REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato
COLLEGE OF BUSINESS, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS

SUPPLY CHAIN ANALYSIS OF AFRICAN HITO (Clarias gariepinus)

IN KABACAN, COTABATO

Andreev Brian M. Ejar

Claudine Vitale Espanola

BS Agricultural Economics

JULY 2023
I. INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Catfish is one of the major freshwater aquaculture species in the world. It

has an annual production of about 370,000 tons and contributes 17.5 % to the
overall production of freshwater fish culture (Cacot & Hung, 2011). Globally,
fifteen catfish species from seven families are consumed for food. However, only
two families, Ictaluridae and Clariidae, represent more than 95% of the total
global catfish production (Obirikorang et al., 2014). In Asia and the Pacific,
highest production comes from Clarias of the family Clariidae (Tan-Fermin, 2013),
which is also observed in the Philippines since this specie is abundant in the
country. However, only C.batrachus, C. gariepinus, and C. macrocephalus are
commonly found in the Philippine market today. The other three species, C.
nieuhofii, C. meladerma, and C. fuscus, have not been reported in recent years
(Santos et al., 2015).
Catfish farming, specifically the cultivation of African Hito (Clarias
gariepinus), has gained significant attention in the aquaculture industry in the
Philippines. This catfish exhibits robust growth characteristics. It has a relatively
fast growth rate, allowing farmers to achieve marketable sizes within a shorter
period compared to other catfish species. It is widely cultured and consumed in
the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia (Santos et al., 2015). African
hito farming offers immense potential for economic growth and rural
development, particularly in municipalities like Kabacan, known for their favorable
environmental conditions and abundant water resources. This background of the
study aims to provide an overview of the products, services, and processes
involved in the supply chain of African hito farming in Kabacan, Philippines.

Products: The primary product of catfish farming is the African hito itself. Once
fully grown, these catfish are harvested and sold to various markets, including
local restaurants, fish markets, and direct consumers. Hito is valued for its firm,
white flesh and mild flavor, making it suitable for a wide range of culinary
preparations.

Services: The African hito farming industry in Kabacan relies on three crucial
services: hatcheries, feed suppliers, and technical assistance. Hatcheries provide
farmers with genetically superior fingerlings, ensuring the success of catfish
farming. Dedicated feed suppliers formulate balanced feeds tailored to meet the
dietary needs of Hito catfish at different growth stages, promoting their health and
development. Technical assistance is offered by agricultural extension services,
government agencies, and private consultants to support farmers in enhancing
productivity and sustainability. They provide guidance through training sessions
on best practices, disease management, and water quality monitoring, among
other aspects. By sharing their expertise, these entities contribute to the growth
and success of the hito farming industry in Kabacan.

Processes: The African hito farming supply chain in Kabacan involves several
key processes. First, the ponds are prepared by removing debris, controlling
weeds, and ensuring suitable water conditions. Fingerlings are then stocked in
the prepared ponds or tanks at optimal densities to promote growth and survival
rates. Feeding and water management are crucial, with farmers providing
balanced feed and monitoring water parameters. Disease management
practices, including vaccination and regular health checks, are implemented to
safeguard the catfish population. Growth monitoring involves periodically
sampling and measuring individuals to inform feeding practices and determine
the ideal harvesting time. Once the catfish reach the desired size, they are
harvested using methods like seining or draining ponds. Finally, the harvested
catfish are transported to local markets or processing facilities for sale or further
processing before reaching end consumers.

Presently, as the catfish gained popularity being served as table food,

it has also been considered a gourmet food in high-end restaurants and common
foodstuffs in the grill (ihaw-ihaw) and specialty restaurants. Such led to the
government through its various agencies, initiating the production of the catfish
(African hito), yet, demand still exceeds supply (PSA, 2017).

Conducting a study on the supply chain of Hito catfish farming in

Kabacan, Philippines is crucial for economic growth and sustainable development
in the region. Furthermore, it promotes environmentally conscious practices and
encourages collaboration among stakeholders to foster sustainability. As
Kabacan is one of the African hito fish producers in North Cotabato, having an
efficient supply chain is essential. Although previous research on fish supply
chains exists, there is a lack of studies specifically focusing on the supply chain
of African catfish in Kabacan. Therefore, analyzing the supply chain of fresh and
processed African catfish products in Kabacan is important for improving overall
performance.

Objectives of the Study

This study aims to assess the supply chain of African Hito in Kabacan and
to identify areas for improvement. The specific objectives are as follows:
1. Provide an overview of the African Hito industry;
2. Map out the specific supply chain of African Hito in Kabacan;
3. Analyze the activity of African Hito supply chain members,
4. Discuss the product, financial and information flow of African Hito supply in
Kabacan,
5. Recommend areas for improvement based on the results of the study.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The scope of this study is specifically limited to the supply chain of African
hito farming within the geographic boundaries of Kabacan, Philippines. The
primary focus is on the production of African hito within Kabacan. Furthermore,
while aquaculture encompasses various other species and practices, this study
specifically focuses on African hito farming and does not include other catfish and
fish species or aquaculture activities within Kabacan.
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains the definition, literature, articles, and studies about
African hito. It also includes industry profiling of African hito.

African hito is an introduced species that is fairly common throughout the

country. It is also known as African Sharptooth Catfish. It is mainly valued as a
commercial species in the aquaculture industry where it is raised and sold in
markets, restaurants, and supermarkets. It is very similar to the local “Native
Hito” species, only it grows much larger and usually has a lighter grayish color
(Fishing the Philippines, n.d.). There are two types of catfish found in the
Philippines, they are African catfish and local catfish. Both of these fish can be
cultivated commercially. The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus, is one of the most
important aquaculture fish species because of its hardiness, ability to survive
hypoxic condition, ability to accept pelleted feeds and fast growth in captivity
(Ekunwe and Emokaro, 2009). It is also an important aquaculture food that
fetches a high market value. In 2015, the total production of African catfish was
246476 tons (FAO, 2017). Nigeria is the top African catfish producing country
followed by the Netherlands, Brazil, Hungary, Kenya, Syrian Arab Republic,
South African, Cameroon and Mali (FAO, 2016).
Interest in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus has markedly increased over
recent years in many regions especially in Southeast Asia (Skelton, 2001). Due
to its high fecundity and palatability as well as tolerance to a wide range of
environmental conditions, this species has become one of the most popular
fishes in markets for human consumption in Malaysia (DOF, 2014). Having an
ever-increasing demand for catfish helps make many small businesses a
success. Many farmers sell catfish in large quantities so that it requires them to
sell fish every day. This causes the market value of catfish to increase and opens
up more opportunities for entrepreneurs. In addition, there are business
opportunities for catfish farming involving hatchery and growth (Dickson et al.,
2016; Lesner et al., 2017). Public demand for catfish ensures stable growth for
the agribusiness (Oxide, 2016). With careful treatment methods, consumers will
 find this agribusiness interesting. Catfish farmers need catfish farming places that
are easy to shade, with good water and environment. They also need to consider
location. Ponds located under trees with fragile leaves are not recommended
(Algae, 2019). Also, they need to consider the surrounding land whether it is
unused or marginal when deciding where to place their pool. It needs additional
consideration regarding the size of catfish that can be kept in the pond. It is
associated with a specific source of water used to fill pond ponds. Some options
include using municipal water or well water. Since ponds in residential
neighborhoods need to be addressed when building, pond water waste needs to
be considered when building it (Oertli & Parris, 2019). In addition, the proper
quality of water for catfish farming needs to be considered.

INDUSTRY PROFILING OF AFRICAN HITO

Key Aspect: Product type

AFRICAN HITO

CATFISH FILLET/FISHCAKE FRESH AND FROZEN CATFISH OIL

SMOKED/GRILLED DEEP FRIED HITO DISHES

• SOLD BR STREET • HIGHLY SEASONED • CURRY

VENDORS AND IN GARLIC AND • FERMENTED
RESTOS SPICY FLAVOR • COOKED IN
COCONUT
MILK
• STEW/ADOBO.
Source: Marketing of African catfish (prezi.com)
ETC.
Key Aspect: Product type
 Deep-fried African Hito catfish starts
with fresh catfish that are carefully
seasoned and coated in a flavorful
batter or breading. The hito are
typically marinated beforehand to
infuse them with complementary
spices and flavors. As the catfish
cooks, the breading or batter develops
a beautiful golden-brown color, resulting in an enticing visual appeal. The exterior
becomes irresistibly crispy, providing a satisfying contrast to the succulent and
tender flesh inside. When the catfish are cooked to perfection, they are carefully
lifted from the oil and placed on a paper towel-lined plate to drain any excess oil.
The presentation showcases the hitos' appetizing golden hue and inviting texture.
Served piping hot, deep-fried African Hito catfish is often accompanied by classic
condiment like soy sauce and calamansi or banana ketchup.

Source: https://poshjournal.com/fried-catfish-recipe

Grilled African Hito catfish begins with

fresh catfish, typically sourced from local
farms. The catfish is cleaned and
prepared, ensuring that it is free from
scales and any unwanted parts. The fish
is then marinated in a flavorful mixture that
typically includes a combination of soy
sauce, calamansi or lime juice, garlic, ginger, and other herbs and spices.

Grilled African hito is often served with a side of steamed rice and a variety
of condiments and dipping sauces. A common accompaniment is a soy sauce
and calamansi dip, providing a tangy and savory element to complement the
grilled fish.
Source: Lutong Bahay Recipe, inihaw na Hito (grilled catfish), (September 2022).

African Hito catfish can be prepared in

various Pinoy sauce dishes, such as
ginataan, adobo, and curry, which bring
together the distinct flavors of the catfish with
rich and savory Filipino sauces.

In ginataan, the catfish fillets are simmered in

a creamy coconut milk sauce infused with
aromatic herbs, spices, and other ingredients
like vegetables or fruits. In adobo, a beloved
Filipino dish, involves marinating the catfish in
a mixture of vinegar, soy sauce, garlic, and
spices before braising it until tender. The tanginess of the vinegar and the umami
of the soy sauce perfectly complement the richness of the catfish, creating a
flavorful and satisfying dish.

For a fusion twist, African Hito catfish can be incorporated into Filipino-style
curry dishes. The catfish fillets are gently simmered in a fragrant curry sauce
made with spices like turmeric, cumin, coriander, and ginger, along with coconut
milk. The catfish absorbs the aromatic flavors of the curry, resulting in a hearty
and flavorsome dish. Each of these Pinoy sauce dishes highlights the natural
qualities of the African Hito catfish, allowing it to absorb and complement the rich
and savory flavors of the Filipino sauces.

Source: https://www.agriculture.pa.gov/consumer/Exploring the Fusion of African

Hito Catfish and Pinoy Sauce Dishes

Key Aspect: VOLUME

Volume of production of commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN

YEAR In metric
tons
2020 1.34
2021 1.64
2022 1.65

The given data represents the volume of production of commercial catfish

in SOCCSKSARGEN, measured in metric tons, over a three-year period. In 2020,
the volume of commercial catfish production in SOCCSKSARGEN was 1.34
metric tons. This indicates the total amount of catfish produced by farmers in the
region during that year. Moving to 2021, the volume of production increased to
1.64 metric tons, suggesting a growth in the overall production volume of
commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN compared to the previous year. In 2022,
the volume of production remained relatively stable at 1.65 metric tons, indicating
a consistent level of catfish production in the region.

The data showcases a positive trend in the volume of production for

commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN over the specified years, with a notable
increase in 2021 and a stable production level in 2022. This suggests an
expansion in the catfish farming industry in the region, potentially driven by
factors such as increased demand, improved farming techniques, and favorable
conditions for production.

It is important to note that the volume of production is influenced by various

factors, including market demand, farming practices, availability of inputs, and
environmental conditions. The data indicates an overall growth in the volume of
commercial catfish production, indicating positive developments within the
industry in SOCCSKSARGEN.

Source: PSA, Regional Agricultural Production (2020-2022)

Key Aspect: PRICE

Farm gate price of commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN

YEAR Peso per

kilogram
2020 100.22
2021 88.3
2022 89.78

The provided data represents the average farm gate prices of commercial
catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN over a three-year period. In 2020, the average farm
gate price of commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN was 100.22 pesos per
kilogram. This indicates that catfish farmers were receiving an average price of
100.22 pesos for each kilogram of catfish sold at the farm level. In 2021, the
average farm gate price decreased to 88.3 pesos per kilogram. This suggests a
decline in the price received by catfish farmers compared to the previous year.

Moving to 2022, the average farm gate price of commercial catfish in

SOCCSKSARGEN slightly increased to 89.78 pesos per kilogram. While the
increase is modest, it indicates a slight recovery in the price received by catfish
farmers compared to the previous year.

The data provides an overview of the trend in average farm gate prices for
commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN during the specified years. It suggests
some variability in prices, with a decrease in 2021 followed by a small increase
in 2022. The factors influencing these price fluctuations could include market
demand, supply levels, production costs, and other market dynamics specific to
the catfish industry in SOCCSKSARGEN.

Source: PSA, Regional Agricultural Production (2020-2022)

Key Aspect: VALUE

 Value of production of commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN

YEAR In million
pesos
2020 135
2021 145
2022 148

The provided data represents the value of production of commercial catfish

in SOCCSKSARGEN over a three-year period, expressed in million pesos. In
2020, the value of production for commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN was
135 million pesos. This indicates the total worth of all catfish produced by farmers
in the region during that year.

Moving to 2021, the value of production increased to 145 million pesos,

suggesting a growth in the overall value of commercial catfish production in
SOCCSKSARGEN compared to the previous year. In 2022, the value of
production further increased to 148 million pesos. This demonstrates continued
growth in the value of commercial catfish production in the region.

The data showcases a positive trend in the value of production for

commercial catfish in SOCCSKSARGEN over the specified years. This suggests
an expansion in the catfish farming industry in the region, potentially driven by
factors such as increased market demand, improved farming practices, and
favorable economic conditions. It is important to note that the value of production
is influenced by various factors, including market prices, production volumes,
input costs, and market conditions. The data indicates a growth trend in the value
of commercial catfish production, indicating positive developments within the
industry in SOCCSKSARGEN.

Source: PSA, Regional Agricultural Production (2020-2022)

III. METHODOLOGY
Location of the research
This study was conducted in the Kabacan where most of the African catfish
farming conduct fisheries activities. The research location was determined
deliberately, by considering Poblacion area of Kabacan which known as the main
processors and marketers of African hito. The research was undertaken on the
month of July 2023.

Research plan
The respondents of this study are farmers who cultivate the African hito,
traders, and processor knowing as following the flow of supply chain products
from producers to consumers.

Data collection technique

The data used in this research was divided into two: the primary and
secondary data. The primary data was obtained through interviews directly to
respondents/sample by using questionnaire through face-to-face interview. The
respondent of this activity is the farmer, processor, and trader of African hito. The
respondents will be given enough time to answer the question. After collected the
data from the field, all the data collected for this interview were coded in tabulated,
summarized the processed for analysis. Secondary data was obtained from
related institutions.

Data analysis
The research data was analyzed descriptively in a set of qualitative and
quantitative data. The supply chain analysis of African hito (Clarias gariepinus)
aquaculture business in Kabacan was conducted through several stages: (1)
identifying the actuator of African catfish business supply chain, (2) identifying the
activity of supply chain members, (3) drawing the pattern of supply chain flow
from the business of African catfish aquaculture.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

FARMER’S INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

Basic Information of the farmers

Part 1 shows the basic information of the farmers, which includes the sex, age,
civil status, number of years in school, number of family members, address, farm
address, and cellphone number. Our respondent for producer is Mr. Alfred
Tormo, married with a total of six family members that reside in Barangay
Dagupan, Kabacan. The respondent owns a land who has more than 4 years of
experience in African hito farming. He owns 2 hectares of land and two 10m by
15m of that land are earthen ponds devoted for African hito production. He is also
a member of two associations: the Kabacan Farmer’s Association and Dagupan
ARB. The benefits and services they received for the Farmers Association include
free seeds and fertilizer for every farmer for his palay and fingerlings stocking for
his African hito farming in collaboration with USM-SOXAARRDEC early last year.
And for the Dagupan ARB, their association recently receive farm machines from
Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).

II. Sources of Inputs:

Source &
No. Of Mode of Quantity used per
Inputs location of Constraints
suppliers payment year
suppliers

Poblacion, 2 Cash to Cash 2400 fingerlings Mortality and

Fingerlings
Kabacan Diseases

Poblacion, 4 Cash to Cash 50 sacks Price

Feeds
Kabacan Fluctuation
Kabacan, Various Cash to Cash Various
Fish health products
Kidapawan
Kabacan, Various Cash to Cash Various
Farm Equipment/Tools
Kidapawan
 The provided data presents information about the sources of inputs for a
catfish farming operation, including fingerlings, feeds, fish health products, and
farm equipment/tools. For fingerlings, the source is identified as Poblacion,
Kabacan, with two suppliers. The mode of payment is cash to cash, and the
quantity used per year is 2,400 fingerlings. The mentioned constraints for
fingerlings include mortality and diseases, which are challenges that need to
be addressed to ensure successful fingerling production and minimize losses.
Catfish Feeds are also sourced from Poblacion, Kabacan, with four suppliers.
Cash to cash is the mode of payment, and the quantity used per year is 50
sacks. The data highlights price fluctuation as a constraint for feeds, indicating
the need to manage and monitor feed costs and availability to optimize the
profitability of the farming operation.
The source for fish health products is mentioned as Kabacan and
Kidapawan, with various suppliers. The mode of payment is cash to cash, and
the quantity used per year is not specified. Fish health products are essential
for disease prevention and management, ensuring the overall well-being and
health of the catfish.
Lastly, farm equipment/tools are sourced from Kabacan and Kidapawan,
with various suppliers. Cash to cash is the mode of payment, and the quantity
used per year is not specified. Having the necessary farm equipment and tools
is vital for efficient farm operations and ensuring the effectiveness of various
tasks such as pond maintenance and feeding.

Income & Costs

Volume per harvest (in Unit price
Sources of income # harvests per year
kg) (Php/kg)

1. Rice Production 2 3600 16

2. African Hito Production 2 880 150

The provided data presents income, costs, and other relevant information
for a farmer engaged in both rice and African Hito catfish production. In terms of
 income sources, the farmer generates revenue from two main sources: rice
production and African Hito catfish production. The data indicates that there are
two harvests per year for each of these commodities. The volume harvested per
rice production cycle is 3,600 kilograms, with a unit price of 16 Philippine pesos
per kilogram. For African Hito catfish, the farmer harvests 880 kilograms per
production cycle, with a higher unit price of 150 Philippine pesos per kilogram.
The selling price is set by the buyers, based on other producers' prices. The
farmer contacts buyers through phone calls, suggesting a direct communication
approach.

COST
EXPENSE ITEM
per Harvest

Inputs

Quantity Unit Price Cost

a. Fingerlings 1200 Pieces 6 7200

b. Feeds

Commercial 90 Kg 26 2340

Alternative 50 Kg 20 1000

c. Water Requirement 1500

d. Pond Infrastructure 500

e. Fish health products 2000

e. Others 1000
Labor

# Workers Rate/Worker

Hired Daily “Pakyaw Cost

Family Labor
Labor ”

Pond Preparation

Cleaning & land preparation 2 0

Excavating or Pond fixing 1 1 350 350
 Installing infrastructure req. 2 1 500 500

Stocking

Sorting 2

Fish transfer 2

Feeding and nutrition

Daily feeding 2

Monitoring 2

Observation 2

Water Quality Management

Monitoring and 1
2 350 350
maintenance

Fish Health
Inspection and monitor 1 1 350 350

Administer 1

Harvesting
Draining 2

Sorting 2 1 200 200

Transferring 2 1 250 250

Post Harvest Handling

Storing 1

Contact with buyers 1

Overhead Costs

Administrative and management 1200

Supplies 1500

Utilities 1500

Equipment and tools 800

Transportation 1600

Insurance 400
Taxes and gov’t fees 1200
 Moving on to costs of production, several expense items are outlined. For
inputs, the farmer spends 7,200 Philippine pesos per harvest on fingerlings.
Commercial feeds are purchased at a cost of 2,340 Philippine pesos, while
alternative feeds cost 1,000 Philippine pesos. Other costs include water
requirements (1,500 PHP), pond infrastructure (500 PHP), fish health products
(2,000 PHP), and miscellaneous expenses (1,000 PHP).
Labor costs include both family labor and hired labor, with specific tasks and
rates provided for each stage of production. Pond preparation, stocking, feeding
and nutrition, water quality management, fish health, harvesting, and post-harvest
handling all involve labor expenses.
Overhead costs cover administrative and management expenses, supplies,
utilities, equipment and tools, transportation, insurance, taxes, and government
fees. The values provided reflect the estimated costs incurred for each category.

Disposal
Item (Specify unit) Average per harvest (kg)

Total Volume harvested 900

Volume sold 880

Volume for family consumption 10

Volume given away 10

Volume wasted from:

Diseases 45

Harvesting 5
Transfer 10

The provided data pertains to the disposal of the harvested volume in a

farming operation. Here's the interpretation of the data:
Total Volume Harvested: The total volume of the harvested produce is 900
kilograms.
 Volume Sold: Out of the total volume harvested, 880 kilograms were sold,
indicating the amount of produce that was sold to buyers or customers.
Volume for Family Consumption: A portion of the harvested produce, specifically
10 kilograms, was allocated for the family's consumption, implying that it was
used to meet the household's own food needs.
Volume Given Away: An additional 10 kilograms of the harvested produce was
given away, suggesting that it was distributed or gifted to others, possibly friends,
relatives, or neighbors.
Volume Wasted: Diseases: Approximately 45 kilograms of the harvested produce
were wasted due to diseases. This implies that a portion of the harvest was
deemed unsuitable for consumption or further distribution due to disease-related
issues.
Harvesting: Around 5 kilograms were wasted during the harvesting process. This
may refer to losses incurred during the handling, processing, or transportation
stages.
Transfer: Approximately 10 kilograms were wasted during the transfer process,
which could indicate losses that occurred during the movement or transfer of the
produce.
Overall, the data indicates the different disposal channels and the specific
reasons for waste, such as diseases, harvesting, and transfer-related losses. This
information can be valuable in assessing production efficiency, identifying areas
for improvement, and minimizing waste in future farming operations.

Buyers
Name & type of main
Commodity Location Mode of Payment
buyers

a. Randy/wholesaler Kabacan cash

1. African b. Noel/Processor Kabacan cash

Hito
c.Tata/wholesaler Kabacan cash

2. Rice Freddie/assembler Kabacan Cash

 The provided data outlines the main buyers for African Hito and rice, along
with their location and mode of payment. Here is a brief interpretation and
discussion of the data:
African Hito Buyers:
a. Randy/wholesaler: This buyer is located in Kabacan and operates as a
wholesaler. They prefer cash payments for their purchases of African Hito.
b. Noel/Processor: Another buyer located in Kabacan; Noel operates as a
processor. Cash payments are the preferred mode of payment for this buyer.
c. Tata/wholesaler: Tata is a wholesaler located in Kabacan and prefers cash
payments for African Hito purchases.
Rice Buyers:
Freddie/assembler: This buyer, based in Kabacan, operates as an assembler.
They prefer cash payments for their purchases of rice. It is worth noting that the
provided types of buyers are categorized as "Assembler" (A), "Wholesaler" (W),
"Retailer" (R), or "Processor" (P). However, the type of buyer is not explicitly
specified for each individual buyer mentioned in the data.

Overall, the data suggests that the main buyers for African Hito and rice are
primarily wholesalers, processors, and assemblers located in Kabacan. Cash
payments seem to be the preferred mode of payment for all buyers listed.
Understanding the types of buyers and their preferences can help farmers and
sellers in making informed decisions regarding pricing, quantity, and market
strategies to effectively cater to the demands of these buyers in Kabacan.

Flow of information
The provided data pertains to the flow of information in relation to price and
quality in the context of catfish farming. The main source of market and price
information is co-growers, indicating that farmers within the catfish farming
community play a crucial role in sharing market and price information. The price
is determined based on the existing price in the market. The method of price
discovery is through word of mouth, suggesting that information is shared
informally among farmers. The buying price is not negotiable, likely due to
following standard pricing practices. Farmers effectively use price information in
haggling with buyers, implying that they leverage market information during
negotiations. Farmers validate price information, primarily relying on co-farmers
as a basis for validation. Farmers also share information with other farmers who
produce the same commodity, highlighting a collaborative approach within the
catfish farming community.

Problems with Obtaining Information

The data does not explicitly discuss problems related to obtaining
production, price, and market information. However, it is worth noting that the
catfish market's fragmentation, with numerous small-scale producers and
independent traders, can pose challenges in gathering comprehensive market
information and tracking price trends across different regions and markets.

Quality Information
Farmers grade/classify their commodity before selling, using size and
aliveness as criteria. This highlights the importance of selling live catfish,
indicating that the quality of the catfish is assessed based on its size and vitality.

Overall, the data suggests that information flow among catfish farmers
primarily relies on co-growers for market and price information. Collaboration and
validation of information within the farming community are evident. However,
challenges may arise in obtaining comprehensive market information due to the
fragmented nature of the catfish market. The focus on grading and selling live
catfish highlights the significance of quality information in the catfish farming
industry.
Technical Information
Source Rank Kind of Remarks
Information*

 Own experience 7 E

 Other grower’s practice 10 E

 Seminars from chemical 9 B

companies/promo seminars

 Government agencies 8 C
(specify)

 Cooperatives 8 A

 NGO’s private 8 B

 Consultants 10 C

 Mass media 9 E
 Trade Fairs, etc. 9 D

The provided data presents the ranking of various sources of technical

information based on the farmer's perceptions. Here is a brief interpretation and
discussion of the data:
Own experience: The farmer ranks their own experience with a score of 7,
indicating that they consider it to be moderately important in acquiring technical
information. They likely rely on their own knowledge and learning from practical
on-farm experiences.
Other grower's practice: This source is ranked as critically important with a score
of 10. It suggests that the farmer highly values learning from other growers'
practices and experiences, indicating a willingness to gain insights from peers in
the farming community.
Seminars from chemical companies/promo seminars: This source is considered
important with a score of 9. It implies that the farmer finds value in attending
seminars organized by chemical companies or promotional events where
technical information related to farming practices is shared.
Government agencies: The farmer assigns a rank of 8 to government agencies
as a source of technical information. This suggests that they perceive government
agencies to provide valuable guidance and knowledge related to agriculture.
Cooperatives: Cooperatives are also considered important with a score of 8. This
indicates that the farmer values the technical information shared through
cooperative networks, likely relying on collective knowledge and resources.
NGO's private: With a score of 7, the farmer perceives technical information from
private NGOs as moderately important. They may find value in the information
shared by non-governmental organizations working in the agricultural sector.
Consultants: Consultants are ranked as critically important with a score of 10.
This implies that the farmer places high importance on seeking advice and
guidance from professional consultants for technical information related to their
farming practices.
Mass media: Mass media, such as television, radio, or publications, are perceived
as important sources of technical information, earning a score of 9. The farmer
recognizes the value of information disseminated through mass media channels.
Trade Fairs, etc.: Trade fairs and similar events are ranked relatively lower with
a score of 6. This suggests that the farmer perceives them as less important for
acquiring technical information, potentially indicating limited participation or
exposure to such events.

Overall, the data indicates that the farmer considers other growers'
practices, consultants, seminars, government agencies, cooperatives, and mass
media as important sources of technical information. These rankings provide
insights into the farmer's preferences and the sources they rely on for acquiring
knowledge to enhance their farming practices.

Problems Encountered and Recommendations

Catfish farmers in Mindanao particularly in Kabacan may encounter several
challenges in production, marketing, and financial aspects. Here are some
common problems they may face along with potential recommendations.
 (1) Problem Area (2) Recommendation
Production
Water Quality Management: Maintaining good Regular monitoring of water parameters, proper
water quality is crucial for catfish health and pond management practices, and
growth. Farmers may face issues with water implementing biosecurity measures to prevent
contamination, oxygen levels, pH balance, and disease spread.
disease outbreaks.
Marketing
Price Volatility: Catfish farmers may face price Diversifying product offerings, exploring value-
fluctuations due to seasonal variations, market added products like smoked or processed
saturation, or competition from other fish catfish, and establishing contracts with buyers
species. to secure stable prices.
Financial
Rising Input Costs: Increasing costs of feed, Exploring alternative feed ingredients,
fingerlings, and other production inputs can practicing efficient resource utilization, and
strain the financial viability of catfish farming adopting cost-saving technologies such as
recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS).

It's important for catfish farmers to collaborate with local agricultural

extension agencies, industry associations, and experts who can provide tailored
advice and support based on the specific challenges they face in their farming.

PROCESSOR’S INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

I. Basic Information of Processor

Part 1 shows the basic information of the processor/business establishment
that process African hito into new form adding value. The includes the business
name, date established, company set up, source of financing, average monthly
income, other source of income, etc. Our respondent for processor refused to
provide her personal information, instead gave us the name of her representative,
Ms. Aliki Nancy Rivera, 26 years old, and lives in Poblacion Kabacan, Cotabato.
The business name is Noah’s Grill House formerly Ella’s Grill house. The business
address is LMD Bldg, Aglipay St. Kabacan beside Love Bite restaurant. It has been
operating since 2011 and the form of the business is a partnership. The operates
within the Kabacan area. The main source of the owner’s income is from food
business and 60% of it is from African hito business. Their source of funding is
from their own capital. Forty-five percent of the capital is her contribution and the
remaining is from other partners and 10% of the capital is borrowed but failed to
provide the full details of the loan.

INVESTMENTS: INITIAL INVESTMENT 300,000 PHP

Assets Quantity Acquisition Year Total Economic Rem
Cost (PHP) Acquired Value Life arks
Per Unit (PHP)
Land (sq.m) 1000 80,000 2010 80,000 Indefinite
Building 1 50,000 2011 50,000 25 years
(specify)
Machinery 1 50,000 2018 50,000 10 years
(specify)
Food and 1 10,000 2018 10,000 5 years
Cooking
equipment
Equipment/Tools 10 10,000 2018 100,000 10 years
(specify)
Vehicles 1 40,000 2018 40,000 10 years
(specify)

The table shows the initial investment in the Grilled and Deep-fried African
catfish business. It includes assets such as land, building, machinery, food and
cooking equipment, equipment/tools, vehicles, and others. The total initial
investment is 300,000 PHP.

PROCESSING ACTIVITIES

The processor has a consistent and regular source of African hito from
Amas Fish Farm. They impose quality specifications, preferring Hito that weigh 2
to 3 pieces per kilogram. They have set a daily maximum quantity of 25 kilograms.
These specifications and requirements demonstrate the trader's preference for
specific product attributes and their control over the volume of African Hito they
are willing to purchase daily.
 Name of % of Unit Qty per Frequency of Duration to
Processed Total process process per process
Product month
Deep fried 65 5 to 8 kilos 120 1 hr
Grilled 35 2 to 5 kilos 120 1 hr
The table shows the name of the processed product, which is "Grilled and
Deep-fried African Catfish." The percentage of total is 100%, indicating that all the
processed catfish is grilled and deep-fried. The quantity per processing, frequency
of processing per month, and duration to process are specified.

Activities No. of No. of Frequency/yr Rate Per Food Expenses,

Hired Other Labor if any (Per MD)
Labors Labors
Clearing 10 - Every day 150 100
Sorting 10 - Every day 150 100
Pack/Storage 10 - Every day 150 100
Packaging 10 - Every day 200 100

The table shows the labor inputs for the processing activities in the Grilled
and Deep-fried African catfish business. The activities include clearing, sorting,
pack/storage, packaging. It requires 10 hired laborers for each activity. The
frequency of occurrence per year is every day. The rate per labor for clearing,
sorting, pack/storage is 150 PHP, and for packaging is 200 PHP. The cooking
activity has a rate per labor of 300 PHP. Food expenses per MD (meal/day) are
1000 PHP.

Activities Material Quantity Unit Source Mode of Rem

Inputs (units) Cost Acquisition arks
(PHP)
Clearing Manual 150 Labor Sale
Sorting 12 1000 Market Sale
Pack/Storage 50 1000 Market Sale
Packaging Carton/Box 50 1000 Market Sale
Others Machine 15,000 26,000 Market Succession
(specify:
The table shows the material inputs for the processing activities. The
materials used include manual labor for clearing, trays for sorting, baskets/trays
for pack/storage, and cartons/boxes for packaging. The quantity, unit cost, source,
and mode of acquisition are specified. The cooking activity requires a machine,
and the quantity per unit is 15,000. The unit cost is 26,000 PHP. The source of
material is the market, and the mode of acquisition is succession.

PROCESSING LOSSES ON GRILLED AND DEEP-FRIED AFRICAN CATFISH

Average Volume Processed Percent (%) Losses to Volume

(Specify Unit and Time) Processed (Specify Nature of
Loss)
80 to 100 pieces every 1%
process

The table shows the processing losses for grilled and deep-fried African
catfish. The average volume processed is 80 to 100 pieces per process, and the
percentage losses to volume processed are 1%.

Flow of information

Traders play a significant role in setting selling prices for the products they
sell, as revealed in the data. They base their prices on quotes provided by
suppliers, market prices of the ingredients used for processing, and prices of fellow
business. The primary sources of market and price information are traders and
direct competitors indicating that direct communication is key to gathering market
insights.
 TRADER’S INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

I. Basic Information of Traders

Part 1 shows the basic information about the African hito trader. This part
includes the name, age, sex, educational attainment, family numbers, and address
of the respondent. The respondent’s name is Mr. Denver Tiaoquen, male, 38 years
old, married with a 3-family member, living on Aglipay St. in Poblacion, Kabacan.
The respondent is a wholesaler-retailer with 4 years of experience in
merchandising and 2 years of experience in African hito trading. Aside from hito,
he also trades chicken eggs. The regular volume of hito traded is 30 kilograms per
week. His respondent is earning a monthly net income of around Php 55,000 and
around Php 620,000 annually. The income share of African hito in the total annual
income is 15 to 20 percent. His source of capital is his own investment. The
respondent also owns the establishment but rents the land.

I-A. PURCHASING PRACTICES

Part 1-A includes the purchasing practices of the producer. This includes the
sources of African hito, the quality specifications and quantity requirements for the
fish, as well as the transportation and labor cost of delivery and pick-up. The
producer’s sources of African hito is the regular source. In terms of quality
specifications, the African hito are classified based on farmers’ classification. In
terms of quantity, the producers require the supplier to provide at least 30
kilograms per day. The transportation and labor costs may run up to Php 2,000 for
a month which is just for delivering to customers, mainly because farmers sell it
directly to them.

No. of No.
Quantity Source/
Average Days months Cost/ Cost/ Total
Item Transpo Destinati
Distance per per month unit Cost
rted on
month year
ASSEMBLIN
G
Hired vehicle 1 Pikit 16km 8 11 1000 11000
Own vehicle 1 Matalam 10km 8 11 500 5,500
27,500
Xxx Kabacan Xxx Xxx Xxx 2500
Gasoline&oil
Driver 71,500
Xxx Kabacan Xxx Xxx Xxx 6500

Helper 60500
Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx 5500

Parking fee Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx

Toll fee Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx
Food of 5500
Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx 500
driver/helper
DELIVERIN
Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx
G
Hired vehicle 1 Carmen 12.9km 8 11 1000 11000
Own vehicle 1 Pikit 15km 8 11 500 5,500
27500
Xxx Pikit Xxx Xxx Xxx 2500
Gasoline&oil
Driver 71500
Xxx Kabacan Xxx Xxx Xxx 6500

Helper 60500
Xxx Kabacan Xxx Xxx Xxx 5500

Parking fee Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx

Toll fee Xxx Xxx Xxx Xxx
Food of 5500
Xxx Kabacan Xxx Xxx Xxx 500
driver/helper
 The table above shows the assembling and delivery costs. This includes
the quantity transported, destinations, distance from the destination, number of
days, number of months per year, monthly cost, unit cost, and total cost. In
assembling, there are 2 transports used; one is hired and the other one is owned
by the producers. The destinations are in Matalam and Carmen, where the
distance between Carmen is 12.9km and Matalam is 10km. in terms of the number
of days. The producers assemble eight times every month, and it continues for 11
months. The monthly cost for a hired vehicle is Php1,000 and Php500 for an owned
vehicle. The total annual cost for a hired vehicle is Php 12,000 and Php6,000 for
an owned vehicle. In terms of gasoline and oil, the location is in Kabacan, and the
monthly cost is Php2500, where the total cost may run up to Php27500. In terms
of the driver and helper, the monthly cost for the driver is 6,500, and for the helper
it is 5,500. The total cost for the driver may run up to 71,500 and 60,500 for the
helper. In terms of food consumption for the driver and helper, the total cost may
run up to 5,000. In the delivery of African hito, the producer used 2 units of vehicle,
one of which is owned by the producer, and one is hired. Most of this are related
to delivering tasks of the business.

LOSSES IN DISPOSAL
Average per
Cost/unit Total Cost Remarks
month
Total Volume purchased 860 kilos Php140 Php120,400
(kilos)
Volume sold (kilos) 850 kilos Php175 Php148,750
African hito 850 kilos Php175php Php148,750
per kilo
Total Losses (kg) : 10 Not totally loses. Weak hitos
kilos were removed early, cleaned,
and frozen

The table above shows the losses in disposal. This includes the average
per month, cost per unit, and total cost, as well as remarks for the total volume
purchased, volume sold, and grading of African hito. It sells 175 per kilo in terms
of volume. In terms of grading, African hito are classified into single class. It is
already classified by the farmer upon acquisition. In contrast, according to the
trader, these losses are not really considered as losses as weak hitos were
separated from the tank, eviscerated, and frozen for their own consumption.

II. Products & Supply

Top 3 Suppliers No. of Mode of Vol. Bought
Commodity Buying Price
(Name, Location) Suppliers Payment per Month
1 Cash to 400 kilos Php 150
a. Mlang
cash
African hito 1 Cash to 460 kilos Php 150
b. Kabacan
cash

The table above shows the product and supply. This includes the type of
commodity, suppliers, number of suppliers, mode of payment, volume bought per
month, and the buying price. For the commodity, the top 3 suppliers are located in
Mlang and Kabacan. There is one supplier for each mentioned municipality. The
trader and supplier use a cash-to-cash method where the volume bought per
month is 400 and 460 respectively for each supplier, with a buying price of Php
140 to 150 per kilo.

COST
EXPENSE ITEM
per Month
Materials
Quantity Price Cost
a. Supplies 1 5,500
b. Establishment 1 12,500
Labor
# Workers Rate/Worker Cost
a. part-time 2 100 6000php
b. full-time 3 200 12,000php
 c.

Transportation 2000
Rent or Lease 12,500
Communication 600
Electricity 5,000
Water 500
Depreciation
Others:
Total Cost 38,600

The table above shows the itemized expenses. This includes the itemized
expenses and the costs for the materials and labor. In material expenses, there is
a supply and an establishment. The accumulated price of the supplies was around
Php 5,500. For the establishment, the total expenses were over Php12,500 In
terms of laborers, there are 5 to 6 laborers and they are categorized into 2: full-
time, which is paid at 200php daily, and part-time, which is paid at 100php daily.
For the monthly cost of labor, the full-time laborer is Php 12,000 and Php6,000 for
part-time. In terms of transportation, the monthly cost is Php 2000 depending on
the location of the delivery. For rents, the monthly cost is PHp12,500; for
communication, the producer’s cost is around Php600; for electricity, the monthly
cost is Php5,000. For water, the cost is Php 500. The total cost for the monthly use
of all the materials and labor may run to Php 38,600.

A. Buyers
Top 3 Buyers Volume Sold Length of
per month Mode of
Commodity (Name, Type, Selling Price Relations
Payment
Location) hip

160 Cash to
African hito 1. Matalam 175 1 year
cash
 600
Cash to
2. Kabacan 175 1 year
cash

100
Cash to Half a
3. Mlang 175
cash year

The table above shows the buyers. This includes the type of commodities,
volume sold per month, selling price, mode of payment, and length of relationship.
In commodities. African is hito only one commodity. The producer has 3 buyers
and the location is in the municipality of Matalam, Kabacan, and Mlang. For the
volume sold per month, it may run to more than 800 kilos and the selling price is
Php 175. In terms of payment, the mode is cash to cash and the length of the
relationship between the producer and his buyers is more than 1 year.

Flow of information

Traders play a significant role in setting selling prices for the products they
trade, as revealed in the data. They base their prices on quotes provided by
farmers, giving them influence over market prices through interactions with both
farmers and fellow co-traders. The primary sources of market and price information
for traders are farmers and co-traders, indicating that direct communication is key
to gathering market insights.

Traders use co-traders' prices as a basis for their pricing, and negotiation is
the key method in determining prices. This suggests that traders engage in
bargaining to reach mutually agreed-upon prices for their products. Price discovery
occurs through direct linkage with players, implying direct engagement with
farmers and other traders. The purchase price is negotiable, allowing traders to
adjust buying prices according to market conditions, demand, and harvest volume.
Overall, traders operate in a dynamic environment, actively engaging with farmers
and co-traders to set prices, negotiate deals, and gather crucial market
information. Price discovery and negotiation significantly impact the final prices of
the traded products in this market.

Quality Information

Traders grade/classify their commodity before selling, using size and

aliveness as criteria. This highlights the importance of selling live catfish, indicating
that the quality of the catfish is assessed based on its size and vitality. Most of the
time, catfish were already graded from farmer’s standard.

The target of African Hito agribusiness supply chain in Kabacan

The target of African Hito (Clariae gariepinus) industry supply chain in

Kabacan was still addressed to the town’s local market (provincewide) and has not
been to the export market. Supply chain target market was in traditional markets.
African hito products were sold to Poblacion area of Kabacan and surrounding
barangay such as Kayaga and Osias. Also, products are sold to other
municipalities like Mlang, Matalam and Carmen. African hito produced by farmers
in Kabacan was commonly used for daily consumption, especially to society in
middle to low segmented income. African hito is also sold by street vendor for ihaw-
ihaw and various food establishments in Kabacan and other places where it is
prepared in different dishes like ginataan, deep fried, grilled, etc.

Member of supply chain

Supply chain can also be considered as logistics network, with key players.
A primary member of African hito supply chain in Kabacan are fingerlings
suppliers, African catfish farmers, traders, retailers, street vendors, fish processing
enterprises like restaurants, and consumers households.

Fingerling Suppliers: The supply chain begins with specialized hatcheries

or fingerling suppliers. These entities breed and produce healthy Hito catfish
fingerlings, which are sold to catfish farmers in Kabacan.
 African catfish farmers: African hito is one type of fish which is cultivated by
farmers in Kabacan. The respondent farmer argues that in selecting African hito,
there were several considerable factors such as: African hito has good market
prospect, easy to market, the fish feed is not dependable to factory products
indeed it can be substituted by other products like swine feeds. The production
place is earthen ponds converted from rice paddy, and cultivation of this fish is not
too difficult. The activity conducted by fish farmers was cultivating the fish. The raw
materials used within this African hito aquaculture are: fingerlings, factory-based
fish-feed, homemade fish feed, medicine, fuel and etc. Farmers in financing the
business are derived from their own capital and from loans from friends, neighbors,
families and banks. The common loan scheme was Small Credit.

Collected traders: The collected traders are one of important members in

supply chain. The activities conducted by collected traders was sorting with
famers, weighing the fish, transporting the fish from the pond to the collected
traders, fish packaging within the transportation, temporarily storage which
commonly located in collected traders house, and transporting from the storage to
traditional market and retailers.

Retailers/Traditional markets: Traditional market is a place to sell African

hito. Traditional market retailers have an important role in direct selling of African
hito to customers. The retailer activity includes offering African hito directly to the
consumer, displaying the products, weighing, chopping, cleaning, and packaging
the fish.

Street vendor: Street vendor contributes in distributing fish supply chain

within the research location. The street food vendor does only few purchases of
African hito fish at 5-8 kg, but the sale is continuous. The activity conducted by
street food vendors are purchasing, cooking, and selling. The risk of not being sold
is very small because the purchase usually through ordering directly from
consumers households.

Restaurant/Food stalls/African hito processing business: Fish processing

enterprises in this research includes food stalls, restaurants. This business has
important roles in processing the fish. The most common processed food from
African hito is grilled and deep fried hito. The activity operated by restaurant/food
stalls/hito processing business were cleaning, processing, cooking and packaging.

End Customers: The supply chain ends with the end customers, which can
include individuals, households in Kabacan who purchase the Hito catfish for
consumption.

Supply chain map of African catfish industry in Kabacan, Cotabato

Fingerlings
Suppliers

The mapping provided above offers a general representation of the supply

chain for Hito catfish farming, highlighting the key stakeholders and their roles in
the process of production, distribution, and consumption. The main activity
operated by supply chain member of African hito aquaculture in Kabacan is
described in the table below.

Activity Primary Member of Supply Chain

Fingerling Fish Farmers

Trader Retailer Processor Consumers
Suppliers
Change
Selling X X X X X -
Purchasing - X X X X X
Physical
Harvesting, - X - - - -
PostHarvest
Transporting - X X - X -
Packaging - - X X X -
Storing - - X X X -
Processing - - - - X -
Facility
Sorting X X X X X -
Market X X X X X X
Information
Risk - X X X X -
Consumption - - - - X

Note: (X) : Conducted

(-) : Not conducted
(X/-) : Conducted by half (approximately)
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

This chapter presents the over-all outcomes of the study, which underwent
the series of data gathering and interpretation, thus resulting in a conclusion based
on the answers of the respondents.

Supply chain flow in African hito aquaculture

Supply chain is an organizational system to deliver production goods and

services to their customers. This chain is also a network to many connected
organizations with common purpose, i.e., organizing the supply or delivery of its
product at its best. There are three main aspects to be managed within the supply
chain such as:

1. The flow of products or goods from upstream to downstream, for example the
raw materials sent from supplier to the farmers, after the hito production
harvested and finished, it is then sent to trader, retailer, processor, then end-
customer.
2. Financial flows and other similar term which flow from upstream to
downstream.
3. The flow of information from upstream to downstream. There are three supply
chain distribution patterns in the research locations such as: the flow of products,
the financial flows, and the flow of information. The flow of products runs from
upstream to downstream or from farmers to the consumer. The Financial flow
flows from downstream to upstream which is from customer to the farmers. The
flow of information moves from upstream to downstream.

Product flow in African hito supply chain

The flow of products is the flow of goods from upstream to downstream. The
products within this supply chain in Kabacan are in the form of fresh and
processed hito. The quality of product produced by African hito farmers is in the
form of fresh living fish, with the quality standard 2-3 fish /kg. While the processed
 hito are products produced by the primary supply chain member such as
restaurant, food stalls, and fish processing business. The products of this
processed fish are grilled, deep fried, and other hito dishes. The flow of the
product within this supply chain flows from upstream to downstream.

In conclusion, the target of African Hito (Clariae gariepinus) industry supply

chain in Kabacan was still addressed to the town’s local market (provincewide)
and has not been to the export market. Supply chain target market was in
traditional markets. African hito products were sold to Poblacion area of Kabacan
and surrounding barangay such as Kayaga and Osias. The farmers play the role
as fish farmers, harvesting and post harvesting, sorting, weighing, transporting,
and risk guaranteeing. The traders’ activities include weighing, packaging,
transporting, storing, and risk guaranteeing, while the retailers conduct the activity
as purchasing, selling, chopping, cleaning, and packaging. The street vendor has
least activity as only on purchasing, processing, and selling. Finally, the fish
processing business do the purchasing, cleaning, cooking/processing,
packaging, and selling the processed products. The financial flow moves from the
customers to farmers through direct cash transaction, and have not applied any
transfer transaction technology or online banking. The flow of information flows
from upstream to downstream, and vice versa. The flow of information on supply
chain is vertical and horizontal, meaning key players of the chain get information
between same entities and to different levels in the supply chain causing the
information within the chain supply to be well integrated.

Based on the conclusion provided, there are several areas for improvement
in the African Hito (Clariae gariepinus) industry supply chain in Kabacan. Firstly,
expanding market reach by exploring the export market and conducting market
research can lead to growth. Modernizing financial transactions through mobile
banking or online methods can improve efficiency and security. Embracing digital
technologies, like inventory management software, can enhance coordination and
transparency. Investing in fish processing techniques, packaging, and quality
control can increase marketability. Encouraging collaboration and providing
training to stakeholders can improve practices. Diversifying markets, such as
restaurants and supermarkets, can reduce dependence on traditional markets.
Implementing traceability and quality assurance measures will boost consumer
confidence. By addressing these aspects, the supply chain can become more
competitive, efficient, and sustainable, benefiting everyone involved, from farmers
to consumers.

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 DOCUMENTATION

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