International Journal of Poultry Science 10 (5): 350-357, 2011

ISSN 1682-8356
© Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2011

Determination of Chemical Composition and Ant-nutritive Components for

Tanzanian Locally Available Poultry Feed Ingredients
S.K. Mutayoba, E. Dierenfeld, V.A. Mercedes, Y. Frances and C.D. Knight
Novus International, Inc., 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, 63304, Missouri, USA

Abstract: Information on nutritive value of locally available feed ingredients is scarce, therefore chemical
composition, TAA, ANF and OSI for eleven feed ingredients commonly used in Tanzania were determined.
Standard AOAC Official Methods were performed at the US headquarters of Novus International, Inc. The
ingredients were cereals/byproducts (BR, RS, WS1, WS2 and MB), leaf meals (MOLM, GLM and LLM) and
oil seed meals/by products (SBM, SCM and CSM). Significant differences for CP, NDF, ADF, minerals, TAA
and ANF were observed between nutrient groups. Apart from energy most of the chemical components were
lower in cereals; CP and TAA were highest in SBM. CSM contained the highest fat content (35.82%) with high
oleic (22.63%) and linoleic (50.59%). The observed chemical differences between (BR and MB) were
probably due to their differences in physical composition. Low levels (Ca, Na and P) and EAA were noted in
all groups emphasizing the need of using synthetic sources during feed formulation. Total phenols and
tannins were (7.71-7.26%) and (2.55-1.02%) for GLM and RS, respectively, but negligible in other feed
ingredients. Both HCN and OSI were highest in leaf meals but negligible in other feed ingredients. The
chemical composition of ingredients obtained in this study was comparable to values reported elsewhere.
This means that optimum diets for livestock can be formulated using ingredient values from established
tables and other sources. The present results show that feed ingredients of plant origin vary in their chemical
composition therefore they complement each other when used in mixtures of animal diets.

Key words: Feed ingredients, chemical composition, nutrient variation

INTRODUCTION The search for alternative feed ingredients is driven

Poultry are monogastric animals which rely on high directly by the economics of the industry with the aim of
digestible feeds such as corn for energy and soybean finding nutrient sources which are at lower costs than
for protein but in most parts of the world particularly those currently in use (Romo and Nava, 2007). The term
Africa corn/maize is a staple food for many people and alternative ingredient is wide and depends on location
soybean is not readily available. As such these where it is used (Dale, 2008). In the US and other
ingredients are expensive and their inclusion in poultry developed countries an alternative ingredient might
diets increases the cost of production. Under normal mean any energy or protein source other than corn,
conditions feed costs account for up to 70% of the total soybean meal and fat. A broad definition of an alternative
cost of production and the proportion has been ingredient can include the following facts i) an ingredient
increasing because of the volatility of the feed market that has not previously been used on a regular basis; ii)
and stiff competition for feed resources between human an ingredient whose nutrient composition has yet to be
food sector and animal feed industries (Yegani, 2009). fully defined and iii) an ingredient which the maximum
This competition consequently leads to increases in level of inclusion is unclear (Dale, 2009). Therefore it is
prices of established feed ingredients such as corn and apparent that the key aspects which need to be known
soybean (Tangedjaja, 2011). This situation is more about an alternative feed ingredient are nutrient
distinct in places where feed availability is a problem composition, nutrient availability/utilization and inclusion
due to unreliable rainfall and other agronomic conditions levels. This concept was recently addressed by
(Olugbemi et al., 2010). Inadequacy of feed ingredients (Bernard, 2010; Nyachoti, 2011) who stated that in order
and high cost is a setback to the emerging small to to use alternative feed ingredients in animal diets one
medium commercial poultry sector commonly found in needs to know more about nutrient composition and
urban and peri-urban areas in Africa. In the long run this nutrient utilization so that diets can be properly
might affect the expansion of the poultry industry which formulated. This is important because byproducts or co-
is badly needed for the provision of income and high products vary significantly in their nutrient composition
nutritional products i.e. meat and eggs. However the (Bernard, 2010). Feed formulation for poultry feeds in
current situation can be abridged by using alternative Africa involves the use of many ingredients such as
feed ingredients (Dale, 2008). grain by products (maize bran, wheat bran, rice by

Corresponding Author: S.K. Mutayoba, Novus International, Inc., 20 Research Park Drive, Saint Charles, 63304, Missouri, USA

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products) for energy; seed oil extraction by products Urease test: The assay described in AACC Official
(cotton seed cake, sunflower seed cake) and leaf meals Method 22-90 was used to determine the presence of
for protein. Thus the term alternative feed ingredients fits trypsin inhibitor using urease activity as a marker.
well into this situation. The nutrient content especially Tannins were analyzed according to AOAC Official
the micronutrients of most alternative ingredients used Surplus Method 955.35.
in Africa is not known due to lack of advanced analytical
facilities. Most of the formulations are based on major Statistical analysis: The differences between feed
nutrient composition such as crude protein, crude fiber, ingredients were determined using t-test.
ash and fat, which in most cases do not clearly indicate
the availability and utilization of nutrients by animals. RESULTS
Therefore the objective of the present study was to Proximate composition and ant-nutritional factors: The
determine the detailed chemical composition of feed results for proximate composition are presented in
ingredients locally used in Tanzania. Table 1 and 2. The DM content was fairly constant
across the cereals and cereal by products ranging
MATERIALS AND METHODS between 88.1% for BR and 89.5% for MB. A wide
The chemical composition of eleven feed ingredients variation was noted for CP (9.84% -15.36%); fat (1.48-
from Tanzania including energy and plant protein was 12.29%); NDF (2.04-22.23%) and NFC (47.71-85.70%).
studied at Novus International Inc, USA. The ingredients With the exception of NFC most of studied chemical
were grouped as follows Cereals and cereal by components were higher in MB and lower in BR.
products: - Red sorghum (high tannin) (RS), White Insignificant differences were observed between the red
sorghum 1 (low tannin) (WS1), White sorghum 2 (low and the white sorghums for CP, fat and ash. Crude
tannin) (WS2), Broken rice (BR) and Maize bran (MB). protein and fat were higher in WS whereas ADF, ash,
Leaf meals: Moringa oleifera (MOLM), Soyabean meal total phenols and tannins were higher in RS. Energy
(SBM), Leucaena leucocephala (LLM) and Oil seeds and content was higher in MB (4.53 ME Mcal/kg) and lower in
oil seed by product meal: Sunflower seed cake meal RS (4.14 Mcal/kg). The Oil stability index (OSI) was
(SSCM), Gliricidia sepium (GLM) and Curcubita maxima highest in WS2 (2.95hrs) and lowest in RS (1.65 hrs).
seed meal (CSM).
The DM content of the plant protein sources ranged from
The leaf meals were harvested and dried under shade
87.2% in MOLM - 99.1% in CSM. SBM had the highest
for 5-7 days; this was followed by partial drying using
protein (46.26%) while it was lowest in GLM. The protein
forced air oven as described by Goering and Van-Soest
content in leaf meals was slightly lower than that of oil
(1970). After cooling, the samples were ground through
seed meals whereas no definite trend was observed for
a 1 mm screen, packed and labeled and were then
soluble protein. Fat content was significantly higher in
shipped to the USA at Novus International, Inc.
the oil seed meals (21.54%) compared to the leaf meals
with 4.74%. A similar trend was observed for energy and
Chemical composition: Dry Matter (DM), Crude Protein
the mean was 4.83±0.4 for oil seed meals and
(CP), Soluble Protein (SP), Acid Detergent fiber (ADF),
3.77±0.11 for leaf meals. The major fatty acids in CSM
Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Lignin, Non Fiber
Carbohydrate (NFC) fat, ash and total minerals were were palmitic (16.38%), Stearic (9.21%), Oleic (22.63%),
determine using the AOAC (1990; 2006) standard Linoleic (50.59%). The Oil Stability Index (OSI) was
methods. highest for GLM (21.25 h) and lowest for LLM (3.35 h).
DM of the samples was determined using (930.15) Non significant differences between oil seed and leaf
AOAC (1990) whereas CP was determined using meals were observed for both ADF and NDF. The ash
Kjeldahl-method (984.13) of AOAC (1990). NDF, ADF content was significantly higher (12.09±0.79) in leaf
and lignin were measured using the AOAC method meals compared to 6.10±3.6 in oil seed meals. A clear
(973.18). Total ash content of the feed ingredients was distinction on the type and amount of ant-nutritional
measured using AOAC (942.05) and AOAC (920.29) was factors was noted between the feed ingredients. Total
used to measure total fat as ether extracts. phenols and tannins were significantly higher in leaf
meals but were very low or absent in oilseed meals.
Minerals: The minerals P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, GLM had highest levels of both total phenols (7.71%)
Mo were determined using atomic absorption spectro- and tannins (7.26%). Hydrogen cyanide was only found
photometric method described by AOAC Official Method in GLM and LLM whereas trypsin inhibitor activities were
968.08 D (a). The AOAC Official method 982.30E (a,b,c) highest in SBM (12000 TIU/g) and relatively low in SCM
chapter 45.3.05, 2006 was used to measure complete and CSM (<2000 TIU/g). The level of chemical
Amino Acid Profile (AAP) of the feed ingredient components varied between and within the leaf and oil
samples. seed meals.

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Table 1: Chemical composition, ant-nutritional factors and oil stability index of sorghum varieties and cereal by products
Component BR RS WS (1) WS (2) MB Mean Std dev
DM (%) 88.10 89.10 88.80 88.60 89.50 88.8 4.00
CP (%) 9.84 11.19 13.70 13.62 15.36 12.7 7.12
SP (%) 49.94 35.91 18.02 31.60 32.40 33.6 16.58
Fat (%) 1.48 2.92 3.72 3.16 12.29 4.7 12.12
ADF (%) 1.36 7.97 3.49 3.84 6.03 4.5 7.80
NDF (%) 2.04 10.77 10.59 8.24 22.23 10.8 9.41
NFC (%) 85.70 74.41 73.31 76.07 47.71 71.4 13.34
Ash (%) 1.57 3.64 2.42 2.16 4.99 3.0 3.54
Total phenols (%) - 2.55 0.17 0.17 1.0 3.04
Tannins - 1.02 0.07 0.10 0.4 2.91
Oil stability index (h) 1.65 1.75 2.95 0.60
ME (Mcal/kg) 4.36 4.14 4.30 4.39 4.53 4.3
NE of gain (Mcal/kg) 1.67 1.56 1.66 1.69 1.79 1.7
BR: Broken Rice; RS: Red Sorghum; WS1: White Sorghum 1; WS2: White Sorghum 2; MB: Maize Bran; DM: Dry Matter; CP: Crude
Protein; SP: Soluble Protein; ADF: Acid Detergent Fiber; NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber

Table 2: Chemical composition, ant-nutritional factors and oil stability index of leaf and oil seed meals
Component MOLM GLM LLM SBM SCM CSM Mean Std dev
DM (%) 87.20 91.00 89.90 92.80 91.10 99.10 91.9 4.00
CP (%) 30.65 25.55 29.38 46.26 31.40 34.10 32.9 7.12
SP (%) 56.19 53.39 35.16 25.86 58.18 20.18 41.5 16.58
Fat (%) 4.13 6.45 3.63 14.98 13.83 35.82 13.1 12.12
ADF (%) 12.50 13.90 20.33 7.44 30.08 16.04 16.7 7.80
NDF (%) 16.28 21.02 28.13 13.04 39.41 24.02 23.7 9.41
NFC (%) 36.24 34.48 34.62 22.63 14.82 3.23 24.3 13.34
Ash (%) 14.28 10.96 11.02 5.92 7.06 5.31 9.1 3.54
Total phenols 3.04 7.71 2.79 0.42 - 0.15 2.8 3.04
Tannins 2.83 7.26 2.35 0.26 - 0.04 2.5 2.91
HCN - 3.00 3.85 - - - 3.4 0.60
Trypsin inhibitor (TIU/g) - - - 12000.00 <2000.00 <2000.00 -
OSI (h) 7.60 21.25 3.35 - - -
ME (Mcal/kg) 4.04 3.89 3.38 5.13 4.11 5.26 4.3 0.74
NE of gain (Mcal/kg) 1.48 1.42 1.12 2.12 1.56 2.21
MOLM: Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal; GLM: Gliricidia sepium Leaf Meal; LLM: Leucaena leucocephala Leaf Meal; SBM: Soyabean Meal;
SCM: Sunflower Seed Cake Meal; CSM: Curcubita maxima Seed Meal; DM: Dry Matter; CP: Crude Protein; SP: Soluble Protein; ADF:
Acid Detergent Fiber; NDF: Neutral Detergent Fiber; HCN: Hydrogen Cyanide; OSI: Oil Stability Index; ME: Metabolizable Energy
(Mcal/kg); NE: Net Energy (Mcal/kg)

Table 3: Mineral composition for the different sorghum varieties and cereal by products
BR RS WS (1) WS (2) MB Mean Std dev
Ash (%) 1.57 3.64 2.42 2.16 4.99 2.96 1.36
Ca (%) 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01
P (%) 0.19 0.26 0.39 0.37 0.79 0.40 0.23
Mg (%) 0.08 0.16 0.20 0.19 0.31 0.19 0.08
K (%) 0.17 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.84 0.41 0.25
Na (%) 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.00
S (%) 152.10 427.61 153.15 64.33 197.77 198.99 136.66
Fe (ppm) 15.89 23.57 28.15 22.57 60.34 30.10 17.46
Zn (ppm) 3.41 5.61 5.63 4.51 4.47 4.73 0.93
Cu (ppm) 21.57 26.94 15.77 14.67 16.76 19.14 5.09
Mn (ppm) 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.12 0.02
Mo (ppm) 1.48 1.35 1.01 1.47 0.67 1.20 0.35
BR: Broken Rice; RS: Red Sorghum; WS1: White Sorghum 1; WS2: White Sorghum 2; MB: Maize Bran; Ca: Calcium; P: Phosphorus;
Mg: Magnesium; K: Potassium; Na: Sodium; S: Sulphur; Fe: Iron; Zn: Zinc; Mn: Manganese; Mo: Molybdenum

Minerals: The mineral content for the feed ingredients minerals were higher in MB and lower in BR. Potassium
are shown in Table 3 and 4. For cereal by products most was the highest (0.40±0.23%) major mineral in all the
of the minerals (Ash, P, Mg, K, S and Fe) were higher energy sources while Ca (0.02±0.01%) was lowest.
in MB and lower in RB. Significant differences between Significant differences in the content of trace minerals
RS and WS; minerals were generally higher in RS and were observed. The distribution of the trace mineral was
lower in WS. Across the energy sources most of the almost similar to that of major minerals whereby Fe, Mn

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Table 4: Mineral composition for the leaf and oil seed meals
MOLM GLM LLM SBM SCM CSM Mean Std dev
Ash (%) 14.28 10.96 11.02 5.92 7.06 5.31 9.09 3.54
Ca (%) 2.47 2.12 1.76 0.28 0.33 0.07 1.17 1.06
P (%) 0.44 0.19 0.22 0.60 0.86 0.92 0.54 0.31
Mg (%) 1.03 0.30 0.37 0.26 0.49 0.46 0.49 0.28
K (%) 1.63 1.42 2.19 1.54 1.14 0.79 1.45 0.47
Na (%) 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02
Fe (ppm) 318.81 985.54 304.40 245.69 461.03 228.05 423.92 287.14
Zn (ppm) 21.79 24.47 18.68 34.48 65.86 44.40 34.95 17.85
Cu (ppm) 5.73 7.79 2.20 12.93 25.25 11.10 10.83 8.03
Mn (ppm) 57.34 63.40 162.64 32.33 31.83 30.27 62.97 50.88
S% 1.22 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.33 0.27 0.44 10.38
Mo (ppm) 0.80 0.22 0.44 6.14 1.32 3.23 2.03 2.29
MOLM: Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal; GLM: Gliricidia sepium Leaf Meal; LLM: Leucaena leucocephala Leaf Meal; SBM: Soyabean Meal;
SCM: Sunflower Seed Cake Meal; CSM: Curcubita maxima Seed Meal; Ca: Calcium; P: Phosphorus; Mg: Magnesium; K: Potassium; Na:
Sodium; S: Sulphur; Fe: Iron; Zn: Zinc; Mn: Manganese; Mo: Molybdenum

Table 5: Total amino acid composition for the feed ingredients (in %DM)
Amino acid/
feed ingredient BR RS WS1 WS2 MB MOLM GLM LLM SBM SCM CSM
Methionine 0.23 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.26 0.42 0.35 0.39 0.53 0.63 0.63
Cysteine 0.20 0.18 0.23 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.31 0.30 0.51 0.49 0.40
Lysine 0.34 0.22 0.27 0.26 0.53 1.40 1.29 1.47 2.60 1.02 1.56
Arginine 0.72 0.38 0.46 0.45 0.86 1.62 1.15 1.30 3.47 2.36 4.16
Tryptophan 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.44 0.30 0.52 0.34 0.47
Tyrosine 0.32 0.36 0.42 0.42 0.40 0.88 0.86 0.93 1.61 0.67 1.63
Threonine 0.30 0.34 0.41 0.38 0.50 1.02 0.92 1.01 1.63 1.02 0.75
Serine 0.40 0.45 0.54 0.53 0.55 1.17 0.98 0.90 1.90 1.12 1.25
Phenyalalanine 0.49 0.53 0.71 0.67 0.57 1.62 1.18 1.26 2.33 1.28 1.34
Aspartic acid 0.79 0.71 0.90 0.79 0.95 2.98 2.57 2.21 4.94 2.60 3.16
Glutamic acid 1.61 2.11 2.67 2.61 1.94 3.49 2.15 2.37 7.52 5.27 4.96
Proline 0.40 0.84 1.09 1.04 0.86 1.19 1.15 1.35 2.17 1.21 0.97
Glycine 0.40 0.31 0.38 0.36 0.67 1.19 1.05 1.20 1.88 1.65 2.50
Alanine 0.51 0.97 1.23 1.20 0.88 1.48 1.20 1.30 1.90 1.21 1.19
Valine 0.56 0.51 0.63 0.61 0.63 1.40 1.21 1.39 2.21 1.10 1.37
Isoleucine 0.40 0.40 0.53 0.51 0.42 1.09 0.97 1.07 2.09 1.01 1.07
Leucine 0.76 1.40 1.84 1.76 1.21 2.01 1.75 2.02 3.47 1.79 1.95
Histidine 0.22 0.21 0.27 0.27 0.38 0.60 0.48 0.51 1.13 0.68 0.86
BR: Broken Rice; RS: Red Sorghum; WS1: White Sorghum 1; WS2: White Sorghum 2; MB: Maize Bran; MOLM: Moringa oleifera Leaf
Meal; GLM: Gliricidia sepium Leaf Meal; LLM: Leucaena leucocephala Leaf Meal; SBM: Soyabean Meal; SCM: Sunflower Seed Cake
Meal; CSM: Curcubita maxima Seed Meal

and Cu were highest in RS while zinc was high in MB. and glutamic acid (2.19±0.45%) respectively. The
Generally both major and trace minerals were higher in content for methionine, cysteine; tryptophan; tyrosine and
RS and MB and were lowest in BR. histidine were less than 0.35% whilst the level of the
Differences between the plant protein sources were remaining AA ranged between 0.5-2.19% in cereals/
observed for both major and trace minerals. Calcium cereal by products. Between cereals/cereal by products
was significantly higher in leaf meals 2.12±0.36 MB contained higher levels of Methionine, Cysteine,
compared to 0.23±0.14 in oil seed meals whereas Threonine, lysine, aspartic and histidine. The content of
phosphorus was higher in oil seed meals 0.79±0.17 glutamic, proline, alanine, valine, Isoleucine and leucine
compared to 0.28±0.14% in leaf meals. Differences for were highest in the white sorghums whereas lower
other minerals were insignificant, although slightly levels were noted for RS.
higher levels were noted in leaf meals. The results showed that methionine, cysteine and
tryptophan were less than 0.5% in all leaf meals
Total Amino Acids (TAA): The distribution for TAA in feed whereas glutamic acid and aspartic acid were more
ingredients is shown in Table 5. than 2.5%. Most of the amino acids were consistently
The results show that the TAA were lowest in higher in MOLM, lower but similar for LLM and GLM. The
cereals/cereal by products, intermediate in leaf meals distribution pattern for AA in oil seed meals was similar
and highest in oil seed meals. The lowest and highest to that of leaf meals with methionine, cysteine and
AA in all feed ingredients were tryptophan (0.09±0.01%) tryptophan being the lowest (0.05%) although the

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content for most AA was higher in oil seed meals. The study was higher than the range of 9-10% reported in
levels for all AA were highest in SBM and almost similar other studies (Doyoe et al., 1966; Rohrbach and
for SCM and CSM. Kiriwagullu, 2007; Attoh-Kotoku, 2009; Bryden et al.,
2009), but was within the range of 8.9-13.6% reported by
DISCUSSION Perez-Maldonado and Rodriguez (2007). These findings
The results of the present study are discussed in when compared to other studies seem to indicate a
relation to findings reported elsewhere. Feed wide range of CP content in sorghum varieties. These
ingredients are classified as energy or protein sources variations are mostly attributed to variety, soil type,
depending on the major nutrient they contain. The feed growing conditions and time of harvest (Bryden et al.,
ingredients in the present study were grouped as energy 2009). The lower protein content in the RS a high tannin
source (BR, RS, WS1, WS2 and MB) and as plant protein when compare low tannin variety observed in the
sources (MOLM, GLM, LLM, SBM, SCM and CSM) present was also reported (Ebadi et al., 2005; Dykes
composed of leaf meals and oil seed meals. and Rooney, 2006). However the relationship between
The dry matter content for the sorghums and cereal by tannin and crude protein level is not straightforward
products of 88.1-89.5% observed in the present study since sometimes CP is low in low tannin varieties. The
was within the range of 85-95% (NRC, 1994; Leeson high CP content for sorghum varieties than values
and Summers 2005; Donkoh and Attoh-Kotoku, 2009). reported for maize grain was similar to findings reported
A number of factors affect the moisture content of feeds by (Donkoh and Attoh-Kotoku, 2009). The high CP
and they include timing and method of harvest, weather content of MB relative to that of maize grain clearly shows
and environmental conditions, such as humidity and loss in nutritive value due to dehulling since the removed
rain. The DM content of feeds that are co-products of parts (pericarp and germ) contain about 74% of the total
manufacturing industries are also affected by the protein (Watson, 1987).
manufacturing processes to which the grains are The trend for fat content in sorghum grains was similar
subjected (Bernard, 2010). Determining DM content of to that of protein. The high fat content in MB (12.29%)
feeds provide a measure for the quantity of a particular compared to 1.5% for BR was probably due to the
feed which is required to supply nutrients to the animal. components contained in the by-product (Esmail, 2003;
Increases or decreases in feed DM content result in over Nalwanga et al., 2009). In most cases MB contains high
or under feeding of nutrients. The average DM content of amount of the germ which is an oil part of the grain. The
88% for sorghum grains was within the expected range underlying reasons for the slight difference in fat content
for dry stored cereals. The recommended moisture between the RS and WS observed in the present study
content in stored grains is <15%. Dry matter content are unclear. The high and lowest ADF and NDF levels in
below 85% normally leads to spoilage of feed MB and BR respectively were a reflection of the presence
ingredients due to mold growth especially in tropical and absence of the bran components in the byproducts
countries where temperature and relative humidity are (Leisteine et al., 2005; Dale, 2009; Bernard, 2010). The
relatively high throughout the year (Hamito, 2010). High higher levels of ADF and NDF in RS compared to WS are
dry matter content is also beneficial for livestock farmers to some extent associated with the presence of tannins
because it increases the unit value of the feed in the latter (Ebadi et al., 2005; Dykes and Rooney,
components. 2006).
The CP content was lowest for BR and highest for MB. Dry matter content for oil seed meals and leaf meals
The variation in CP content between cereal by products with the exception of CSM observed in the present study
was probably due to the type of components found in the were within the range of (89.1-91.6%) reported (Jagadi
by product. Broken rice is obtained after the dehulled rice et al., 1987; Perez-Maldonado and Rodriguez, 2007;
has been polished, therefore it only contains the Broin, 2007). The leaf and oil seed meals are supposed
endosperm parts whereas maize bran/hominy feed to be properly dried because lower levels might lead to
contains the bran, embryo/germ and endosperm. spoilage as in cereals. Leaf meals are dried under
However the nutrient content of maize bran/hominy feed shade so that they can retain most of the nutrients
varies more compared to that of BR because the especially the vitamins (Ayssiwede et al., 2010; Tiwari et
physical composition of MB normally depends on the al., 2006; Attoh-Kotoku, 2009). The high DM content for
efficiency of milling machines. Studies have shown wide curcubita seeds could have been due to longer storage
variations for MB chemical components being 9-15% for period as this tends to lead in reduction in moisture
CP; 5-7% for fat and 2-8% for CF (Jagadi et al., 1987; content since some of these seeds are kept for more
Tiwari et al., 2006; Dale, 2008; Bernard, 2010). This than 1 season. The crude protein content of 25% and
means that it is important to know the physical above observed for the leaf meals and oil seed meals
composition of the byproduct since this has a large conformed to the fact that plant protein sources contain
influence on chemical composition. The average CP 20% CP or above (Waldroup and Smith, 2008). The CP
content of 12.84±1.16% for RS and WS obtained in this values for the individual leaf meals observed in this

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study were mostly within the reported ranges MOLM reference plant protein source with well balanced AA
(23.63-28.5%); GLM (15.6-26%) and LLM (21-29.9%) (Waldroup and Smith, 2008; Jagadi et al., 1987; Donkoh
(Nieves et al., 2004; Broin, 2007; Ayssiwede et al., 2010; and Attoh-Kotoku, 2009). This fact shows that SBM can
Olugbemi et al., 2010). The wide range of CP for provide about 2/3 of the NRC (1994) AA requirements in
individual leaf meals is mainly attributed to various poultry diets. However this is not the case with cereals
factors such as stage of maturity of the leaves; physical which make up to 60-65% of the diet for example with
composition with higher twigs portions decreasing the level of 0.2% lysine, cereals provide about 10% of the
protein content, soil fertility and climate (Ravindran and requirements. Following this AA supplementation is a
Ravindran, 1988). The higher CP content for MOLM common feature in cereal based diets. Various studies
confirmed reports from other studies that MOLM has have shown that the content of AA is directly related to
higher nutritive value when compared to other leaf meals the level of protein a fact which might have contributed to
(Meulen et al., 1979; Amata and Bratte, 2008). Crude the observed differences between the ingredient
protein is generally high in oil seed meals and their by sources.
products and this was the case in the present study. The The mineral content of feed ingredients observed in the
value of 46.6% CP for SBM obtained in the present study present study were within the levels reported by other
was within the range of 44-48% reported for SBM workers (Amata and Bratte, 2008; Tiwari et al., 2006;
(Waldroup and Smith, 2008). The value of 31.4% CP in Chumpawadee et al., 2007; Ayssiwede et al., 2010;
SCM obtained in the present study was slightly higher Donkoh and Attoh-Kotoku, 2009; Djakalia et al., 2011).
than the range of 24-28% reported elsewhere probably The higher minerals in leaf meals observed in this study
due to the fact that composition of most byproducts have been reported elsewhere. Sodium was very low
depends on the method of extraction and the (0.02-0.05%) in all feed ingredients and this shows why
components remaining behind after the extraction it is important to supplement sodium in the form of NaCl.
process. The CP content for the CSM obtained in the It has been noted with these levels of Na in plant feed
present study was within the range of various Curcubita ingredient materials they can provide between 15-20%
species (28.68±2.38 to 40.49±2.75) reported of the requirements at an inclusion level of 80% (Leeson
(Mohammed, 2004; Achu et al., 2005). Their findings and Summers, 2005). The differences in mineral content
showed that the average CP for Curcubita maxima was between feed ingredients observed in this study
34.93±0.43 and it was noted that the composition was showing higher levels for leaf meals were in agreement
not influenced by ecological zone. The higher fat content to findings reported elsewhere.
in oil seed meals compared to leaf meals was a
reflection of the physical properties of feed ingredients. Conclusion: The nutrient compositions of feed
Leaf meals are made up structural carbohydrates and ingredients observed in the present study were within
proteins whereas seeds contain endosperm and the the ranges reported elsewhere. Significant differences
germ which is high in fat content. These structural between nutrient sources were observed. Cereals
differences are probably the main reason for the contained high energy but were deficient in minerals and
significant differences in fat content observed in the TAA, this has an implication on feed formulation
present study between leaf meals and oil seed meals. because cereals and by products form 60-70% of poultry
The high ANF observed in the present study in leaf diet. Depending on processing methods and types by
meals and RS conforms to findings reported in other products can have high or lower nutrient components.
studies and reflects their limitation particularly in poultry The presence of high ant-nutritional factors in leaf meals
diets (Meulen et al., 1979; Nieves et al., 2004; Medugu et can limit their use in animal diets despite the nutritional
al., 2010). ADF and NDF were highest in the leaf meals value. Soybean has higher nutritional value when
when compared to oil seed meals probably as already compared to other plant materials. The high oil stability
mentioned mainly due to the high content of complex index and total phenols need to be explored further since
carbohydrates in the leaves. The relationship between they might have an impact on the animal’s health.
the OSI and total phenols observed in leaf meals was
consistent with the findings of Dykes et al. (2005). ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
However the underlying reasons for high OSI sorghums The authors would like to thank Novus International, Inc
with low total phenols and tannins observed in the for providing funding and research facilities, AWARD
present study are unclear. (African Women in Agricultural Research and
The distribution of TAA observed in the present study Development) for facilitating the research attachment
conformed to findings from other reports that most plant program and Sokoine University of Agriculture for
materials especially cereals are deficient in most EAA. granting permission to Salome Mutayoba. The
The higher AA in SBM compared to other feed assistance of the lab technicians at Novus and Tanzania
ingredients was in agreement with the fact SBM is a is highly appreciated.

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