The document discusses spatial domain image enhancement techniques. It introduces concepts like spatial domain vs frequency domain processing, basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law. It also discusses histogram processing and spatial filtering techniques like linear, non-linear, low pass and high pass filtering.
The document discusses spatial domain image enhancement techniques. It introduces concepts like spatial domain vs frequency domain processing, basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law. It also discusses histogram processing and spatial filtering techniques like linear, non-linear, low pass and high pass filtering.
The document discusses spatial domain image enhancement techniques. It introduces concepts like spatial domain vs frequency domain processing, basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law. It also discusses histogram processing and spatial filtering techniques like linear, non-linear, low pass and high pass filtering.
The document discusses spatial domain image enhancement techniques. It introduces concepts like spatial domain vs frequency domain processing, basic gray level transformations including negatives, log and power law. It also discusses histogram processing and spatial filtering techniques like linear, non-linear, low pass and high pass filtering.
INTRODUCTION: Process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application.
IMAGE ENHANCEMENT APPROACHES FALL INTO TWO BROAD
CATEGORIES:
1. Spatial Domain Methods
2. Frequency Domain Methods
Spatial domain refers to the image plane itself and are based on the direct manipulation of pixels in an image. Frequency domain processing techniques are based on modifying the Fourier transform of an image. Image enhancement techniques are based on gray level transformation functions.
Spatial domain processes are denoted by the expression
g(x,y) = T[f(x,y)]
Fig: 3 x 3 neighbourhood about a point (x,y) in an image
where, f(x,y) is the input image and g(x,y) is the processed image, T is an operator on f, defined over some neighbourhood of (x,y) Square or Rectangular sub image area centred at (x,y) is used as a neighbourhood about a point (x,y). Here, T is a gray level transformation function of the form: s = T(r) where, r and s – denote the gray levels of f(x,y) and g(x,y) at any point (x,y).
Basic Gray Level Transformations:
1. IMAGE NEGATIVES: The negative of an image with gray levels in the range[0,L-1] is obtained using negative transformations and the expression is: s = L-1- r This type of processing is particularly suited for enhancing white or gray detail embedded in dark regions of an image, especially when the black area is dominant in size. Unit 2 - Image enhancement in Spatial domain:
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Fig1 is the original image and fig2 is the result of the image negative where the dark region of the image gets converted into the light region. i.e. binary 1 becomes binary 0 and vice versa.
2. LOG TRANSFORMATIONS: The general form of the log transformation is shown in
fig and the expression is: s = c log (1+r) where, c is a constant and assume r ≥ 0 The shape of the log curve indicates that the transformation maps a narrow range of low gray- level values in the input image into a wider range of output levels and vice versa. It is used for spreading/compressing of gray levels in an image. Unit 2 - Image enhancement in Spatial domain:
3. POWER-LAW TRANSFORMATION: power-law transformation has the basic form:
S = cry where, c and r are positive constants.
The curve generated with the value of γ>1 has exactly the opposite effect as those generated with γ<1. By convention, the exponent in the power law equation is referred to as gamma. The process used to correct this power law response is called gamma correction. Images that are not corrected properly can look either bleached out or too dark.
Histogram Processing Techniques: The histogram of a digital image with gray levels in the range[0, L-1] is a discrete function, h(rk) = nk th where, rk is the k gray level & nk is number of pixels in the image having gray level rk
Histogram is normalized by dividing each of its values by the total no. of pixels in the image denoted by ‘n’. Thus normalized histogram is given by, P(rk) = nk/n where, k = 0,1,2,….L-1
Histograms are the basis for numerous spatial domain processing techniques. Histogram manipulation is used effectively for image enhancement, also quite useful in other image processing applications viz image compression & segmentation.
Spatial Filtering: Spatial Filtering technique is used directly on pixels of an image. Mask is usually considered to be added in size so that it has specific center pixel. This mask is moved on the image such that the center of the mask traverses all image pixels. There are two types: 1. Linear Spatial Filter: Linear spatial filter is simply the average of the pixels contained in the neighborhood of the filter mask. The idea is replacing the value of every pixel in an image by the average of the grey levels in the neighborhood define by the filter mask. (i) Averaging filter: It is used in reduction of the detail in image. All coefficients are equal. Unit 2 - Image enhancement in Spatial domain:
(ii) Weighted averaging filter: In this, pixels are multiplied by different coefficients. Center pixel is multiplied by a higher value than average filter.
2. Non-linear Spatial Filter: It is based on the ordering the pixels contained in the image area encompassed by the filter. It replaces the value of the center pixel with the value determined by the ranking result. Edges are better preserved in this filtering. (i) Minimum filter: 0th percentile filter is the minimum filter. The value of the center is replaced by the smallest value in the window. (ii) Maximum filter: 100th percentile filter is the maximum filter. The value of the center is replaced by the largest value in the window. (iii) Median filter: Each pixel in the image is considered. First neighboring pixels are sorted and original values of the pixel is replaced by the median of the list.
Low pass filtering: Low pass filter is the type of frequency domain filter that is used for smoothing the image. It attenuates the high frequency components and preserves the low frequency components.
High pass filtering: High pass filter is the type of frequency domain filter that is used for sharpening the image. It attenuates the low frequency components and preserves the high frequency components.
