The effectiveness of Latundan (Musa sapientum) banana peels and

coconut shells (Cocos nucifera) as a component in increasing the physical

and chemical properties of charcoal briquettes

Davao City National High School

F. Torres St., Davao City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Research II

Proponent:
Jarred Allen Servaña
Nyah Jaielle Mapula
Althea Shan Salcedo
Rafael Matthew Razonable
Lawrence Gil Harani

James Ryan E. Edma

Research II Adviser

January 2024
The effectiveness of Latundan (Musa sapientum)
banana peels and coconut shells (Cocos nucifera) as a
component in increasing the physical and chemical
properties of charcoal briquettes
wood, which causes a negative impact on the
environment; one of them are Deforestation. The
Introduction primary purpose of this study is to find an alternative of
charcoal briquettes made from wood, and to test the
The country's primary energy source is difference of the two; charcoal briquettes made from
charcoal, with lump charcoal being the most common. banana peelings and the briquettes made from wood.
However, this production has led to deforestation,
environmental degradation, diseases, and ozone layer Research Questions
effects. Studies now focus on substitutes like fruit
peelings, coconut husks, and rice husks as biochar 1. What will be the impact of different amounts
alternatives. These materials can be briquetted into bio- of cassava starch on the physical and chemical
char for use as biofuel. Lump charcoal briquettes hurt properties of the banana charcoal briquettes?
nature, as they lead to deforestation and the loss of 2. What are the potential environmental
habitats, biodiversity, and ecosystems. The incomplete implications of using Latundan banana peels
burning of charcoal contributes to air pollution and and coconut shells in charcoal briquette
health problems. Conservation measures are crucial to production?
reduce these destructive practices.

Banana peels, discarded by households, can be HYPOTHESIS

used as a substitute for banana coal. Banana peels and
coconut shells can make briquettes more resistant when Null Hypothesis (H0)
combined with coconut shells. Banana coal and
charcoal are the two efficiencies of coal. This research There is no significant difference in the
aims to compare the efficiency of banana coal and burning efficiency, and ash content, combustibility, and
regular charcoal to find the optimal, healthy, and durability of charcoal briquettes made from banana
environmentally friendly option. The combustion peels and coconut shells compared to traditional
efficiency of charcoal briquettes can be improved by charcoals.
using banana peels and coconut shells, reducing
contaminants in the fuel source. This solution not only Alternative Hypothesis (HA)
preserves the environment but also minimizes the
There is a significant difference in the burning
environmental impact of conventional lump charcoal
efficiency, and ash content, combustibility, and
release. This aligns with the circular economy concept,
durability of charcoal briquettes made from banana
reflecting sustainable resource utilization practices and
peels and coconut shells compared to traditional
encouraging future generations..
charcoals.
Statement of the problem
Review of Related Literature
This study seeks to investigate the impact of
Characterization and Evaluation of Charcoal
utilizing charcoal briquettes made from banana peels
and coconut shells on the following measurable Briquettes using Banana peel and Banana Bunch
outcomes; the durability of charcoal briquettes and the
Wastes for Household Heating.
combustibility of charcoal briquettes. We would want
to find out if the banana peels and coconut shells can be
used to make another charcoal briquette that increases Charcoal is a primary fuel source, but it produces
its physical and chemical properties and solve other harmful carbon dioxide emissions. Bio-pellets made
general problems including climate change.
from renewable agro-industrial materials like banana
In making of the traditional charcoal
peels can be an alternative energy source. Banana peels
briquettes, we have to cut down trees and burn down
have high carbohydrate content and can be used to studied. The effect of various combinations of wheat
make charcoal briquettes. Cassava flour and clay are straw and banana peel was evaluated to understand the
used as binders to improve the quality of the briquettes. effect on the thermal properties of the bricks. This
This study uses banana peels and banana bunch wastes research was carried out in several ways, including the
to create a new product. The materials are pyrolyzed, problem of carbonization, freezing, analyzing the
air-dried, and carbonized at 350°C. The smoke is characteristics of carbon formation and heating time,
converted into wood vinegar, and the charcoal is calorific value and flammability tests. The aim of this
processed into fine powder. The banana bunch charcoal research is to evaluate the carbon bricks made from
yields higher than the banana peel charcoal due to different compositions of rice straw and banana peel.
reduced volatile matter conversion and initial ash The differences in the burning characteristics of wheat
concentration. However, the wood vinegar yield is straw and banana peel are characterized by long
lower due to insufficient pyrolysis temperature or low burning time and low burning time, and the average
pyrolyzer effectiveness. Banana peel briquettes emit fuel consumption is estimated to be 3.50 g/L.
less smoke than WHO air quality requirements. The Therefore, materials starting from agricultural residues
study found that banana peel briquettes emit less smoke and simple production methods are used to produce
and have lower carbon monoxide emissions. Gas alternative and sustainable oils.
mixtures with low carbon monoxide content are not
Characterization of briquettes developed from banana
hazardous. Based on my observations about this
peels, pineapple peels and water hyacinth
research, the banana peel briquettes produce less smoke
which is than the WHO air quality requirements, Uganda heavily relies on biomass, driven by population
indicating a positive aspect in terms of environmental growth, causing environmental strain. To address this, a
impact (Mopoung and Udeye, 2016). study explores using agricultural waste for biofuel,
reducing pressure on conventional sources. Mibulo et
al. (2023) highlight biomass's dominance, comprising
Characterization of charcoal briquettes produced from over 90% of Uganda's energy needs, with wood and
blending rice straw and banana peel charcoal being major contributors. Peels from bananas,
pineapples, and water hyacinth are collected for biofuel
Coal is used all over the world and is an
production. Makerere University Agricultural Research
environmentally friendly energy source. Therefore,
Institute processes these peels, emphasizing a two-week
other energy sources such as coal briquettes are
sun-drying period to achieve 15% moisture content.
required. Duangkham and Thuadaij (2023) say
Carbonized and uncarbonized briquettes are produced;
"Renewable energy sources from biomass are very
carbonization involves slow pyrolysis at 400°C in a
economical and simple and can be used to produce
locally made drum with air control. Cassava flour and
carbon bricks from agricultural residues." The main
water create an efficient binder, added to boiling water,
goal of this research is to find ways to generate
offering over 95% drop strength. In 1000 g batches,
renewable energy from agricultural residues. A
biochar and cassava starch binders are combined for
different source. The potential of rice straw and banana
different substrates, compacted using a hydraulic press
peels for the production of carbon bricks has also been
at 10 MPa. Resultant briquettes, sun-dried without reduce waste and provides an alternative fuel source,
additional energy sources, present an energy-efficient helping us achieve a healthy environment. To perform
process relying solely on human labor. The study this experiment, we need to follow a simple and
focuses on transforming banana and pineapple peels, inexpensive procedure that will yield accurate results
along with water hyacinth, into a cooking energy (Eguna et al. 2012). The researchers have studied the
source, aiming to replace wood and charcoal. feasibility of the banana peels as a source of making
Carbonized and uncarbonized briquettes, produced charcoal briquettes. This includes the process of sun-
using a manual pressing machine, yield notable drying the banana peels, followed by grinding it into
calorific values. Pineapple peel briquettes lead at 25.08 smaller pieces by using a grinder, mortar, or a pestle,
MJ/Kg, followed by a banana and pineapple peel then a bit amount of cassava flour, already mixed with
combination at 22.77 MJ/Kg. Notably, combining water, as it helps the briquettes to stick together it.
carbonized water hyacinth with banana or pineapple Lastly, pressing it into briquettes. This charcoal
peels significantly boosts calorific values, showcasing briquettes will have a positive impact on the
water hyacinth's potential to enhance energy provision environment and in our daily lives as it reduces waste
in briquette production. and provides an alternative fuel source.

Feasibility of banana (Musa acuminata) and orange Efficiency of using banana peel (Musaceae extract) as a
(Citrus sinensis) peelings as charcoal natural component in producing organic charcoal

The extensive use of trees in the production of charcoal The research explores the potential of creating
briquettes is a major contributor to climate change. environmentally friendly organic charcoal from banana
Making charcoal briquettes from banana peels is a peels as a biofuel. By combining banana peels,
simple and practical way to reuse organic waste. cornstarch, water, and charcoal residue ash, researchers
Banana peels are considered waste, so why not developed a distinctive mixture. Initial challenges with
repurpose them into a valuable product by using them excessive cornstarch were addressed by reducing its
as an alternative source of energy in the production of amount, enhancing ignition and combustion. Key
charcoal briquettes? Bananas are commonly available, adjustments, such as increasing charcoal residue ash,
particularly in the Philippines, which is the world's significantly improved combustion efficiency from 2-3
third-largest producer of bananas. Eguna et al. (2012) hours to a consistent 3 hours. The study affirms organic
states that “with the availability of banana peels, we can charcoal's functionality and efficiency as a biofuel,
easily collect and reuse this waste into something suggesting it as a viable alternative to traditional
useful. This could provide a sustainable and cost- charcoals with promising capabilities. The
effective alternative to traditional charcoal as it uses comprehensive research methodology involves
waste which could help reduce reliance on trees as the extensive banana peel collection, specialized mixture
main source of charcoal, helping to protect trees and creation, simulation for evaluation, and production of a
reduce fires. Deforestation can lead to environmental functional organic charcoal. The findings highlight the
risks for our environment.” Using banana peels to make successful optimization of organic charcoal for its
briquettes can be environmentally friendly as it helps intended purpose, demonstrating its potential to
contribute to sustainable fuel alternatives (Calisso et al. interested in supporting banana plantations, the tree will
2021). not be the only source of carbon (Ancheta et al. 2019).
The materials used in this study were banana peel,
The Use of Saba Banana (Musa acuminata × M.
powdered charcoal, fine sand, a knife, a bowl, two
balbisiana) Peel as a Charcoal Substitute
containers, a newspaper, a cutting board, and a sieve.

In the Philippines, we are used to using traditional Coal powder and fine sand go into the container. The

charcoal. Banana is said to be one of the most abundant researchers compared banana peel charcoal with

agricultural products in the Philippines which provides commercially available charcoal for cooking rice.

a good availability. “Thus, banana peelings have a Banana peel charcoal takes 1.25 seconds to ignite, but

potential as an alternative for traditional charcoal, commercial charcoal ignites in 1.13 seconds. Studies

(Caraig et al. 2022) stated that we can use banana peels have determined that banana peel charcoal takes longer

as an alternative to wood-based charcoal in order to to cook than commercial charcoal. Using banana
lessen the use of wood that could possibly lead to charcoal is bad because it consumes banana charcoal.

deforestation and climate change.” This study aims to Commercial charcoal has less carbon, but banana

compare traditional charcoal and banana peel-based charcoal is better for the environment because bananas

charcoal to see which is sustainable, beneficial, and are part of biomass, a renewable resource. Unlike

secure for humans and the environment. Other than commercial charcoal, which uses harvested trees to

that, the two charcoals are differentiated by the make charcoal, it harms the environment. We also

following variables: their longevity of burning, cooking conclude that banana peel charcoal is a successful

food, and ash production. The banana peel-based alternative to charcoal because it can do what

charcoal also differs from the percentage of banana commercial charcoal can do in the long run (Ancheta et

peels, sawdust and wet paper. After all the al. 2019). It can also help you save money, help people

experimentation, the researchers have concluded that and protect the environment.

foods cook faster with 50% banana peels, 25% of wet

Feasibility of Cardava (Musa acuminata x balbisiana),
paper and 25% of sawdust than the charcoal with 25%
Latundan (Musa sapientum) and Lakatan (Musa
banana peels, 50% paper and 25% sawdust, but all the
acuminata) banana peelings as alternative to charcoal
charcoal are usable. In terms of ash production, all
types of charcoal produce the same color of ash, but, We’ve been dealing with a catastrophic problem, which
the commercial or traditional charcoal produces more is climate change or global warming, for the past few
ash. Thus, the charcoal with 50% sawdust produces hundreds of years or centuries. Every year, more heat
lesser amount of ash. Overall, the charcoal with 50% is enters the earth and less heat escapes, which causes
the best as it is nearly the same as traditional charcoal. climate change, or specifically, global warming. Due to
what we call greenhouse gases, one of the greenhouse
Usage of banana peelings as charcoal
gases is carbon dioxide. As we all know that trees are

Bananas are a plant that can solve these problems, but one of the things that reduce carbon dioxide. Most

people often throw them away or use them as compost. charcoal briquette makers make the briquettes out of

If government officials, especially politicians, are wood, which leads us to cut down more and more trees.
Banana peels are somehow considered waste, so in of coconut shells. As a result, they have decided to why
order to make the banana peels useful and to solve not utilize the coconut shells and make it as an
general problems like climate change, why not just use alternative source of energy in making charcoal
banana peels to make charcoal briquettes as an briquettes.” Coconut based-charcoals has the advantage
alternative to wood? “There have been other studies in of being sustainable and environmentally friendly
which banana peels have the characteristics or potential because the products produced can help reduce
to make charcoal briquettes; they are eco-friendly and deforestation and improve the economy of the
affordable at the same time, as Abellanosa et al. (2019) community. Sungai Kupa Village is able to reduce
stated, expressing that there are older studies that shows waste and create a valuable product that can improve
the potential of banana peels to be used as charcoal the welfare of the community and they are also able to
briquettes, thus, it contributes to our environment as it reduce waste and create a sustainable source of fuel.
does not need wood, and is made out of peels.” The This charcoal briquettes will have a positive impact on
researchers tested to know the difference between both the environment and the economy.
commercial charcoal and banana charcoal in terms of
Evaluation of Fuel Properties of Charcoal Briquettes
the longevity of burning the charcoal and the
Derived From Combinations of Coconut Shell, Corn
comparison of the longevity of cooking food and the
Cob and Sugarcane Bagasse
time it takes for both charcoals to cook food. After all
the tests, the data shows that the commercial charcoal Coconut shell is one of the most abundant agricultural
burns longer than the banana peels based charcoal, and wastes in the Philippines, and it is a valuable raw
that the banana peels based charcoal cooks food faster. material for charcoal briquette production because of its
(Abellanosa et al., 2019) high calorific value and environmental
friendliness. Biomass briquetting is a process that
Utilization of coconut shell waste into charcoal
involves compaction of biomass materials under
briquettes in Sungai Kupah Village, Kubu Raya
pressure to produce charcoal briquettes. This procedure
Regency
involves the compression of biomass materials using
Coconut shell waste is a common product of the pressure to form charcoal briquettes. This is how the
coconut industry, and it has been found to have production of coconut shell charcoal briquettes is
potential as a source of fuel. In Sungai Kupah Village, done. First of all, coconut shells are gathered from the
Kubu Raya Regency, Indonesia, the village has 2,649 relevant supplier. Secondly, the partially dried raw
hectares of coconut cultivation with a production yield material will be pyrolyzed using the drum kiln and will
of 1,009 tons per year. This abundant production of then incorporate the coconut shells with the cassava
coconut shells causes the people to feel disturbed about starch as a binder. Finally, the mixture was poured into
the environmental impact as it is just thrown away and a moulder and compressed by carver press to form
not used which makes it to pile up and emits an hollow cylindrical briquette. The calorific value of the
unpleasant aroma. According to (Nurhidayati et al. briquettes increases with increasing compaction
2022), “In order to make this stop efforts are needed so pressure, and the highest calorific value is recorded in
that we can prevent the problems caused by the waste triple constituent briquettes made of coconut shell, corn
cob, and sugarcane bagasse. Coconut shell also helps in 34.37MJ/kg, 11.63% higher than the RCS's 30.79MJ/kg
the stability of the briquettes, giving a high density (Espina et al. 2022).
ratio, which makes transportation and storage
Arduino-Based Charcoal Briquetting Device Using
easy. This consistency is why briquettes are a reliable
Coconut Shell For The Barangay Bautista, San Pablo
source of fuel, solving the problem of waste
City of Laguna
management in the Philippines. Through the use of this
rich agricultural by-product, the Philippines can create It was said that the Philippines is the second-largest
environmentally responsible and affordable fuels while contributors to coconut for about 14.7 metric tons of the
solving waste disposal problems (Bacani et al. 2015). worlds production because the Philippines is a tropical
country which only experiences wet and dry After
The Optimal High Heating Value of the Torrefied
harvesting coconut juice or milk, the coconut shell are
Coconut Shells
either wasted or thrown away without even knowing its
Coconut is a abundant biomass resource in tropical capabilities and other uses of coconut, its biomass are
countries like The Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia, known to be very useful in being an alternative form of
with 347 million coconut trees planted. This woody energy. Thus, it would be greater to activate or
biomass can be used as a substitute for fossil fuels to carbonize it, this process is called pyrolysis which heats
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Philippines has coconut shells in extreme high temperatures around 300
15,805,325 hectares of total forest area, and activated degrees and increases porosity, which would make it a
carbon furniture is another application for coconut charcoal. Coconut shell-deprived activated charcoal
shells, which are used for briquette cooking. have micropore structure thus it is suitable for tiny air
Torrefaction is a technique used to modify the and gas molecule while the coconut shell based has
thermochemical characteristics of coconut shells, and larger macro-pores thus it can hold the larger color and
this study uses it to increase the biomass feedstock's protein molecule, wood-based charcoal has a more mid-
Higher Heating Value (HHV). Analytical tests were range pore structure. “Natural materials like coconut
conducted at Davao Analytical Laboratory to determine shell has a potential in being an alternative for
heating values and assess properties. The optimal HHV charcoal” means that it is possible to use other natural
of 34.37MJ/kg was found for shells torrefied at 275°C materials to transform into charcoal other than wood, it
for 30 minutes. The mass yield ratio in TCS after gives lots of benefits like decreasing the smoke
Torrefaction is 93.51%, with higher temperatures and produced which makes it environmentally friendly.
residence times reducing mass. The energy density ratio This study promotes the production of coconut shell-
is 104.61%, indicating increased HHV. The energy based charcoals, by using these types of charcoals, it
yield product is 97.83%, indicating potential energy gives us benefits like the decreasing of coconut shell
collection. At 275°C and 30 minutes, the mass yield is waste and the possibility of deforestation as traditional
90.10% and the energy yield is 100.59%. To increase charcoals are mostly wood-based and is impactful
their HHV, ground coconut shells were torrefied at towards our environment.
275°C for 30 minutes, achieving an optimal HHV of
GAPS
One of the gaps in our study is that there could be an sampling are assigned in 2 cups of cassava content or
absence of research examining the synergistic effects 240 grams)
and optimal blending ratios of banana peels and
Collection of Latundan banana peels and Coconut
coconut shells in the charcoal production process. The
Shells
study may focus on each material independently. Still, a
gap exists if there is insufficient exploration of how To fulfill this experiment, these materials are needed:
combining these two waste sources may enhance or latundan banana peels, coconut shells, a quarter basin of
compromise the quality, efficiency, and environmental cassava starch, a knife, and a container (Abellanosa et
impact of the resulting charcoal briquettes. al. 2021). One (1) kilogram of Latundan banana peels
and 500 grams of coconut shells will be bought from
Another gap in our study is that there could be limited
the market that will be used for the experiment.
attention to the potential emissions and by-products
generated during the carbonization process. The study Collection of Cassava Starch
may primarily emphasize the conversion of banana
peels and coconut shells into charcoal, but if there is a The starch acts as a binding agent that helps hold the

lack of investigation into the nature and environmental briquettes together and improve their structural

implications of gases or residues released during the integrity. It also helps in reducing the amount of dust

production, it creates a research gap in understanding and ash produced during combustion. Additionally,

the overall environmental footprint of the proposed cassava starch is readily available, cost-effective, and

charcoal briquette synthesis. environmentally friendly, making it a suitable choice

for briquette production (Calisso et al. 2021). To
One more gap in our study is that it could be the neglect accumulate Cassava starch, we can purchase them from
of cultural and social aspects related to the utilization of sari-sari stores or supermarkets.
such biomass for charcoal production. If the study fails
to explore community perspectives, acceptance, and Preparation and Formation of Banana Charcoal

potential challenges in incorporating this technology Briquettes

within specific cultural contexts, it leaves a gap in

Once we've collected a good amount of banana peels
understanding the social feasibility and acceptance of
and coconut shells, we'll sort through them, making
the proposed approach.
sure to remove any pieces that are too dirty or damaged.

Methodology Next, we'll cut the banana peels into small pieces using
a sharp knife. The coconut shells are a bit tougher, so
Research Design we'll use a grinder to break them down into a powder.
Now it's time to mix our ingredients. In a big bowl,
Each banana peel is gonna be randomly assigned in 3
combine the cut-up banana peels, crushed coconut
different amount of cassava content (e.g, 15 banana
shells, and cassava starch. The mixture should be
peels are assigned in ½ cup of cassava content or 60
mostly banana peels, with a lesser amount of the
grams, 15 banana peels are assigned in 1 cup of cassava
coconut and starch. This is because the banana peels
content or 120 grams, and lastly the 15 remaining
will serve as the main "fuel" for our charcoal, while the
coconut and starch will help hold everything together. We'll also see which one burns longer, to test the
Using our hands, we'll shape the mixture into small, flat charcoals longevity we will also use a timer and the
circles or "briquettes." Once we've formed our charcoal, as outlined by (Caraig et al., 2022). First, put
briquettes, we'll leave them outside in the sun to dry. five (5) banana charcoal briquettes and the store-bought
Make sure to leave them out for a whole day, and check charcoal to compare to compare the two charcoal’s
on them occasionally to make sure they're drying longevity in a free space. Next, light the charcoal
evenly (Caraig et al. 2022). briquettes made from banana peels. Then, start the
stopwatch and wait until the briquette turns into ash.
Comparison of Banana Peelings Charcoal to Store-
Last, compare the results of the two charcoal briquettes.
Bought Charcoal
To calculate the ash content of the charcoal briquettes,
Physical Property Test
we're going to take a sample from the traditional
Touch and compare the banana charcoal briquettes and charcoal and the banana charcoal and were gonna

the store-bought charcoal briquettes of the following weigh each sample. Next, we're gonna burn the samples

basis: firmness, size, and mass. To test its firmness, until it is fully consumed and then weigh the resulting

throw the charcoals and see if it breaks into pieces. ashes. To calculate the ash content, divide the weight of

Next, measure the size to see which charcoal is bigger. the ashes by the weight of the original sample and

Last, weigh the charcoals on a weighing scale and multiply it by 100 to get the percentage of each

compare which one has a bigger mass (Abellanosa et charcoal’s ash content (Inegbedion, 2022).

al., 2019). To test the heat, we'll light both the banana
Last, to test the two charcoal’s combustibility, we will
charcoal briquettes and the store-bought charcoal and
use the cooking method (Ancheta et al., 2019). We will
use a timer to see which one catches fire faster with no
first light up the two charcoals in different places and
other materials used such as a paper or flammable
add a pan on top. Next, add the oil onto the pan. Then,
chemicals.
crack an egg in both pans and let it cook, observe and

To test the durability of the charcoal briquettes, we start the stopwatch to see which charcoals cook the egg

need to use a hydraulic press machine (Mibulo et al., faster. Lastly, compare the results of both charcoals.

2023). The process involves preparing dry and

Statistical Analysis of the Physical and Chemical
impurity-free briquettes. The dimensions of the
Properties of Banana Charcoals
briquettes are measured to calculate their compressive
strength. The briquette is then placed in the hydraulic The statistical treatment of data was done
press machine and pressure is gradually increased until using the software Minitab. The distribution plot of the
it deforms, known as the breaking point. The pressure burning efficiency, and ash content, combustibility and
at which deformation occurs is measured to determine durability will be analyzed to check for normal
the briquette's durability. Multiple tests are conducted distribution. The data which were found to be normally
to ensure consistent and reliable results. distributed but had unequal variances were then
subjected to Welch Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Chemical Property Test
test. On the other hand, data which were normally
distributed and had equal variances were subjected to Briquettes Using Banana peel and Banana
One-way ANOVA. Bunch Wastes for Household Heating.
Phitsalunok, Thailand: American Journal of
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Characterization and Evaluation of Charcoal