APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING, this research proposal
entitled A LAND-USE REGRESSION METHOD: AN ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
MAPPING IN BRGY. SUMACAB ESTE, CABANATUAN CITY has been prepared
and submitted by JOJIE GERNA PAJARILLAGA, who is hereby
recommended to proceed with his/her study.

ENGR. KYLE EDUARD G. CORTEZ

Adviser

APPROVED BY THE THESIS COMMITTEE

________________

________________ ________________

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.

ENGR. P. FELICITAS S. CABRERA

Chairperson, Civil Engineering

i
 NUEVA ECIJA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
College of Engineering

RESEARCH PROPOSAL EVALUATION SHEET

NAME OF STUDENT___________________COURSE ______________

RESEARCH PROPOSAL TITLE _________________________________
ADVISER _______________________ READING COMMITTEE MEMBERS:
________________________
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D. THE METHODOLOGY
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COMMENTS/REMARKS/SUGGESTIONS
A LAND-USE REGRESSION METHOD: AN ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MAPPING IN
BRGY. SUMACAB ESTE, CABANATUAN CITY

A Thesis Proposal Presented to

the Faculty of the Civil Engineering

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Degree

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

by

JOJIE GERNA PAJARILLAGA

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

APPROVAL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

LIST OF FIGURE/S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study . . . . . . . . . 1

Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . 5

Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses . 6

2 DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design and Methodology . . . . . 8

Locale of the Study . . . . . . . .. . . . 10

Data Gathering Tools . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . . . . . . 13

Treatment of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

iii
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Title Page

1 Description of Variables . . . . . . . . 14

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Title Page

1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2 Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City Map . . . 12

v
 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

In collecting reliable and comprehensive noise data, it may

be difficult. Since, Noise disturbances are not highlighted in

the same way as some environmental issues, such as air quality

and water quality, which lead to a lack of investment for noise

modelling. Noise levels may have a material impact on the time of

day, weather conditions and other factors. This can make it

difficult to create precise noise models. There are various

methods used for mapping environmental noise in an urbanized area

such as; Sound Propagation Models, GIS-Based Models, Statistical

Models, and many more. A regional environmental noise model built

on a GIS (Geographic Information System) platform using the Land-

Use Regression (LUR) Method has recently been developed to

predict urban air pollution and comprehensively evaluate the

relationship between urban land use and environmental noise

change (Xie et al., 1993).

Land-use regression utilizes the monitored levels of the

pollutant of interest as the dependent variable and variables

such as traffic, topography, and other geographic variables as

the independent variables in a multivariate regression model

(Gilliland et al., 2005). Due to the significance of the LUR

technique, environmental quality in urban and suburban areas can

1
be understood and managed in a methodical and data-driven manner.

It provides the public, scholars, urban planners, and decision-

makers with the knowledge they need to make wise decisions that

will enhance sustainability and the environment.

Several traffic noise prediction models for cities have been

given in previous research projects, all based on the land use

regression model (LUR). The LUR model has previously been used to

evaluate and forecast several factors, including traffic noise,

air pollution, health, epidemiological research, and others. LUR

modeling provides a high degree of accuracy, the ability to

handle complicated variables, can be scaled based on the size of

the city being studied, and it is less computationally expensive

(Abdulkareem et al., 2021).

In order to evaluate the intraurban spatial variability of

road-traffic noise in three European cities, Aguilera et al.

(2015) used LUR modeling. Two LUR models—one GIS-only and one

“Best”—were created by the authors using short-term noise

measurements for the three cities. The best model took into

account both GIS data and factors gathered while visiting the

measurement sites, while the GIS-only model solely took into

account predictor variables generated from GIS data. The authors'

findings suggest that LUR modeling can be a viable approach for

determining noise exposure when combined with correct GIS source

data.

2
 A study was developed in Sao Paulo, Brazil utilizing an LUR

model using one-week outdoor noise measurements collected in

summer and winter including local GIS predictors to assess the

spatial variability of community noise levels in Sao Paulo,

Brazil. The modeled noise exposure was used to investigate

effects of community noise exposure on children’s development

using data from Sao Paulo Western Region Birth Cohort (SP-ROC)

study (Brentani et al., 2020).

The LUR model was used by Dan Xie, et. al. (2011) to

represent noise mapping from urban environments. Three different

road lengths and six different land-use categories were employed

as independent variables. The empirical structure of regression

mapping, relatively simple inputs and low costs make LUR

modelling a major benefit. The possibility to see the results in

a mapping interface is another important benefit of LUR

modelling. In the city of Dalian in Northeast China, 172

monitoring sites were used to develop a first LUR model for noise

pollution covering an area of 2415.0 km2. During a two-week

period, data was collected for use in the model. Both linear and

nonlinear structures could be fitted to the model, but no

distinct difference was found. The LUR modeling employed a number

of local factors, including traffic, weather, and land use, to

forecast the noise level. Based on the noise level recorded at a

particular location, these investigations created the LUR models.

3
 Applying the LUR technique for noise pollution in the

Philippines requires working with environmental agencies, local

authorities, and specialists in urban planning and acoustics.

Furthermore, for the model to be effective in resolving local

noise pollution issues, it must be modified to take into account

the particular characteristics and difficulties of the

Philippines, such as its highly crowded urban areas and

distinctive land use patterns. In the Philippines, a place like

Brgy. Sumacab Este where it is found in the heart of Cabanatuan

City (The Tricycle Capital of the Philippines) uses different

modes of transportation, such as tricycle, buses, jeepneys, etc.

which is one of the main contributors in noise pollution.

Additionally, industrial noise, recreational noise, and community

noise also contribute to environmental noise. Mapping urban noise

in Brgy. Sumacab Este, involves collecting data on noise levels

at various locations to understand the distribution and intensity

of noise pollution. LUR noise modeling is essential for

understanding, addressing, and mitigating noise pollution in

Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City. In order to improve the

well-being of the barangay's population and ensure sustainable

and balanced growth, it offers a framework for efficient urban

planning, public health, and policy development. In lined with

the research above, the researcher came up with a topic about

mapping environmental noise which is “A LAND-USE REGRESSION

4
METHOD: AN ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE MAPPING IN BRGY. SUMACAB ESTE,

CABANATUAN CITY”.

Conceptual Framework

Combining noise data with spatial and location data would

quantify noise effects in a digital maps’ domain. These maps

could

quantify noise levels and their effects based on areas,

population density, buildings, and type of buildings (Obaidat,

2008). There is also information on building types, topographical

features, land use patterns, road and railroad networks, and

other pertinent environmental factors that can affect noise

levels. To arrange and handle this data, Geographic Information

Systems (GIS) are frequently utilized. LUR's analysis of the

correlation between recorded local variables and noise level has

been grounded in statistical modeling approaches. In order to

account for noise effects from various causes, this is typically

complemented by the use of multiple regression (linear or non-

linear) analysis methods, or a mix of spatially based statistical

Brgy. Sumacab
Este, Cabanatuan
DATA COLLECTION &
CALIBRATION & City
SELECTION Environmental
Spatial Data Collection VALIDATION OF DATA
Statistical Modeling Noise Map
Noise Measurements
Selection of Variables Model Development
approaches.

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework.

5
 Using a well-organized conceptual framework that takes into

consideration the particular context and objectives of this

study, assessing the efficacy of Land Use Regression (LUR) at the

barangay level. In order to address noise pollution issues and

provide guidance for policy decisions and urban planning

initiatives, this study will use a conceptual framework to

evaluate the effectiveness of the LUR approach in Brgy. Sumacab

Este, Cabanatuan City.

Statement of the Problem and Hypothesis

Brgy. Sumacab Este, a part of the rapidly urbanizing city,

Cabanatuan City, is experiencing increasing concerns related to

noise pollution. The city's growth, characterized by expanding

road networks, commercial developments, and urbanization, has the

potential to significantly impact the auditory environment.

Although the quality of life, public health, and wellbeing can

all be negatively impacted by noise pollution, Cabanatuan City

lacks comprehensive and localized data to guide effective noise

management plans and urban planning. The main issue this study

will attempt to address are:

1. In determining environmental noise levels at barangay

level, how effective is the land use regression method?

HYPOTHESIS

6
 The Land Use Regression (LUR) method is significantly

effective in mapping environmental noise in a barangay

level.

2. Understanding where and to what extent noise pollution is

crucial for urban planning, policy formulation, and

mitigation efforts in Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City.

HYPOTHESIS

There is a substantial relationship between

understanding the spatial distribution and extent of noise

pollution in Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City and

effective urban planning, policy formulation, and noise

pollution mitigation efforts.

3. Rapid Urban Development Impact in around and inside the

premises of Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City in relation

to environmental noise.

HYPOTHESIS

Rapid urban development in and around Brgy. Sumacab

Este, Cabanatuan City has a significant impact on

environmental noise levels in the city.

7
 Chapter 2

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Due to population expansion and economic activity,

Cabanatuan City, which is in the center of Nueva Ecija, the

Philippines, has seen fast urban development in recent years.

Numerous advantages have resulted from this development,

including enhanced economic prospects and infrastructure.

However, it has also led to an unintended consequence:

environmental noise pollution. Noise pollution, stemming from

factors such as traffic, construction, and industrial activities,

can have adverse effects on the health, well-being, and quality

of life of barangay Sumacab Este’s residents.

For the barangay to engage in effective urban planning,

policy formation, and mitigation activities, it is imperative to

comprehend the spatial distribution and degree of noise

pollution. It offers a framework for targeted interventions and

evidence-based decision-making to solve noise-related issues. The

Land Use Regression (LUR) method has emerged as a valuable tool

for mapping and assessing environmental noise in urban areas. LUR

models utilize geographic, land use, and other environmental data

to predict noise levels at different locations, thereby creating

8
noise exposure maps that offer insights into the noise landscape

of the barangay.

Research Design and Methodology

A standardized methodology for LUR has not yet been

developed, but the description of the general modelling process

has been discussed in many studies (Briggs et al., 2000; Jerret

et al., 2007; Su et al., 2008; Vienneau et al., 2010). The

majority of the studies are developing LUR models using normal

linear regression techniques. Existing studies have generally

used best subcategories (Henderson et al., 2007), manual forward

or automated stepwise selection (Aguilera et. al., 2008), and

distance decay regression strategies (Su et al., 2009) when

selecting a comparative model. In order to take account of all

kinds of land uses, a large number of studies have not focused

only on ordinary monitoring data but also carried out additional

monitoring. The number of additional monitoring points varies

widely from one study to another, with a typical range between 20

and 100 (Hoek et. al. 2008).

In recent years land use regression (LUR) modelling has been

increasingly employed (Ragettli et al., 2016; Harouvi et al.,

2018; Aguilera et al., 2015; Chang et al., 2019; Liu et al.,

2020). This procedure, which was initially developed for air

pollution studies (Morley et al., 2015; de Hoogh et al., 2014;

9
Kloog et al., 2015), uses multiple regression between the noise

measurements and land use predictors for producing high-

resolution noise maps. It is a promising and relatively

inexpensive method for assessing noise exposure, especially for

areas where high quality numerical models and corresponding input

data do not exist and for urban areas with a large spatial noise

variability. It was demonstrated, that LUR modelling can

potentially explain spatial variability and without systematic

difference when comparing with standard sound propagation noise

models (Aguilera et al., 2015).

This study's methodology and research design seek to present

a thorough explanation of how to use the LUR method to map Brgy.

Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan City's environmental noise. It includes

all of the procedures needed to collect information, create

forecast models, and produce noise maps. The maps that are

produced will reveal important details on hotspots and patterns

of noise pollution, providing a foundation for well-informed

decisions and methods for mitigating noise.

Locale of the Study

An overall LUR study may entail a significant number of

monitoring sites, thus it's critical to implement site selection

processes that strike a compromise between representativeness and

efficiency. Furthermore, local government collaboration and data

accessibility may have an impact on the site selection process.

10
This study will be conducted in Brgy. Sumacab Este, Cabanatuan

City that has, according to National Statistics of the

Philippines, a land area of 4.474 km2. Sumacab Este is a fairly

around the busiest area in Cabanatuan City, and to conduct an

effective LUR study, hotspots for noise pollution should be taken

into account. The study area comprises of residential, industrial

and commercial areas with a large and congested road network, and

also large green areas. To capture the full range of noise

sources, industrial lands, commercial lands, residential lands,

green space, and roads can be considered as hotspots for mapping

environmental noise. Take into account environmental factors such

as the presence of parks, open spaces, or water bodies. These

11
factors can influence noise levels, therefore sites near such

features should be included.

Data Gathering Tool

This study will follow the normal process to construct a LUR

model for depicting urban environmental noise. By combining data

from various sources, the Land Use Regression method can be

effectively applied to model noise levels in Brgy. Sumacab Este,

Cabanatuan City.

Cabanatuan City, where Brgy. Sumacab Este is located, is

experiencing rapid urbanization, contributing to an increase in

noise pollution. The resulting data will help to create noise

maps, which allow for the reflection of sound levels within

cities' surface areas, thereby providing a basis for establishing

12
an LUR model. In addition, as regards data collection in the

baranggay or any particular location, take into account different

regulation and ethical considerations. Collaboration with local

authorities and experts in the field can also be valuable for

successful data gathering in the noise modeling process. Data

gathering tools and methods that will be utilize in this study is

as follows;

a) Geospatial Data Sources

This project will make use of current geospatial data

sources, including building height statistics, land use

maps, geographic information systems (GIS) data, and

vegetation cover data, to collect data on land use and the

environment. Academic institutions, municipal governments,

and government agencies are good places to find these

sources.

b) Sound Level Meters

All measurements would be carried out with a sound

level meter following the steps stipulated by the NPCC

(National Pollution Control Commission)-Memorandum-Circular-

No.-002-Series-of-1980.

Data Gathering Procedure

The research will be conducted by providing certain letters

such as the approval and request letter for government agencies,

13
local authorities, or academic institutions to acquire existing

geospatial data sources, such as geographic information system

(GIS) data, land use maps, building height information, and

vegetation cover data of Brgy. Sumacab Este. Ring-like buffers

would be designated based on noise transmission principles to

generate dependent land use variables in LUR models. Considering

the principle of noise attenuation and accuracy of spatial

resolution, this study would generate the radius of the circular

buffers with the help of ArcGIS 9.2 platform functions.

The proposal can start once the methodologies have been

authorized and all of the materials have been set up and

prepared. Once the findings are given, the researcher can compare

all the data gathered, the included sources, and pertinent

studies. Planning should take into account the timing of the

researcher's and the research adviser's visit to the site. Always

keep the safety of the public in mind.

Treatment of Data

After the data are acquired for the areas of two kinds of

industrial land, commercial land, residential land, and green

space were accounted to indicate industrial and social sources,

and the length of two different traffic lines were also accounted

to represent the impacts of transportation land use.

14
 In the same way that many earlier LUR experiments did, this

study will create a linear or non-linear model. As shown below,

the linear equation is described for a linear model;

y=α 1 x 1 + α 2 x 2 +…+ a n x n +c (1)

where y, in decibel (dB), is the variable representing

environmental noise; xi is land use type; αi and c are model

parameters which are to be calibrated; and n represents the total

number of variables.

Table 1. Description of Variables.

Category Buffer Radii

Description Sub-categories Method
(N Variable) (m)
 IND1, INDI2
(Indus. Land;
Agro-industrial &
Light-Industrial)
Determine the
Area (in km2)  COM
size of every
(Commercial Land;
Land Use of 5 land use The buffers land use
Minor & Major)
types will be category within
generated  RES (Residential every radius.
using the Land)
buffer  GRN
functions at (Green space)
the ArcGIS 9.2
platform Find the
 RD1
distance of
Length (in km) (Major Road) each road
Road Length of 2 road  RD2 category within
types (Minor Road) each specific
radius.

In addition, a nonlinear model was created to test the

model, by comparing the effectiveness with that of the linear

one. The modeling process' starting point for the nonlinear model

strategy involved transforming the independent and dependent

factors.

y'=ln( x i ) ; i = (1, 2, 3, …, n) (2)

15
 The nonlinear function was changed into a linear function in

this way. Consequently, it can be standardized as eq 1 in a

uniform format. The LUR model's ability to connect environmental

noise with land use enables the prediction of urban noise changes

and the identification of areas potentially surpassing regulatory

limits. This is crucial for smart decision-making in urban

planning and environmental management during the planning phase.

Unlike fixed models, LUR provides a flexible framework for

linking environmental indicators to surrounding land use.

Therefore, each LUR model is context-specific and can vary

significantly from others. Hence, meticulous attention is

essential when selecting independent variables for the model (Xie

et al., 2011).

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16
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