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Name: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Form 4 – Model Paper
Revision
Q1.

(a) The diagram shows three types of neurone.

(i) Give the names of these neurones.

(3)
A ..........................................................................................................................................
B .............................................................................................................................................
C ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain the role of these neurones in the withdrawal reflex of a finger from a hot object.
(3)
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(b) A teacher uses this method to estimate the speed of a nerve impulse.

• students stand in a circle and hold hands

• student A in the circle starts a timer and at the same time squeezes the hand of student
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B on his left
• when student B feels his hand being squeezed, he immediately squeezes the hand of
the student on his left
• this process continues around the circle of students until student A feels his hand being
squeezed and he stops the timer
(i) Explain what other measurements the teacher would need to make in order to calculate
the speed of a nerve impulse.
(2)
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(ii) Describe whether the teacher's method is likely to give an accurate estimate of the
speed of a nerve impulse.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q2.

(a) The diagram shows the structure of a human eye.

(i) Which of these is the structure labelled X?

(1)
A conjunctiva
B cornea
C lens
D retina

(ii) When looking at a close object, which row of the table shows the state of the ciliary
muscles and suspensory ligaments?
(1)

(iii) Explain how structure Y controls the light entering the eye when someone walks into a dark
room.
(2)
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(b) Multiple sclerosis is a condition that can slow down the speed at which electrical impulses
travel along neurones.
The time taken for the blink reflex to occur can be used to help diagnose if someone has
multiple sclerosis.
The blink reflex causes the eyelid to close.
Air is blown on to the eye and the time taken for the eyelid to close is recorded.
The diagram shows the reflex pathway.

The speed the impulse moves along the reflex arc consisting of all three neurones in a
person without multiple sclerosis is 77 metres per second.
The time taken for the blink reflex to occur in a person with multiple sclerosis is 0.0050 s.
The total length of the neurones in the reflex arc for the person with multiple sclerosis is 25
cm.
(i) Calculate the difference between the speed of impulse for the person with multiple
sclerosis and for the person without multiple sclerosis, in metres per second.
(3)

........................................................... m / s
(ii) The speed of an impulse along the axon of the motor neurone for someone without
multiple sclerosis is 120 metres per second.
Suggest why the speed of the impulse calculated along all three neurones is less than the
speed of the impulse along only the motor neurone.
(2)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

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Q3.

Aerobic respiration is a process in living organisms.

(a) Which of these is the balanced chemical symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
(1)

(b) A student uses this apparatus to investigate aerobic respiration in a locust.

(i) The coloured water drop moves during the investigation.

Explain why the coloured water drop moves during the investigation.
(2)
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(ii) The student compares the aerobic respiration of male and female locusts.
He uses three male locusts and three female locusts.
He uses locusts of the same age and the same species.
Explain three other variables that the student needs to control.
(6)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(c) The table shows the student's results.

(i) Complete the table by giving the missing mean value.

(1)
(ii) Comment on the reliability of the data in the table.
(3)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

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Q4.

The diagram shows the human heart with four blood vessels labelled A, B, C and D.

(a) (i) Which blood vessel brings oxygenated blood to the heart?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which blood vessel contains blood at the highest pressure?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) (i) Draw a label line on the diagram to show the position of a semi-lunar valve.
(1)
(ii) Describe the function of the semi-lunar valves.
(2)
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(c) In the heart of a foetus, the two upper chambers (atria) are linked by a hole so that blood
can pass between them.
(i) Explain why this hole is normally closed before the baby is born.
(2)
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(ii) Sometimes the hole does not close.
Explain what effect this will have on the baby.
(3)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

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Q5.

The diagram shows part of the gut of a rabbit.

The rabbit is a primary consumer and eats mainly grass and other vegetable material.

(a) Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D.

(4)
A ......................................................................................................................
B ......................................................................................................................
C ......................................................................................................................
D ......................................................................................................................
(b) The gut of a rabbit has a large caecum and appendix. These contain bacteria that are able
to produce the enzyme cellulase.
Explain how these bacteria help the rabbits with their diet of plant material.
(3)
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(c) The human gut has a caecum and appendix but they are much smaller than those in the
rabbit.
(i) Suggest why the human gut only has a small caecum and appendix.
(1)
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(ii) In humans the appendix also acts as a store of useful bacteria. Scientists have
discovered that patients who have had their appendix removed are more likely to develop
infections of the colon.
Explain how having no appendix may increase the likelihood of bacterial infections of the
colon.
(2)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)