button and one or more optical drives.

Computer Basics: What is a Computer?

Monitor
The monitor works with a video card, located inside the computer case, to display images
and text on the screen. Most monitors have control buttons that allow you to change your
What is a computer? monitor's display settings, and some monitors also have built-in speakers.
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It
has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. Keyboard
The keyboard is one of the main ways to communicate with a computer.
Hardware vs. software There are many different types of keyboards, but most are very similar and
Before we talk about different types of computers, let's talk about two things allow you to accomplish the same basic tasks.
all computers have in common: hardware and software.
Escape Key
• Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such The Escape (Esc) key allows you to stop a function or action. For example, if
as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer's internal parts, which a webpage is taking a long time to load, you can press the Escape key to stop
you can see in the image below.
loading it.
• Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and
Function Keys
how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors.
The function keys are labeled F1 through F12. Some programs use these keys
as shortcuts for common tasks. For example, in many programs, F1 opens the
Types Of Computer
Help file.
Desktop computers
Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they're typically
Print Screen, Scroll Lock, Pause/Break
made up of a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor,
The Print Screen, Scroll Lock, and Pause/Break keys are at the top-right corner of the
keyboard, and mouse. keyboard. The Print Screen key takes a picture of your screen (called a screenshot) that
you can edit or save using a graphics program. Scroll Lock and Pause/Break are rarely
Laptop computers used today, so some keyboards don't have them.
Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops,
allowing you to use them almost anywhere. Numeric Keypad
The numeric keypad resembles a calculator keypad. Many users find that it is
Tablet computers easier to type numbers using this keypad. On some keyboards, these keys
Tablet computers—or tablets—are handheld computers that are even more double as arrow keys.
portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a
touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. Backspace Key
The Backspace key (also known as the delete key) erases the character to the
Servers left of the cursor.
A server is a computer that serves up information to other computers on a
network. For example, whenever you use the Internet, you're looking at something that's Home and End
stored on a server. These move the cursor to the beginning or end of the current line.

Other types of computers Insert and Delete

Insert: This switches between insert mode (which inserts new text without
• Smartphones: Many cell phones can do a lot of things computers can do, deleting anything) and overtype mode (which deletes text after the cursor as
including browsing the Internet and playing games. They are often called you type).
smartphones.
Delete: This erases the character to the right of the cursor.
• Wearables: Wearable technology is a general term for a group of
devices—including fitness trackers and smartwatches—that are designed to be Page Up and Page Down
worn throughout the day. These scroll a document or webpage up or down.
• Game consoles: A game console is a specialized type of computer that is Tab Key
used for playing video games on your TV. The Tab key is used to create indents in word processing programs. Also, if
you are filling out a form online, you can use the Tab key to switch to the next
• TVs: Many TVs now include applications—or apps—that let you access field.
various types of online content.

PCs and Macs Alphanumeric Keys

PCs The main part of the keyboard includes the alphanumeric keys (letters and
This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was introduced in 1981. numbers) and the spacebar.
Other companies began creating similar computers, which were called IBM PC
Compatible (often shortened to PC). Today, this is the most common type of personal Enter
computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows operating system. The Enter key (also known as the return key) executes commands. For
example, while on the Internet, you can type a website address and then press
Macs Enter to go to the site. It is also used to start a new line in word processing
The Macintosh computer was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold programs.
personal computer with a graphical user interface, or GUI (pronounced gooey). All Macs
are made by one company (Apple), and they almost always use the Mac OS X operating Arrow Keys
system.
The arrow keys are used for many different purposes, including moving the
cursor, scrolling a document, and controlling a game.
Computer Basics: Basic Parts of a Computer
Ctrl, Alt, and Shift
Computer case The Control (Ctrl), Alternate (Alt), and Shift keys are designed to work in combination
The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the main with other keys. Typically, you hold down Ctrl, Alt, or Shift and then type another key to
components of the computer, including the motherboard, central processing perform a specific task. For example, in many programs, typing Ctrl+S will save a file.
unit (CPU), and power supply. The front of the case usually has an On/Off
Mouse example, if your computer did not come with a video card, you could purchase
The mouse is another important tool for communicating with computers. Commonly one and install it here.
known as a pointing device, it lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them, and
move them. Power Socket
There are two main mouse types: optical and mechanical. The optical mouse uses an
This is where you'll connect the power cord to the computer.
electronic eye to detect movement and is easier to clean. The mechanical mouse uses a
rolling ball to detect movement and requires regular cleaning to work properly. Other types of ports
There are many other types of ports, such as FireWire, Thunderbolt, and
Mouse alternatives HDMI. If your computer has ports you don't recognize, you should consult
your manual for more information.
• Trackball: A trackball has a ball that can rotate freely. Instead of moving
the device like a mouse, you can roll the ball with your thumb to move the Peripherals you can use with your computer
pointer.
• Printers: A printer is used to print documents, photos, and anything else
• Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad that appears on your screen. There are many types of printers, including inkjet,
that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger. laser, and photo printers. There are even all-in-one printers, which can also
Touchpads are common on laptop computers. scan and copy documents.

Computer Basics: Buttons and Ports on a Computer • Scanners: A scanner allows you to copy a physical image or document and
save it to your computer as a digital (computer-readable) image. Many
Front of a computer case scanners are included as part of an all-in-one printer, although you can also
Optical Disc Drive buy a separate flatbed or handheld scanner.
Often called a CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive, this lets your computer read
CDs and DVDs. • Speakers/headphones: Speakers and headphones are output devices, which
means they send information from the computer to the user—in this case, they
Power Button allow you to hear sound and music. Depending on the model, they may
The power button is used to power the computer on and off. connect to the audio port or the USB port. Some monitors also have built-in
speakers.
Audio In/Audio Out
Many computers include audio ports on the front of the computer case that • Microphones: A microphone is a type of input device, or a device that
allow you to easily connect speakers, microphones, and headsets without receives information from a user. You can connect a microphone to record
fumbling with the back of the computer. sound or talk with someone else over the Internet. Many laptop computers
come with built-in microphones.
USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port
Most desktop computers have several USB ports. These can be used to connect almost • Web cameras: A web camera—or webcam—is a type of input device that
any type of device, including mice, keyboards, printers, and digital cameras. They will can record videos and take pictures. It can also transmit video over the
often appear on the front and back of the computer. Internet in real time, which allows for video chat or video conferencing with
someone else. Many webcams also include a microphone for this reason.
Back of a computer case
The back of a computer case has connection ports that are made to fit specific devices. • Game controllers and joysticks: A game controller is used to control
The placement will vary from computer to computer, and many companies have their computer games. There are many other types of controllers you can use,
own special connectors for specific devices. Some of the ports may be color coded to including joysticks, although you can also use your mouse and keyboard to
help you determine which port is used with a particular device.
control most games.
Audio In/Audio Out
Almost every computer has two or more audio ports where you can connect • Digital cameras: A digital camera lets you capture pictures and videos in a
various devices, including speakers, microphones, and headsets. digital format. By connecting the camera to your computer's USB port, you
can transfer the images from the camera to the computer.
Monitor Port
This is where you'll connect your monitor cable. In this example, the computer has both • Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet computers, and other devices:
a DisplayPort and a VGA port. Other computers may have other types of monitor ports, Whenever you buy an electronic device, such as a mobile phone or MP3
such as DVI (digital visual interface) or HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface). player, check to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it does, this means you
can most likely connect it to your computer.
USB Ports
On most desktop computers, most of the USB ports are on the back of the computer Computer Basics: Inside a Computer
case. Generally, you'll want to connect your mouse and keyboard to these ports and keep
the front USB ports free so they can be used for digital cameras and other devices. Inside a computer

Ethernet Port Motherboard

This port looks a lot like the modem or telephone port, but it is slightly wider. The motherboard is the computer's main circuit board. It's a thin plate that
You can use this port for networking and connecting to the Internet. holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical drives,
expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to your
PS/2 computer's ports (such as USB ports). The motherboard connects directly or
These ports are sometimes used for connecting the mouse and keyboard. indirectly to every part of the computer.
Typically, the mouse port is green and the keyboard port is purple. On new
computers, these ports have been replaced by USB. CPU/processor
The central processing unit (CPU), also called a processor, is located inside
Serial Port the computer case on the motherboard. It is sometimes called the brain of the
This port is less common on today's computers. It was frequently used to computer, and its job is to carry out commands. Whenever you press a key,
connect peripherals like digital cameras, but it has been replaced by USB and click the mouse, or start an application, you're sending instructions to the
other types of ports. CPU.
Expansion Slots The CPU is usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located
These empty slots are where expansion cards are added to computers. For inside. The chip is usually about the size of a thumbnail. The CPU fits into the
motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that
absorbs heat from the CPU. Bluetooth card (or adapter)
Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances.
A processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of It's often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice,
instructions per second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per and printers. It's commonly built into the motherboard or included in a
second. A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly. wireless network card. For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can
purchase a USB adapter, often called a dongle.
RAM (random access memory)
RAM is your system's short-term memory. Whenever your computer performs What is a laptop computer?
calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM until it is needed.
A laptop is a personal computer that can be easily moved and used in a variety
This short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're of locations. Most laptops are designed to have all of the functionality of a
working on a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save desktop computer, which means they can generally run the same software and
it to avoid losing it. When you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, open the same types of files. However, laptops also tend to be more expensive
which acts as long-term storage. than comparable desktop computers.
RAM is measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB). The more RAM
you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time. If you don't How is a laptop different from a desktop?
have enough RAM, you may notice that your computer is sluggish when you
have several programs open. Because of this, many people add extra RAM to Because laptops are designed for portability, there are some important
their computers to improve performance. differences between them and desktop computers. A laptop has an all-in-one
design, with a built-in monitor, keyboard, touchpad (which replaces the
Hard drive mouse), and speakers. This means it is fully functional, even when no
The hard drive is where your software, documents, and other files are stored. peripherals are connected. A laptop is also quicker to set up, and there are
The hard drive is long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if fewer cables to get in the way.
you turn the computer off or unplug it.
You'll also have to the option to connect a regular mouse, larger monitor, and
When you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data other peripherals. This basically turns your laptop into a desktop computer,
from the hard drive onto the RAM. When you save a file, the data is copied with one main difference: You can easily disconnect the peripherals and take
back to the hard drive. The faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can the laptop with you wherever you go.
start up and load programs.
Here are the main differences you can expect with a laptop.
Power Supply Unit
The power supply unit in a computer converts the power from the wall outlet
• Touchpad: A touchpad—also called a trackpad—is a touch-sensitive pad
to the type of power needed by the computer. It sends power through cables to
that lets you control the pointer by making a drawing motion with your finger.
the motherboard and other components.

• Battery: Every laptop has a battery, which allows you to use the laptop when
If you decide to open the computer case and take a look, make sure to unplug
it's not plugged in. Whenever you plug in the laptop, the battery recharges.
the computer first. Before touching the inside of the computer, you should
Another benefit of having a battery is that it can provide backup power to the
touch a grounded metal object—or a metal part of the computer casing—to
laptop if the power goes out.
discharge any static buildup. Static electricity can be transmitted through the
computer circuits, which can seriously damage your machine.
• AC adapter: A laptop usually has a specialized power cable called an AC
Expansion cards adapter, which is designed to be used with that specific type of laptop.
Most computers have expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to
add various types of expansion cards. These are sometimes called PCI • Ports: Most laptops have the same types of ports found on desktop
(peripheral component interconnect) cards. computers (such as USB), although they usually have fewer ports to save
space. However, some ports may be different, and you may need an adapter in
However, if you want to boost the performance of your computer or update order to use them.
the capabilities of an older computer, you can always add one or more cards.
Below are some of the most common types of expansion cards.
• Price: Generally speaking, laptops tend to be more expensive than a desktop
computer with the same internal components. While you may find that some
basic laptops cost less than desktop computers, these are usually much less
Video card
powerful machines.
The video card is responsible for what you see on the monitor. Most
computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard
instead of having a separate video card. If you like playing graphics-intensive Computer Basics: Mobile Devices
games, you can add a faster video card to one of the expansion slots to get
better performance. What is a mobile device?

A mobile device is a general term for any type of handheld computer. These
Sound card devices are designed to be extremely portable, and they can often fit in your
The sound card—also called an audio card—is responsible for what you hear hand. Some mobile devices—like tablets, e-readers, and smartphones—are
in the speakers or headphones. Most motherboards have integrated sound, but powerful enough to do many of the same things you can do with a desktop or
you can upgrade to a dedicated sound card for higher-quality sound. laptop computer.

Network card Tablet computers

The network card allows your computer to communicate over a network and Like laptops, tablet computers are designed to be portable. However, they
access the Internet. It can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a provide a different computing experience. The most obvious difference is that
wireless connection (often called Wi-Fi). Many motherboards have built-in tablet computers don't have keyboards or touchpads. Instead, the entire screen
network connections, and a network card can also be added to an expansion is touch-sensitive, allowing you to type on a virtual keyboard and use your
slot. finger as a mouse pointer.
Tablet computers can't necessarily do everything traditional computers can do.
For many people, a traditional computer like a desktop or laptop is still Linux
needed in order to use some programs. However, the convenience of a tablet Linux (pronounced LINN-ux) is a family of open-source operating systems,
computer means it may be ideal as a second computer. which means they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the
world. This is different from proprietary software like Windows, which can
E-readers only be modified by the company that owns it. The advantages of Linux are
E-book readers—also called e-readers—are similar to tablet computers, that it is free, and there are many different distributions—or versions—you
except they are mainly designed for reading e-books (digital, downloadable can choose from.
books). Notable examples include the Amazon Kindle, Barnes & Noble
Nook, and Kobo. Most e-readers use an e-ink display, which is easier to read According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2%
than a traditional computer display. You don't need an e-reader to read of global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's
e-books. They can also be read on tablets, smartphones, laptops, and relatively easy to customize.
desktops.
Operating systems for mobile devices
Smartphones The operating systems we've been talking about so far were designed to run
A smartphone is a more powerful version of a traditional cell phone. In on desktop and laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet
addition to the same basic features—phone calls, voicemail, text computers, and MP3 players are different from desktop and laptop
messaging—smartphones can connect to the Internet over Wi-Fi or a cellular computers, so they run operating systems that are designed specifically for
network (which requires purchasing a monthly data plan). mobile devices. Examples of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS
and Google Android. In the screenshot below, you can see iOS running on an
Most smartphones use a touch-sensitive screen, meaning there isn't a physical iPad.
keyboard on the device. Instead, you'll type on a virtual keyboard and use
your fingers to interact with the display. Other standard features include a Operating systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully featured as
high-quality digital camera and the ability to play digital music and video those made for desktop and laptop computers, and they aren't able to run all of
files. For many people, a smartphone can actually replace electronics like an the same software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them, like
old laptop, digital music player, and digital camera in the same device. watch movies, browse the Web, manage your calendar, and play games.

Computer Basics: Understanding Operating Systems Computer Basics: Understanding Applications

What is an operating system? What is an application?

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a You may have heard people talking about using a program, an application,
computer. It manages the computer's memory and processes, as well as all of or an app. An app is a type of software that allows you to perform specific
its software and hardware. It also allows you to communicate with the tasks. Applications for desktop or laptop computers are sometimes called
computer without knowing how to speak the computer's language. Without desktop applications, while those for mobile devices are called mobile apps.
an operating system, a computer is useless.
When you open an application, it runs inside the operating system until you
The operating system's job close it. Most of the time, you will have more than one application open at the
Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and same time, which is known as multi-tasking.
hardware on the computer. Most of the time, there are several different
computer programs running at the same time, and they all need to access your App is a common term for an application, especially for simple applications
computer's central processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The that can be downloaded inexpensively or even for free. Many apps are also
operating system coordinates all of this to make sure each program gets what available for mobile devices and even some TVs.
it needs.

Types of operating systems Desktop applications

Modern operating systems use a graphical user interface, or GUI There are countless desktop applications, and they fall into several categories.
(pronounced gooey). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click icons, buttons, Some are more full featured (like Microsoft Word), while others may only
and menus, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a do one or two things (like a clock or calendar app). Below are just a few
combination of graphics and text. types of applications you might use.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to • Word processors: A word processor allows you to write a letter, design a
a different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern flyer, and create many other types of documents. The most well-known word
operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic processor is Microsoft Word.
principles are the same.
• Web browsers: A web browser is the tool you use to access the Internet.
Microsoft Windows Most computers come with a web browser pre-installed, but you can also
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. There download a different one if you prefer. Examples of browsers include Internet
have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones are Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, and Safari.
Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), and
Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which • Media players: If you want to listen to MP3s or watch movies you've
helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world. downloaded, you'll need to use a media player. Windows Media Player and
iTunes are popular media players.
macOS
macOS (previously called OS X) is a line of operating systems created by • Games: There are many types of games you can play on your computer.
Apple. It comes preloaded on all Macintosh computers, or Macs. Some of the They range from card games like Solitaire to action games like Halo. Many
specific versions include Mojave (released in 2018), High Sierra (2017), and action games require a lot of computing power, so they may not work unless
Sierra (2016). you have a newer computer.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, macOS users account for less than Mobile apps
10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Desktop and laptop computers aren't the only devices that can run
Windows users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers applications. You can also download apps for mobile devices like
tend to be more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel smartphones and tablets. Here are a few examples of mobile apps.
of macOS over Windows.
• Gmail: You can use the Gmail app to easily view and send emails from your
mobile device. It's available for Android and iOS devices.
• Instagram: You can use Instagram to quickly share photos with your friends If you have a wireless mouse or keyboard, you may need to connect a
and family. It's available for Android and iOS. Bluetooth dongle (USB adapter) to your computer. However, many computers
have built-in Bluetooth, so an adapter may not be necessary.
• Duolingo: With a combination of quizzes, games, and other activities, this
app can help you learn new languages. It's available for Android and iOS. Step 6
Installing new applications If you have external speakers or headphones, you can connect them to your
computer's audio port (either on the front or back of the computer case).
Computer Basics: Setting Up a Computer Many computers have color-coded ports. Speakers or headphones connect to
the green port, and microphones connect to the pink port. The blue port is
Setting up a computer the line in, which can be used with other types of devices.
So you have a new computer and you're ready to set it up. This may seem
like an overwhelming and complicated task, but it's actually a lot easier than Some speakers, headphones, and microphones have USB connectors instead
you might think! Most computers are set up in a similar way, so it doesn't of the usual audio plug. These can be connected to any USB port. In addition,
matter what brand of computer you have. many computers have speakers or microphones built into the monitor.

If you're setting up a new computer that's still in the box, you'll probably find Step 7
a how-to guide that includes step-by-step details. Even if it didn't include Locate the two power supply cables that came with your computer. Plug the
instructions, you can still set up the computer in a few easy steps. We'll take first power supply cable into the back of the computer case and then into a
you through the different steps needed to set up a typical computer. surge protector. Then, using the other cable, connect the monitor to the
surge protector.
Setting up a laptop computer
If you have a laptop, setup should be easy: Just open it and press the power You can also use an uninterruptible power supply (UPS), which acts as a
button. If the battery isn't charged, you'll need to plug in the AC adapter. You surge protector and provides temporary power if there is a power outage.
can continue using the laptop while it charges.
Step 8
If your laptop has any peripherals, like external speakers, you may want to Finally, plug the surge protector into a wall outlet. You may also need to turn
read the instructions below. Laptops and desktops generally use the same on the surge protector if it has a power switch.
types of connections, so the same steps will still apply.
If you don't have a surge protector, you can plug the computer directly into the
Setting up a desktop computer wall. However, this is not recommended because electrical surges can
damage your computer.
Step 1
Unpack the monitor and computer case from the box. Remove any plastic Step 9
covering or protective tape. Place the monitor and computer case on a desk or If you have a printer, scanner, webcam, or other peripherals, you can
work area. connect them at this point. Many peripherals are plug and play, which means
they will be recognized by your computer as soon as they are plugged in.
Be sure to place your computer case in an area that is well ventilated and has Other peripherals may include software that needs to be installed before you
good air flow. This will help to prevent the computer from overheating. can begin using them. Use the instructions included with the device to install
it if necessary.
Step 2
Locate the monitor cable. There are several types of monitor cables, so the Generally, peripherals are optional, and you can add new ones at any time;
one for your computer may not look like the one in the image below. you don't have to add all peripherals during the initial setup of your computer.

If you're having trouble finding your monitor cable, refer to the instruction Setup complete!
manual for your computer. (If you have an all-in-one computer that's built
into the monitor, you can skip to Step 4). Computer Network Types
A computer network is a group of computers linked to each other that
enables the computer to communicate with another computer and share their
Step 3 resources, data, and applications.
Connect one end of the cable to the monitor port on the back of the
computer case and the other end to the monitor. A computer network can be categorized by their size. A computer network is
mainly of four types:
Many computer cables will only fit a specific way. If the cable doesn't fit,
don't force it or you might damage the connectors. Make sure the plug aligns Types of Computer Network
with the port, then connect it. ● LAN (Local Area Network)
● PAN (Personal Area Network)
To figure out which cables belong in which ports, try our Connecting Cables ● MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
interactive. ● WAN (Wide Area Network)

Step 4 LAN (Local Area Network)

Unpack the keyboard and determine whether it uses a USB (rectangular) ● Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each
connector or a PS/2 (round) connector. If it uses a USB connector, plug it into other in a small area such as a building, office.
any of the USB ports on the back of the computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, ● LAN is used for connecting two or more personal computers
plug it into the purple keyboard port on the back of the computer. through a communication medium such as twisted pair, coaxial
cable, etc.
Step 5 ● It is less costly as it is built with inexpensive hardware such as
Unpack the mouse and determine whether it uses a USB or PS/2 connector. If hubs, network adapters, and ethernet cables.
it uses a USB connector, plug it into any of the USB ports on the back of the ● The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area
computer. If it uses a PS/2 connector, plug it into the green mouse port on the Network.
back of the computer. ● Local Area Network provides higher security.

If your keyboard has a USB port, you can connect your mouse to the PAN (Personal Area Network)
keyboard instead of connecting it directly to your computer.
 ● Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual
person, typically within a range of 10 meters. ● Geographical area: A Wide Area Network provides a large
● Personal Area Network is used for connecting the computer geographical area. Suppose if the branch of our office is in a
devices of personal use is known as Personal Area Network. different city then we can connect with them through WAN. The
● Thomas Zimmerman was the first research scientist to bring the internet provides a leased line through which we can connect with
idea of the Personal Area Network. another branch.
● Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet. ● Centralized data: In case of WAN network, data is centralized.
● Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal Therefore, we do not need to buy the emails, files or back up
area network are the laptop, mobile phones, media player and play servers.
stations. ● Get updated files: Software companies work on the live server.
Therefore, the programmers get the updated files within seconds.
There are two types of Personal Area Network: ● Exchange messages: In a WAN network, messages are transmitted
● Wired Personal Area Network fast. The web application like Facebook, Whatsapp, Skype allows
● Wireless Personal Area Network you to communicate with friends.
● Sharing of software and resources: In WAN network, we can
Wireless Personal Area Network: Wireless Personal Area Network is share the software and other resources like a hard drive, RAM.
developed by simply using wireless technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth. It is ● Global business: We can do the business over the internet
a low range network. globally.
Wired Personal Area Network: Wired Personal Area Network is created by ● High bandwidth: If we use the leased lines for our company then
using the USB. this gives the high bandwidth. The high bandwidth increases the
data transfer rate which in turn increases the productivity of our
Examples Of Personal Area Network: company.
● Body Area Network: Body Area Network is a network that moves
with a person. For example, a mobile network moves with a
person. Suppose a person establishes a network connection and Disadvantages of Wide Area Network:
then creates a connection with another device to share the ● Security issue: A WAN network has more security issues as
information. compared to LAN and MAN network as all the technologies are
● Offline Network: An offline network can be created inside the combined together that creates the security problem.
home, so it is also known as a home network. A home network is ● Needs Firewall & antivirus software: The data is transferred on
designed to integrate the devices such as printers, computer, the internet which can be changed or hacked by the hackers, so the
television but they are not connected to the internet. firewall needs to be used. Some people can inject the virus in our
● Small Home Office: It is used to connect a variety of devices to system so antivirus is needed to protect from such a virus.
the internet and to a corporate network using a VPN. ● High Setup cost: An installation cost of the WAN network is high
as it involves the purchasing of routers, switches.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ● Troubleshooting problems: It covers a large area so fixing the
● A metropolitan area network is a network that covers a larger problem is difficult.
geographic area by interconnecting a different LAN to form a
larger network. Internetwork
● Government agencies use MAN to connect to the citizens and ● An internetwork is defined as two or more computer network
private industries. LANs or WAN or computer network segments are connected using
● In MAN, various LANs are connected to each other through a devices, and they are configured by a local addressing scheme.
telephone exchange line. This process is known as internetworking.
● The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ● An interconnection between public, private, commercial,
ATM, ISDN, OC-3, ADSL, etc. industrial, or government computer networks can also be defined
● It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN). as internetworking.
● An internetworking uses the internet protocol.
● The reference model used for internetworking is Open System
Uses Of Metropolitan Area Network: Interconnection(OSI).
● MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
● It can be used in an Airline Reservation. Types Of Internetwork:
● It can be used in a college within a city. 1. Extranet: An extranet is a communication network based on the internet
● It can also be used for communication in the military. protocol such as Transmission Control protocol and internet protocol. It is
used for information sharing. The access to the extranet is restricted to only
WAN (Wide Area Network) those users who have login credentials. An extranet is the lowest level of
● A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large internetworking. It can be categorized as MAN, WAN or other computer
geographical area such as states or countries. networks. An extranet cannot have a single LAN, atleast it must have one
● A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN. connection to the external network.
● A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it
spans over a large geographical area through a telephone line, fibre 2. Intranet: An intranet is a private network based on the internet protocol
optic cable or satellite links. such as Transmission Control protocol and internet protocol. An intranet
● The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world. belongs to an organization which is only accessible by the organization's
● A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, employee or members. The main aim of the intranet is to share the
government, and education. information and resources among the organization employees. An intranet
provides the facility to work in groups and for teleconferences.
Examples Of Wide Area Network:
● Mobile Broadband: A 4G network is widely used across a region
or country. Intranet advantages:
● Last mile: A telecom company is used to provide the internet ● Communication: It provides a cheap and easy communication. An
services to the customers in hundreds of cities by connecting their employee of the organization can communicate with another
home with fiber. employee through email, chat.
● Private network: A bank provides a private network that connects ● Time-saving: Information on the intranet is shared in real time, so
the 44 offices. This network is made by using the telephone leased it is time-saving.
line provided by the telecom company. ● Collaboration: Collaboration is one of the most important
advantage of the intranet. The information is distributed among the
Advantages Of Wide Area Network:
 employees of the organization and can only be accessed by the ● Reconfiguration is difficult: Adding new devices to the network
authorized user. would slow down the network.
● Platform independency: It is a neutral architecture as the computer ● Attenuation: Attenuation is a loss of signal leads to
can be connected to another device with different architecture. communication issues. Repeaters are used to regenerate the signal.
● Cost effective: People can see the data and documents by using the
browser and distributes the duplicate copies over the intranet. This 2) Ring Topology
leads to a reduction in the cost. ● Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
● The node that receives the message from the previous computer
What is Network Topology? will retransmit to the next node.
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the components are ● The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
interconnected to each other. There are two types of topology: physical and ● The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless
logical topology. loop.
● It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other
Types of Network Topology node and having no termination point.
Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a ● The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
network. There are six types of network topology which are Bus Topology, ● The most common access method of the ring topology is token
Ring Topology, Tree Topology, Star Topology, Mesh Topology, and Hybrid passing.
Topology. ● Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is
passed from one node to another node.
Computer Network Topologies ● Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network.

1) Bus Topology Working of Token passing

● The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are ● A token moves around the network, and it is passed from computer
connected through a single cable known as a backbone cable. to computer until it reaches the destination.
● Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable ● The sender modifies the token by putting the address along with
or directly connected to the backbone cable. the data.
● When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a ● The data is passed from one device to another device until the
message over the network. All the stations available in the network destination address matches. Once the token received by the
will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not. destination device, then it sends the acknowledgment to the sender.
● The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (ethernet) and 802.4 ● In a ring topology, a token is used as a carrier.
standard networks.
● The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared Advantages of Ring topology:
to other topologies. ● Network Management: Faulty devices can be removed from the
● The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which network without bringing the network down.
the message is broadcast to all the stations. ● Product availability: Many hardware and software tools for
● The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA network operation and monitoring are available.
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access). ● Cost: Twisted pair cabling is inexpensive and easily available.
Therefore, the installation cost is very low.
CSMA: It is a media access control used to control the data flow so that data ● Reliable: It is a more reliable network because the communication
integrity is maintained, i.e., the packets do not get lost. There are two system is not dependent on the single host computer.
alternative ways of handling the problems that occur when two nodes send the
messages simultaneously. Disadvantages of Ring topology:
● Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to
● CSMA CD: CSMA CD (Collision detection) is an access method determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it
used to detect the collision. Once the collision is detected, the would disrupt the communication for all the nodes.
sender will stop transmitting the data. Therefore, it works on ● Failure: The breakdown in one station leads to the failure of the
"recovery after the collision". overall network.
● CSMA CA: CSMA CA (Collision Avoidance) is an access ● Reconfiguration difficult: Adding new devices to the network
method used to avoid the collision by checking whether the would slow down the network.
transmission media is busy or not. If busy, then the sender waits ● Delay: Communication delay is directly proportional to the
until the media becomes idle. This technique effectively reduces number of nodes. Adding new devices increases the
the possibility of the collision. It does not work on "recovery after communication delay.
the collision".
3) Star Topology
Advantages of Bus topology: ● Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every
● Low-cost cable: In bus topology, nodes are directly connected to node is connected to the central hub, switch or a central computer.
the cable without passing through a hub. Therefore, the initial cost ● The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral
of installation is low. devices attached to the server are known as clients.
● Moderate data speeds: Coaxial or twisted pair cables are mainly ● Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
used in bus-based networks that support upto 10 Mbps. ● Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a
● Familiar technology: Bus topology is a familiar technology as the physical star topology.
installation and troubleshooting techniques are well known, and ● Star topology is the most popular topology in network
hardware components are easily available. implementation.
● Limited failure: A failure in one node will not have any effect on
other nodes.

Disadvantages of Bus topology: Advantages of Star topology

● Extensive cabling: A bus topology is quite simpler, but still it ● Efficient troubleshooting: Troubleshooting is quite efficient in a
requires a lot of cabling. star topology as compared to bus topology. In a bus topology, the
● Difficult troubleshooting: It requires specialized test equipment to manager has to inspect the kilometers of cable. In a star topology,
determine the cable faults. If any fault occurs in the cable, then it all the stations are connected to the centralized network. Therefore,
would disrupt the communication for all the nodes. the network administrator has to go to the single station to
● Signal interference: If two nodes send the messages troubleshoot the problem.
simultaneously, then the signals of both the nodes collide with each
other.
 ● Network control: Complex network control features can be easily ● Fully connected mesh topology
implemented in the star topology. Any changes made in the star ● Partially connected mesh topology
topology are automatically accommodated.
● Limited failure: As each station is connected to the central hub ● Full Mesh Topology: In a full mesh topology, each computer is
with its own cable, therefore failure in one cable will not affect the connected to all the computers available in the network.
entire network. ● Partial Mesh Topology: In a partial mesh topology, not all but
● Familiar technology: Star topology is a familiar technology as its certain computers are connected to those computers with which
tools are cost-effective. they communicate frequently.
● Easily expandable: It is easily expandable as new stations can be
added to the open ports on the hub. Advantages of Mesh topology:
● Cost effective: Star topology networks are cost-effective as it uses ● Reliable: The mesh topology networks are very reliable as if any
inexpensive coaxial cable. link breakdown will not affect the communication between
● High data speeds: It supports a bandwidth of approx 100Mbps. connected computers.
Ethernet 100BaseT is one of the most popular Star topology ● Fast Communication: Communication is very fast between the
networks. nodes.
● Easier Reconfiguration: Adding new devices would not disrupt
Disadvantages of Star topology the communication between other devices.
● A Central point of failure: If the central hub or switch goes
down, then all the connected nodes will not be able to Disadvantages of Mesh topology
communicate with each other. ● Cost: A mesh topology contains a large number of connected
● Cable: Sometimes cable routing becomes difficult when a devices such as a router and more transmission media than other
significant amount of routing is required. topologies.
● Management: Mesh topology networks are very large and very
4) Tree topology difficult to maintain and manage. If the network is not monitored
● Tree topology combines the characteristics of bus topology and carefully, then the communication link failure goes undetected.
star topology. ● Efficiency: In this topology, redundant connections are high that
● A tree topology is a type of structure in which all the computers are reduces the efficiency of the network.
connected with each other in hierarchical fashion.
● The top-most node in tree topology is known as a root node, and 6) Hybrid Topology
all other nodes are the descendants of the root node. ● The combination of various different topologies is known as
● There is only one path exists between two nodes for the data Hybrid topology.
transmission. Thus, it forms a parent-child hierarchy. ● A Hybrid topology is a connection between different links and
nodes to transfer the data.
Advantages of Tree topology ● When two or more different topologies are combined together is
● Support for broadband transmission: Tree topology is mainly termed as Hybrid topology and if similar topologies are connected
used to provide broadband transmission, i.e., signals are sent over with each other will not result in Hybrid topology. For example, if
long distances without being attenuated. there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bank and bus
● Easily expandable: We can add the new device to the existing topology in another branch of ICICI bank, connecting these two
network. Therefore, we can say that tree topology is easily topologies will result in Hybrid topology.
expandable.
● Easily manageable: In tree topology, the whole network is divided Advantages of Hybrid Topology
into segments known as star networks which can be easily ● Reliable: If a fault occurs in any part of the network will not affect
managed and maintained. the functioning of the rest of the network.
● Error detection: Error detection and error correction are very easy ● Scalable: Size of the network can be easily expanded by adding
in a tree topology. new devices without affecting the functionality of the existing
● Limited failure: The breakdown in one station does not affect the network.
entire network. ● Flexible: This topology is very flexible as it can be designed
● Point-to-point wiring: It has point-to-point wiring for individual according to the requirements of the organization.
segments. ● Effective: Hybrid topology is very effective as it can be designed
in such a way that the strength of the network is maximized and
Disadvantages of Tree topology weakness of the network is minimized.
● Difficult troubleshooting: If any fault occurs in the node, then it
becomes difficult to troubleshoot the problem. Disadvantages of Hybrid topology
● High cost: Devices required for broadband transmission are very ● Complex design: The major drawback of the Hybrid topology is
costly. the design of the Hybrid network. It is very difficult to design the
● Failure: A tree topology mainly relies on main bus cable and architecture of the Hybrid network.
failure in main bus cable will damage the overall network. ● Costly Hub: The Hubs used in the Hybrid topology are very
● Reconfiguration difficult: If new devices are added, then it expensive as these hubs are different from usual Hubs used in other
becomes difficult to reconfigure. topologies.
● Costly infrastructure: The infrastructure cost is very high as a
5) Mesh topology hybrid network requires a lot of cabling, for network devices, etc.
● Mesh technology is an arrangement of the network in which computers are
interconnected with each other through various redundant connections.
● There are multiple paths from one computer to another computer.
● It does not contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a
central point of communication.
● The Internet is an example of the mesh topology.
● Mesh topology is mainly used for WAN implementations where
communication failures are a critical concern.
● Mesh topology is mainly used for wireless networks.
● Mesh topology can be formed by using the formula:
● Number of cables = (n*(n-1))/2;
Where n is the number of nodes that represents the network.

Mesh topology is divided into two categories: