Design Engineering Concepts

Module 4
Problem-based Learning in Design

 It empowers learners to conduct

research, integrate theory and
practice, and apply knowledge
and skills to develop a viable
solution to a defined problem.
 It is a teaching pedagogy that is
student- centered
 Students learn about a topic
through the solving of problems
and generally work in groups to
solve the problem where, often,
there is no one correct answer.
Problem-based Learning in Design

 Problem-based learning typically follow prescribed steps:

 1. Presentation of an "ill-structured" (open-ended, "messy") problem
 2. Problem definition or formulation (the problem statement)
 3. Generation of a "knowledge inventory" (a list of "what we know about the
problem" and "what we need to know")
 4. Generation of possible solutions
 5. Formulation of learning issues for self-directed and coached learning
 6. Sharing of findings and solutions
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING (PBL)
Problem-based Learning in Design
Problem-based Learning in Design
Problem-based Learning in Design
Problem-based Learning in Design
Project-based Learning

 Project-based learning is an instructional approach where we learn by

investigating a complex question, problem or challenge.
 It promotes active learning, engages students, and allows for higher order
thinking
 Students explore real-world problems and find answers through the
completion of a project.
 Students also have some control over the project they will be working on,
how the project will finish, as well as the end product
Project-based Learning

 Involves
 • Knowledge
 • Critical thinking
 • Collaboration
 • Communication
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROBLEM BASED
AND PROJECT BASED LEARNING
 students who complete problem-based learning often share
the outcomes and jointly set the learning goals and outcomes
with the teacher.
 On the other hand, project-based learning is an approach
where the goals are set. It is also quite structured in the way
that the teaching occurs
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROBLEM BASED
AND PROJECT BASED LEARNING
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
 goals are set and quite structured
 often multidisciplinary and longer
 follows general steps
 involves authentic tasks that solve real world problems
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
 often share the outcomes and jointly set the learning goals and outcomes
 more likely to be a single subject and shorter
 provides specific steps
 uses scenarios and cases that are perhaps less related to real life
PROJECT BASED LEARNING
VS
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROBLEM BASED
AND PROJECT BASED LEARNING
 Modular Design

 Module' means separate elements

 Modular design is an approach in which a product is
designed for assembling in module-wise fashion.
 Modular products are the artifacts that are composed
of many modules
 These modules function together to get the overall
function of the product.
 Modular products can be machines, assemblies and
components that fulfill various overall functions
through the combination of distinct building blocks or
modules.
 In a modular product (or modular system), the overall
function performed by the product is the results
achieved through a combination of discrete units
(modules).
Modular Design

 Dividing a product into discrete units based on some criteria is called as

modularization of a product.
 As we have seen, modular products or modular Systems are built up on
separable or inseparable units called as modules.
 The basic idea behind modular design is to organize a complex system as a set
of distinct component that can be developed independently and then
assembled together to perform a function
MODULAR DESIGN PROCESS

 We give importance to designing of module rather than the product as a

whole
 Stage 1 : clarify the task
 Stage 2 : establish function structure
 Stage 3 : searching for solution principles and concept variants
 Stage 4 : selecting and evaluating
 Stage 5 : Preparing design and dimensioned layouts
 Stage 6 : Preparing production document
ADVANTAGES OF MODULAR DESIGN

 Minimizing cost
 Design of a single part is easier as designer can concentrate only in one
section
 Module can be separately improved without affecting the entire product
 A part of module can be updated
 Replacement of a parts becomes cheaper
 Shorten the design cycle
 Improves reliability and quality
Life Cycle Design

 The application of the life cycle concept to the design phase of the product
development process is known as Life Cycle Design (LCD)
 a design intervention which takes into consideration all the phases of a
product’s life cycle
 Development
 Production
 Distribution
 Use
 Maintenance
 Disposal
 Recover
Life Cycle Design
As a design approach, Life Cycle Design is characterized by three main aspects:
 the perspective broadened to include the entire life cycle;
 the assumption that the most effective interventions are those made in the first
phases of design;
 the simultaneity of the operations of analysis and synthesis on the various aspects
of the design problem.
Main phases of a product’s life cycle
 Recognition and design development
 • Pre-production
 • Production
 • Distribution
 • Use
 • Retirement
Life Cycle Design

 The selection of design alternatives must be guided by considering the main

factors of product success (design targets), in relation to all the phases of the
life cycle:
 Resources utilization
 Manufacturing planning
 Life cycle cost
 Product properties (ease of production, functionality, safety, quality,
reliability, aesthetics)
 Company policies
 Environmental protection
ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN
 The word derived from Greek, ‘ergon’ means work and ‘nomos’ means laws
 Ergonomics is basically the science of analyzing work and then designing items
(tools, equipment, products) and methods to most appropriately fit the
capabilities of the user.
 Ergonomics design approach focuses on human comfort and decreased fatigue
through product design.
 Means, during the design phase of a product, all the aspects of the product
that can cause discomfort while using that product are identified. Then,
analyzes the causes of the discomfort and appropriate solutions will be
incorporated in the product design
ERGONOMICS IN DESIGN
 Ergonomic design applied to
an office chair will focus on
how much it is comfortable
for a Person who sits on it
during office work.
 A chair ergonomically
designed for dining purpose
and a chair meant for relaxed
sitting at beach will be
different.
 It is, because, the kind of
comfort and function to be
provided by the chairs in
these situations are different
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN ERGONOMICS DESIGN

 To develop an ergonomic design (for a product or system), the designer will

have to consider and analyze anthropometric data (dimensions of human
body), posture of working while using the product, kind of movements and
kind of workspace.
 ultimately, ergonomic design involves every aspect of user-product
interaction, for the comfortable utilization of a product
ANTHROPOMETRY
 Anthropometry is the science that
measures the range of body sizes in a
population.
 While designing products, it is very
important for a designer to remember
that people come in many sizes and
shape.
 The anthropometric data vary
considerably between human races.
 Age and occupation of the user is also
relevant in anthropometric study.
 Working posture is another important
factor to be considered in ergonomic
design. Posture can be standing, sitting,
reaching, moving and combinations of
any of these (such as sitting and moving,
standing and reaching, etc.).
UNIVERSAL DESIGN CONCEPT

 The designer must recognize the special needs

of different users, including the individuals
with disabilities.
 The disability can be temporary or permanent.
 Few examples for disabilities include broken
bones, sprained joints, pregnancy, handicap,
differently able, aging, etc.
 Universal design is an approach in ergonomics
design, which considers all people; common
and special people; who are potential users of
a product.
ADVANTAGES OF ERGONOMIC DESIGN

 Proper consideration of ergonomic design can bring lots of advantages in

working environment
 health issues can be solved
 Increase savings because of productive, sustainable and effective work
environment
 Reduce medical expenditure
AESTHETICS IN DESIGN

 The word 'aesthetics' is derived from the Greek word 'aesthetikos' meaning
sensory perception.
 Aesthetics is the feel that a human being perceives.
 When a person perceives a sense of pleasure through any of the senses while
using a product, then we can say that the product is aesthetically appealing.
 Example: a beautiful person, a good food, nice perfume
AESTHETICS IN ENGINEERING

 Products are intentionally designed to generate a defined perception in

potential customers
 Aesthetics of a product (that is how a customer feels about a product) is a
very important aspect for its business merit and acceptability.
 This feel (or perception) enables the customer to distinguish and choose a
product from similar products.
 Few examples for demarcation of percept ions are; hot and cold, smooth and
rough, soft and hard, heavy and light, dark and bright, sweet and sour, loud
and quiet, sharp and dull, spacious and congested, etc.. customers generally
combine few of these feels (or attributes) and arrive at conclusion of a
product as reliable, enjoyable and precise.
AESTHETICS IN DESIGN

 The customer may not know why a product is aesthetically appealing for
them. it an be appealing because the designer has incorporated some specific
attributes the design in order to create such a feel in the customer
BIO-MIMICRY IN DESIGN
 “Biomimicry borrows nature's blueprints, recipes, processes, and ecosystem
strategies and then comes up with design principles to solve our own
problems
BIO-MIMICRY IN DESIGN
VALUE OF ENGINEERING(VE)

 Technique for improving the value of the product, project and

process
 The term value defined as the ratio of function to cost

Value = 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛/cost

 In construction, value engineering (VE), is a method your

project team can employ to improve the value of your
project by examining the function of each item or element
and its associated cost.
VALUE OF ENGINEERING(VE)
CONCURRENT ENGINEERING

 It is an approach in product design

process in which people from various
functional areas works together
simultaneously to develop a product.
 Since people from various fields are
working simultaneously for the
development, this kind of engineering
is also known as Simultaneous
Engineering or Parallel Engineering.
 This approach is adopted to improve
the efficiency of product design and
reduce the product development cycle
time.
ADVANTAGES OF CE

 Reduce design time

 • Reduce manufacturing
 • Reduce cost for design changes
 • Ensure correct data and information transfer between various sections
 • Simultaneous thinking leads to amazing innovations
 • Every person has feel of belongingness to the product
REVERSE ENGINEERING
 Reverse Engineering is an approach in which an
existing product is analyzed and another product
is developed in light of the analysis.
 The product that is analyzed can be own product
of the producer or a product from a competitor.
 In reverse engineering, a product is dissected or
dis-assembled to find out in detail how a part
works an why is it used. This information obtained
by this process can then be applied to solve own
design problem or develop a new product.
 Reverse Engineering is essentially a functional
decomposition process in the reverse direction.
 an existing product is analyzed into subsystems,
which are further analyzed into deep to
ultimately establish the product concept
 This analysis will help the designer to identify
weak side of the design