0.58 ±1.24 ±1.45 ±0.00
MD-10/56 587004 C. jambhiri Naity Jamir 127.00 62.84 69.65 3.12 7.22 9.00 6.67 25.00 1.20
±6.81 ±0.37 ±2.66 ±0.47 ±0.78 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.67 ±0.00
±3.71 ±1.25 ±0.66 ±0.10 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.76 ±1.45 ±0.00
±5.21 ±1.57 ±18.81 ±0.23 ±0.11 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.88 ±0.00
MD-11/40 591398 C. jambhiri Gol nimbu 153.33 55.56 94.52 1.71 4.30 10.33 8.17 22.33 1.94
±9.28 ±0.59 ±5.45 ±0.09 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±3.71 ±0.08
MD-11/41 591399 C. jambhiri Hathi nimbu 203.33 74.63 74.04 4.56 8.03 10.00 7.50 28.67 1.77
±5.50 ±1.09 ±1.90 ±0.15 ±0.05 ±0.06 ±0.05 ±1.67 ±0.06
MD-11/54 591412 C. jambhiri Sinduri lemon 115.00 59.06 60.93 1.69 4.11 9.00 9.00 15.67 0.26
±7.64 ±1.46 ±0.93 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±0.02 ±0.01 ±5.70 ±0.03
MD-11/57 591415 C. jambhiri Rough lemon 213.33 74.05 71.00 1.16 4.52 9.00 6.00 23.33 1.48
±8.50 ±1.09 ±3.91 ±0.04 ±0.20 ±0.12 ±0.00 ±0.88 ±0.13
±8.56 ±3.26 ±2.45 ±0.12 ±0.03 ±0.15 ±0.29 ±1.15 ±017
MD-11/67 591426 C. jambhiri Soh bitter 273.33 74.24 77.99 2.16 4.52 10.67 7.67 23.33 1.15
±9.50 ±1.57 ±3.66 ±0.03 ±0.29 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±4.67 ±0.02
±9.50 ±2.98 ±5.93 ±0.09 ±0.17 ±0.02 ±0.50 ±2.89 ±0.08
MD-11/76 591435 C. jambhiri Nimbu tenga 58.33 45.96 46.15 1.18 7.13 10.00 6.84 38.67 0.56
±4.41 ±1.96 ±3.50 ±0.04 ±0.38 ±0.06 ±0.32 ±7.50 ±0.15
MD-11/81 591440 C. jambhiri Gol nimbu 88.33 53.83 53.20 1.09 1.74 8.67 10.00 11.00 0.63
±7.26 ±2.23 ±2.73 ±0.04 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.58 ±0.09
119
±1.67 ±1.60 ±0.15 ±0.19 ±0.20 ±0.33 ±0.88 ±0.06 ±0.16
±3.33 ±1.32 ±1.64 ±0.32 ±0.64 ±0.33 ±0.29 ±0.67 ±0.06
Acid members group
MD-11/93 591452 C. jambhiri Hasu 26.67 39.00 42.52 1.03 2.55 7.67 8.00 6.00 1.20
±1.67 ±0.53 ±1.49 ±0.03 ±0.08 ±0.67 ±0.02 ±0.58 ±0.04
MD-11/96 591455 C. jambhiri Ganpen 121.67 75.09 80.84 2.63 7.74 10.00 9.00 13.00 1.30
±8.50 ±0.57 ±5.98 ±0.13 ±0.06 ±0.00 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.10
±8.50 ±3.19 ±1.58 ±0.13 ±0.15 ±0.33 ±0.05 ±1.86 ±0.05
±2.89 ±2.55 ±1.62 ±0.12 ±0.03 ±0.67 ±0.17 ±3.84 ±0.03
MSA-25 593866 C. jambhiri Rough lemon 215.00 74.27 72.62 3.35 4.95 10.33 7.00 24.33 1.48
±7.50 ±2.14 ±1.25 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±1.45 ±0.02
MSA-41 593879 C. jambhiri Rough lemon 83.33 55.32 57.60 2.06 4.11 9.00 8.00 23.67 1.32
±7.50 ±3.98 ±4.19 ±0.05 ±0.03 ±0.42 ±0.15 ±1.45 ±0.03
MDY-18 395351 C. karna Karna Khatta 351.97 69.67 56.67 3.45 8.17 9.00 4.00 17.00 1.58
±8.20 ±6.49 ±1.67 ±0.48 ±0.44 ±0.58 ±0.03 ±3.35 ±0.61
±7.30 ±0.27 ±0.10 ±0.00 ±0.11 ±0.67 ±0.12 ±0.09 ±0.04
±8.20 ±8.33 ±7.33 ±0.44 ±0.44 ±1.00 ±0.03 ±6.50 ±0.62
±8.20 ±1.00 ±3.76 ±0.54 ±0.30 ±3.34 ±1.59 ±3.18 ±0.02
MDY-34 395367 C. karna Karna khatta 351.97 103.50 92.50 3.55 9.71 12.00 4.00 20.67 1.58
±9.75 ±8.50 ±2.04 ±0.82 ±0.88 ±0.58 ±1.48 ±3.18 ±0.02
±9.50 ±6.50 ±6.50 ±1.38 ±4.18 ±5.22 ±2.35 ±8.00 ±0.63
120
±8.50 ±7.25 ±6.32 ±1.33 ±3.90 ±4.29 ±1.70 ±5.25 ±0.62
±9.75 ±37.67 ±33.92 ±1.36 ±4.12 ±4.80 ±2.12 ±6.50 ±0.65
MD-403 470318 C. karna Duranj 216.49 67.09 74.82 2.25 6.72 11.33 6.07 18.67 1.05
±7.10 ±3.15 ±2.51 ±0.38 ±0.81 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.45 ±0.06
MD-414 470329 C. karna Duranj 315.33 84.13 86.97 3.47 8.17 11.00 6.67 20.67 1.50
±9.50 ±5.98 ±6.36 ±035 ±0.44 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±3.18 ±0.07
MD-424 470339 C. karna Duranj 396.92 77.14 106.87 2.71 8.89 9.33 6.40 8.00 1.28
±8.49 ±2.66 ±3.13 ±0.16 ±0.59 ±0.33 ±0.02 ±2.08 ±0.33
MD-480 470381 C. karna Karna Khatta 351.97 95.35 92.01 3.65 9.67 11.33 7.07 36.67 1.58
±8.20 ±0.19 ±7.50 ±1.44 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.18 ±7.84 ±0.60
MD-11/56 591414 C. karna Karna khatta 305.00 91.54 96.27 3.10 16.83 11.00 8.33 28.00 1.51
±8.12 ±6.23 ±7.31 ±1.66 ±5.52 ±4.10 ±3.03 ±7.50 ±0.62
MD-11/62 591420 C. karna Karna khatta 315.00 85.25 82.94 2.25 11.24 10.33 9.00 23.33 2.25
±8.23 ±6.50 ±6.75 ±1.57 ±5.66 ±4.23 ±3.09 ±6.50 ±0.67
MSA-01 593849 C. karna Duranj 186.67 69.36 74.50 2.88 6.95 10.67 6.53 23.00 2.35
±9.45 ±7.50 ±6.33 ±1.28 ±3.76 ±4.07 ±1.88 ±6.25 ±0.71
±8.50 ±7.50 ±6.50 ±1.48 ±3.73 ±4.02 ±2.40 ±6.12 ±0.77
±9.65 ±6.23 ±5.26 ±1.48 ±3.52 ±3.89 ±2.67 ±6.23 ±0.84
MSA-12 593857 C. karna Karna khatta 248.33 78.30 83.04 5.65 12.80 9.00 6.00 21.67 1.49
±8.50 ±6.43 ±7.43 ±1.58 ±3.99 ±3.75 ±2.64 ±5.22 ±0.73
±9.50 ±6.50 ±5.23 ±1.56 ±3.95 ±3.83 ±2.78 ±6.23 ±0.74
±8.50 ±6.33 ±6.25 ±1.55 ±3.87 ±3.89 ±2.77 ±6.50 ±0.74
121
±9.56 ±8.50 ±8.34 ±1.63 ±4.38 ±3.94 ±2.84 ±6.50 ±0.73
±8.50 ±6.50 ±7.80 ±1.63 ±4.48 ±3.96 ±2.79 ±6.40 ±0.73
Acid members group
±9.80 ±6.63 ±8.50 ±1.66 ±4.46 ±3.96 ±2.94 ±6.50 ±0.73
±9.75 ±5.33 ±7.64 ±1.66 ±4.47 ±4.01 ±2.92 ±6.35 ±0.73
±9.50 ±6.30 ±8.33 ±1.67 ±4.64 ±4.02 ±2.92 ±6.23 ±0.73
±9.45 ±6.50 ±8.12 ±1.70 ±5.23 ±3.99 ±2.96 ±6.50 ±0.73
±9.56 ±6.23 ±8.50 ±1.70 ±5.19 ±3.93 ±2.96 ±5.20 ±0.72
±9.50 ±6.12 ±8.23 ±1.69 ±5.13 ±3.78 ±2.96 ±6.50 ±0.71
±9.50 ±5.23 ±6.50 ±1.71 ±5.66 ±3.86 ±2.96 ±6.50 ±0.71
±9.50 ±6.50 ±8.23 ±1.72 ±4.80 ±3.94 ±3.06 ±5.50 ±0.71
MD-09-04 583247 C. volkameriana Volkamer lemon 75.000 52.67 54.00 2.31 2.90 8.66 8.00 14.66 1.05
±7.63 ±0.23 ±0.10 ±0.12 ±0.42 ±0.88 ±0.00 ±1.85 ±0.02
MD-11/51 591409 C. volkameriana Volkamer lemon 201.67 71.13 70.41 1.71 4.01 8.00 6.00 22.67 1.05
±6.50 ±4.26 ±4.57 ±0.07 ±0.05 ±0.05 ±0.03 ±3.71 ±0.02
MD-466 470371 C. pennivesiculata Gajanimma 218.7 81.77 67.62 2.61 7.73 12.67 8.07 1.00 0.39
±5.50 ±2.05 ±2.44 ±0.14 ±1.16 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.00
MDY-23 395356 C. aurantifolia Kaghzi nimbu 123.33 54.50 64.00 1.73 2.11 11.00 4.00 8.50 0.94
±6.36 ±0.06 ±0.15 ±0.11 ±0.45 ±0.58 ±0.10 ±1.22 ±0.06
122
MDY-79 395407 C. aurantifolia Coorge lime 123.33 56.77 65.97 1.73 2.20 9.00 3.00 18.00 0.94
±9.75 ±0.15 ±0.23 ±0.11 ±0.92 ±0.58 ±0.02 ±1.53 ±0.06
MDY-80 395408 C. aurantifolia Sylhet lime 148.42 60.00 64.63 1.73 2.95 12.33 4.00 2.00 0.52
±7.90 ±0.31 ±0.12 ±0.11 ±1.01 ±0.67 ±0.04 ±1.00 ±0.01
MDY-89 395417 C. aurantifolia Seedless lime 148.42 52.07 56.53 1.73 2.68 13.33 3.00 18.00 0.91
±8.30 ±0.18 ±0.18 ±0.11 ±1.43 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.53 ±0.01
MDY-90 395418 C. aurantifolia Pant-1 lime 148.42 56.00 54.63 1.43 1.99 12.33 4.00 18.00 0.52
±9.87 ±0.53 ±0.21 ±0.19 ±0.12 ±1.15 ±0.00 ±2.65 ±0.02
MD-415 470330 C. aurantifolia Kagji nimbu 40.18 25.07 23.97 1.11 1.89 8.33 5.07 4.00 0.52
±2.76 ±0.20 ±0.26 ±0.09 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.58 ±0.01
MD-490 470388 C. aurantifolia Nimbu 29.85 35.73 45.93 0.85 1.09 10.00 6.33 3.00 0.44
±3.45 ±1.59 ±2.09 ±0.03 ±0.07 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.00
MD-496 470391 C. aurantifolia Nimbu 150.63 66.08 84.38 1.39 2.95 10.67 5.87 4.33 0.95
±9.60 ±9.30 ±2.12 ±0.23 ±0.24 ±0.33 ±0.24 ±3.33 ±0.05
MD/07/139 558163 C. aurantifolia Kaghzi nimbu 145.00 56.50 68.53 1.10 3.20 8.33 6.23 15.00 1.80
±9.30 ±0.68 ±0.38 ±0.00 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.15 ±3.00 ±0.04
±7.32 ±0.33 ±0.37 ±0.03 ±0.02 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±1.00 ±0.05
±2.89 ±0.35 ±0.09 ±0.06 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±1.20 ±0.04
MD-11/47 591405 C. aurantifolia Kagzi lime 56.67 40.10 48.44 1.18 1.51 10.00 8.00 11.33 0.82
±7.26 ±2.25 ±2.26 ±0.05 ±0.04 ±0.04 ±0.02 ±1.67 ±0.04
MSA-04 593850 C. aurantifolia Nimbu 53.33 36.91 37.63 1.17 1.63 10.67 6.17 16.67 1.10
±1.67 ±0.62 ±0.45 ±0.02 ±0.09 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±1.67 ±0.02
MD-11/73 591432 C. limettioides Sweet lime 158.33 66.28 69.95 0.51 2.37 11.00 11.00 30.67 0.54
±6.50 ±3.51 ±4.33 ±0.03 ±0.16 ±0.06 ±0.29 ±0.88 ±0.08
MD-11/91 591450 C. limettioides Sweet lime 78.33 47.98 48.79 1.45 3.49 11.00 8.67 6.00 1.33
±8.33 ±2.57 ±2.07 ±0.32 ±0.14 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±2.08 ±0.06
MDY-65 395395 C. limonia Rangpur lime 99.73 59.72 67.02 1.08 2.50 7.67 3.00 18.67 1.76
123
±09.71 ±0.39 ±0.06 ±0.10 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.04 ±1.45 ±0.02
MDY-88 395416 C. limonia Rangpur lime 65.00 35.53 36.43 2.02 3.99 8.00 4.00 15.33 0.42
±5.00 ±0.37 ±0.58 ±0.32 ±0.14 ±0.02 ±0.06 ±3.53 ±0.05
MD-10/50 586998 C. limonia Kole Jamir 193.67 71.49 73.84 4.24 9.54 10.33 11.33 26.67 3.05
Acid members group
±6.50 ±0.51 ±4.34 ±0.14 ±0.37 ±0.33 ±0.67 ±3.33 ±0.00

MD-10/63 587011 C. limonia Rangpur lime 123.67 60.78 61.93 1.79 4.99 8.33 6.67 16.67 0.72
±2.03 ±0.49 ±1.10 ±0.11 ±0.14 ±0.88 ±0.33 ±1.67 ±0.00
MD-10/67 587015 C. limonia Kole Jamir 43.67 48.04 49.59 1.49 4.08 6.00 5.93 4.33 0.67
±5.50 ±5.22 ±5.46 ±0.06 ±0.13 ±0.58 ±0.43 ±0.67 ±0.00
±5.50 ±2.58 ±6.36 ±0.03 ±0.06 ±0.05 ±0.17 ±0.33 ±0.19
MD-11/86 591445 C. limonia Tenga 101.67 59.32 56.91 1.56 2.69 8.67 6.67 10.33 1.69
±5.50 ±2.36 ±2.17 ±0.16 ±0.42 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.88 ±0.15
±5.50 ±5.27 ±2.70 ±0.04 ±0.36 ±0.04 ±0.37 ±1.00 ±0.10
6. Pummelos and
Grapefruits

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merril
Common name: Pummelo
Vernacular name: Chakotra, Jambura, Kimb, Ser-tawk, Soh-ba, Rabab
Description
The Pummelo trees are 15 to 45 ft in height with irregular branches. The
young branchlets are angular and often densely hairy, spines on the branchlets,
and old branches. Leaf lamina is ovate, ovate-oblong, or elliptic, 5-20 cm long,
2-12 cm wide, leathery, dull-green and glossy above. Leaves have a distinctly
broad winged petiole. The flowers are fragrant, borne singly or in clusters of 2
to 10 in the leaf axils, calyx hairy, the 4 to 5 petals, yellowish-white, 1.5-3.5 cm
long, stamens white, prominent, in bundles of 4 to 5. The fruits are round to
oblate, spheroid or pear-shaped. Fruit surface smooth with pitted texture, greenish-
yellow or pale-yellow, minutely hairy, dotted with tiny green glands. The pulp
varies from greenish-yellow or pale-yellow to pink or red, 11 to 18 segments
and very juicy. The flavor of the pulp varies from mildly sweet and bland to sub-
acidic or rather acidic. Seeds are of large size, flat with wrinkled seed coat surface,
creamish cotyledon, chalazal cap brown, and monoembryonic.
Citrus megaloxycarpa Lush.
Common name: Sour pummelo
Vernacular name: Amilbed, Sisuphal
Description
C. megaloxycarpa is medium sized tree, spreading, with moderately dense
foliage and very thorny. Leaves are ovate to oblong or elliptic with narrowly
winged petiole. Fruit is almost spherical to slightly turbinate, light yellow surface,
smooth to sub-warty surface. Fruit juice of this species is reported to be very
sour, hence it is known as “Sour Pummelo”. Seed are medium sized, ovoid or
124
Pummelos and Grapefruits
semi-deltoid shape, cream colour, cotyledon white, chalazal cap dark brown,
monoembryonic.
Citrus paradisi Macf.
Common name: Grapefruit
Vernacular name: Serbial, Chamba, Soh-khyllah, Champa umtambi
Description
A large, round-topped tree upto 30 ft tall with dense foliage; twigs angular
when young, glabrous; leaves ovate, bluntly tipped and broadly rounded at the
base, glabrous; petioles rather broadly winged but not so broad as those of the
pummelo, oblanceolate to obovate in shape; flowers large, borne singly or in
small clusters in the axils of the leaves, white or creamish; fruits round to spheroid,
smooth surface, yellow colour, shiny, segment 12-18, juicy pulp, white or pinkish
flesh, slightly sour and sweet juice; seeds medium size, white, colyledon creamish,
chalazal cap brown, polyembroynic.
Germplasm of pummelos and grapefruits was collected from different parts
of India to study the existence of genetic variability and area of occurrence of
these Citrus species. During the surveys, a total of 79 accessions of C. maxima
(pummelo) representing several cultivars/types, viz. Jambura red flesh and white
flesh, Triumph, Chakotra, Soronga, Kimb, Ser-tawk, Rabab and Foxey were
collected from Northeastern states, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar
Pradesh and Uttarakhand. In the pummelo, high level of phenotypic variability
was found in Northeast India especially in Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills of
Meghalaya, however, this species is distributed throughout India and grown by
the people for their sweet and tasty fruit. Farmers usually prefer to grow only
red fleshed pummelo. Diversity of sour pummelo (C. megaloxycarpa) is very
low and people do not prefer to grow this species due to no economic value. A
total of 6 accessions of this species were collected from Mizoram, Asssam,Tripura
and Himachal Pradesh. Only few individuals are found to grow in Northeast
India as semi-domesticated state. Recently, cultivars of sour pummelo viz. Hukma
tenga and Holong tenga have been collected from South Tripura. In India, both
indigenous as well as exotic cultivars of C. paradisi (Grapefruit) are cultivated
for medicinal and nutritional properties of their fruits. A total of 18 accessions of
grapefruit representing cultivars/types, viz. Foster pink, Duncan, Marsh seedless,
125
Red flesh, Thompson seedless, Chamba, Serbial, Soh-khyllah, Champa-umtambi,

and Smooth flat were collected from Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, West Bengal,
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan.
Passport data of all the collected accessions of pummelos and grapefruits are
given in Table 6.1 and collection sites are shown in Fig. 6.1.
Fig. 6.1. Map of India showing collection sites of pummelo and grapefruit
culivars
126
Table 6.1. Passport data of pummelo and grapefruit group (C. maxima, C. megaloxycarpa and C. paradisi) collected
from different parts of India
1 MSA-24 593865 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 31.55 76.27
4 DMRK-42 278044 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.23 92.67
5 MD-505 470399 Citrus maxima Triumph Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
6 MD-506 470400 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
red flesh
7 MD/07/120 558144 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
127
9 DMRK-1 278003 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.30 91.70
10 DMRK-144 278146 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated Aizawl Mizoram 23.73 92.72
11 DMRK-191 278193 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Jaintia Hills Meghalaya 25.33 92.67
12 MDY-9 395344 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Hoshiarpur Punjab 31.65 75.89
13 MDY-42 395374 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Mandi Himachal Pradesh 31.66 76.88
14 MDY-47 395378 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.16 76.34
15 MDY-68 395397 Citrus maxima Yamaponda Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
16 MDY-77 395405 Citrus maxima Triumph Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
17 OPD/RC - 1 415169 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Gurdaspur Punjab 32.11 75.46
18 OPD/RC - 23 415191 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.45 77.73
19 OPD/RC - 25 415193 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.35 78.02
20 MD-155 417223 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
21 MD-164 417231 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.56
25 MD-173 417240 Citrus maxima Soronga Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
26 MD-178 417246 Citrus maxima Soronga Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
27 MD-198 417264 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.54 90.22
28 NSP/OPD-04-8438457 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.03 76.63
29 MD-406 470321 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Dehradun Uttarakhand 30.34 77.95
33 MD-419 470334 Citrus maxima Kimb Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.11 76.29
128
34 MD-422 470337 Citrus maxima Kimb Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.23 76.30
35 MD-425 470340 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.23 76.30
36 MD-436 470351 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
37 RS/OPD-53 548592 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Bahraich Uttar Pradesh 27.75 81.48
38 RS/OPD-65 548604 Citrus maxima Chakotra Cultivated Shravasti Uttar Pradesh 27.78 81.83
47 MD/07/138 558162 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.12
53 MD/07/162 558186 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.43
54 MD/08/202 568594 Citrus maxima Ser tawk Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.12 92.40
57 MD/08/218 568610 Citrus maxima Ser towk Cultivated Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
129
58 MD/08/233 568625 Citrus maxima Ser manmoh Cultivated Aizawl Mizoram 23.48 92.38
59 MD/08/234 568626 Citrus maxima Ser tawk Cultivated Aizawl Mizoram 23.48 92.38
62 MD/08/241 568633 Citrus maxima Ser towk Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
63 MD/08/246 568638 Citrus maxima Ser towk Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
64 MD/08/261 568653 Citrus maxima Ser towk Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.53 92.29
65 MD/08/263 568655 Citrus maxima Ser towk Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.49 92.29
66 MD/08/266 568658 Citrus maxima Ser towk (Red) Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.49 92.29
67 MD/08/267 568659 Citrus maxima Soh ba (white) Cultivated East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.42 92.27
68 MD/08/268 568660 Citrus maxima Soh nagrim Cultivated East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.42 92.27
(white)
69 MD-09-28 583271 Citrus maxima Rabab Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.02 94.40
70 MD-09-29 583272 Citrus maxima Rabab Cultivated West Siang Arunachal Pradesh 28.02 94.40
71 MD-10/44 586992 Citrus maxima Foxey Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.22 88.58
75 MD-10/57 587005 Citrus maxima Foxey Cultivated West Sikkim Sikkim 27.28 88.29
76 MS-06 587024 Citrus maxima Jambura Cultivated Ri-Bhoi Meghalaya 25.41 91.55
77 MD-11/38 591396 Citrus maxima Pummelo Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
78 MD-11/55 591413 Citrus maxima Pummelo red Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
79 MD-11/80 591439 Citrus maxima Rubab tenga Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.57 95.36
80 MD/08/264 568656 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sishuphal Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.49 92.29
130
81 MD/08/265 568657 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sishuphal Cultivated Mamit Mizoram 23.49 92.29
82 MD-11/46 591404 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
83 MD-11/50 591408 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
84 MSA-27 593868 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.09 76.25
85 MSA-31 593872 Citrus megaloxycarpa Sour Pummelo Cultivated Kangra Himachal Pradesh 32.10 76.22
86 MDY-10 395345 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Hoshiarpur Punjab 31.65 75.89
87 MDY-91 395419 Citrus paradisi Foster pink Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
88 MDY-93 395420 Citrus paradisi Duncan Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
89 MD-446 470361 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
red flesh
90 MD-447 470362 Citrus paradisi Marsh seedless Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
91 MD-448 470363 Citrus paradisi Thompson Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
seedless
92 MD-454 470366 Citrus paradisi Marsh seedless Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
93 MD/07/119 558143 Citrus paradisi Chamba Cultivated East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
96 MD/08/245 568637 Citrus paradisi Serbial Cultivated Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
97 MD-11/37 591395 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
98 MD-11/58 591416 Citrus paradisi Soh-khayllah Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
99 MD-11/61 591419 Citrus paradisi Champa Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
umthambi
100 MD-11/72 591431 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
101 MDY-1 395336 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Sirmour Himachal Pradesh 30.91 76.96
102 MD-10/65 587013 Citrus paradisi Smooth flat Cultivated Darjeeling West Bengal 27.04 88.39
103 IPSKM-261 322088 Citrus paradisi Grapefruit Cultivated Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 25.44 78.57
131
Citrus maxima
Fruit shape varied from pyriform, obloid to spheroid. Fruit apex showed
large variation in shape with depressed, rounded and truncate shape. Fruits were
yellow and greenish yellow in colour with smooth pitted and papillated texture.
Seeds also showed large variation in shape. Seeds were semi-deltoid, clavate,
spheroid and cunieform in shape with white to creamish cotyledons and brown
chalazal spot colour. Fruit weight ranged from 123.33 gm (IC591439) to 1387.80
gm (IC470351). TSS value varied from 3.00 to 11.33oB. Ten seed weight ranged
from 0.37 gm (IC470337) to 3.39 gm (IC553132). Detailed characterization
Representative photographs of phenotypic variability in pummelo cultivars are
given in Fig. 6.2.
Citrus megaloxycarpa
Fruit shape varied from ellipsoid to spheroid with rounded or truncate
apex. Fruits were yellowish in colour with pitted and smooth surface texture.
Seed shape varied from ovoid to semi-deltoid with creamish and whitish
cotyledons and dark brown chalazal spot. A sizable variability was recorded in
almost all of the fruit and seed characters. Fruit weight ranged from 201.67 gm
(IC591404) to 732 gm (IC593868). TSS value varied from 7.17 to 8.67oB, which
is limited difference between the cultivars. Ten seed weight varied from 1.69 gm
(IC593868) to 2.98 gm (IC593872). Detailed characterization data of qualitative
of phenotypic variability in sour pummelo are given in Fig. 6.3.
Citrus paradisi
Fruit shape varied from pyriform to spheroid with apex showing a large
variability of depressed, truncate and rounded shape. Fruits were green yellow,
dark yellow and yellowish in colour with pitted to smooth surface texture. Seeds
were ovoid, semi-deltoid and cuneiform in shape. Cotyledons were creamish in
most of the cultivars with green and white colour also seen with brown and
creamish chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 126.67 gm (IC591419) to 765.77
gm (IC395336). TSS value of the fruit ranged from 2.00 to 10.33oB. Ten seed
weight varied from 0.52 gm (IC470363) to 3.11 gm (IC591416). Detailed
characterization data of qualitative and quantitative traits are given in Table 6.2
and 6.3. Representative photographs of phenotypic variability in grapefruit
cultivars are given in Fig. 6.4.
132
Fig. 6.2. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of Citrus maxima

(Pummelo) collected from different parts of India, (A) Pummelo from Mizoram;
(B) Chakotra from Himachal Pradesh; (C) MD-406, Chakotra (Red flesh) from
Uttarakhand; (D) MD-408, Chakotra (White flesh) from Uttarakhand; (E) MD-
10/51, Foxey from Sikkim; (F) MSA-32, Chakotra from Himachal Pradesh
133
Fig. 6.3. Phenotypic variability in indigenous cultivars of Citrus megaloxycarpa

(Sour pummelo) collected from different parts of India, (A,B) MSA-27, Sour
pummelo from H.P; (C,D) Holong tenga from Tripura; (E,F) Hukma tenga from
Tripura
134
Fig. 6.4 . Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of Citrus

paradisi (Grapefruit) collected from different parts of India (A, B) MD-454,
Marsh seedless from Punjab; (C) MD-447, from Rajasthan; (D) MD-448,
Thompson seedless from Rajasthan; (E) MD-11/65, Smooth Flat from Sikkim;
(F) MD-11/72, Grapefruit from Assam
135
Table 6.2. Qualitative parameters of Pummelo and Grapefruit group
MDY-9 395344 C. maxima Pummelo Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Light
brown
MDY-42 395374 C. maxima Pummelo Obloid Truncate Yellow Papillate Strong Semi-deltoid White Brown
MDY-47 395378 C. maxima Chakotra Pyriform Truncate Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid White Dark
brown
MDY-68 395397 C. maxima Yamaponda Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Medium Semi-deltoid White Dark
brown
MDY-77 395405 C. maxima Triumph Pyriform Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate White Dark
brown
MD-406 470321 C. maxima Chakotra Ellipsoid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Brown
MD-408 470323 C. maxima Chakotra Pyriform Depressed Yellow Papillate Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Brown
MD-411 470326 C. maxima Chakotra Pyriform Depressed Green Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Brown
136
MD-412 470327 C. maxima Chakotra Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Brown
MD-419 470334 C. maxima Kimb Pyriform Truncate Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-422 470337 C. maxima Kimb Pyriform Truncate Green yellow Pitted Strong Clavate White Dark
brown
MD-425 470340 C. maxima Chakotra Ellipsoid Truncate Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid White Brown
MD-436 470351 C. maxima Chakotra Spheroid Truncate Dark yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid Cream Brown
MD-505 470399 C. maxima Triumph Pyriform Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Brown
MD-506 470400 C. maxima Pummelo Oblique Depressed Dark yellow Smooth Strong Semi deltoid Cream Brown
red flesh
MD/07/101 558125 C. maxima Jambura Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Spheroid Cream Dark
brown
MD/07/108 558132 C. maxima Jambura Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Smooth Medium Cuneiform Cream Brown
MD/07/124 558148 C. maxima Jambura Spheroid Truncate Yellow Rough Strong Semi-deltoid White Brown
MD/07/138 558162 C. maxima Jambura Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid White Dark
brown
MD/07/145 558169 C. maxima Jambura Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Dark
brown
MD/07/149 558173 C. maxima Jambura Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Bumpy Medium Cuneiform Cream Brown
MD/07/162 558186 C. maxima Jambura Eillpsoid Truncate Yellow Rough Strong Spheroid Light Brown
green
MD-11/38 591396 C. maxima Pummelo Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Medium Semideltoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-11/55 591413 C. maxima Pummelo red Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pappilated Medium Ovoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-11/80 591439 C. maxima Rubab tenga Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Medium Semideltoid Cream Light
brown
MSA-24 593865 C. maxima Pummelo Spheroid Truncate Greenish yellow Rough Strong Ovoid White Light
brown
MSA-30 593871 C. maxima Pummelo Spheroid Rounded Yellow Pitted Strong Semideltoid White Dark
brown
MSA-32 593873 C. maxima Pummelo Pyriform Truncate Greenish yellow Pitted Medium Semideltoid White Brown
MD-11/46 591404 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Spheroid Round Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Dark
137
brown
MD-11/50 591408 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Spheroid Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid/flat Cream Dark
brown
MSA-27 593868 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo Ellipsoid Rounded Yellowish Green Pitted Medium Semideltoid White Dark
brown
MSA-31 593872 C. megaloxycarpa Sour Pummelo Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid White Brown
MDY-1 395336 C. paradisi Grapefruit Spheroid Rounded yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Brown
MDY-10 395345 C. paradisi Grapefruit Spheroid Rounded yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Light
brown
MDY-91 395419 C. paradisi Foster pink Pyriform Rounded Green yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Cream Light
brown
MDY-93 395420 C. paradisi Duncan Spheroid Rounded yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Light
brown
MD-446 470361 C. paradisi Grapefruit Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid White Light
red flesh brown
MD-447 470362 C. paradisi Marsh seedless Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid White Light
brown
MD-448 470363 C. paradisi Thompson Pyriform Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Light
seedless brown
MD-454 470366 C. paradisi Marsh seedless Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Medium Semi-deltoid Cream Brown
MD/07/131 558155 C. paradisi Chamba Spheroid Depressed Green yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Green Cream
MD-10/65 587013 C. paradisi Smooth flat Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Medium Clavate White Brown
MD-11/58 591416 C. paradisi Soh-khayllah Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-11/61 591419 C. paradisi Champa umthambi Spheroid Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream
Brown
MD-11/72 591431 C. paradisi Grapefruit Spheroid Rounded Green yellow Smooth Medium Semideltoid Cream Light
brown
138
Table 6.3. Quantitative parameters of Pummelo and Grapefruit group
/Cult. Name weight diameter length epicarp at rind segments (oB) seed/ Seed
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MDY-09 395344 C. maxima Pummelo 317.10 71.50 72.30 2.48 12.67 15.00 3.00 60.00 2.93
±0.00 ±0.50 ±0.90 ±0.14 ±0.60 ±0.58 ±0.89 ±0.00 ±0.12
MDY-42 395374 C. maxima Pummelo 317.10 70.33 72.67 2.04 17.50 17.33 5.50 10.67 2.93
±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.88 ±0.29 ±0.50 ±0.88 ±0.78 ±4.67 ±0.12
MDY-47 395378 C. maxima Chakotra 1317.80 83.83 85.00 3.09 14.60 14.33 3.00 25.67 2.93
±8.40 ±0.60 ±0.53 ±0.23 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±6.50 ±0.12
MDY-68 395397 C. maxima Yamaponda 687.80 64.00 74.00 3.36 14.60 11.00 8.40 5.33 2.93
±9.50 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.26 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.78 ±0.67 ±0.12
MDY-77 395405 C. maxima Triumph 557.50 52.17 60.33 3.72 17.67 11.67 8.40 60.00 2.41
±9.50 ±0.17 ±0.33 ±0.06 ±0.60 ±0.33 ±0.71 ±0.00 ±0.09
MD-406 470321 C. maxima Chakotra 765.77 118.21 119.74 2.03 9.60 16.33 5.13 60.00 2.45
139
±8.50 ±3.20 ±7.53 ±0.24 ±1.60 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.12
±7.50 ±1.91 ±6.49 ±0.12 ±5.62 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±7.50 ±0.17
±0.00 ±1.91 ±6.49 ±0.16 ±4.78 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±5.50 ±0.09
±5.50 ±7.54 ±5.12 ±0.14 ±1.63 ±0.88 ±0.00 ±6.50 ±0.12

MD-419 470334 C. maxima Kimb 630.00 107.83 125.71 2.55 9.35 11.33 6.20 40.00 1.54
±7.50 ±0.74 ±1.94 ±0.37 ±0.91 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±10.00 ±0.07
MD-422 470337 C. maxima Kimb 444.13 96.11 105.06 2.56 16.67 16.00 8.53 2.00 0.37
±6.50 ±2.29 ±2.37 ±0.24 ±0.61 ±0.00 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.00
±8.50 ±5.50 ±6.12 ±0.23 ±0.87 ±0.00 ±0.07 ±6.50 ±0.09
±9.50 ±5.50 ±6.50 ±0.23 ±0.87 ±0.00 ±0.07 ±4.67 ±0.08
MD-505 470399 C. maxima Triumph 336.66 87.53 102.08 2.99 8.06 11.33 9.67 26.00 1.95
±6.50 ±2.34 ±7.45 ±0.47 ±0.56 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±3.46 ±0.06
MD-506 470400 C. maxima Pummelo red flesh 317.10 101.47 97.39 1.68 19.14 18.67 9.27 28.00 1.69
±0.00 ±9.44 ±9.87 ±0.33 ±1.83 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±5.50 ±0.06
MD/07/101 558125 C. maxima Jambura 765.77 54.00 55.00 3.56 17.67 11.67 8.40 25.67 1.80
±8.50 ±0.00 ±0.53 ±0.24 ±0.60 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±6.50 ±0.05
±0.00 ±0.47 ±0.03 ±0.12 ±0.75 ±0.67 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00
±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.12 ±0.12 ±0.00 ±0.63 ±6.50 ±0.03
±8.50 ±0.00 ±0.53 ±0.37 ±0.60 ±0.33 ±0.69 ±6.50 ±0.04
±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.14 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.96 ±0.00 ±0.02
±6.50 ±1.36 ±0.32 ±0.03 ±0.09 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±5.13 ±0.49
±0.00 ±0.47 ±0.03 ±0.06 ±0.45 ±0.67 ±0.60 ±1.00 ±0.09
140
MD-11/38 591396 C. maxima Pummelo 641.67 112.93 104.81 1.57 8.05 14.67 10.33 3.33 1.72
±6.01 ±1.51 ±1.35 ±0.12 ±0.02 ±0.33 ±0.17 ±2.40 ±0.03
MD-11/55 591413 C. maxima Pummelo red 1054.00 136.53 135.60 2.37 7.59 13.00 10.00 112.67 2.22
±5.50 ±2.94 ±2.02 ±0.14 ±0.07 ±0.00 ±0.08 ±6.57 ±0.05
MD-11/80 591439 C. maxima Rubab tenga 123.33 63.67 53.70 2.16 25.58 15.33 7.00 1.18 1.90
±6.50 ±6.13 ±4.29 ±0.32 ±5.50 ±1.45 ±0.58 ±0.12 ±0.33
MSA-24 593865 C. maxima Pummelo 565.00 102.09 103.01 2.88 10.72 12.00 7.17 82.00 2.43
±6.50 ±2.07 ±4.51 ±0.32 ±0.30 ±0.58 ±0.38 ±1.53 ±0.10
±8.50 ±2.19 ±6.50 ±0.34 ±0.53 ±0.58 ±0.33 ±0.06 ±0.00
±6.50 ±1.19 ±2.59 ±0.39 ±1.39 ±1.20 ±0.33 ±5.50 ±0.38
MD-11/46 591404 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo 201.67 74.73 63.89 1.57 5.51 13.00 7.17 30.67 2.21
±6.50 ±3.11 ±9.67 ±0.05 ±0.13 ±0.00 ±0.17 ±9.68 ±0.06
MD-11/50 591408 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo 396.6 89.72 91.99 1.26 3.78 12.00 8.33 61.67 1.72
±5.50 ±2.51 ±2.65 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.17 ±5.50 ±0.03
MSA-27 593868 C. megaloxycarpa Sour pummelo 732.00 103.04 134.79 3.10 11.50 10.33 8.33 46.33 1.69
±8.50 ±2.48 ±5.39 ±0.64 ±0.67 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±2.19 ±0.39
MSA-31 593872 C. megaloxycarpa Sour Pummelo 516.67 100.04 95.54 1.72 6.12 10.33 8.67 17.00 2.98
±9.50 ±7.60 ±5.50 ±0.42 ±0.30 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±5.51 ±0.37
MDY-01 395336 C. paradisi Grapefruit 765.77 87.67 97.30 1.56 7.12 13.33 3.00 5.33 2.41
±6.50 ±0.17 ±0.10 ±0.24 ±0.65 ±0.33 ±0.08 ±0.67 ±0.09
MDY-10 395345 C. paradisi Grapefruit 567.77 78.67 88.24 2.55 6.86 12.33 2.00 15.00 2.41
±8.50 ±0.33 ±0.14 ±0.37 ±0.83 ±0.33 ±0.08 ±1.73 ±0.09
MDY-91 395419 C. paradisi Foster pink 745.77 79.43 82.33 2.55 6.48 12.00 2.00 0.00 2.41
±8.50 ±0.52 ±0.61 ±0.37 ±0.31 ±0.58 ±0.12 ±0.36 ±0.09
MDY-93 395420 C. paradisi Duncan 715.77 71.40 78.67 1.56 7.71 12.00 2.00 25.67 2.41
±8.50 ±0.21 ±0.33 ±0.24 ±0.21 ±0.08 ±0.06 ±6.50 ±0.09
MD-446 470361 C. paradisi Grapefruit red flesh 388.32 59.20 69.17 2.07 7.93 12.67 7.27 5.33 1.01
±6.50 ±0.06 ±0.23 ±0.09 ±0.64 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.67 ±0.03
MD-447 470362 C. paradisi Marsh seedless 406.26 97.64 86.22 3.36 6.86 12.33 9.33 2.67 1.79
±6.50 ±1.40 ±2.41 ±0.26 ±0.83 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±0.33 ±0.08
MD-448 470363 C. paradisi Thompson seedless 426.92 104.23 103.93 3.72 7.71 12.67 9.13 2.00 0.52
141
±6.50 ±2.89 ±3.14 ±0.06 ±0.21 ±0.67 ±0.07 ±0.05 ±0.12
MD-454 470366 C. paradisi Marsh seedless 320.79 86.80 74.33 3.21 6.48 11.67 11.67 46.67 1.19
±7.50 ±6.37 ±5.01 ±0.14 ±0.31 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±5.78 ±0.45
MD/07/131 558155 C. paradisi Chamba 173.473 52.96 55.55 2.11 6.87 11.00 8.80 24.66 0.75
±6.50 ±1.92 ±1.39 ±0.38 ±0.38 ±0.47 ±1.50 ±0.66 ±0.02
MD-10/65 587013 C. paradisi Smooth flat 240.67 68.81 57.13 1.96 5.67 11.33 10.00 15.00 1.12
±5.50 ±2.25 ±2.53 ±0.39 ±0.37 ±0.67 ±1.00 ±1.73 ±0.12

MD-11/58 591416 C. paradisi Soh-khayllah 378.33 89.77 90.19 2.22 7.17 11.00 9.50 24.00 3.11
±7.50 ±4.72 ±4.93 ±0.05 ±0.08 ±0.36 ±0.00 ±2.08 ±0.01
MD-11/61 591419 C. paradisi Champa umthambi 126.67 62.96 60.55 2.11 10.87 11.00 8.67 16.00 1.93
±6.67 ±1.92 ±1.39 ±0.38 ±0.38 ±0.48 ±0.33 ±2.00 ±0.39
MD-11/72 591431 C. paradisi Grapefruit 290.00 86.21 74.73 1.22 4.13 11.00 10.33 10.67 2.84
±6.50 ±0.95 ±2.15 ±0.04 ±0.09 ±0.41 ±0.33 ±4.48 ±0.20
7. Papeda and other

wild species

Citrus indica Tanaka
Common name: Indian Wild Orange
Vernacular name: Memang narang
Description
The tree is small bushy shrub upto 3.0 m tall, very spiny with brownish
tip, branchlets green, angular when young (Fig. 7.2). Leaves are unifiolate, petiole
5-10 mm long, margined to very narrowly winged; lamina 5-8 x 2-2.5 cm, elliptic-
lanceolate, margins finely crenate, serrulate towards apex, glandular, apex
acuminate, base acute, gland dotted. Flowers are solitary, axillary, buds oblong,
up to 12 mm long, apex 5- angular, petals creamy white in bud and open flowers,
pedicel greenish-white, 3 mm long, calyx copular greenish-white, sepals 5,
prominent, greenish glandular, petals 5, white, linear-oblong, thin, 12 mm long,
1.5 mm broad, gland dotted above; stamens about 22. Fruits are small, spherical
or oblate shape, surface deep orange red to scarlet, truncate base or sometimes
concave, truncate or depressed apex; red-orange skin colour; thin epicarp, surface
smooth to bumpy towards apex; weak adheherence of albido (mesocarp) to pulp
(endocarp), juice very sour. Seeds are ovoid and plumpy in shape, cotyledon
greenish, chalazal cap brown and monoembryonic.
Citrus latipes (Swingle) Tanaka
Common name: Khasi Papeda
Vernacular name: Soh-shyrkhoit or Soh-kymphorshrieh
Description
It is a medium to large tree, 20-30 ft. in height, spreading densely foliaged,
thorny, stout, as big as 3-6 cm long spine (Fig. 7.2). Leaf lamina is ovate-lanceolate
or broadly lanceolate with sub-acute apex. Petiole is broadly winged as equal or
slightly longer than lamina, oblong-spathulate shape, obtuse apex and crenate
margin. Flowers are in cluster (2-8), occasionally solitary, cymes, pedicel 6-8
142
Papeda and other wild species
mm long, glabrous, calyx medium coriaceous, stamens 20-30. Fruit shape is

globular or spherical, moderately depressed at both ends, colour light yellow or
greenish yellow; surface smooth, papillate; base obtuse, almost even, occasionally
ribbed; apex obtuse to slightly truncate, smooth; rind medium thick, thickness
5-6 mm, adherence strong, mesocarp (albedo) white, spongy, texture medium
soft, tasteless, axis solid, segments 9-11, adherence strong; seeds 25-60 per fruit,
shape ovoid, slightly wrinkled, white testa, chalazal spot Indian red, cotyledon
white and monoembryonic.
Citrus macroptera Montr.
Common name: Melanesian Papeda
Vernacular name: Satkara, Hatkara
Description
The plant is a medium to large tree, 30-50 ft. ht, erect, profusely branched
and densely foliaged with very long stout spines, big ones usually 5-8 cm. long,
arising almost at right angle; young branches angular, glabrous (Fig. 7.5). Leaf
lamina is ovate-elliptic in shape, base almost obtuse, apex obtuse, emarginated,
margin sub-entire or very slightly crenate; petiole broadly winged, obovate or
obcordately oblong, long as lamina, base abruptly attenuated, apex retuse, margin
almost entire to very slightly crenate, mid-rib prominent on both sides, glabrous,
articulated. Fruits are more or less oblate to globular shape, yellowish in colour
and smooth surface or slightly rough. Seeds are large in size, cuneate or triangular
shape, 20-40 per fruit, micropylar end either flat or slightly pointed, surface
smooth on both sides, testa cream white, tegmen very light brown, chalazal spot
light red, cotyledon white and polyembryonic.
Citrus ichangensis Swingle
Common name: Ichang Papeda
Vernacular name: Ketsa Chüpfü
Description
It is a medium sized very hardy tree usually 10-18 ft. high, having very
large and sharp spines up to 7.0 cm long and broadly winged petioles as long as
leaf lamina (Fig. 7.6). Fruits are oblong in shape with gradual tapering at both
the end, size 6.0-8.0 cm height, 4.0-6.0 cm in diameter. Fruits are full of extremely
large and thick seeds, 1.2-2.2 cm long, 1.0-2.1 cm broad and 0.8-1.6 cm thick.
143
Seeds have dented and reticulate impressions on the rounded end, white testa,
brown colour chalazal spot, white cotyledon and monoembryonic.
Citrus assamensis Dutta & Bhattacharya
Common name: Ada-jamir
Description
The plant is medium to large tree, spreading, moderately branched and
foliaged with long stout spines. Leaf lamina is elliptic to broadly lanceolate with
narrowly winged petiole. Fruit is almost spherical to slightly turbinate, light
lemon yellow colour with slight greenish tinge and smooth surface having many
ovate shaped seeds (Fig. 7.7). Seeds are polyembryonic.
C. indica is found to grow naturally in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya as
absolutely wild. Maximum diversity of this species was found in two populations
namely Daribokgre in East Garo Hills and Rongwak in South Garo Hills.
However, limited number of plants were observed in other locations namely
Chandgre, Mandalgre, Sasatgre, Nokrek peak, Dura Kalakgre and Rengsangre
in and around Nokrek Biosphere Reserve. A total of 30 accessions of this species
were collected by NBPGR from East, West and South Garo Hills in Meghalaya.
During the surveys, a bold fruited ‘Memang narang’ type (‘Memang athur’) was
also collected from the South Garo Hills, which was found intermediate between
C. indica and C. medica (Malik et al., 2006).
The recent survey reported that C. macroptera is commercially cultivated
on small scale in some areas of Mizoram (Aizawl, Kolasib, Mamit, Lunglei),
Tripura (Jumpui Hills) and in Meghalaya as demands of fresh fruits, juice and
dried fruit peels for various purposes is increasing in the local market of Mizoram.
Local people take interest to grow this plant in home garden and their fields for
commercial purposes. A total of 17 accessions of this species were collected
from Mizoram and Meghalaya, where this species is locally known as Aatkara
or Hatkara.
C. latipes (Khasi papeda) is found to grow in Khasi Hills of Meghalaya in
semi-domesticated state. A total of 7 accessions of this species were collected
from Khasi hills of Meghalaya and Tinsukhia, Assam. C. ichangensis is a very
interesting wild species of genus Citrus and probably most hardy and cold tolerant.
Recent survey revealed that natural population of C. ichangensis is found to
144
grow in the forest near Khonoma village in the Naga Hills in natural wild state.
Two different accessions of this species were collected from nearby Khonoma
village, Nagaland. Fruits of this species are not edible due to the large number of
big sized seeds in the fruits and scanty pulp. One accession of C. assamensis
was collected from Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
Passport details of all the collected accessions of wild species are given in
Table 7.1 and collection sites are shown in Fig. 7.1.
Fig. 7.1. Map of India showing collection sites of Papeda and other wild
species of Citrus
145
Table 7.1. Passport data of Papeda and other wild species group (C. indica, C. macroptera, C. latipes and C.
ichangensis) collected from different parts of India

1 MD-151 417219 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.30 90.20
7 MD-174 417241 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
146
8 MD-175 417242 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.44 90.82
9 MD-183 417249 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.57 90.12
17 MD/07/104 558128 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.29 90.19
23 MD/07/112 558136 Citrus x indica Memang athur Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.29 90.19
25 MD/07/146 558170 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.11
26 MD/07/154 558178 Citrus indica Memang narang Wild South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.16 90.39
147
31 MDY-60 395391 Citrus macroptera Satkara Wild Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
32 MD/08/203 568595 Citrus macroptera Satkara Wild Kolasib Mizoram 24.12 92.40
33 MD/08/210 568602 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Kolasib Mizoram 24.11 92.41
36 MD/08/231 568623 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Aizawl Mizoram 23.48 92.39
37 MD/08/232 568624 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Aizawl Mizoram 23.48 92.38
38 MD/08/240 568632 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
39 MD/08/248 568640 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Serchhip Mizoram 23.28 92.51
40 MD/08/256 568648 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Lunglei Mizoram 22.54 92.52
41 MD/08/258 568650 Citrus macroptera Hatkora Wild Mamit Mizoram 23.53 92.29
45 MD/07/137 558161 Citrus macroptera Chambal Wild West Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.15 90.12
46 MD/07/160 558184 Citrus macroptera Chambal Wild South Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.21 90.43
47 MD-195 417261 Citrus macroptera Chambal Wild East Garo Hills Meghalaya 25.54 90.22
48 MS-10 587026 Citrus latipes Soh-kymphor Wild East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.25 91.47
148
51 DMRK-198 278200 Citrus latipes Soh-kymphor Wild East Khasi Hills Meghalaya 25.57 91.88
52 MD-09-20 583263 Citrus latipes Soh-kymphor Wild Upper Subansiri Arunachal Pradesh 27.56 94.20
53 MD-11/68 591427 Citrus latipes Soh-kymphor Wild Tinsukhia Assam 27.31 95.21
54 MD-11/70 591429 Citrus latipes Soh-kymphor Wild Tinsukhia Assam 27.31 95.21
55 MD-11/101 591460 Citrus ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü Wild Kohima Nagaland 25.37 94.01
56 MD-11/102 591461 Citrus ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü Wild Kohima Nagaland 25.37 94.01
57 IPS/RS-114 285355 Citrus assamensis Ada jamir Cultivated Jaintia Hills Meghalaya 25.33 92.67
Citrus indica
Fruit shape varied from obloid to spheroid with depressed, rounded or
truncate apex (Fig. 7.2C). Fruits were yellow to dark orange in colour with smooth
texture. Seeds were ovoid, semi-deltoid and spheroid in shape with light green
cotyledons and brown chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 48.62 gm
(IC558129) to 73.33 gm (IC558179). TSS value of fruits ranged from 5.23 to
9.03oB. Ten seed weight varied from 0.60 gm to 4.84 gm. The accession with
high value of TSS and maximum seed weight was IC558133 and with low TSS
value and minimum seed weight was IC558130. Detailed characterization data
photographs of phenotypic variability in Citrus indica are given in Fig. 7.2.
Fruit shape of ‘Memang athur’ was spheroid with mammilated fruit apex
and longitudinal ridges (Fig.7.3). Fruit surface was slightly rough, shiny and
yellowish in colour. Seeds was ovoid in shape, light green cotyledous and brown
calazal cap.
Citrus latipes
Fruits were spheroid in shape with rounded and truncate apex. There were
yellowish in colour with pitted surface texture (Fig. 7.4). Seeds were ovoid,
semi-deltoid and semi-spheroid in shape with creamish cotyledons and dark
brown chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 230.00 gm (IC587027) to 388.23
gm (IC591427). TSS value of fruits ranged from 5.80 to 10.33oB. Ten seed weight
varied from 2.31 gm (IC587028) to 4.12 gm (IC591429). The accessions which
have highest TSS value was IC591427. Detailed characterization data of
qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 7.2 and 7.3
Citrus macroptera
Fruits were spheroid in shape with depressed and truncate apex (Fig.7.5).
Fruit colour varied from yellow to greenish yellow with pitted and smooth texture.
Seeds were clavate, cuneiform and semi-deltoid in shape with creamish colour
of cotyledons and brown chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 238.33 gm
(IC558161) to 280.67 gm (IC395391). TSS value of fruits ranged from 4.00 to
8.30oB. Ten Seed weight varied from 2.01 to 2.36 gm. The accession which has
highest fruit weight with lowest value of TSS is IC395391. Detailed
characterization data of qualitative and quantitative traits are given in Table 7.2
and 7.3.
149
Citrus ichangensis
Fruit shape varied from spheroid to pyriform with rounded fruit apex
(Fig.7.6 B, C). Fruits were yellowish in colour with pitted surface texture. Seeds
were very large, semi-deltoid in shape with creamish cotyledons and light brown
chalazal spot (Fig.7.6 D). Fruit weight varied from 73.33 to 82.33 gm. TSS
value ranged from 4.8 to 6.07oB and ten seed weight varied from 23.33 to 25.00
gm. Hence, accession IC591461 had highest fruit weight and TSS. Detailed
characterization data of qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 7.2
and 7.3.
150
Fig. 7.2. Citrus indica (A) Natural wild population in Daribokgre, East Garo
Hills; (B, C) Phenotypic diversity in mature fruits; (D) Internal structure of
matured fruit
Fig. 7.3. Citrus sp. ‘Memang athur’ (Probable natural hybrid) collected from
South Garo Hills, Meghalaya, (A) Tree bearing fruits, (B) Phenotypic diversity
in mature fruits and internal structure of fruit
151
Fig. 7.4. Citrus latipes collected from Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, (A) MS-16, Twig
bearing fruits, (B), Phenotypic diversity in mature fruits, (C) Internal structure
of fruit; (D) MD-11/68, mature fruit leaf and its internal structure
Fig. 7.5. Citrus macroptera collected from Mizoram, (A) Twig bearing mature
fruits, (B) Phenotypic variability in mature fruits, (C) Internal structure of fruit
showing segments and thick rind
152
Fig. 7.6. Citrus ichangensis collected from Nagaland, (A) Old tree showing
very long and stout spines in stem, (B) Twig bearing matured fruit, (C) Variability
in mature fruits and leaf morphology, (D) Internal structure of fruit showing
very large size seeds and no pulp
Fig. 7.7. Citrus assamensis (A) Mature tree bearing mature fruits, inset: twig
with flowers, (B) Fruit and its internal structure
153
Table 7.2. Qualitative parameters of Papeda and other Citrus wild species group
MD/07/104 558128 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Dark Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/105 558129 C. indica Memang narang Spheroid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/106 558130 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Medium Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/107 558131 C. indica Memang narang Spheroid Truncate Light Orange Smooth Strong Spheroid Light green Brown
MD/07/109 558133 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Rounded Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/110 558134 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Orange Smooth Medium Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/112 558136 C. x indica Memang athur Spheroid Mammiform Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/118 558142 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Dark Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/146 558170 C. indica Memang narang Spheroid Rounded Yellow Smooth weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/154 558178 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Depressed Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/155 558179 C. indica Memang narang Spheroid Rounded Light yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light green Brown
MD/07/156 558180 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Light green Brown
154
MD/07/159 558183 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Truncate Green yellow Smooth Weak Spheroid Light green Brown
MD/07/161 558185 C. indica Memang narang Obloid Rounded Green yellow Smooth Weak Ovoid Light green Brown
MS-14 587027 C. latipes Soh-kymphor Spheroid Truncate Green orange Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Dark
brown
MS-17 587028 C. latipes Soh-kymphor Spheroid Truncate Green orange Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Dark
brown
MD-11/68 591427 C. latipes Soh-kymphor Spheroid Round Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-spheroid Cream Dark
brown
MD-11/70 591429 C. latipes Soh-kymphor Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Pitted Strong Ovoid Cream Dark
brown
MDY-60 395391 C. macroptera Satkara Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Strong Semi-deltoid Cream Cream
MD/07/137 558161 C. macroptera Chambal Spheroid Depressed Green yellow Smooth Strong Cuneiform Cream Brown
MD/07/160 558184 C. macroptera Chambal Spheroid Truncate Yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Cream Brown
MD-11/101 591460 C. ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü Spheroid Rounded Yellow Pitted Weak Semideltoid Cream Light
brown
MD-11/102 591461 C. ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü Pyriform Rounded Yellow Pitted Weak Semideltoid Cream Light
brown
Table 7.3. Quantitative data of Papeda and other Citrus wild species
Coll. No. IC No. Species Name Common/Vern. Fruit Fruit Fruit Width of Fruit No. of TSS(0B) No. of 10
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MD/07/104 558128 C. indica Memang narang 65.00 38.20 43.10 1.18 2.19 11.33 6.17 3.00 0.60
±2.89 ±0.72 ±0.06 ±0.15 ±0.45 ±1.20 ±0.17 ±0.08 ±0.10
±1.67 ±0.15 ±0.06 ±0.04 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±0.18 ±0.33 ±0.18
±1.67 ±0.10 ±0.09 ±0.03 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.03 ±1.45 ±0.10
±0.08 ±0.52 ±0.07 ±0.90 ±0.17 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±0.04
±1.56 ±1.55 ±0.15 ±0.58 ±0.78 ±0.33 ±1.13 ±0.58 ±2.58
155
±0.13 ±0.30 ±0.17 ±0.45 ±1.56 ±0.88 ±0.07 ±0.67 ±0.28
MD/07/112 558136 C. x indica Memang athur 56.27 39.83 42.43 1.10 2.20 11.33 5.37 4.00 0.77
±1.67 ±0.12 ±0.12 ±0.70 ±0.08 ±0.33 ±0.37 ±1.00 ±0.31
±1.26 ±0.15 ±0.12 ±0.78 ±0.48 ±0.33 ±0.27 ±0.08 ±0.02

±1.61 ±0.17 ±0.17 ±0.85 ±1.25 ±0.08 ±0.33 ±1.00 ±0.31
±5.50 ±0.57 ±0.09 ±0.03 ±0.48 ±0.67 ±0.20 ±7.51 ±0.07
±5.50 ±5.11 ±0.15 ±0.79 ±0.25 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±2.03 ±0.02
±9.28 ±1.20 ±0.09 ±0.78 ±0.45 ±0.33 ±0.37 ±7.23 ±0.18
±1.67 ±0.17 ±0.09 ±0.05 ±0.08 ±0.33 ±0.58 ±1.00 ±0.31
±1.03 ±0.23 ±0.06 ±0.09 ±0.86 ±0.33 ±0.20 ±2.67 ±2.07
MS-14 587027 C. latipes Soh-kymphor 230.00 80.51 70.00 1.12 8.13 11.00 5.80 43.00 2.36
±0.00 ±5.28 ±0.47 ±0.09 ±0.75 ±0.18 ±0.43 ±0.50 ±0.80
MS-17 587028 C. latipes Soh-kymphor 233.33 82.01 70.00 1.12 8.09 11.00 5.87 45.67 2.31
±3.33 ±1.50 ±0.23 ±0.07 ±0.04 ±0.37 ±0.07 ±2.67 ±0.05
MD-11/68 591427 C. latipes Soh-kymphor 388.33 93.20 99.72 2.33 10.16 11.33 10.33 53.33 2.36
±9.50 ±9.85 ±7.03 ±0.12 ±0.10 ±0.33 ±0.333 ±3.33 ±0.12
MD-11/70 591429 C. latipes Soh-kymphor 336.67 89.77 86.34 1.77 9.25 10.00 6.83 38.67 4.12
±7.50 ±2.75 ±3.13 ±0.14 ±0.39 ±0.00 ±0.44 ±5.50 ±0.33
MDY-60 395391 C. macroptera Satkara 280.67 67.17 69.13 1.13 8.13 14.33 4.00 7.67 2.36
156
±1.67 ±0.44 ±0.23 ±0.03 ±0.65 ±0.33 ±0.48 ±1.45 ±0.09
MD/07/137 558161 C. macroptera Chambal 238.33 88.00 97.33 1.23 10.00 13.33 7.56 14.00 2.01
±6.50 ±0.57 ±0.167 ±0.03 ±0.10 ±0.88 ±0.28 ±2.64 ±0.04
MD/07/160 558184 C. macroptera Chambal 246.66 100.67 106.66 1.300 8.967 15.33 8.30 13.33 2.08
±8.50 ±2.90 ±0.667 ±0.00 ±0.167 ±1.85 ±0.10 ±4.84 ±0.04
MD-11/101 591460 C. ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü 73.33 48.20 69.27 2.19 4.22 5.33 6.07 12.67 23.33
±3.33 ±0.93 ±3.08 ±0.06 ±0.12 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±2.91 ±1.67

MD-11/102 591461 C. ichangensis Ketsa chüpfü 82.33 55.17 80.27 2.19 3.24 12.00 4.80 21.00 25.00
±7.33 ±6.75 ±8.50 ±2.08 ±1.28 ±5.00 ±4.50 ±6.50 ±6.00
Related Genera of Citrus
8. Related Genera
of Citrus
8.1 Genetic Resources
Fortunella japonica (Thunb.) Swingle
Common name: Kumquat, Candy fruit
Description
The plant is an evergreen shrub or small tree, up to 12 ft tall. Branches
have numerous branchlets that are thornless or have thorns of lengths varying
from under 1 to 5 cm. Leaves are alternate, lanceolate, and small, 3.2-8.6 cm
long, acute or rounded at the base, veins evident above, scarcely showing beneath,
lower surface pale green, densely glandular-dotted; petioles narrowly winged or
margined, articulation present, sometimes not articulated with the leaf blade.
Flowers are fragrant and white, solitary or in clusters of up to 4 in the axils.
Fruits vary from round to oval or egg-shaped, oval-oblong or round, 1 to 3.5 cm
diameter, with a thin peel that ripens to yellow, golden, or reddish-orange,
segments 3-7; pulp-vesicles small, fusiform or subglobose, stalked, containing
an acid juice; seeds ovate, smooth; cotyledon light green, chalazal cap brown,
polyembroynic.
Poncirus trifoliata (Lin.) Raf.
Common name: Trifoliate orange
Description
A small tree profusely branched, spine very sharp, leaves palmately 3-foliolate;
terminal leaflet 2.5-5.6 X 1.6-2.5 cm, shallowly crenulate, cuneate at the base,
lateral leaflets sessile, petioles 1-2.5 cm, wing 2-3 mm at broadest part, tapering
to the base; flowers solitary, sessile, stamens 20 or more (up to 60); filaments
free, unequal in length, slender, tapering gradually towards the tips; ovary
subglobose, 2 mm diam., pubescent, fruits almost sessile, globose, ovoid or
slightly pyriform, 3-5 cm diam., slightly rough surface dull lemon-colored and
fragrant when ripe, finely and densely pubescent, peel 6-10 mm thick, with
numerous oil glands, seeds ovoid, plump, numerous, light yellowish cotyledons,
chalazal cap reddish, polyembryonic.
157
Citranges [Poncirus trifoliata X Citrus sinensis]

These are intergeneric hybrids between trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) and
sweet orange (C. sinensis). The first adequately safeguarded hybrids of Poncirus
and Citrus were made by Swingle in 1897. Some of the Citrange cultivars are
troyer, savage, carrizo, etc.
Citrumelos [Poncirus trifoliata X Citrus paradisi]
Citrumelos are inter-generic hybrids between trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata)
and grapefruit (C. paradisi) and are very similar to citranges. Important cultivar
of Citrumelo is scaton.
Fortunella japonica is cultivated throughout India for their ornamental
appeal and rootstock purposes. P. trifoliata and its hybrids are found to grow in
various field genebanks in different parts of India including Northeastern states.
Two accessions of F. japonica (Oval kumquat) and 3 accessions of P. trifoliata
(cultivars: Rubidoux and Pomeroy) were collected from Punjab, Sikkim, Assam
and Arunachal Pradesh. Inter-generic hybrids between Poncirus and Citrus, viz.
Citrange, Citrumelo and Citremone were also collected from Citrus field
genebanks in Punjab, Rajasthan and Arunachal Pradesh. Passport details of all
the collected accession are given in Table 8.1.
Fortunella japonica
Fruits shape varied from oval to spheroid with rounded or truncate apex
(Fig. 8.1 A,B; 8.2 A,B). Fruits were orange and yellowish in colour with smooth
texture. Seeds were ovoid in shape with green cotyledons and brown chalazal
spot. Fruit weight varied from 55.00 to 56.33 gm. TSS value ranged from 7.67
to 9.00 oB. Seed weight varied from 0.87 to 1.52 gm. Detailed characterization
Poncirus trifoliata
Fruit shape varied from pyriform to spheroid with truncate or rounded
apex (Fig. 8.2 F). Fruits were yellowish or orange in colour with pitted rough or
smooth surface. Seed shape varied from ovoid to spheroid, with yellowish
creamish or greenish cotyledons and reddish brown or purple chalazal spot colour.
Fruit weight varied from 57.19 to 62.67 gm. TSS value ranged from 10.50 to
158
Table 8.1. Passport data of other related genus of Citrus (Fortunella japonica, Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids)
collected from different parts of India
1 MDY-75 395403 Fortunella japonica Kumquat Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
2 KARHMD- 586989 Fortunella japonica Kumquat Cultivated East Sikkim Sikkim 27.34 88.62
10/41
3 MDY-73 311345 Poncirus trifoliata Pomeroy Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
4 MDY-74 395402 Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
5 MD-09-13 583256 Poncirus trifoliata Trifoliate Orange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal 27.56 94.20
Pradesh
6 MD-11/44 591402 Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
7 MDY-55 395386 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Troyer citrange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
159
8 MDY-56 395387 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Savage citrange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
9 MDY-66 395396 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Yamma citrange Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
10 MDY-69 395398 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Citrumelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
11 MD-433 470348 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Carizo citrange Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
12 MD-451 470364 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Carizzo Citrange Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.91 73.87
13 MD-11/42 591400 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Troyer citrange Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
14 MD-11/43 591401 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Troyer citrange Cultivated Tinsukia Assam 27.31 95.21
15 MD-09-11 583254 P. trifoliata x C. sinensis Citrange Cultivated Upper Subansiri Arunachal 27.56 94.20
Pradesh
16 MDY-51 395382 P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Scaton citrumelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
17 MDY-59 395390 P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Citrumelo Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
18 MD-434 470349 P. trifoliata x C. paradisi Citrumelo Cultivated Sri Ganganagar Rajasthan 29.93 73.86
19 MDY-70 395399 P. trifoliata x C. limon Citrimone Cultivated Abohar (Ferozpur) Punjab 30.21 74.22
11.00 oB and seed weight varied from 1.81 to 2.42 gm. Detailed characterization
data of qualitative and quantitative traits is given in Table 8.2 and 8.3, and Natural
habit of the trifoliate orange trees are shown in Fig. 8.1 C-F).
Citrange (P. trifoliata x C. sinensis)
Fruit shape varied from ellipsoid to spheroid with rounded and truncate
apex (Fig. 8.2 C,D). Fruits were green, yellow and orange in colour with pitted,
rough and smooth texture. Seeds were clavate to ovoid in shape with white,
creamish and yellowish cotyledons and brown, creamish and reddish chalazal
spot. Fruit weight varied from 53.33 (IC591401) to 246.66 gm (IC395396). TSS
value ranged from 6.60 to 12.33 oB. Seed weight varied from 1.28 to 2.81 gm.
Detailed characterization data of qualitative and quantitative traits are given in
Table 8.2 and 8.3.
Citrumelo (P. trifoliata x C. paradisi)
Fruits were pyriform to spheroid in shape with rounded apex (Fig. 8.2E).
Fruits were yellow and orange in colour with smooth surface texture. Seeds were
semi-deltoid to ovoid in shape with light greenish to light yellow cotyledon and
purple or reddish chalazal spot. Fruit weight varied from 36.92 (IC395382) to
117.86 gm (IC395398). TSS value ranged from 3.00 to 7.87 oB. Seed weight
varied from 1.27 to 2.43 gm. Detailed characterization data of qualitative and
quantitative traits are given in Table 8.2 and 8.3.
Citremone (P. trifoliata x C. limon)
Fruits were spheroid in shape with mammiform apex, deep yellowish in
colour and smooth texture. Seeds were clavate in shape with light green cotyledons
and purple chalazal spot. Fruit weight was 190.60 gm with 7.63oB TSS value
and seeds weight was recorded as 8.53 gm. Detailed characterization data of
qualitative and quantitative traits are given in Table 8.2 and 8.3.
160
Fig. 8.1. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of Fortunella

japonica and Poncirus trifoliata collected from different parts of India, (A, B)
F. japonica (Oval Kumquat) from Sikkim, (C) P. trifoliata (Trifoliate orange)
from NRCC, Nagpur, Maharashtra; (D) Pomeroy from PAU, RS, Abohar, Punjab;
(E, F) Trifoliate orange from NRCC, Nagpur, Maharashtra
161
Fig. 8.2. Phenotypic variability in indigenous and exotic cultivars of Fortunella

japonica, Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids collected from different parts of
India, (A) KARHMD-10/41, Oval Kumquat from Sikkim; (B) MDY-75, Kumquat
from Punjab; (C) MD-433, Carrizo citrange from collected from Rajasthan; (D)
MDY-56, Savage citrange collected from Punjab; (E) MDY-59, Citrumelo from
Punjab; (F) MDY-73, Pomeroy from Punjab
162
Table 8.2. Qualitative parameters of Fortunella japonica, Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids
MDY-75 395403 F. japonica Kumquat Spheroid Truncate Orange Smooth Weak Ovoid Green Brown
KARHMD- 586989 F. japonica Kumquat Ellipsoid Truncate Yellow Smooth Weak Ovoid Green Light
10/41 brown
MDY-74 395402 P. trifoliata Rubidoux Spheroid Truncate Yellow Pitted Medium Ovoid Yellow Reddish
MD-11/44 591402 P. trifoliata Rubidoux Spheroid Round Orange Rough Strong Spheroid Cream Brown
MDY-73 311345 P. trifoliata Pomeroy Pyriform Rounded Dark yellow Rough Strong Spheroid Yellow Purple
MDY-55 395386 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange Spheroid Rounded Dark orange Smooth Medium Ovoid White Brown
C. sinensis
MDY-56 395387 P. trifoliata x Savage citrange Spheroid Truncate Green Pitted Medium Ovoid Light yellow Reddish
C. sinensis
MDY-66 395396 P. trifoliata x Yamma citrange Ellipsoid Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light yellow Cream
C. sinensis
MD-433 470348 P. trifoliata x Carizo citrange Spheroid Rounded Orange Smooth Strong Ovoid White Reddish
163
C. sinensis
MD-11/42 591400 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange Spheroid Round Orange Rough Strong Clavate Cream Light
C. sinensis brown
MD-11/43 591401 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange Spheroid Round Yellow Rough Medium Ovoid White Brown
C. sinensis
MDY-69 395398 P. trifoliata x Citrange Spheroid Rounded Orange yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light green Raddish
C. sinensis
MDY-51 395382 P. trifoliata x Scaton citrumelo Pyriform Rounded Yellow Smooth Strong Ovoid Light yellow Purple
C. paradisi
MDY-59 395390 P. trifoliata x Citrumelo Pyriform Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Medium Ovoid Light yellow Cream
C. paradisi
MD-434 470349 P. trifoliata x Citrumelo Spheroid Rounded Dark yellow Smooth Strong Semi-deltoid Light yellow Reddish
MDY-70 395399 P. trifoliata x Citremone Spheroid Mammiform Deep yellow Smooth Strong Clavate Light green Purple
C. limon
Table 8.3. Quantitative parameters of Fortunella japonica, Poncirus trifoliata and its hybrids
/Cult. Name weight diameter length epicarp at rind segments (oB) seed/ Seed
area (mm) ness (gm)
(mm)
MDY-75 395403 F. japonica Kumquat 55.00 36.47 32.65 1.57 1.20 8.00 9.00 3.67 0.87
±4.08 ±1.73 ±1.35 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.00
KARHMD- 586989 F. japonica Kumquat 56.33 33.58 36.27 1.70 3.02 5.00 7.67 11.33 1.52
10/41 ±0.88 ±0.39 ±0.46 ±0.06 ±0.75 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.67 ±0.00
MDY-74 395402 Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux 57.19 43.97 44.10 1.07 1.23 7.33 10.87 11.00 2.16
±3.84 ±0.18 ±0.32 ±0.12 ±0.15 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±7.51 ±0.01
MD-11/44 591402 Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux 62.67 47.97 49.47 1.94 4.70 6.00 10.50 22.33 1.81
±1.67 ±0.02 ±0.72 ±0.06 ±0.02 ±0.00 ±0.29 ±2.33 ±0.20
MDY-73 311345 Poncirus trifoliata Pomeroy 61.67 43.51 45.29 1.00 1.53 6.00 11.00 8.33 2.42
164
±1.67 ±0.45 ±0.53 ±0.00 ±0.03 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.67 ±0.00
MDY-55 395386 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange 105.47 58.01 58.46 1.47 2.41 9.33 8.13 9.00 1.56
C. sinensis ±6.65 ±1.21 ±0.80 ±0.18 ±0.22 ±0.33 ±0.07 ±1.73 ±0.16
MDY-56 395387 P. trifoliata x Savage citrange 222.83 83.57 72.00 2.39 3.23 11.00 6.60 11.67 2.81
C. sinensis ±5.50 ±2.67 ±1.52 ±0.14 ±0.31 ±0.58 ±0.31 ±3.48 ±0.13
MDY-66 395396 P. trifoliata x Yamma citrange 246.66 57.50 62.50 1.66 3.66 9.50 9.93 4.33 1.28
C. sinensis ±7.50 ±0.24 ±0.20 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.40 ±0.13 ±1.45 ±0.02
MD-433 470348 P. trifoliata x Carizo citrange 80.47 53.09 54.53 1.77 2.60 7.67 9.93 4.33 1.68
C. sinensis ±9.92 ±2.20 ±1.39 ±0.12 ±0.54 ±0.33 ±0.13 ±1.45 ±0.03
MD-11/42 591400 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange 113.33 76.82 77.23 1.54 4.81 10.00 9.00 14.00 2.06
C. sinensis ±5.50 ±5.23 ±5.23 ±0.10 ±0.08 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±1.53 ±0.03
MD-11/43 591401 P. trifoliata x Troyer citrange 53.33 44.83 44.95 1.08 2.83 6.00 12.33 0.00 2.14
C. sinensis ±3.33 ±0.50 ±1.62 ±0.02 ±0.09 ±0.00 ±0.17 ±0.00 ±0.29
MDY-69 395398 P. trifoliata x Citrange 117.86 71.67 76.67 2.00 3.67 9.33 3.00 8.67 2.43
C. sinensis ±6.75 ±0.41 ±0.384 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.67 ±0.05
MDY-51 395382 P. trifoliata x Scaton citrumelo 36.92 48.87 52.13 1.10 2.47 8.67 3.00 10.00 2.10
C. paradisi ±6.12 ±0.23 ±0.09 ±0.06 ±0.25 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±1.15 ±0.07
MDY-59 395390 P. trifoliata x Citrumelo 97.57 62.00 67.00 2.00 3.67 8.00 4.00 8.67 1.27
C. paradisi ±3.72 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.33 ±0.00 ±0.00 ±0.67 ±0.05
MD-434 470349 P. trifoliata x Citrumelo 113.24 57.27 59.68 1.12 1.76 9.00 7.87 8.67 1.77
C. paradisi ±6.65 ±0.78 ±2.08 ±0.03 ±0.04 ±0.58 ±0.07 ±0.67 ±0.08
MDY-70 395399 P. trifoliata x Citremone 190.60 72.60 66.50 2.27 3.47 13.33 7.83 14.00 8.53
C. limon ±6.50 ±1.78 ±0.58 ±0.03 ±0.03 ±0.33 ±0.60 ±6.24 ±7.74
165
9. Future Perspective
Erosion of genetic resources of Citrus due to various biotic and abiotic

factors has resulted in loss of gene pools from nature and as well as from different
centers of collections in India and abroad. Northeast India, rich in Citrus genetic
diversity, represents several natural wild species namely Citrus indica, C.
macroptera, C. ichangensis, C. latipes, C. megaloxycarpa and C. assamensis
and commercially cultivated species. These species indicate interesting
domestication trends leading to “in situ” and “in situ on-farm” conservation due
to their cultural and economic significance. These species have great potential
in improvement of Indian Citrus industry being a source of genes for biotic and
abiotic stresses. However, alarming loss of diversity from its natural habitat of
Northeastern India and other areas due to large scale deforestation, urbanization,
developmental activities and practice of Jhum cultivation or shifting cultivation
especially in Northeastern India which is socio-economically neglected area till
now, needs attention for rectification.
Management of genetic resources of vast and diverse genus like Citrus
need appropriate planning for genetic resources management and
complementarities of conservation approaches. All the activities related to genetic
resources management viz. collection of germplasm, appropriate characterization
of collected germplasm, conservation and utilization are required to be undertaken
as a mission mode programme for Indian Citrus germplasm. Collection of
germplasm of diverse species and local cultivars from various natural habitats/
sites, farmers’ orchards and field genebanks need to be undertaken and
characterized. Various conservation approaches presently being used for Citrus
genetic resources discussed in detail in earlier chapters need to be strengthened.
As far as conservation of genetic diversity of citrus is concerned, both in situ
and ex situ approaches should be used in complementarity. The pattern of market
value led domestication by stakeholders greatly helping the valuable plant species
(C. indica and C. macroptera) to be protected or restored and eventually being
conserved in dynamic in situ “on farm” conservation mode in their respective
habitats, while species (C. megaloxycarpa and C. ichangensis) with no socio-
economic value are slowly diminishing from its natural habitat and ecosystem.
166
Future Perspective
Till the appropriate steps and planning for in situ conservation are taken,
the field genebank conservation and cryopreservation of seeds, embryo,
embryonic axes of germplasm in the cryogenebank are the best options. Presence
of high degree of polyembryony in many Citrus species provides the opportunity
of conserving germplasm in the form of seeds without any risk of genetic
instability. However, seeds of many Citrus species display recalcitrant or
intermediate storage behaviour and, therefore, cannot be stored using
conventional –20OC storage methods. Cryopreservation has been extensively
used for long-term conservation of such species using a range of explants like
zygotic embryo, embryonic axis, shoot apex, cell suspension and somatic embryo.
Appropriate designing of cryoprotocols for applying these techniques on large
scale are required to be taken up.
Ex situ conservation of Citrus in the field genebanks need immediate
infrastructure requirement and diversification as all the old field genebanks
established during last 6-7 decades have already declined or are at the verge of
decline. Several important collections have totally vanished from several sites
and some need immediate rejuvenation. Citrus plants suffering from the problems
of several insect pests, fungal, bacterial and viral diseases necessitates
establishment of an alternate field conservation sites in a diverse country like
India to ensure duplicate collections at ‘off sites’. Field collections are to be
replicated in Regional Field Genebanks to be established in the different edapho-
climatic zones with all modern facilities and sufficient man power which is
presently lacking in existing Citrus field genebanks. At least four Regional
Field Repositories of Citrus need to be established spreading in Northeast,
Northwest, Central and Southern parts of India. Northwest zone is the best suited
for the field genebank conservation as proved by the performance of existing
field genebank at Regional Research Station, Abohar where Citrus germplasm
has been safer in comparison to other parts of India as far as disease symptoms
and dieback of plants is concerned.
Establishment of gene sanctuaries and on-farm conservation are the suitable
approaches for in situ conservation while for ex situ conservation suitable
approaches are field genebank and cryogenebank. To protect these invaluable
genetic resources of citrus, citrus gene sanctuary established in 1981 in the Garo
hills of Meghalaya was a unique commendable effort. This unique citrus gene
sanctuary, probably first of its kind in the World for fruits, is endowed with
highly specified microclimate with a combination of tropical and mild temperate
seasons and experiencing very high humidity and rainfall. Gene sanctuary is a
167
part of buffer zone of Nokrek Biosphere Reserve and spreads over the east, west
and south Garo hills of Meghalaya. Citrus species growing inside the gene
sanctuary are still safe, however, the slow regeneration of these species and
increasing human intervention around the gene sanctuary area are the causes of
serious concern. This Citrus gene sanctuary needs to be further strengthened by
taking appropriate steps at ground level by designating that area as “Heritage
Site” and also establishing a “Citrus Gene Park” near to this area. It is highly
essential as due to lot of interventions and developmental activities, human
interference and increased tourism activities in this natural forest area damage
to the plant species naturalized in this area is inevitable. Such a trend has been
recently exemplified in a comprehensive data set generated for 60 protected
areas of the World studied, in which 3 sites were chosen from India (Laurance et
al., 2012).
Various conservation strategies presently being used for plant genetic
resources and specifically for Citrus genetic diversity are both in situ and ex situ
approaches. In the present scenario most appropriate strategy for Citrus
germplasm conservation is to adopt immediate ex situ conservation (i.e. field
genebank and cryogenebanking) complemented with in situ conservation (In
situ on-farm conservation, gene sanctuary and National Parks) for wild and semi-
wild species of Citrus. Bioprospecting for confirmation of medicinal and
nutritional traits in these Citrus genotypes would aid in their utilization in citrus
industry leading to economic gains. Use of modern biotechnological tools would
further enhance the possibilities of utilizing rare genes to mitigate the challenges
of climate change and all biotic and abiotic stresses associated with it. Taxonomic
studies based on molecular tools have advanced and have resolved controversies
in Citrus classification. Several Citrus hybrids observed in authors studies once
subjected to molecular techniques would generate more scientific data and add
to our knowledge on current genetic diversity available for use in India.
168
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Citrus Genetic Resources

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

© National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India, 2012

http://www. biodiversityhotspots.org). Northeast India falls under the “Indo-

2.1 Genus Citrus

The genus Citrus L. belongs to the subtribe Citrinae, tribe Citreae,

(5) Other species group (according to Tanaka system): 11 species, i.e. C.

13. C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck Sweet orange Southern Indo-

2.3 Production of Citrus Fruits

Table 2.2. Global citrus fruits production (in tonnes)

Source: http://www.faostat.fao.org, visited on 27/06/2012.

· Himachal Pradesh (Kangra and Sirmaur)

· West Bengal (Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Midnapur and 24 Pargana (N),

Mandarin- Coorg mandarin

Citrus group Cultivars Areas of cultivation

Sweet orange Mosambi, Satgudi, Jaffa, Hamlin, Malta, Maharashtra, Andhra

Lime, Akola lime,

Lemon Hill lemon, Assam Eureka lemon, Italian Uttar Pradesh,

Pummelo Chakotra, Gagar, Sweet China, Royal, Northeastern states,

Grapefruit Saharanpur special, Duncan, Frost marsh, Northeastern Region,

Citron Bira jora, Pati jora, Etrong citron Northeastern states,

Wynad rough Italian rough, Esteus Punjab, and southern

Small Mandarins Billikichilli, Cleopatra mandarin, Field genebanks,

Trifoliate orange - Flying dragon, Field genebanks,

Sour orange Karun Jamir, Seville orange Nagaland, Meghalaya,

Rangpur Lime Rangpur lime L- EC-115795, Florida Northeastern India,

C. macrophylla - Alemow Field genebank of

2.5 Economic importance of Citrus

Citrus genetic diversity of India represented by several wild and cultivated

and Digiacomo, 2002). Recent pharmacological studies support the traditional

Fig. 2.3. Citrus marketing operations in Northeast India, A- Women carrying

2.6.2 International Status

Table 2.4. Centres of AICRP on Tropical Fruits (Citrus) in India

Centre University/institutes involved Citrus crop group

Pune IARI Regional station, Pune, Maharashtra Acid lime

introduction has brought the “Golden Revolution” in the Citrus Industry of

During 1956-2001, 268 exotic accessions were introduced at Indian Institute

2.9 Characterization and Evaluation

2.10 Conservation: Strategy and Planning

Citrus improvement programmes. Policy interventions, implementation of

farm especially in small orchards, backyards and farmers’ fields. In Northeastern

of Naga hills of Khonama area of Nagaland and is being protected by local

University of Malaya, UM; Botanical Gardens, Rimba Ilmu), Thailand (Nan

Table 2.7. Citrus germplasm being maintained at various Field genebanks in

S. Location Holdings (App.

2.10.2.4 Cryopreservation using diverse explants

Table 2.8 Seed storage behaviour and successful cryopreservation of Citrus

Fig. 2.6. Successful cryopreservation of Poncirus trifoliata EA using (A)

Fig. 2.7. Successful cryopreservation of embryos of C. indica, a wild endemic

species. Successful crypreservation with high percentage viability in many

Fig. 2.8. Successful cryopreservation of embryonic axes using DFF method in

Table 2.9. Present status of cryostored accessions of Citrus species in liquid

C. sinensis 69 Declarbe sweet orange, Olinda Embryos Polyembryonic

C. aurantium, C. 32 Karun jamir, Smooth flat Seville, Embryos Polyembryonic

C. medica 29 Etrog Citron, Madkakkar, Tayum, Embryos Monoembroyonic

C. limon 37 Bhadri lemon, Eureka lemon, Embryos Polyembryonic

C. pseudolimon 09 Hill lemon, Galgal, Chinara Embryos Polyembryonic

C. limettioides 10 Sweet lime, Kagzi-wak-ma Embryos Polyembryonic

C. limonia 22 Rangpur lime, Kole jamir, Tenga Embryos Polyembryonic

C. aurantifolia 58 Kagzi lime, Assam lime, Sylhet Embryos Polyembryonic