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Binomial Theorem
Key Takeaways

Formulas for Combination:

𝑛
• 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 or 𝐶 𝑛, 𝑟 or
𝑟
denotes the number of combinations
(selections) of 𝑟 things chosen from 𝑛 distinct things.
𝑛!
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛; 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑟 ∈ 𝕎
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !

𝑛! 𝑛!
•
𝑛
𝐶0 = = = 1;
0! 𝑛−0 ! 𝑛!

𝑛 𝑛! 𝑛!
• 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛! 𝑛−𝑛 !
=
𝑛!⋅0!
= 1;
𝑛! 𝑛!
•
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 = =
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 ! (𝑛−(𝑛−𝑟))! 𝑛−𝑟 !

•
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠 or 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑠
Find the value of 10
𝐶4

Given: 10
𝐶4 , here 𝑛 = 10 and 𝑟 = 4

10
10!
∴ 𝐶4 = 𝑛!
4! 6! 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = where 0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, 𝑟 ∈ 𝕎
𝑟! 𝑛−𝑟 !

10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6!
=
4! 6!

10 × 9 × 8 × 7
=
4!

= 210
 Index 𝑛 = 1

Index 𝑛 = 2

Index 𝑛 = 3

Index 𝑛 = 4

Index 𝑛 = 5

𝑛
𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 , ⋯ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are the binomial coefficients.
Important Results:

• 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟

𝑛
𝐶𝑟 𝑛−𝑟+1
• 𝑛𝐶
=
𝑟−1 𝑟

𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1
• 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑟
𝐶𝑟−1 =
𝑟 𝑟−1
𝑛−2
𝐶𝑟−2
Solve for 𝑛, 𝑛𝐶𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝐶5

𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑠 ⇒ 𝑟 = 𝑠 or 𝑛 = 𝑟 + 𝑠

Given, 𝑛𝐶𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝐶5

Given, 𝑛𝐶𝑛2 −25 = 𝑛𝐶5
⇒ 𝑛2 − 25 + 5 = 𝑛 {𝑟 + 𝑠 = 𝑛}
2
⇒ 𝑛 − 25 = 5 {𝑟 = 𝑠}
⇒ 𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 20 = 0
⇒ 𝑛2 = 30
⇒ (𝑛 − 5)(𝑛 + 4) = 0
As 𝑛 ∉ ℕ It will be rejected.
⇒ 𝑛 = 5, 𝑛 = −4

−4 will be rejected as 𝑛 ∉ 𝑛
 12

The value of the expression ෍ 16𝐶𝑟 is

𝑟=5

12

෍ 16𝐶𝑟 = 16
𝐶5 + 16𝐶6 + 16𝐶7 + 16𝐶8 + 16𝐶9 + 16𝐶10 + 16𝐶11 + 16𝐶12
𝑟=5

= ( 16𝐶5 + 16𝐶6 ) + ( 16𝐶7 + 16𝐶8 ) +( 16𝐶9 + 16𝐶10 ) +( 16𝐶11 + 16𝐶12 )

𝑛
𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 = 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟

17
= 𝐶6 + 17𝐶8 + 17𝐶10 + 17𝐶12 = 17
𝐶11 + 17𝐶9 + 17𝐶10 + 17𝐶12

= ( 17𝐶11 + 17𝐶12 ) + ( 17𝐶9 + 17𝐶10 )

18
= 𝐶12 + 18𝐶10 = 18
𝐶6 + 18𝐶8
 12

The value of the expression ෍ 16𝐶𝑟 is

𝑟=5

A 18
𝐶5 + 18𝐶12

B 18
𝐶6 + 18𝐶8

C 17
𝐶5 + 17𝐶6

D 17
𝐶6 + 17𝐶8
Key Takeaways

Binomial Theorem:

• If 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then
𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

• Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1.

• 𝑛
𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

• Index of 𝑎 decrease from 𝑛 to 0, and Index of 𝑏 increase from 0 to 𝑛.

• In any term sum of exponents of 𝑎 and 𝑏 is 𝑛.

Key Takeaways

Binomial Theorem:

• The coefficient equidistant from the beginning and the end are equal.
𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟

• 𝑘𝑡ℎ term from the end is equal to 𝑛−𝑘+2 𝑡ℎ

term from the beginning.
For the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 10

𝑖 Find number of terms.

𝑖𝑖 Draw the Pascal’s Triangle row for above expansion.
𝑖𝑖𝑖 Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎5 𝑏 6 .
𝑖𝑣 Using second find the coefficient of 𝑎4 𝑏 6 .
𝑖 Number of terms = 𝑛 + 1 .

⇒ 𝑛 = 10 ⟺Number of terms = 11

𝑖𝑖 1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45 10 1

𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
Here, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 5 and 𝑟 = 6
Here, 𝑛 = 11 which is not possible.

𝑖𝑣 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
Here, 𝑛 − 𝑟 = 4 and 𝑟 = 6
⇒ 𝑛 = 10 Here, Coefficient will become 10
𝐶6
 3 4
Expand 𝑥 2 + :
𝑥

𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛

3
𝑎 = 𝑥 2; 𝑏 =
𝑥

3 4 33 2 3
2 3 3 3 2
𝑥2 + = 4𝐶0 𝑥 2 4
+ 4𝐶1 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶2 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶3 𝑥 2 + 4𝐶4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

3 4 108 81
⇒ 𝑥2 + = 𝑥 8 + 12𝑥 5 + 54𝑥 2 + +
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥4
BINOMIAL THEOREM

If 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, then

𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛
𝑛

= ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
𝑟=0
General Term

We have,

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏𝑛

𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇3 𝑇𝑛

• 𝑟+1 𝑡ℎ
term in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛
is called General Term.

𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 + 3 1 is:
2 (3)3

10
1
1
Given: 2 +
3 1
2 (3)3

𝑘 𝑡ℎ term from the end = 𝑛 − 𝑘 + 2 𝑡ℎ

term from the beginning.

5th term from the end = 10 − 5 + 2 th

term from the beginning

= 7th term

1 4
10𝐶 3 6
1
4 (2 ) 1
𝑇5 𝑇4+1 2 (3)3 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
∴ = = 6
𝑇7 𝑇6+1 1 1
10𝐶 3 4
6(2 ) 1
2 (3)3
The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 + 3 1 is:
2 (3)3

1
(23 )2
= 2
1
1
2 (3)3

2 2
= 23 ∙ 22 ∙ 3 3

1
= 4 (36) 3
The ratio of the 5th term from the beginning to the 5th term from the end in
10
1
1
the binomial expansion of 2 +3 1 is:
2 (3)3

JEE MAIN 2019

A 1
1: 2 6 3

B 1: 4 16
1
3

C 1
4 36 3 : 1

D 1
2 36 : 1
3
 1 1 60
The total number of irrational terms in the binomial expansion of 7 − 3 5 10 is:

60
1
Given: 7 − 3
5
1
10
𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
A
49
1 60−𝑟 1 𝑟
60
⇒ 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝐶𝑟 75 −3 10
B
48
𝑟 𝑟
𝑟 60 12−
⇒ 𝑇𝑟−1 = −1 𝐶𝑟 7 5 ⋅ 310
C 54
𝑟 𝑟
The above term will be rational if and are integers
5 10

The possible values of 𝑟 (0 ≤ 𝑟 ≤ 60) are: D 55

0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 (7 values)

⇒ No. of rational terms = 7

⇒ No. of irrational terms = 61 − 7 = 54

MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛

𝑛=4

• ⇒ 𝑎+𝑏 4
= 4𝐶0 𝑎4 𝑏0 + 4𝐶1 𝑎3 𝑏1 + 4𝐶2 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 4𝐶3 𝑎𝑏 3 + 4𝐶4 𝑏4

Number of terms = 5 = Odd

𝑛=5

• ⇒ 𝑎+𝑏 5
= 5𝐶0 𝑎5 𝑏0 + 5𝐶1 𝑎4 𝑏1 + 5𝐶2 𝑎3 𝑏2 + 5𝐶3 𝑎2 𝑏3 + 5𝐶4 𝑎𝑏 4 + 5𝐶5 𝑏 5

Number of terms = 6 = Even

MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Case 1

• If 𝑛 is even, the number of terms in the expansion is odd.

th
• 𝑛
There will be only one middle term, which is +1 term.
2
The sum of the real values of 𝑥 for which the middle term in the binomial
8
𝑥3 3
expansion of + equals 5670 is:
3 𝑥

𝟖
𝒙𝟑 𝟑
Given: +
𝟑 𝒙

𝑛 = 8 (even) ⇒ one middle term (is) 𝑇8+1 = 𝑇5

2

𝑇5 = 5670 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟

4
8 𝑥3 3 4
⇒ 𝐶4 = 5670
3 𝑥

𝑥 12 34
⇒ 70 ∙ ∙ = 5670
34 𝑥4

⇒ 𝑥 8 = 81

⇒𝑥=± 3

So, sum of real values of 𝑥 = 3 + − 3 = 0.

The sum of the real values of 𝑥 for which the middle term in the binomial
8
𝑥3 3
expansion of + equals 5670 is:
3 𝑥

JEE MAIN 2019

A
4

B
0

C 6

D 9
MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Case 2

• If 𝑛 is odd, the number of terms in the expansion is even.

𝑛+1 𝑡ℎ 𝑛+3 𝑡ℎ
• There will be two middle terms, which are
2
and
2
terms.
MIDDLE TERM(s) IN THE EXPANSION OF 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

The value of 𝑛𝐶𝑟 is

Binomial Coefficients maximum when
5 5
𝐶2 𝐶3
•
𝑛
𝑟 = , if 𝑛 is even.
2

•
𝑛−1 𝑛+1
𝑟= or ,
2 2
4
𝐶2 if 𝑛 is odd.
5
𝐶1 5
𝐶4
4
𝐶3
3 3
𝐶1 𝐶2
2
𝐶1
2 3
2
𝐶0 𝐶2 𝐶3 4
𝐶4 5
𝐶5

n=2 n=3 n=4 n=5

Find the maximum value of
10
i. 𝐶𝑟
9
ii. 𝐶𝑟

10
i. 10
𝐶𝑟 is maximum when 𝑟 = =5
2

10∙9∙8∙7∙6
∴ Max. value = 10
𝐶5 = = 252
4!

9−1 9+1
ii. 9
𝐶𝑟 is maximum when 𝑟 = or = 4 (or) 5
2 2

9∙8∙7∙6
∴ Max. value = 9𝐶5 = 9𝐶4 = = 126
4!
Key Takeaways

INDEPENDENT TERM (CONSTANT TERM)

• The term free from variable(s) is called Independent term.

 6
3𝑥 2 1
Find the term independent of 𝑥 in the expansion of − :
2 3𝑥

6
3𝑥 2 1
Given: − 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
2 3𝑥

6−𝑟
3𝑥 2 −1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = 6𝐶𝑟 ∙
2 3𝑥

𝑟 6 3 6−𝑟 1 𝑟
𝑇𝑟+1 = −1 𝐶𝑟 ∙ ∙ ∙ 𝑥 12−3𝑟
2 3

Above term will be independent of ′𝑥 ′ , if 12 − 3𝑟 = 0 ⇒ 𝑟 = 4

4 6 3 2 1 4 5
𝑇5 = −1 𝐶4 ∙ ∙ =
2 3 12

5
Here, the term independent of 𝑥 is .
12
Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

Lets analyze terms in the following expansions:

𝑛
𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏1 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑎0 𝑏 𝑛

Example 1:
5
2+3 = 5𝐶0 25 30 + 5𝐶1 24 31 + 5𝐶2 23 32 + 5𝐶3 22 33 + 5𝐶4 21 34 + 5𝐶5 20 35

= 32 + 240 + 720 + 1080 + 810 + 243

Greatest Binomial Coefficient = 5𝐶2 or 5𝐶3 = 10

Numerically Greatest Term = 1080

Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

1200
𝑇𝑟+1 = 1080
1000

810
800
𝑇𝑟 = 720
600

400
240 243
200

32
0
Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

Example 2:
6
4−2 = 6𝐶0 46 − 6𝐶1 45 21 + 6𝐶2 44 22 − 6𝐶3 43 23 + ⋯ + 6𝐶6 26
= 4096 − 12288 + 15360 − 10240 + 3840 − 768 + 64
Greatest Binomial Coefficient = 6𝐶3 = 20
Numerically Greatest Term = 15360
Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

6
4−2
18000
𝑇𝑟+1 = 15360
16000

14000
𝑇𝑟 = 12288
12000
10240
10000
8000

6000
4096 3840
4000

2000 768
64
0
Key Takeaways

Numerically greatest term (N.G.T.)

• In the expansion of
𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛 , if we give certain values for ′𝑎′ and ′𝑏′, then the
term having the numerically greatest value is said to be N.G.T.

Let us consider 𝑇𝑟 , 𝑇𝑟+1 in the expansion of 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑛

Now, 𝑇𝑟+1 will be N.G.T., if

𝑇𝑟+1 𝑛𝐶 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟
𝑟
≥1 ⇒ 𝑛𝐶 𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏𝑟−1 ≥1
𝑇𝑟 𝑟−1 𝑎

𝑛−𝑟+1 𝑏 𝑛+1 𝑎 𝑛+1

⇒ ≥1⇒ −1≥ ⇒𝑟≤ 𝑎
𝑟 𝑎 𝑟 𝑏 1+
𝑏

𝑛+1 |𝑏|
⇒𝑟≤
|𝑎|+|𝑏|
Case 1:

𝑛+1 |𝑏|
• If
|𝑎|+|𝑏|
= 𝑚 (integer), then 𝑇𝑚 , |𝑇𝑚+1 | will be numerically greatest

terms. (both are equal)

Case 2:

• If
𝑛+1 |𝑏|
= 𝑚 + 𝑓, where 𝑚 is integer and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then |𝑇𝑚+1 | will
|𝑎|+|𝑏|

be numerically greatest term.

In the expansion of 2𝑥 + 5 10
, if the middle term is the N.G.T,
then find the range of ′𝑥 ′ .

Given: 2𝑥 + 5 10

∴ 𝑛 = 10, even ⇒ 𝑇𝑛+1 = 𝑇6 is the middle term

2

Also, 𝑇6 is the N.G.T

⇒ |𝑇5 | < |𝑇6 | and |𝑇6 | > |𝑇7 |
𝑇6 𝑇7
⇒ > 1 and <1
𝑇5 𝑇6

10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)5 ∙55 10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)4 ∙56

⇒ 5
10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)6 ∙54 > 1 and 6
10𝐶 ∙(2𝑥)5 ∙55 <1
4 5

6 5 5 5 25
⇒ × > 1 and × < 1 ⇒ 𝑥 < 3 and 𝑥 >
5 2𝑥 6 2𝑥 12

25 25 25
⇒ < 𝑥 < 3 ⇒ 𝑥 ∈ −3, − ∪ ,3
12 12 12
Find the remainder when 599 is divisible by 13.

599 = 5 × 598 = 5 × 2549 = 5 × 26 − 1 49

𝑛
𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏 2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑛
𝐶𝑛 𝑏𝑛

∴ 599 = 5 49
𝐶0 2649 − 49𝐶1 2648 + ⋯ + 49𝐶48 26 − 49𝐶49

= 5 × 26 𝑘 − 5 (𝐾 ∈ 𝐼)

= 13 10𝑘 − 5

= 13𝑘 ′ + 8

= 13𝑘 ′ + 13 − 5

Hence the remainder is 8.

Which of the following is/are true for 1710 ?

1710 = 289 5
= 290 − 1 5

(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑛𝐶1 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝑛

𝐶𝑛 𝑏 𝑛

⇒ 1710 = 5𝐶0 290 5

− 5𝐶1 290 4
+ 5𝐶2 290 3
− 5𝐶3 290 2
+ 5𝐶4 290 − 5𝐶5

5 5
= 𝐶0 290 − 5𝐶1 290 4
+ 5𝐶2 290 3
− 5𝐶3 290 2
+ 5𝐶4 290 − 5𝐶5

multiple of 103
= 5 290 − 1

= 1450 − 1 = 1449

⇒ Last three digits are 449.

Which of the following is/are true for 1710 ?

A The last digit is 9.

B The last two digits are 49.

C The last three digits are 449.

D The last three digits are 749.

 𝑛
If 7 + 4 3 = 𝐼 + 𝑓, where 𝐼, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then
which of the following is/are true?
𝑛
𝐼+𝑓 = 7+4 3 ⋯ 𝑖 (0 < 𝑓 < 1)
𝑛
Let 𝑓 ′ = 7 − 4 3 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖 0 < 𝑓′ < 1

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′
𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 = 7 + 4 3 + 7−4 3

(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 +(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑛 = 2 𝑛𝐶0 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑎𝑛−2 𝑏2 + 𝑛𝐶4 𝑎𝑛−4 𝑏4 + ⋯

2
⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓′ = 2 𝑛
𝐶0 7𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶2 7𝑛−2 4 3 +⋯

⇒ 𝐼 + 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 2𝐾 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐾∈𝐼

⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 2𝐾 − 𝐼, which is an integer

⇒ 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑣 (∵ 0 < 𝑓 + 𝑓 ′ < 2)
 𝑛
If 7 + 4 3 = 𝐼 + 𝑓, where 𝐼, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then
which of the following is/are true?

From 𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐼 = 2𝐾 − 1, which is odd

From 𝑖𝑣 𝑓 ′ = 1 − 𝑓

𝑛 𝑛
⇒ 𝐼+𝑓 1−𝑓 = 7+4 3 7−4 3

𝑛
= 49 − 48

⇒ 𝐼+𝑓 1−𝑓 =1
 𝑛
If 7 + 4 3 = 𝐼 + 𝑓, where 𝐼, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 0 < 𝑓 < 1, then
which of the following is/are true?

A 𝐼 is even

B 𝐼 is odd

C 𝐼+𝑓 1+𝑓 =1

D 𝐼+𝑓 1−𝑓 =1
Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖 . 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

Consider 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = 1, 2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)
Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑖 . 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 = 0

Consider 1 + 𝑥 𝑛
= 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛

Put 𝑥 = −1, 0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑖𝑖 . 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 2𝑛 = 2[𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ ]
⇒ 𝐶0 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶4 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1
Key Takeaways

Properties of Binomial Coefficients:

• In a binomial expansion 𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 ⋯ , 𝑛𝐶𝑛 are called binomial coefficients.

Usually they are denoted by 𝐶0 , 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , ⋯ , 𝐶𝑛

𝑖𝑣 . 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1

2𝑛 = 𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)
0 = 𝐶0 − 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛 𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)
𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 2𝑛 = 2[𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ ]
⇒ 𝐶1 + 𝐶3 + 𝐶5 + ⋯ = 2𝑛−1
 1 20
Prove that : 20
𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 219 + 𝐶10
2

𝐶0 + 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

20
⇒ 𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶20 = 220

20
⇒ 𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10
= 220 + 20𝐶10
20
+ 𝐶10 + 20𝐶11 + 20𝐶12 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10

𝑛
𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟

⇒2 20
𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 220 + 20𝐶10
1 20
⇒ 20
𝐶0 + 20𝐶1 + 20𝐶2 + ⋯ + 20𝐶10 = 219 + 𝐶10
2
Factorial Notation:

Note:

• 2𝑛+1
𝐶0 + 2𝑛+1𝐶1 + 2𝑛+1𝐶2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛+1𝐶𝑛 = 22𝑛

• 2𝑛 1
𝐶0 + 2𝑛𝐶1 + 2𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 2𝑛𝐶𝑛 = (22𝑛 + 2𝑛𝐶𝑛 )
2
Find the value of 𝐶1 − 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛+1
. 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛 :

𝑛+1
𝐶1 − 2. 𝐶2 + 3. 𝐶3 − ⋯ + −1 . 𝑛. 𝐶𝑛
𝑛
𝑟+1
= ෍ −1 . 𝑟. 𝐶𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
= ෍ −1 𝑟+1
. 𝑟. 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑟+1
𝑛
= ෍ −1 . 𝑟. . 𝑛−1𝐶𝑟−1
𝑟
𝑟=1

𝑛
𝑟+1 𝑛−1
= 𝑛 ෍ −1 . 𝐶𝑟−1 𝑛
𝐶0 − 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛𝐶2 − ⋯ = 0
𝑟=1

= 𝑛 [ 𝑛−1𝐶0 − 𝑛−1𝐶1 + 𝑛−1𝐶2 − ⋯ ]

=0
 𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
Find the sum of 𝐶0 + + + ⋯+ :
2 3 𝑛+1

𝐶1 𝐶3 𝐶𝑛
𝐶0 + + +⋯+
2 3 𝑛+1
𝑛𝐶 1 𝑛+1
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑟
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 ∙ ⋅ 𝑛𝐶𝑟
𝑟+1 𝑛+1 (𝑟+1)

1 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 ⋅ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝐶𝑟 = 𝐶𝑟−1
𝑛+1 (𝑟+1) 𝑟

1
= σ𝑛𝑟=0 𝑛+1
𝐶𝑟+1
𝑛+1

1 𝑛
= 𝑛+1
𝐶1 + 𝑛+1
𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑛+1
𝐶 𝑛+1 𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛
𝑛+1

1
= 2𝑛+1 − 𝑛+1
𝐶0
𝑛+1

2𝑛+1 −1
=
𝑛+1
Product of Binomial Coefficient:

• 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

𝐶𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛 !
• 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 =
𝑛!𝑛!
= 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛

0, if 𝑛 is odd
• 𝐶02 − 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 − ⋯ + −1 𝑛
𝐶𝑛2 =
𝑛
−1 2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛, if 𝑛 is even
2

• 𝑚
𝐶𝑟 . 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−1 . 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑚𝐶𝑟−2 . 𝑛𝐶2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶0 𝑛𝐶𝑟 = (𝑚+𝑛)
𝐶𝑟

• 𝑚
𝐶0 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑚𝐶1 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟−1 + 𝑚𝐶2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟−2 + ⋯ + 𝑚𝐶𝑟 𝑛𝐶0 = (𝑚+𝑛)
𝐶𝑟
Find the sum of 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 .
Hence find the sum of 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 :

We know,

𝑛
1+𝑥 = 𝑛𝐶0 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 + 𝑛𝐶2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖)

𝑛
𝑥+1 = 𝑛𝐶0 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝐶1 𝑥 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟−1 + 𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟−2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 𝑛 . 𝑥 + 1 𝑛

= Coefficient of 𝑥 𝑛−𝑟 in 1 + 𝑥 2𝑛

⇒ 𝑛𝐶0 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟 + 𝑛𝐶1 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝑛𝐶2 . 𝑛𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟 . 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 2𝑛

𝐶𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 = 𝐶𝑛−𝑟

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑛+𝑟 !
Find the sum of 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 .
Hence find the sum of 𝐶02 + 𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 :

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶0 𝐶𝑟 + 𝐶1 𝐶𝑟+1 + 𝐶2 𝐶𝑟+2 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛−𝑟 𝐶𝑛 =
𝑛−𝑟 ! 𝑛+𝑟 !

Substitute 𝑟 = 0, we get

2𝑛 !
⇒ 𝐶02 +𝐶12 + 𝐶22 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑛2 = = 2𝑛
𝐶𝑛
𝑛!𝑛!
 If 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 20
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 𝑥 40 , then
Find : 𝑎 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑏 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑐 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎39
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 20

= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 𝑥 40
Now ,

𝑓 1 = 420 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ 𝑖 → (𝑎)

𝑓 −1 = 220 = 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 + 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 420

+ 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 220

420 + 220
𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = → (𝑏)
2
If 1 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 20
= 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 𝑥 40 , then
Find : 𝑎 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑏 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ + 𝑎40
𝑐 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎39

𝑓 1 = 420 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ 𝑖 → (𝑎)

𝑓 −1 = 220 = 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 ⋯ (𝑖𝑖)

𝑖 − 𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 420
20
− 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 − ⋯ + 𝑎40 = 2
420 − 220
𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ + 𝑎40 = → (𝑐)
2
Key Takeaways

Substitution Method :

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑛 , then

• 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓(1)

𝑓 1 + 𝑓 −1
• 𝑎0 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎4 + ⋯ =
2

𝑓 1 − 𝑓 −1
• 𝑎1 + 𝑎3 + 𝑎5 + ⋯ =
2
Binomial Theorem for any index

If 𝑛 ∈ ℚ − 𝕎 and 𝑥 < 1 , then

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛−2

1+𝑥 =1+𝑛⋅𝑥+ 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 + ⋯
2! 3!

• The number of terms in the above expression is infinite.

𝑛⋅ 𝑛−1 ⋅ 𝑛−2 ⋯(𝑛−𝑟+1)

• General Term 𝑇𝑟+1 = 𝑟!
⋅ 𝑥𝑟

• If ′𝑛′ is a negative integer or a fraction , then

𝑏 𝑛 𝑏
𝑎𝑛 1 + , if <1
𝑛 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎+𝑏 =
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎
𝑏𝑛 1 + , if <1
𝑏 𝑏
Key Takeaways

MULTINOMIAL THEOREM

We know,
𝑛

• 𝑎+𝑏 𝑛
= ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑎𝑛−𝑟 𝑏𝑟 , ∀𝑛∈ℕ
𝑟=0

Consider 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 𝑛 = ෍ 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑥1𝑛−𝑟 𝑥2𝑟

𝑟=0

𝑛
𝑛!
=෍ ⋅ 𝑥1𝑛−𝑟 ⋅ 𝑥2𝑟
𝑛 − 𝑟 ! 𝑟!
𝑟=0

𝑛
𝑛! 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = ෍ ⋅ 𝑥1 1 ⋅ 𝑥2 2
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 =𝑛

where 𝑘1 = 𝑛 − 𝑟, 𝑘2 = 𝑟 and 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 = 𝑛
Key Takeaways

MULTINOMIAL THEOREM

𝑛!
• 𝑛 𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 = ෍ . 𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 . ⋯ . 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! ⋯ 𝑘𝑟 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 +⋯+𝑘𝑛 =𝑛

Also, 0 ≤ 𝑘1 , 𝑘2 , ⋯ , 𝑘𝑟 ≤ 𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ ℕ

And 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + ⋯ + 𝑘𝑟 = 𝑛

Note:

The total number of distinct terms in the expansion of 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 𝑛

(𝑛+𝑟−1)
= 𝐶(𝑟−1)
Coefficient of 𝑎8 𝑏 6 𝑐 4 in (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)18 is

𝑛!
(𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑟 )𝑛 = ෍
𝑘 𝑘 𝑘
. 𝑥1 1 . 𝑥2 2 . ⋯ . 𝑥𝑟 𝑟
𝑘1 ! 𝑘2 ! ⋯ 𝑘𝑟 !
𝑘1 +𝑘2 +⋯+𝑘𝑛 =𝑛

18! 8 6 4
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
8!⋅6!⋅4!
THANK
YOU