Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 1

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

POPULATION
Total population as of 1 July (million) 77.63 78.62 79.54 80.47 81.44 82.39 83.31 84.22 85.12 86.02 87.07 88.15 89.20 90.19 91.20 92.23 93.25 94.29 95.39 96.48 97.58 98.51 99.46
Population density (persons/km²) 236 239 242 244 246 249 252 254 257 260 263 266 270 273 276 278 282 285 288 291 295 297 299
Population (% annual change) 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 1.0
Urban population (% of total population) 24.1 24.5 25.0 25.8 26.5 27.1 27.7 28.2 29.0 29.7 30.4 31.4 31.7 32.0 33.2 33.5 33.7 33.9 34.2 35.0 36.8 37.1 37.3

LABOR FORCEa as of 1 July (million) 38.5 39.6 40.4 41.5 42.5 44.9 46.2 47.2 48.2 49.3 50.5 51.6 52.6 53.5 54.0 54.3 54.5 54.8 55.4 55.8 54.8 | 50.5 51.7
Employedb 37.6 38.6 39.5 40.6 41.6 42.8 44.0 45.2 46.5 47.7 49.1 50.5 51.7 52.5 53.0 53.1 53.3 53.7 54.3 54.7 53.6 | 49.0 50.6
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.4 24.4 23.6 24.4 23.9 24.3 24.6 23.9 24.5 24.6 24.6 24.5 23.1 22.2 21.5 20.4 18.8 17.7 | 14.2 13.9
Mining and quarrying 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 | 0.2 0.2
Manufacturingc 3.9 4.3 4.6 4.6 4.8 5.0 6.1 5.7 6.0 6.4 7.1 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.7 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 11.3 11.3 | 11.2 11.9
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply; water supply;
sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 | 0.3 0.3
Construction 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.7 | 4.5 4.6
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.5 4.8 4.6 4.8 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.7 5.8 6.3 6.6 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.3 7.3 7.3 | 7.2 7.9
Transportation and storaged 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 | 1.9 1.9
Accommodation and food service activities 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 | 2.5 2.7
Information and Communicationd ... ... ... ... ... 0.2 ... 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 | 0.3 0.3
Financial and insurance activities ... ... ... 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 | 0.5 0.5
Real estate activities ... ... ... 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 | 0.3 0.4
Others 2.4 2.6 2.8 2.8 3.0 4.6 3.6 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 5.3 5.5 5.7 5.8 6.0 6.0 6.1 6.3 6.2 6.3 | 6.0 6.1
Underemployed ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.8 0.8 1.3 | 1.4 1.1
Unemployed 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 2.1 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 | 1.5 1.1
Unemployment rate (%)e 2.3 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.1 4.7 4.9 4.1 3.6 3.2 2.7 2.0 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.1 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.2 | 3.0 2.1
Labor force (% annual change)a 2.2 2.8 2.1 2.7 2.4 5.7 3.0 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 1.0 0.7 –1.7 | ... 2.3
Labor force participation rate (%) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 74.7 ... 76.5 76.7 76.6 76.8 77.6 77.5 77.4 77.3 76.9 77.0 76.8 74.4 | 67.7 68.0
Male ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 78.8 ... 81.0 81.3 81.2 81.2 82.1 82.1 82.4 82.4 82.0 82.4 81.9 79.9 | 74.2 74.2
Female ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 70.9 ... 72.3 72.4 72.1 72.6 73.3 73.2 72.6 72.5 72.0 71.8 71.8 69.0 | 61.5 62.2

NATIONAL ACCOUNTSf calendar year (D billion)

At Current Prices
GDP by industrial origin at current market prices 441,646 481,295 535,762 613,443 715,307 914,001 1,061,565 1,246,769 1,616,047 1,809,149 | 2,739,843 3,539,881 4,073,762 4,473,656 4,937,032 5,191,324 5,639,401 6,293,905 7,009,042 7,707,200 8,044,386 8,479,667 9,513,327
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 108,356 111,858 123,383 138,284 155,992 176,402 198,797 232,586 329,886 346,786 | 421,253 575,555 659,929 680,694 734,648 751,430 779,267 813,794 862,580 908,257 1,018,049 1,065,078 1,129,908
Mining and quarrying 42,606 44,345 46,153 57,326 72,492 88,897 99,702 111,700 146,607 165,310 | 186,199 275,760 306,416 305,894 326,960 220,782 187,961 206,361 246,236 231,037 192,840 206,521 268,076
Manufacturing 81,979 95,211 110,285 125,476 145,475 172,045 205,739 241,629 300,256 331,093 | 469,351 661,751 825,918 925,485 1,005,734 1,088,106 1,211,809 1,424,130 1,637,815 1,833,290 1,926,409 2,087,476 2,355,434
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supplyg 13,993 16,028 18,201 22,224 25,090 29,785 33,857 40,187 49,136 61,665 | 65,594 78,474 94,187 112,217 138,286 162,205 184,901 214,852 242,447 281,882 313,806 335,368 380,092
Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 4,516 5,801 6,922 7,497 8,085 | 11,797 14,831 17,938 20,018 22,545 25,306 27,844 30,677 34,892 38,767 40,458 42,398 46,415
Construction 23,642 27,931 31,558 37,100 44,558 53,276 64,503 79,712 95,696 110,255 | 171,834 193,290 216,402 227,895 249,176 282,488 311,380 351,416 399,886 451,516 482,294 506,097 589,712
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 62,836 67,788 75,617 83,297 96,995 111,745 130,432 153,660 208,366 240,577 | 202,874 269,823 333,936 378,239 432,280 474,414 518,743 577,450 641,081 720,032 771,379 792,232 915,473
Transportation and storageh 17,341 19,431 21,095 24,725 30,402 28,013 33,516 39,093 50,749 55,378 | 129,255 162,673 188,951 217,156 243,872 255,872 285,975 307,396 346,807 387,361 386,955 377,834 442,374
Accommodation and food service activities 14,343 15,412 17,154 18,472 22,529 29,329 35,861 44,992 57,067 67,394 | 77,427 96,714 110,765 126,291 140,086 150,436 164,540 185,010 203,010 226,488 181,550 147,109 216,156
Information and communicationh 9,998 11,812 13,778 17,593 19,349 | 120,252 134,867 150,902 167,649 184,870 203,273 221,553 238,919 258,756 281,613 291,248 306,295 334,272
Financial and insurance activities 8,148 8,762 9,763 10,858 12,737 47,825 55,869 65,861 86,356 100,324 | 123,052 155,921 178,377 201,054 214,365 232,142 251,571 276,885 305,144 338,245 357,697 400,825 452,546
Real estate activitiesi 61,413 70,501 83,322 102,920 115,351 | 140,926 174,197 190,384 206,014 222,113 233,942 253,298 270,030 281,504 301,096 308,691 305,926 328,747
Professional, scientific, and technical activitiesi 12,908 14,450 16,975 21,528 24,291 | 65,338 81,619 93,501 105,895 115,841 125,604 134,933 145,196 156,322 168,261 181,369 191,509 204,898
Administrative and support service activitiesi 3,865 4,358 5,127 6,443 7,154 | 44,172 52,838 59,088 67,656 74,548 80,680 87,631 95,162 104,124 114,498 94,340 80,943 107,392
2 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Public administration and defense; compulsory social securityj 37,809 40,891 44,940 54,016 61,255 23,038 26,737 31,310 41,279 47,042 | 60,011 71,676 84,016 96,447 108,014 116,121 125,384 135,090 150,631 165,981 175,492 184,738 192,457
Education 26,948 30,718 34,843 38,261 42,780 | 79,926 94,551 108,056 125,500 145,123 165,180 187,401 215,562 245,998 281,431 309,032 325,407 355,908
Human health and social work activities 12,262 13,922 15,964 18,946 21,276 | 28,217 34,087 39,632 57,232 66,861 73,731 98,718 137,035 157,131 172,751 194,415 275,632 255,741
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 6,319 7,177 8,253 9,986 13,053 | 19,409 22,514 25,893 29,097 32,170 35,056 38,360 43,033 47,357 52,097 51,401 47,736 56,059
Other service activitiesk 30,593 33,638 37,613 41,666 47,781 13,998 16,173 18,927 24,923 29,087 | 19,316 22,047 25,707 30,479 34,540 37,511 41,539 45,309 48,996 53,496 51,053 47,113 58,753
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own use ... ... ... ... ... 1,421 1,640 1,927 2,551 2,898 | 2,951 3,736 4,400 5,002 5,731 6,414 7,092 7,912 8,916 9,798 10,439 10,991 11,674
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Less: Financial intermediation services indirectly measured ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gross value added at basic prices ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | 2,439,155 3,176,922 3,714,399 4,085,914 4,497,761 4,720,693 5,119,898 5,721,220 6,379,632 7,017,898 7,338,915 7,737,228 8,702,088
Plus: Taxes less subsidies on production and imports ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | 300,688 362,959 359,364 387,742 439,271 470,631 519,503 572,684 629,411 689,302 705,470 742,439 811,239
Net factor income from abroad –6,327 –6,440 –8,706 –9,755 –13,401 –16,779 –22,810 –34,963 –48,083 –77,928 | –85,004 –99,141 –129,738 –153,584 –187,068 –263,440 –310,224 –380,236 –357,574 –387,195 –343,888 –434,227 –463,435*
GNI 435,319 474,855 527,056 603,688 701,906 897,222 1,038,755 1,211,806 1,567,964 1,731,221 | 2,654,839 3,440,740 3,944,025 4,320,071 4,749,964 4,927,884 5,329,177 5,913,669 6,651,468 7,320,006 7,700,498 8,045,440 9,049,892*

Structure of Output (% of GDP at current market prices)

Agriculture 24.5 23.2 23.0 22.5 21.8 19.3 18.7 18.7 20.4 19.2 | 15.4 16.3 16.2 15.2 14.9 14.5 13.8 12.9 12.3 11.8 12.7 12.6 11.9
Industry 36.7 38.1 38.5 39.5 40.2 38.1 38.6 38.5 37.1 37.4 | 33.0 34.6 35.9 35.6 35.3 34.3 34.1 35.4 36.5 36.8 36.7 37.5 38.3
Services 38.7 38.6 38.5 38.0 38.0 42.6 42.7 42.8 42.5 43.4 | 40.6 38.9 39.1 40.5 40.9 42.2 42.9 42.6 42.2 42.5 41.8 41.2 41.3

Expenditure on GDP at current market prices 441,646 481,295 535,762 613,443 715,307 914,001 1,061,565 1,246,769 1,616,047 1,809,149 | 2,739,843 3,539,881 4,073,762 4,473,656 4,937,032 5,191,324 5,639,401 6,293,905 7,009,042 7,707,200 8,044,386 8,479,667 9,513,327
Final consumption expenditure 321,853 342,607 382,137 445,221 511,221 648,519 749,688 918,388 1,236,265 1,343,691 | 1,885,502 2,352,797 2,694,746 3,033,144 3,324,329 3,633,280 3,898,821 4,288,217 4,683,637 5,118,113 5,264,720 5,515,651 6,081,072
Household final consumption 293,507 312,144 348,747 406,451 465,506 598,567 690,954 849,141 1,145,361 1,239,151 | 1,601,016 1,999,484 2,269,234 2,544,792 2,814,953 3,080,149 3,312,415 3,650,335 4,000,543 4,379,853 4,502,207 4,700,634 5,226,419
NPISHs final consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Government final consumption 28,346 30,463 33,390 38,770 45,715 49,952 58,734 69,247 90,904 104,540 | 284,486 353,313 425,512 488,352 509,376 553,131 586,406 637,883 683,093 738,260 762,512 815,016 854,654
Gross capital formation 130,771 150,033 177,983 217,434 253,686 308,543 366,629 493,300 589,746 672,326 | 1,016,457 1,145,900 1,244,913 1,351,621 1,495,379 1,666,878 1,789,074 2,033,265 2,244,260 2,464,760 2,567,421 2,837,931 3,178,082
Gross fixed capital formation 122,101 140,301 166,828 204,608 237,868 285,841 332,949 437,702 513,987 612,526 | 963,320 1,082,121 1,167,244 1,266,169 1,402,349 1,566,572 1,685,835 1,922,458 2,126,648 2,340,104 2,435,664 2,686,169 3,014,478
Public ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Private ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Changes in inventories 8,670 9,732 11,155 12,826 15,818 22,702 33,680 55,598 75,759 59,800 | 53,136 63,779 77,669 85,452 93,030 100,306 103,239 110,806 117,612 124,656 131,757 151,763 163,604
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Exports of goods and services 243,049 262,846 304,262 363,735 470,216 582,214 719,928 886,395 1,155,688 1,139,253 | 1,484,333 2,165,705 2,585,777 2,988,422 3,436,104 3,785,661 4,179,207 5,146,055 5,917,276 6,563,266 6,787,981 7,910,821 8,953,864
Exports of goods ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Exports of services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Less: Imports of goods and services 253,927 273,828 331,946 415,023 524,216 612,521 750,800 1,055,577 1,376,183 1,326,810 | 1,638,477 2,268,371 2,434,081 2,865,193 3,249,157 3,737,305 4,021,018 4,985,878 5,624,089 6,130,818 6,344,146 7,901,060 8,675,622
Imports of goods ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Imports of services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Statistical discrepancy –100 –363 3,326 2,076 4,400 –12,755 –23,880 4,263 10,531 –19,310 | –7,972 143,850 –17,593 –34,338 –69,623 –157,190 –206,683 –187,755 –212,042 –308,121 –231,591 116,323 –24,069

Structure of Demand (% of GDP at current market prices)

Household final consumption 66.5 64.9 65.1 66.3 65.1 65.5 65.1 68.1 70.9 68.5 | 58.4 56.5 55.7 56.9 57.0 59.3 58.7 58.0 57.1 56.8 56.0 55.4 54.9
Government final consumption 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.3 6.4 5.5 5.5 5.6 5.6 5.8 | 10.4 10.0 10.4 10.9 10.3 10.7 10.4 10.1 9.7 9.6 9.5 9.6 9.0
Gross capital formation 29.6 31.2 33.2 35.4 35.5 33.8 34.5 39.6 36.5 37.2 | 37.1 32.4 30.6 30.2 30.3 32.1 31.7 32.3 32.0 32.0 31.9 33.5 33.4
Changes in inventories 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.5 3.2 4.5 4.7 3.3 | 1.9 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.7
Exports of goods and services 55.0 54.6 56.8 59.3 65.7 63.7 67.8 71.1 71.5 63.0 | 54.2 61.2 63.5 66.8 69.6 72.9 74.1 81.8 84.4 85.2 84.4 93.3 94.1
Imports of goods and services 57.5 56.9 62.0 67.7 73.3 67.0 70.7 84.7 85.2 73.3 | 59.8 64.1 59.8 64.0 65.8 72.0 71.3 79.2 80.2 79.5 78.9 93.2 91.2
Statistical discrepancy –0.0 –0.1 0.6 0.3 0.6 –1.4 –2.2 0.3 0.7 –1.1 | –0.3 4.1 –0.4 –0.8 –1.4 –3.0 –3.7 –3.0 –3.0 –4.0 –2.9 1.4 –0.3
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 3

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

At Constant Pricesl
GDP by industrial origin at 1994 | 2010 market prices 273,666 292,535 313,247 336,243 362,435 | 1,588,646 1,699,501 1,820,667 1,923,749 2,027,591 | 2,739,843 2,915,554 3,076,042 3,246,870 3,455,392 3,696,826 3,944,144 4,217,875 4,532,739 4,866,316 5,005,756 5,133,981 5,545,716
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 63,717 65,618 68,352 70,828 73,917 | 342,811 355,831 369,905 387,262 394,658 | 421,253 439,124 451,733 463,168 478,005 489,989 498,092 513,874 535,022 549,292 565,987 584,486 604,112
Mining and quarrying 18,430 19,185 19,396 20,611 22,437 | 212,381 208,134 203,555 195,756 210,666 | 186,199 185,605 194,884 193,135 197,754 211,057 195,201 178,822 174,241 172,939 161,404 148,854 156,572
Manufacturing 51,492 57,335 63,983 71,363 79,116 | 248,709 281,925 316,812 347,808 357,415 | 469,351 528,448 572,742 609,971 649,609 709,281 788,296 883,885 985,359 1,079,902 1,133,812 1,202,446 1,299,866
Electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supplyg 6,337 7,173 7,992 8,944 10,015 | 44,794 49,232 53,707 59,112 64,446 | 65,594 72,271 80,850 87,835 97,672 108,209 120,653 131,874 141,930 154,452 165,041 174,426 186,732
Water supply; sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities 8,108 8,736 9,446 10,108 10,765 | 11,797 13,548 14,735 15,322 16,528 18,347 19,833 21,504 23,921 26,010 27,107 28,065 30,155
Construction 20,654 23,293 25,755 28,481 31,053 | 91,523 101,632 113,979 113,546 126,441 | 171,834 171,381 177,660 187,936 200,904 222,441 244,685 265,972 289,820 314,571 337,050 335,901 363,330
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 44,644 47,779 51,245 54,747 59,027 | 193,430 209,969 228,477 243,955 262,686 | 202,874 222,614 242,697 260,047 279,602 302,026 326,128 352,414 381,685 419,206 443,630 445,853 491,128
Transportation and storageh 10,729 11,441 12,252 12,925 13,975 | 40,322 44,406 49,468 55,360 60,056 | 129,255 138,794 148,134 158,549 177,306 192,249 211,222 227,811 248,680 273,069 275,968 267,374 299,265
Accommodation and food service activities 8,863 9,458 10,125 10,646 11,511 | 52,688 59,231 66,822 72,661 74,328 | 77,427 82,114 87,904 96,010 101,370 105,731 112,383 122,385 131,241 143,000 112,770 89,979 126,524
Information and communicationh 14,624 16,039 17,745 19,608 21,014 | 120,252 134,707 150,332 162,690 178,650 195,621 212,680 227,631 245,560 266,045 283,316 297,704 320,935
Financial and insurance activities 5,650 6,005 6,424 6,935 7,495 | 77,704 84,058 91,490 100,780 109,545 | 123,052 132,826 139,925 149,030 157,761 169,613 182,952 197,476 213,693 232,841 250,243 274,006 298,741
Real estate activitiesi 105,410 112,776 118,561 124,925 130,333 | 140,926 145,944 147,691 150,821 155,011 159,596 165,919 172,562 180,753 188,867 190,637 190,859 202,113
Professional, scientific, and technical activitiesi 22,630 23,725 25,061 26,096 27,217 | 65,338 69,721 75,073 80,548 86,159 92,099 98,628 105,756 112,950 120,530 128,074 134,986 143,366
Administrative and support service activitiesi 6,480 6,816 7,256 7,670 8,031 | 44,172 47,126 50,410 53,945 57,988 61,975 66,552 71,281 77,513 83,898 70,516 59,684 77,827
Public administration and defense; compulsory social securityj 24,301 25,674 27,322 29,242 31,325 | 38,666 41,593 44,973 47,883 51,365 | 60,011 64,012 68,372 73,053 77,880 82,459 87,226 91,319 95,154 99,103 101,957 107,147 111,068
Education 34,805 37,735 41,037 44,306 47,215 | 79,926 85,627 91,951 99,121 106,264 113,851 121,968 130,128 139,080 148,873 157,984 163,422 172,737
Human health and social work activities 16,422 17,709 19,135 20,620 22,008 | 28,217 30,249 32,458 34,979 37,419 40,116 43,063 45,958 49,166 52,397 57,825 81,541 75,342
Arts, entertainment, and recreation 10,169 10,972 11,898 12,907 13,925 | 19,409 20,834 22,374 24,039 25,854 27,793 29,855 32,062 34,378 37,098 36,541 33,279 38,840
Other service activitiesk 18,849 19,574 20,402 21,521 22,565 | 24,597 26,436 28,573 30,408 32,312 | 19,316 20,527 21,750 23,419 24,938 26,403 28,130 30,016 31,725 33,662 31,151 28,299 33,729
Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods- and
services-producing activities of households for own use ... ... ... ... ... | 2,374 2,549 2,765 2,977 3,164 | 2,951 3,164 3,413 3,639 3,857 4,107 4,400 4,726 5,049 5,368 5,539 5,677 5,905
Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Less: Financial intermediation services indirectly measured ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Gross value added at basic prices ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | 2,439,155 2,608,636 2,775,089 2,927,258 3,110,530 3,332,962 3,557,866 3,807,455 4,096,920 4,401,121 4,536,553 4,653,987 5,038,286
Plus: Taxes less subsidies on production and imports ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... | 300,688 306,918 300,953 319,612 344,862 363,864 386,278 410,420 435,820 465,195 469,203 479,994 507,430
Net factor income from abroad ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
GNI ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Growth of Output (% annual change)

GDP 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.8 | 7.5 7.0 7.1 5.7 5.4 | 6.4 6.4 5.5 5.6 6.4 7.0 6.7 6.9 7.5 7.4 2.9 2.6 8.0
Agriculture 4.6 3.0 4.2 3.6 4.4 | 4.2 3.8 4.0 4.7 1.9 | 3.3 4.2 2.9 2.5 3.2 2.5 1.7 3.2 4.1 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.4
Industry 10.1 10.4 9.5 10.5 10.2 | 8.4 7.3 7.4 4.1 6.0 | 7.2 7.3 7.2 5.1 6.2 9.2 7.8 8.3 9.0 8.2 4.4 3.6 7.8
Services 5.3 6.1 6.5 6.5 7.3 | 8.6 8.4 8.5 7.6 6.5 | 7.2 7.6 7.0 6.8 7.3 7.0 7.5 7.1 7.5 8.1 2.0 1.6 10.0

Expenditure on GDP at 1994 | 2010 market prices 273,666 292,535 313,247 336,243 362,435 | 1,588,646 1,699,501 1,820,667 1,923,749 2,027,591 | 2,739,843 2,915,554 3,076,042 3,246,870 3,455,392 3,696,826 3,944,144 4,217,875 4,532,739 4,866,316 5,005,756 5,133,981 5,545,716
Final consumption expenditure 200,665 210,027 225,609 243,515 260,940 | 1,106,408 1,189,879 1,305,445 1,405,404 1,442,775 | 1,885,502 1,982,891 2,090,565 2,206,099 2,330,719 2,532,216 2,685,583 2,872,656 3,061,596 3,269,611 3,286,000 3,362,727 3,604,312
Household final consumption 182,420 190,577 205,113 221,545 237,262 | 1,022,157 1,098,469 1,205,895 1,298,368 1,327,608 | 1,601,016 1,686,190 1,768,645 1,860,614 1,977,461 2,151,280 2,290,037 2,454,920 2,624,309 2,808,536 2,819,208 2,874,183 3,098,082
NPISHs final consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Government final consumption 18,245 19,450 20,496 21,970 23,678 | 84,251 91,410 99,549 107,036 115,168 | 284,486 296,701 321,920 345,485 353,258 380,936 395,546 417,736 437,286 461,075 466,792 488,545 506,230
Gross capital formation 83,496 92,487 104,256 116,623 128,916 | 443,761 496,274 629,267 668,774 697,614 | 1,016,457 972,410 998,061 1,057,070 1,152,974 1,263,995 1,388,647 1,530,910 1,653,605 1,777,370 1,850,454 1,923,696 2,034,380
Gross fixed capital formation 78,552 86,972 98,160 109,843 121,312 | 412,327 453,157 562,627 584,225 635,201 | 963,320 917,334 938,800 993,720 1,085,937 1,192,359 1,311,595 1,449,312 1,568,735 1,689,199 1,758,456 1,824,201 1,933,288
Public ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Private ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Changes in inventories 4,944 5,515 6,096 6,780 7,604 | 31,434 43,116 66,640 84,549 62,413 | 53,136 55,076 59,261 63,351 67,038 71,636 77,052 81,598 84,870 88,172 91,998 99,495 101,092
Acquisitions less disposals of valuables ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
4 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Exports of goods and servicesm –10,085 165,292 183,533 220,047 –30,123 | 913,341 1,043,134 1,160,960 1,219,803 1,355,225 | 1,484,333 1,641,583 1,888,500 2,225,003 2,504,913 2,852,242 3,166,102 3,712,366 4,167,255 4,427,126 4,606,983 5,245,107 5,493,826
Exports of goods ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Exports of services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Less: Imports of goods and services 176,987 204,926 251,495 902,088 1,038,899 1,325,880 1,426,886 1,521,982 | 1,638,477 1,715,938 1,907,910 2,287,942 2,595,318 3,003,390 3,342,662 3,951,330 4,329,537 4,539,710 4,688,784 5,430,799 5,544,883
Imports of goods ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Imports of services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Statistical discrepancy –410 1,716 4,775 7,553 2,702 | 27,224 9,114 50,875 56,654 53,959 | –7,972 34,608 6,826 46,640 62,103 51,763 46,474 53,273 –20,179 –68,081 –48,898 33,339 –41,918

Growth of Demand (% annual change)

Household final consumption 3.1 4.5 7.6 8.0 7.1 | 5.8 7.5 9.8 7.7 2.3 | 8.2 5.3 4.9 5.2 6.3 8.8 6.4 7.2 6.9 7.0 0.4 2.0 7.8
Government final consumption 5.0 6.6 5.4 7.2 7.8 | 8.2 8.5 8.9 7.5 7.6 | 12.3 4.3 8.5 7.3 2.2 7.8 3.8 5.6 4.7 5.4 1.2 4.7 3.6
Gross capital formation 10.1 10.8 12.7 11.9 10.5 | 11.2 11.8 26.8 6.3 4.3 | 10.4 –4.3 2.6 5.9 9.1 9.6 9.9 10.2 8.0 7.5 4.1 4.0 5.8
Exports of goods and servicesm ... ... 11.0 19.9 ... | 7.8 14.2 11.3 5.1 11.1 | 14.6 10.6 15.0 17.8 12.6 13.9 11.0 17.3 12.3 6.2 4.1 13.9 4.7
Imports of goods and servicesm ... ... 15.8 22.7 ... | 5.9 15.2 27.6 7.6 6.7 | 13.7 4.7 11.2 19.9 13.4 15.7 11.3 18.2 9.6 4.9 3.3 15.8 2.1

Investment Financing at Current Prices

Gross capital formation 130,771 150,033 177,983 217,434 253,686 308,543 366,629 493,300 589,746 672,326 | 1,016,457 1,145,900 1,244,913 1,351,621 1,495,379 1,666,878 1,789,074 2,033,265 2,244,260 2,464,760 2,567,421 2,837,931 3,178,082
Gross national saving 138,004 150,655 174,271 193,193 239,387 302,306 353,828 396,974 450,886 497,566 | 916,099 1,266,070 1,420,318 1,485,314 1,621,994 1,457,357 1,605,492 1,816,262 2,168,050 2,414,982 2,655,243 2,768,848 ...
Gross domestic saving 119,793 138,688 153,625 168,222 204,086 265,481 311,877 328,381 379,782 465,458 | 854,341 1,187,084 1,379,016 1,440,512 1,612,703 1,558,044 1,740,580 2,005,688 2,325,405 2,589,087 2,779,666 2,964,017 3,432,255
Net factor income from abroad –6,327 –6,440 –8,706 –9,755 –13,401 –16,779 –22,810 –34,963 –48,083 –77,928 | –85,004 –99,141 –129,738 –153,584 –187,068 –263,440 –310,224 –380,236 –357,574 –387,195 –343,888 –434,227 –463,435
Net current transfers from abroadn 24,538 18,407 29,352 34,726 48,702 53,603 64,761 103,556 119,186 110,036 | 146,763 178,127 171,040 198,386 196,359 162,753 175,137 190,810 200,219 213,090 219,464 239,058 ...

Savings and Investment (% of GDP at current market prices)

Gross domestic saving 27.1 28.8 28.7 27.4 28.5 29.0 29.4 26.3 23.5 25.7 | 31.2 33.5 33.9 32.2 32.7 30.0 30.9 31.9 33.2 33.6 34.6 35.0 36.1
Gross national saving 31.2 31.3 32.5 31.5 33.5 33.1 33.3 31.8 27.9 27.5 | 33.4 35.8 34.9 33.2 32.9 28.1 28.5 28.9 30.9 31.3 33.0 32.7 ...
Gross capital formation 29.6 31.2 33.2 35.4 35.5 33.8 34.5 39.6 36.5 37.2 | 37.1 32.4 30.6 30.2 30.3 32.1 31.7 32.3 32.0 32.0 31.9 33.5 33.4

At Current Market Prices (D ’000)

Per capita GDP 5,689 6,122 6,736 7,624 8,784 11,093 12,742 14,804 18,986 21,031 | 31,468 40,159 45,669 49,602 54,132 56,288 60,476 66,753 73,482 79,881 82,437 86,083 95,648
Per capita GNI 5,608 6,040 6,626 7,502 8,619 10,890 12,468 14,389 18,421 20,125 | 30,492 39,035 44,214 47,899 52,081 53,431 57,149 62,721 69,733 75,868 78,913 81,674 90,989*

PRODUCTION INDEXES period averages

Agriculture; 2014–2016 = 100 55.8 57.6 61.7 64.5 68.0 69.8 72.9 76.0 79.7 81.1 83.3 87.3 93.5 95.6 98.5 100.7 100.8 102.6 106.0 105.8 107.5 112.9 ...
Mining; 2010 | 2015 base year ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.0 99.4 102.4 107.1 93.2 | 93.6 97.8 100.9 92.5 93.7 105.5
Manufacturing; 2010 | 2015 base year ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 105.5 107.6 108.7 110.5 111.3 | 114.5 112.2 110.4 104.8 106.1 107.6

ENERGY annual values

Crude petroleum (t ’000)
Production 16,291 16,833 16,863 17,700 20,051 18,519 16,800 15,920 14,904 16,360 15,014 15,185 16,739 16,705 17,392 18,746 17,230 15,518 13,969 13,090 11,470 10,970 10,840
Exports 15,424 16,732 16,876 17,143 19,501 17,967 16,442 15,062 13,752 13,373 8,072 8,240 9,251 8,398 9,306 9,486 6,850 6,806 3,961 3,976 4,657 3,130 2,778
Importso 8,747 9,083 9,971 9,936 11,048 11,477 11,225 12,850 12,857 398 492 629 729 1,312 704 182 435 1,181 5,177 7,776 11,745 9,938 10,202
Consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Coal (t ’000)
Production 11,609 13,397 16,409 19,300 27,349 34,093 38,778 42,483 39,777 44,078 44,835 46,611 42,083 41,064 41,086 41,664 38,735 38,409 42,384 47,158 44,598 52,459 54,431
Exports 3,251 4,292 6,047 7,262 11,636 17,988 29,308 32,072 19,358 24,992 19,876 17,163 15,219 12,802 7,265 1,748 1,243 2,229 2,388 1,143 910 1,812 1,199
Imports ... ... ... ... ... 57 64 375 385 448 ... ... 1,876 2,271 3,096 6,927 13,199 14,677 22,856 43,770 54,812 36,291 31,974
Consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 5

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Natural gas (t million)

Production 1,596 ... ... 2,712 6,269 6,440 7,000 7,080 7,499 8,010 9,402 8,480 9,355 9,751 10,210 10,660 10,610 9,866 10,010 10,200 9,160 7,460 8,080
Exports ... ... ... 158 148 1,569 1,859 839 24,144 20,067 7,917 14,121 8,973 57,178 259,127 157,723 117,580 90,938 193,691 217,980 116,653 218,873 ...
Imports 20,953 32,940 54,116 94,100 149,213 208,042 270,707 417,534 563,044 443,133 542,282 672,957 618,776 644,093 782,705 538,418 494,691 711,265 844,626 898,528 833,417 1,371,071 ...
Consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Electricity (kWh million)

Production 26,683 30,673 35,888 40,546 46,202 52,078 57,917 64,147 70,960 80,643 91,722 101,499 115,147 124,454 140,237 157,949 175,745 191,593 209,181 227,423 235,410 244,864 258,791
Exports 1,650 1,950 1,800 363 ... ... 27,296 286,074 741,564 11,067 56,603 79,375 28,940 177,639 98,144 92,499 91,886 83,942 88,989 181,125 150,153 89,747 ...
Imports ... ... ... ... 2,125 15,072 38,037 110,670 145,745 198,519 298,552 300,530 158,655 221,180 142,704 142,847 135,536 109,041 170,869 187,782 173,217 89,685 ...
Consumption ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Retail prices (D/L)

Gasoline, premium ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29,133 32,277 32,165 32,396 24,373 22,681 26,291 28,113 26,435 26,183 32,963 ...
Diesel ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 19,108 21,377 21,884 21,633 14,803 11,424 13,956 16,993 16,287 12,200 15,403 ...

PRICE INDEXES period averages; previous year = 100

Consumer (national)p 98.4 99.7 103.9 103.2 107.7 108.3 107.5 108.3 123.0 106.9 109.2 118.6 109.2 106.6 104.1 100.6 102.7 103.5 103.5 102.8 | 103.2 101.8 103.1
Food and nonalcoholic beverages 96.1 98.7 107.6 102.5 112.4 111.2 108.7 111.2 136.6 108.7 110.7 126.5 108.1 102.7 104.0 101.5 102.4 98.9 103.2 104.1 | 110.0 100.7 102.6
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics 100.5 101.3 101.6 104.2 104.0 104.1 105.0 106.0 110.8 109.6 108.2 111.7 106.6 104.2 103.7 102.2 102.2 101.5 101.4 102.0 | 101.5 101.8 103.2
Clothing and footwear 100.5 100.7 101.1 102.4 103.9 104.2 105.9 106.2 110.3 108.9 106.9 112.1 110.0 107.9 104.3 103.3 102.1 101.1 101.5 101.7 | 100.8 100.9 101.6
Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels 104.5 101.8 102.5 108.0 106.4 107.2 108.8 111.0 120.5 103.5 114.7 119.7 110.6 104.7 103.7 98.4 102.5 104.3 103.3 103.0 | 101.8 101.8 103.1
Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance 101.8 101.7 100.8 101.2 103.0 104.4 105.6 106.2 109.1 108.5 105.4 108.8 107.6 105.0 103.0 102.0 101.1 101.0 101.2 101.4 | 101.1 100.7 102.0
Health 102.9 100.7 99.8 113.2 113.8 105.3 104.9 105.1 108.9 106.1 103.4 105.7 116.3 145.6 105.4 102.1 128.5 142.3 110.8 103.8 | 102.2 100.2 100.4
Transport 101.8 99.2 97.1 102.0 99.8 108.3 107.1 103.6 116.0 98.8 112.0 116.0 108.2 104.5 101.6 88.1 92.7 106.8 106.4 99.0 | 88.8 110.5 111.3
Communication ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97.2 88.2 90.4 95.4 95.9 98.9 99.5 99.6 100.3 99.3 99.4 99.3 99.3 | 99.4 99.2 99.6
Recreation and cultureq 101.1 100.2 99.4 99.1 101.5 101.6 103.0 103.2 105.9 105.7 103.6 107.6 105.6 103.9 102.4 101.6 101.5 100.9 101.3 101.8 | 98.8 99.1 103.1
Education 103.2 103.2 102.9 104.7 100.9 101.9 104.4 103.3 104.2 105.7 110.4 123.2 117.1 114.2 110.2 106.5 106.3 109.1 106.3 105.7 | 104.1 101.9 101.7
Restaurants and hotelsr ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Miscellaneous goods and services 102.6 102.5 101.9 102.9 105.1 105.8 106.1 107.7 113.2 111.3 111.7 112.0 110.7 107.0 104.0 102.9 102.2 102.1 102.4 102.7 | 102.9 101.5 102.4
Consumer (capital city)p 99.7 100.7 105.4 104.3 106.3 107.5 108.8 108.4 122.9 108.3 109.6 118.0 108.6 106.4 104.7 100.7 103.0 103.0 104.2 103.8 | 102.7 101.8 103.4
Food and nonalcoholic beverages 98.9 100.7 111.7 104.3 110.3 109.9 111.8 111.9 138.1 111.7 113.1 131.3 109.3 103.8 103.4 101.1 102.7 98.9 104.1 104.8 | 109.4 100.2 103.7
Alcoholic beverages, tobacco, and narcotics 101.9 102.4 102.6 105.4 107.5 104.5 104.5 104.7 115.9 106.8 108.7 113.0 107.7 104.1 104.5 102.5 102.4 102.2 101.9 102.3 | 101.8 101.7 102.4
Clothing and footwear 100.0 100.5 100.2 105.2 103.9 102.5 104.7 104.0 109.6 109.5 104.6 108.9 110.7 107.5 105.0 104.0 102.0 101.1 102.7 103.0 | 99.8 100.6 101.2
Housing, water, electricity, gas, and other fuels 101.8 101.6 104.5 109.0 103.1 107.5 110.9 111.6 117.3 102.9 115.3 119.3 110.5 106.8 103.8 98.4 101.5 103.3 105.1 104.5 | 102.4 103.7 103.3
Furnishings, household equipment, and routine household maintenance 101.3 101.4 100.4 101.2 103.6 103.3 104.4 104.8 108.4 109.2 107.0 106.6 107.0 104.3 103.3 103.3 101.9 101.3 102.4 102.2 | 101.5 100.6 100.9
Health 101.3 102.6 100.4 115.7 105.7 102.6 102.2 107.0 114.9 108.6 102.6 102.8 103.3 125.2 135.4 100.6 127.5 132.7 104.1 104.1 | 102.2 100.2 100.4
Transport 99.3 99.1 98.2 100.5 100.0 107.2 104.9 103.1 113.7 98.3 113.0 114.8 107.0 103.5 101.4 89.2 94.0 106.9 105.0 99.0 | 89.3 109.9 111.0
Communication ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 96.1 96.2 99.4 99.8 99.9 100.4 99.7 99.9 98.2 97.1 | 98.3 99.0 99.7
Recreation and cultureq 100.3 102.1 104.7 105.5 101.1 105.6 106.0 104.7 104.0 107.3 104.2 105.5 106.8 103.7 103.8 102.7 102.6 101.5 103.6 103.8 | 96.9 97.6 106.2
Education 101.8 102.2 102.6 101.0 101.9 103.7 104.8 103.2 105.6 107.1 106.6 106.5 112.5 123.2 104.4 107.5 111.2 108.8 107.7 109.4 | 102.6 100.8 99.9
Restaurants and hotelsr ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Miscellaneous goods and services 101.2 101.7 102.4 101.3 101.3 105.6 107.3 110.6 116.5 111.7 107.8 108.9 109.2 105.4 103.2 103.5 102.6 102.1 102.6 102.5 | 101.8 100.5 102.2
Producer (national); 2010 = 100 51.0 52.1 53.0 54.9 58.4 61.0 63.5 67.9 82.7 88.8 100.0 118.4 122.5 128.9 133.1 132.4 131.5 135.2 139.4 141.2 140.3 144.4 150.5
Implicit GDP deflator; 1994 | 2010 = 100 161.4 164.5 171.0 182.4 197.4 57.5 62.5 68.5 84.0 89.2 100.0 121.4 132.4 137.8 142.9 140.4 143.0 149.2 154.6 158.4 160.7 165.2 171.5
6 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Price Indexes (% annual change)

Consumer price index (national)p ... –0.3 3.9 3.2 7.7 8.3 7.5 8.3 23.0 6.9 9.2 18.6 9.2 6.6 4.1 0.6 2.7 3.5 3.5 2.8 | 3.2 1.8 3.1
Food and nonalcoholic price index (national) ... –1.3 7.6 2.5 12.4 11.2 8.7 11.2 36.6 8.7 10.7 26.5 8.1 2.7 4.0 1.5 2.4 –1.1 3.2 4.1 | 10.0 0.7 2.6
Producer price index –0.2 2.1 1.8 3.6 6.4 4.4 4.2 6.8 21.8 7.4 12.6 18.4 3.4 5.3 3.3 –0.6 –0.6 2.8 3.1 1.3 –0.6 2.9 4.2
Implicit GDP deflator 3.4 1.9 4.0 6.7 8.2 9.0 8.6 9.6 22.7 6.2 12.1 21.4 9.1 4.0 3.7 –1.7 1.8 4.4 3.6 2.4 1.5 2.8 3.9

MONEY AND INTEREST RATESs as of end of period (D billion)

Money supply (M1) 152,497 191,113 235,518 314,148 402,738 531,472 723,204 443,429 442,984 581,535 640,959 705,998 860,959 1,017,278 1,240,196 1,456,114 1,713,832 1,982,009 2,174,033 2,456,665 2,941,368 3,528,607 3,265,640
Currency in circulation 52,208 66,319 74,263 90,583 109,097 131,171 158,809 220,514 236,848 293,225 337,949 370,992 455,504 506,739 624,832 726,559 851,441 977,907 1,085,018 1,198,095 1,337,921 1,519,726 1,352,910
Demand depositst 100,289 124,794 161,255 223,564 293,641 400,301 564,394 222,915 206,136 288,310 303,010 335,006 405,455 510,539 615,364 729,555 862,391 1,004,102 1,089,015 1,258,570 1,603,447 2,008,881 1,912,730
Quasi-moneyu 70,385 88,667 93,632 97,084 129,608 159,180 199,469 904,814 1,179,145 1,510,912 2,148,225 2,419,962 2,841,909 3,383,414 3,939,021 4,563,495 5,411,969 6,212,699 7,037,815 8,117,060 9,169,238 9,873,490 10,961,152
Money supply (M2) 222,882 279,781 329,150 411,232 532,346 690,652 922,672 1,348,244 1,622,130 2,092,447 2,789,184 3,125,960 3,702,867 4,400,692 5,179,216 6,019,609 7,125,801 8,194,708 9,211,848 10,573,725 12,110,606 13,402,097 14,226,792
Foreign assets (net) 95,692 117,615 117,418 131,402 145,910 191,077 287,925 410,414 428,929 312,264 266,567 300,823 548,108 612,697 825,954 836,057 948,545 1,264,353 1,539,963 2,131,034 2,641,592 2,736,696 2,360,611
Domestic credit 155,236 191,204 239,921 316,872 434,572 585,559 730,330 1,096,780 1,400,693 2,039,686 2,689,527 3,062,086 3,403,504 3,876,350 4,479,804 5,381,433 6,306,619 7,102,175 7,851,794 8,583,037 9,647,461 10,859,989 12,102,956
Claims on government sector –484 2,102 8,843 20,135 14,527 32,461 36,496 29,051 61,430 170,431 213,991 232,362 325,801 406,668 530,128 688,516 731,566 556,115 472,956 256,802 354,156 311,508 79,947
Claims on private sectorv 155,720 189,103 231,078 296,737 420,046 553,098 693,834 1,067,729 1,339,263 1,869,255 2,475,535 2,829,723 3,077,703 3,469,683 3,949,676 4,692,917 5,575,053 6,546,060 7,378,838 8,326,235 9,293,305 10,548,481 12,023,009
Claims on other financial institutions
Claims on state and local government
Claims on public nonfinancial corporations
Other items (net) –28,046 –29,039 –28,191 –37,040 –48,137 –85,984 –95,583 –158,950 –207,492 –259,503 –166,909 –236,948 –248,745 –88,355 –126,542 –197,880 –129,363 –171,819 –179,909 –140,346 –178,447 –194,589 –236,774

Money Supply (M2) (% annual change) 56.2 25.5 17.6 24.9 29.5 29.7 33.6 46.1 20.3 29.0 33.3 12.1 18.5 18.8 17.7 16.2 18.4 15.0 12.4 14.8 14.5 10.7 6.2
M2 (% of GDP at current market prices) 50.5 58.1 61.4 67.0 74.4 75.6 86.9 108.1 100.4 115.7 101.8 88.3 90.9 98.4 104.9 116.0 126.4 130.2 131.4 137.2 150.5 158.0 149.5

Interest Rates period averages (% per annum)w

On deposits
Savings 0.2 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.7 2.9 3.0 3.0 2.2 1.3 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.4
Time: 6 months 4.8 6.2 7.4 6.5 7.0 7.8 7.8 8.2 13.3 10.2 11.1 13.7 10.1 7.3 6.4 5.6 6.1 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.2 5.0 7.2
12 monthsx 6.2 6.8 7.8 7.2 7.6 8.4 8.4 8.8 13.5 10.4 11.5 13.6 11.3 8.7 7.2 6.3 6.8 6.9 7.1 7.3 6.8 5.5 6.6

GOVERNMENT FINANCE fiscal year ending 31 December (D billion)

Central Governmenty
Revenue ... ... ... 151,156.0 189,591.0 227,004.0 277,479.0 331,565.8 437,204.3 460,613.0 595,887.1 730,593.0 745,305.6 840,499.0 893,430.6 1,015,773.0 1,099,370.0 1,231,422.0 1,363,868.0 1,496,315.0 ... ... ...
Taxes ... ... ... 134,279.0 167,174.0 203,103.8 248,384.0 297,778.8 395,196.0 408,946.0 529,482.9 666,160.0 662,952.7 730,162.0 763,177.3 822,498.0 903,544.0 1,017,558.0 1,142,018.0 1,242,767.0 ... ... ...
Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains ... ... ... 50,768.5 61,148.0 81,065.0 106,226.0 116,138.0 155,578.6 129,058.0 177,862.0 237,884.0 264,405.0 281,684.0 261,601.0 264,074.0 261,966.0 300,759.0 351,504.0 387,803.0 ... ... ...
Payable by individuals ... ... ... 3,358.5 4,161.0 5,218.0 6,430.0 9,743.0 15,957.0 14,578.0 26,311.0 38,469.0 44,959.0 46,553.0 47,851.0 56,723.0 65,235.0 78,775.0 94,364.0 109,406.0 ... ... ...
Payable by corporations and other enterprises ... ... ... 47,410.0 56,987.0 75,847.0 99,796.0 106,395.0 139,621.6 114,480.0 151,551.0 199,415.0 219,446.0 235,131.0 213,750.0 207,351.0 196,731.0 221,984.0 257,140.0 278,397.0 ... ... ...
Other taxes on income, profits, and capital gains ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Taxes on payroll and workforce ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Taxes on property ... ... ... 8,659.0 14,770.0 14,823.0 16,121.0 29,501.0 32,597.0 38,965.0 50,819.0 53,485.0 46,429.0 46,873.0 45,726.0 70,531.0 101,097.0 127,138.0 149,716.0 155,798.0 ... ... ...
Taxes on goods and services ... ... ... 52,477.5 69,642.0 83,556.0 99,757.0 113,830.8 146,546.4 163,927.0 226,733.9 293,385.0 280,842.5 323,352.0 360,247.3 388,578.0 444,356.0 493,294.0 554,014.0 602,223.0 ... ... ...
Taxes on international trade and transaction ... ... ... 22,374.0 21,614.0 23,659.8 26,280.0 38,309.0 60,474.0 76,996.0 74,068.0 81,406.0 71,276.2 78,253.0 95,603.0 99,315.0 96,125.0 96,367.0 86,784.0 96,943.0 ... ... ...
Other taxes ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Social contributions ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Grants ... ... ... 2,969.0 2,877.0 3,789.0 7,897.0 6,012.0 9,413.0 7,908.0 11,867.6 12,103.0 10,267.0 11,124.0 11,050.0 11,844.0 8,378.0 7,580.0 7,780.0 5,133.0 ... ... ...
Other revenue ... ... ... 13,908.0 19,540.0 20,111.2 21,198.0 27,775.0 32,595.3 43,759.0 54,536.6 52,330.0 72,085.8 99,213.0 119,203.3 181,431.0 187,448.0 206,284.0 214,070.0 248,415.0 ... ... ...
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 7

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Expense ... ... ... 106,776.0 124,268.6 154,967.0 185,339.0 235,132.6 300,464.0 337,100.1 411,770.0 508,544.0 657,491.9 771,829.3 802,204.8 893,481.0 938,429.0 980,037.0 1,039,504.0 1,101,338.0 ... ... ...
Compensation of employees ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Use of goods and services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Consumption of fixed capital ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Interest ... ... ... 6,395.0 7,217.0 6,621.0 7,965.0 12,660.0 16,730.0 20,490.0 25,400.0 29,786.0 39,884.0 54,084.0 66,738.0 82,022.0 86,783.0 97,728.0 106,584.0 107,065.0 ... ... ...
Subsidies ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Grants ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Social benefits ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other expense ... ... ... 99,265.0 115,713.6 147,063.0 175,381.0 219,984.6 282,447.0 314,717.1 384,174.0 476,357.0 615,870.9 716,708.3 733,512.8 809,476.0 849,513.0 880,104.0 930,293.0 990,563.0 ... ... ...
Net operating balance ... ... ... 44,380.0 65,322.4 72,037.0 92,140.0 96,433.2 136,740.3 123,512.9 184,117.1 222,049.0 87,813.7 68,669.7 91,225.8 122,292.0 160,941.0 251,385.0 324,364.0 394,977.0 ... ... ...
Gross operating balance ... ... ... 44,380.0 65,322.4 72,037.0 92,140.0 96,433.2 136,740.3 123,512.9 184,117.1 222,049.0 87,813.7 68,669.7 91,225.8 122,292.0 160,941.0 251,385.0 324,364.0 394,977.0 ... ... ...
Transactions in Nonfinancial Assets
Net/gross investment in nonfinancial assets ... ... ... 53,314.0 64,229.0 81,831.0 87,448.0 119,000.8 143,627.0 230,553.0 241,420.0 249,162.0 304,475.0 333,429.0 336,947.0 379,004.0 355,595.0 370,587.0 390,677.0 418,135.0 ... ... ...
Fixed assets ... ... ... 53,314.0 64,229.0 81,831.0 87,448.0 119,000.8 143,627.0 230,553.0 241,420.0 249,162.0 304,475.0 333,429.0 336,947.0 379,004.0 355,595.0 370,587.0 390,677.0 418,135.0 ... ... ...
Inventories ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Valuables ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nonproduced assets ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Expenditure ... ... ... 160,090.0 188,497.6 236,798.0 272,787.0 354,133.4 444,091.0 567,653.1 653,190.0 757,706.0 961,966.9 1,105,258.3 1,139,151.8 1,272,485.0 1,294,024.0 1,350,624.0 1,430,181.0 1,519,473.0 ... ... ...
Net lending/Net borrowing ... ... ... –8,934.0 1,093.4 –9,794.0 4,692.0 –22,567.6 –6,886.7 –107,040.1 –57,302.9 –27,113.0 –216,661.3 –264,759.3 –245,721.2 –256,712.0 –194,654.0 –119,202.0 –66,313.0 –23,158.0 ... ... ...
Primary balance ... ... ... –2,539.0 8,310.4 –3,173.0 12,657.0 –9,907.6 9,843.3 –86,550.1 –31,902.9 2,673.0 –176,777.3 –210,675.3 –178,983.2 –174,690.0 –107,871.0 –21,474.0 40,271.0 83,907.0 ... ... ...
Transactions in Financial Assets and Liabilities (Financing)
Net acquisition of financial assets ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Domestic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
External ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Net incurrence of liabilities ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Domestic ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
External ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Government Finance (% of GDP at current market prices)

Revenue ... ... ... 24.6 26.5 24.8 26.1 26.6 27.1 25.5 21.7 20.6 18.3 18.8 18.1 19.6 19.5 19.6 19.5 19.4 ... ... ...
Taxes ... ... ... 21.9 23.4 22.2 23.4 23.9 24.5 22.6 19.3 18.8 16.3 16.3 15.5 15.8 16.0 16.2 16.3 16.1 ... ... ...
Taxes payable by individuals ... ... ... 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.4 ... ... ...
Taxes payable by corporations and other enterprises ... ... ... 7.7 8.0 8.3 9.4 8.5 8.6 6.3 5.5 5.6 5.4 5.3 4.3 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.6 ... ... ...
Expenditure ... ... ... 26.1 26.4 25.9 25.7 28.4 27.5 31.4 23.8 21.4 23.6 24.7 23.1 24.5 22.9 21.5 20.4 19.7 ... ... ...
Net lending/Net borrowing ... ... ... –1.5 0.2 –1.1 0.4 –1.8 –0.4 –5.9 –2.1 –0.8 –5.3 –5.9 –5.0 –4.9 –3.5 –1.9 –0.9 –0.3 ... ... ...
Primary balance ... ... ... –0.4 1.2 –0.3 1.2 –0.8 0.6 –4.8 –1.2 0.1 –4.3 –4.7 –3.6 –3.4 –1.9 –0.3 0.6 1.1 ... ... ...

Expenditure by Function
Total expenditure ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
General public services ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Defense ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Public order and safety ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Economic affairs ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Environmental protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Housing and community amenities ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
8 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

Recreation, culture, and religion ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Social protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Others ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Expenditure by Function (% of GDP at current market prices)

Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Social protection ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

EXTERNAL TRADE calendar year ($ million)

Exports, fob 14,483 15,029 16,706 20,149 26,485 32,447 39,826 48,561 62,685 57,096 72,237 96,906 114,529 132,033 150,217 162,017 176,581 215,119 243,697 264,267 282,629 336,311 371,304
Imports, cifz 15,637 16,218 19,746 25,256 31,969 36,761 44,891 62,765 80,714 69,949 84,839 106,750 113,780 132,033 147,849 165,776 174,978 213,215 237,242 253,697 262,691 332,235 358,902
Trade balance –1,154 –1,189 –3,040 –5,107 –5,484 –4,314 –5,065 –14,203 –18,029 –12,853 –12,602 –9,844 749 0 2,368 –3,759 1,602 1,903 6,455 10,571 19,938 4,076 12,402

External Trade (% annual change)

Exports 25.5 3.8 11.2 20.6 31.4 22.5 22.7 21.9 29.1 –8.9 26.5 34.2 18.2 15.3 13.8 7.9 9.0 21.8 13.3 8.4 6.9 19.0 10.4
Imports 33.2 3.7 21.8 27.9 26.6 15.0 22.1 39.8 28.6 –13.3 21.3 25.8 6.6 16.0 12.0 12.1 5.6 21.9 11.3 6.9 3.5 26.5 8.0

Direction of Trade calendar year ($ million)

Exports, total 14,482 15,032 16,710 20,156 26,525 32,537 39,893 48,624 62,791 57,516 70,249 93,386 111,291 128,743 145,921 160,262 175,940 213,546 239,222 259,384 277,271 330,432 364,217
1. United States 733 1,065 2,453 3,939 5,025 5,924 7,845 10,104 11,887 11,356 14,238 16,928 19,668 23,869 28,656 33,475 38,473 41,550 47,538 61,332 77,151 96,390 108,789
2. China, People’s Republic of 1,536 1,417 1,518 1,883 2,899 3,228 3,243 3,646 4,850 4,909 7,309 11,125 12,388 13,259 14,906 16,568 21,950 35,394 41,410 41,463 49,095 56,201 58,859
3. Korea, Republic of 353 406 469 492 608 664 843 1,243 1,794 2,065 3,092 4,715 5,580 6,631 7,144 8,915 11,406 14,807 18,239 19,735 19,143 21,965 24,044
4. Japan 2,575 2,510 2,437 2,909 3,542 4,340 5,240 6,090 8,468 6,292 7,728 10,781 13,060 13,651 14,704 14,100 14,671 16,792 18,844 20,334 19,268 20,108 24,070
5. Hong Kong, China 316 317 340 369 380 353 453 583 877 1,034 1,464 2,206 3,706 4,107 5,203 6,959 6,088 7,574 7,977 7,154 10,448 11,990 10,753
6. Netherlands 391 365 404 493 582 659 857 1,182 1,577 1,335 1,688 2,148 2,476 2,937 3,769 4,760 6,012 7,099 7,086 6,879 7,006 7,674 10,443
7. Germany 730 722 729 855 1,065 1,086 1,445 1,855 2,073 1,885 2,373 3,367 4,095 4,730 5,185 5,707 5,961 6,354 6,875 6,551 6,645 7,295 9,050
8. India 47 45 52 32 79 98 138 180 389 420 992 1,554 1,782 2,354 2,461 2,470 2,687 3,756 6,545 6,673 5,238 6,275 7,807
9. Thailand 372 323 227 335 518 863 930 1,030 1,289 1,266 1,183 1,792 2,832 3,104 3,476 3,178 3,691 4,801 5,454 5,304 4,859 5,984 6,956
10 United Kingdom 479 512 572 755 1,010 1,016 1,180 1,431 1,581 1,329 1,682 2,398 3,034 3,699 3,652 4,645 4,898 5,415 5,780 5,757 4,957 5,738 6,108

Imports, total 15,646 16,218 19,746 25,261 31,969 36,761 44,891 62,764 80,713 69,949 83,365 104,419 111,640 129,258 142,071 174,966 184,679 225,031 232,542 249,013 258,784 324,833 350,811
1. China, People’s Republic of 1,401 1,606 2,159 3,139 4,595 5,900 7,391 12,710 15,974 16,441 20,019 24,594 28,786 36,954 43,868 49,441 50,038 58,533 65,516 75,472 84,374 109,825 118,482
2. Korea, Republic of 1,754 1,887 2,280 2,625 3,359 3,594 3,908 5,340 7,255 6,976 9,761 13,176 15,536 20,698 21,736 27,579 32,193 46,943 47,582 47,021 46,873 56,076 61,977
3. Japan 2,301 2,183 2,505 2,982 3,553 4,074 4,702 6,189 8,240 7,468 9,016 10,400 11,603 11,612 12,909 14,182 15,098 16,917 19,041 19,540 20,345 22,565 23,164
4. Taipei,China 1,880 2,009 2,525 2,916 3,698 4,304 4,825 6,947 8,363 6,253 6,977 8,557 8,534 9,424 8,378 9,190 9,701 11,816 13,231 15,152 16,695 20,760 22,546
5. United States 364 411 458 1,143 1,134 863 987 1,700 2,647 3,009 3,767 4,529 4,827 5,232 6,284 7,793 8,712 9,343 12,747 14,434 13,758 15,021 14,487
6. Thailand 811 792 955 1,282 1,859 2,374 3,034 3,744 4,906 4,514 5,602 6,384 5,792 6,311 7,119 8,270 8,855 10,702 12,043 11,663 10,966 12,561 13,930
7. Malaysia 389 464 683 925 1,215 1,257 1,482 2,290 2,596 2,505 3,413 3,920 3,412 4,104 4,193 4,185 5,174 5,945 7,450 7,334 6,604 8,125 9,168
8. Indonesia 345 289 363 552 663 700 1,013 1,354 1,729 1,546 1,909 2,248 2,248 2,375 2,497 2,738 2,992 3,656 4,937 5,720 5,433 7,531 9,411
9. Australia 293 266 286 278 459 499 1,100 1,059 1,358 1,050 1,444 2,123 1,772 1,587 2,058 2,022 2,442 3,200 3,751 4,456 4,670 7,887 10,286
10. India 178 228 325 457 594 596 880 1,357 2,094 1,635 1,762 2,346 2,161 2,883 3,132 2,655 2,746 3,955 4,147 4,528 4,488 6,961 6,863
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 9

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

BALANCE OF PAYMENTSaa,ab calendar year ($ million)

Current account 1,296 682 –607 –1,905 –1,000 –561 –164 –7,092 –10,823 –6,608 –4,276 233 9,267 7,744 | 8,617 –2,039 878 –1,627 6,933 12,475 15,060 –8,150 –1,074*
Balance on goods 376 481 –1,054 –2,555 –2,287 –2,439 –2,776 –10,438 –12,783 –7,607 –5,136 –450 8,714 8,713 | 12,126 7,375 10,876 10,646 16,182 20,972 30,708 15,672 25,717*
Exports 14,448 15,027 16,706 20,149 26,485 32,447 39,826 48,561 62,685 57,096 72,237 96,906 114,529 132,032 | 150,217 162,017 176,581 215,119 243,697 264,267 282,629 336,167 371,304*
Imports –14,072 –14,546 –17,760 –22,704 –28,772 –34,886 –42,602 –58,999 –75,468 –64,703 –77,373 –97,356 –105,815 –123,319 | 138,091 154,642 165,705 204,473 227,515 243,295 251,921 320,495 345,587*
Balance on services –550 –572 –749 –778 –872 –296 –8 –894 –950 –2,421 –2,461 –3,168 –1,430 –3,110 | –3,950 –4,765 –3,839 –3,806 –2,288 –945 –10,287 –15,395 –12,624*
Credit 2,702 2,810 2,948 3,272 3,867 4,176 5,100 6,030 7,006 5,766 7,460 8,691 9,620 10,710 | 11,050 11,250 13,961 14,878 18,060 20,422 7,600 5,262 12,900*
Debit –3,252 –3,382 –3,697 –4,050 –4,739 –4,472 –5,108 –6,924 –7,956 –8,187 –9,921 –11,859 –11,050 –13,820 | 15,000 16,015 17,800 18,684 20,348 21,367 17,887 20,657 25,524*
Balance on primary income –262 –477 –725 –811 –934 –1,206 –1,429 –2,190 –4,401 –3,028 –4,564 –4,834 –6,229 –7,336 | –8,844 –12,150 –14,144 –16,994 –15,818 –16,795 –14,817 –18,749 –19,728*
Credit 331 318 167 125 188 364 668 1,166 1,357 753 456 395 295 281 | 323 399 650 745 1,615 2,237 1,428 982 2,321*
Debit –593 –795 –892 –936 –1,122 –1,570 –2,097 –3,356 –5,758 –3,781 –5,020 –5,229 –6,524 –7,617 | 9,167 12,549 14,794 17,739 17,433 19,032 16,245 19,731 22,049*
Balance on secondary income 1,732 1,250 1,921 2,239 3,093 3,380 4,049 6,430 7,311 6,448 7,885 8,685 8,212 9,477 | 9,285 7,501 7,985 8,528 8,857 9,243 9,456 10,322 5,561*
Credit 1,732 1,250 1,921 2,239 3,093 ... ... 6,779 7,715 6,801 8,222 9,213 8,667 10,027 | 10,022 8,586 9,125 10,031 10,869 11,609 11,427 13,568 12,213*
Debit ... ... ... ... ... ... ... –349 –404 –353 –337 –528 –455 –550 | 737 1,085 1,140 1,503 2,012 2,366 1,971 3,246 6,652*
Capital account ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Credit ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Debit ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Financial account –754 220 1,978 3,305 2,652 3,087 3,088 18,011 12,341 6,755 6,201 6,490 8,729 –283 | 5,571 967 10,726 19,691 8,466 18,971 8,485 30,837 9,470*
Direct investment 1,298 1,300 1,400 1,450 1,610 1,889 2,315 6,797 9,279 6,900 7,100 6,569 7,168 6,944 | 8,050 10,700 11,600 13,620 14,902 15,670 15,420 15,283 15,226*
Portfolio investment ... ... ... ... ... 865 1,313 6,243 –578 –71 2,370 1,460 1,990 1,460 | 93 –65 228 1,819 3,021 2,998 –1,256 281 1,512*
Financial derivatives ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Other investment –2,052 –1,080 578 1,855 1,042 333 –540 4,971 3,640 –74 –3,269 –1,539 –429 –8,687 | –2,572 –9,668 –1,102 4,252 –9,457 303 –5,679 15,273 –7,268*
Net errors and omissions –864 –862 –1,014 751 –769 –395 1,398 –720 –1,045 –9,022 –3,690 –5,574 –6,129 –6,904 | –5,813 –4,959 –3,214 –5,520 –9,368 –8,192 –6,913 –8,398 –31,141*
Overall balance –322 40 357 2,151 883 2,131 4,322 10,199 473 –8,875 –1,765 1,149 11,867 557 | 8,375 –6,032 8,390 12,544 6,031 23,254 16,632 14,290 –22,745*
Reserves and related items 322 –40 –357 –2,151 –883 –2,131 –4,322 –10,199 –473 8,875 1,765 –1,149 –11,867 –557 | –8,375 6,032 –8,390 –12,544 –6,031 –23,254 –16,632 –14,290 22,745*
International investment position ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

Balance of Payments (% of GDP at current market prices)

Exports 46.3 46.0 47.6 50.9 58.3 56.3 60.0 62.7 63.2 53.9 49.1 56.1 58.6 61.8 | 64.3 67.7 68.7 76.5 78.6 79.0 81.5 91.8 90.8*
Imports 45.1 44.5 50.7 57.4 63.3 60.5 64.2 76.2 76.1 61.0 52.6 56.4 54.1 57.7 | 59.2 64.6 64.5 72.7 73.4 72.8 72.7 87.5 84.5*
Balance on goods 1.2 1.5 –3.0 –6.5 –5.0 –4.2 –4.2 –13.5 –12.9 –7.2 –3.5 –0.3 4.5 4.1 | 5.2 3.1 4.2 3.8 5.2 6.3 8.9 4.3 6.3*
Balance on services –1.8 –1.8 –2.1 –2.0 –1.9 –0.5 –0.0 –1.2 –1.0 –2.3 –1.7 –1.8 –0.7 –1.5 | –1.7 –2.0 –1.5 –1.4 –0.7 –0.3 –3.0 –4.2 –3.1*
Current account balance 4.2 2.1 –1.7 –4.8 –2.2 –1.0 –0.2 –9.2 –10.9 –6.2 –2.9 0.1 4.7 3.6 | 3.7 –0.9 0.3 –0.6 2.2 3.7 4.3 –2.2 –0.3*
Overall balance –1.0 0.1 1.0 5.4 1.9 3.7 6.5 13.2 0.5 –8.4 –1.2 0.7 6.1 0.3 | 3.6 –2.5 3.3 4.5 1.9 7.0 4.8 3.9 –5.6*

INTERNATIONAL RESERVES as of end of period ($ million)

Total 3,510 3,765 4,232 6,359 7,186 9,216 13,591 23,748 24,176 16,803 12,926 14,046 26,113 26,287 34,575 28,616 36,906 49,497 55,868 78,810 95,452 109,963 87,131
Gold, national valuation 93 91 111 135 145 166 207 268 286 356 460 506 540 394 386 366 378 422 415 475 618 591 591
Foreign exchange 3,416 3,660 4,121 6,222 7,041 9,050 13,382 23,472 23,882 16,027 12,054 13,128 25,161 25,481 33,801 27,879 36,167 48,693 55,074 77,955 94,436 107,437 84,693
Reserve position in the IMF 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
SDRs 0 15 0 2 0 1 2 8 8 420 413 411 412 413 388 371 360 383 378 380 398 1,935 1,846

EXCHANGE RATES (D–$)

End of period 14,514 15,084 15,403 15,646 15,777 15,916 16,054 16,114 16,977 17,941 18,932 20,828 20,828 21,036 21,246 21,890 22,159 22,425 22,825 23,155 23,131 23,145 23,612
Average of period 14,168 14,725 15,280 15,510 15,746 15,859 15,994 16,105 16,302 17,065 18,613 20,510 20,828 20,933 21,148 21,698 21,935 22,370 22,602 23,050 23,208 23,160 23,271
10 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023

Viet Nam
Item 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

EXTERNAL INDEBTEDNESS as of end of period ($ million)

Total debt outstanding and disbursed 12,841 12,633 13,343 15,593 17,631 18,594 18,752 23,135 26,498 32,742 44,941 53,926 61,613 65,484 72,454 77,833 85,665 104,091 106,855 117,338 125,065 136,213 ...
Long-term debt 11,640 11,488 12,218 14,361 15,592 16,282 16,057 18,502 22,099 27,381 37,479 42,648 48,779 52,830 58,394 65,406 72,522 81,744 86,833 92,506 98,008 100,993 ...
Public and publicly guaranteed 11,640 11,488 12,218 14,361 15,592 16,282 16,057 18,502 22,099 27,381 32,799 36,786 39,973 42,970 44,835 46,367 48,039 51,790 52,115 51,782 52,200 48,536 ...
Private nonguaranteed – – – – – – – – – – 4,680 5,862 8,806 9,861 13,559 19,039 24,484 29,954 34,717 40,723 45,808 52,457 ...
Short-term debt 823 719 679 822 1,688 2,040 2,443 4,395 4,204 4,783 6,932 10,781 12,350 12,169 13,604 11,991 12,720 21,898 19,585 24,397 26,604 33,233 ...
Use of IMF credit 378 426 446 409 351 272 252 239 195 578 529 496 484 485 456 436 423 448 438 435 453 1,987 ...

External debt (% of GNI) 41.8 39.2 38.7 40.1 39.6 32.9 28.9 30.7 27.5 32.3 31.5 32.3 32.5 31.7 32.3 34.3 35.3 39.4 36.5 37.4 38.2 39.3 ...
Total long-term debt (% of total debt) 90.6 90.9 91.6 92.1 88.4 87.6 85.6 80.0 83.4 83.6 83.4 79.1 79.2 80.7 80.6 84.0 84.7 78.5 81.3 78.8 78.4 74.1 ...
Short-term debt (% of total debt) 6.4 5.7 5.1 5.3 9.6 11.0 13.0 19.0 15.9 14.6 15.4 20.0 20.0 18.6 18.8 15.4 14.8 21.0 18.3 20.8 21.3 24.4 ...
Debt service (% of exports of goods and services) 7.5 6.7 6.1 3.6 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.2 2.0 2.3 2.3 3.9 3.6 3.2 4.2 3.8 3.9 5.9 7.0 5.8 5.6 5.9 ...

Debt service transactions during the year ($ million)

Principal repayments on long-term debt 937 791 844 474 395 482 478 619 772 917 1,055 3,080 3,280 3,286 5,318 4,928 5,740 11,250 14,714 13,040 13,785 18,114 17,926
Interest on long-term debt 298 354 276 270 306 319 329 420 466 477 707 903 1,013 1,077 1,240 1,538 1,412 2,059 2,721 2,678 1,870 1,515 3,037
Interest on short-term debt 45 25 20 18 39 90 124 184 131 56 79 114 238 167 182 164 188 250 762 702 702 326 ...

Average terms of new commitments

Interest rate (% per annum) 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.9 1.8 2.8 3.0 3.0 2.4 1.2 2.3 2.3 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.0 0.3 1.3 ...
Maturity (years) 35.7 38.5 36.0 28.4 29.4 27.1 28.7 26.4 28.0 27.9 23.2 27.0 25.9 25.4 24.2 28.5 30.0 24.3 24.3 23.6 33.6 24.8 ...
Grace period (years) 9.6 9.7 9.8 7.7 7.8 9.4 7.5 8.2 7.9 7.8 7.7 7.9 6.8 7.0 8.0 7.4 7.6 5.9 4.9 4.8 8.7 5.5 ...
Grant element (%) 47.9 52.3 47.6 35.9 39.5 29.7 28.2 27.2 31.7 42.3 30.0 29.2 35.1 34.8 33.4 41.8 43.0 32.2 26.4 28.3 57.4 36.4 ...

... = data not available; | = marks break in series; (-/+) 0 or (-/+) 0.0 = magnitude is less than half of unit employed; * = provisional, preliminary, estimate, budget figure; – = magnitude equals zero; $ = United States dollars; cif = cost, insurance, and freight; D = dong; fob = free on board; GDP = gross domestic product; GNI = gross national income;
IMF = International Monetary Fund; km² = square kilometer; kWh = kilowatt-hour; L = liter; NPISHs = nonprofit institutions serving households; SDRs = special drawing rights; t = metric ton.

a For 2000–2020, data are based on the International Conference of Labor Statistics (ICLS 13) standards. For 2021 onward, data are calculated based on ICLS19.
b Refers to total number of persons engaged in any activity regardless of age.
c For 2000–2002, includes mining and quarrying; and electricity, gas, steam, and air-conditioning supply.
d For 2000–2004, data on transportation and storage and information and communication are consolidated under the indicator transportation and communication.
e For 2010–2018, data on labor force have been adjusted for the 2019 Population and Housing Census. Unemployment rate is population at 15 years of age and above.
f For 2000–2009, the GDP data series is based on unreassessed/unreevaluated scale. Starting 2010, the GDP data are based on the reevaluated scale.
g For 2000–2004, includes water supply; and sewerage, waste management, and remediation activities.
h For 2000–2004, data on transportation and storage and information and communication are consolidated under transportation and communication.
i For 2000–2004, included in other services.
j For 2000-2004, includes education, human health and social work activities, and arts, entertainment, and recreation.
k For 2005, components for other services were disaggregated into separate indicators.
l For 2005 onward, methodology was revised and 2010 base year was used.
m For 2000 and 2004, data refer to exports less imports of goods and services. Annual growth rate cannot be calculated separately for exports and imports for 2000, 2001, and 2004.
n Derived from data on balance of secondary income of balance of payments.
o Refers to imports of refined petroleum products.
p For 2000–2019, figures are based on Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose (COICOP) 1999. For 2020 onward, figures are based on COICOP 2018.
q Includes restaurants and hotels.
r Data on restaurants and hotels are consolidated under recreation and culture.
s Based on an expanded monetary survey that includes 4 government and 24 nongovernment commercial banks.
t Includes time and savings deposits and deposit substitutes.
u Refers to foreign currency deposits.
v Includes cooperatives.
 Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2023 11

Viet Nam
w For 2000–2010, data were estimated based on the annual nonweighted average of the monthly deposit rates provided by the Ho Chi Minh City Securities Company. Starting 2011, data were provided by the State Bank of Viet Nam.
x For 2000–2010, refers to maximum interest per annum for state enterprise deposits.
y Until the 53rd edition of the Key Indicators of Asia and the Pacific, Viet Nam’s data on government finance from the Ministry of Finance (MOF), was presented using the GFS1986 standard. Starting in the 54th edition of the Key Indicators of Asia and the Pacific, with the support of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF),
the MOF submitted its 2003-2019 government finance data following GFS2014 standard. The MOF is currently working with IMF to convert its 2020-onwards government finance data.
z Includes foreign aid in goods.
aa Prior to 2014, data are based on the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (fifth edition). For 2014 onward, data are based on the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (sixth edition).
ab For 2022, data on balance of payments are for the first nine months only.

Sources:

Population Government of Viet Nam, General Statistics Office (GSO). Official communication, 05 May 2023.

Labor Force GSO. Official communication, 25 April 2023.

National Accounts GSO. Official communication, 15 June 2023.

Production Indexes

Agriculture; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FAOSTAT Database. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data (accessed 30 June 2023).

Mining; GSO. Official communication, 17 April 2023.
Manufacturing;

Energy GSO. Official communication, 30 May 2023.

Price Indexes GSO. Official communication, 14 April 2023.

Money and Interest Rates State Bank of Viet Nam. Official communication, 03 April 2023.

Government Finance Government of Viet Nam, Ministry of Finance. Official communication, 06 April 2023.

Government Finance (% of GDP at current market prices) Asian Development Bank estimates using economy source.
Expenditure by Function (% of GDP at current market prices)

External Trade GSO. Official communication, 14 April 2023.

Direction of Trade International Monetary Fund (IMF). Direction of Trade Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

Balance of Payments State Bank of Viet Nam. Official communication, 03 April 2023.

International Reserves IMF. International Financial Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

Exchange Rates IMF. International Financial Statistics. https://data.imf.org/ (accessed 30 June 2023).

External Indebtedness World Bank. International Debt Statistics. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/international-debt-statistics# (accessed 30 June 2023).

Total long-term debt (% of total debt) Asian Development Bank estimates.