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Life Science
Quarter 2 – Module 6A
HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE
LESSON 1 NUTRITION: GETTING FOOD TO CELLS
Science – Grade 11/12
Quarter 2 – Module 6A HOW ANIMALS SURVIVE
LESSON 1 NUTRITION: GETTING FOOD TO CELLS
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respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad

Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin

Development Team of the Module

Writer: LEDA R. CORNELIO

Editors: HELEN Z. CORNELIO
IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Reviewers: HELEN Z. CORNELIO

IRENE V. DE JESUS
MARISOL D. ANDRADA

Layout Artist: JASON O. SALVADORA

Cover Illustration: RAYMOND T. TORALDE

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCIES

Describe the general and unique

characteristics of the different
organ systems in representative
animals (S11/12LT-IIIaj-21)

Analyze and appreciate the

functional relationships of the
different organ systems in ensuring
animal survival (S11/12LT-IIIaj-22)
 Supplementary Learning Module for Senior High School Learners

LESSON 6A
NUTRITION: GETTING FOOD TO CELLS
Animal’s nutrition is the process of taking in, taking
apart and taking up the nutrients from a food source.

Food processing has four main stages: Ingestion,

Digestion, Absorption and Excretion.

In this module, you will demonstrate an understanding of nutrition, specifically

as to how food get into cells.

This module will help you understand Biology

concepts and enjoy different learning
activities.

At the end of this module, it is expected that

you be able to:

http://clipart-library.com/teacher-clipartstransparent.html

1. Describe each stage of food processing.

2. Explain the general and unique characteristics of the
Digestive System in representative animals
3. Deepen the knowledge about the significance of each stage
in metabolic processes.

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 Directions: Given the different important
events in every Stage of Food Processing
TRY THIS! below, match the event/s which best fit the
Stage.
A. Ingestion
B. Digestion
C. Absorption
D. Egestion

Write only the letters of your answers.

1. It is the process of taking in food substances.

2. Involves either intracellular digestion or extracellular digestion
3. It can be either chemical or mechanical
4. It allows the animals to acquire the necessary energy, organic
molecules and essential nutrients from the digested food
5. The removal of metabolic wastes.
6. Organic molecules can serve as the organic building block of the
body where muscles, connective tissues, nerve tissues are built.
7. The rectum is the structure of the large intestine which temporary
store feces, the movement of the feces is regulated by a voluntary
muscle called anus.

Hi! How did you find the test?

Please check your answers at the answer key
section and see how you did. Don’t worry if
you got a low score, this just means that there
are more things that you can learn from this
module.

http://clipart-library.com/teacher-cliparts-

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 DO THIS!

Directions: What is your favorite viand you recently ate? What are the ingredients of the
viand you have eaten?

http://clipart-library.com/teacher-cliparts-

EXPLORE
NAME IT!

Classify the food or viand you identified earlier if it is mostly or high in carbohydrates,
proteins, or fats. You may write the classification using a table or diagrams.

Viand Carbohydrates Proteins Fats

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 In Ingestion, or process of taking in
food substances, the animal takes in
food in different ways. Microscopic
animals, for instance, can use special
activities which can allow entrance of
food or they can use phagocytosis or
pinocytosis wherein food particles are
engulfed, thus creating a food vacuole.

Digestion of food involves either intracellular digestion or extracellular digestion or

both processes. Digestion can either be mechanical or chemical. Mechanical digestion
aids in physically breaking down food particles for easier chemical digestion. Chemical
digestion is the process of breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules
through chemical hydrolysis.

Absorption allows the animals to acquire the necessary energy, organic molecules,
and essential nutrients from the digested food. Chemical energy comes from sources
such as sugars from carbohydrates. Organic molecules can serve as the organic
building block of the body where muscles, connective tissues, nerve tissues are built.

Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes, which include carbon dioxide and water
from cell respiration and nitrogenous wastes from protein metabolism. The organs of
in humans are the skin, lungs, kidney, and the liver (where urea is produced). There
are three nitrogenous wastes: ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Which waste an organism
excretes is the result of the environment it evolved and lives in.

Mouth. In the mouth, the tongue and

differently shaped teeth work together to
break down food mechanically. Form relates
to function, and the type of teeth a mammal
has reflects its dietary habits. Humans are
omnivores and have three different types of
teeth; incisors for cutting, canines for tearing,
and the molars for grinding. Salivary
amylase released by salivary glands begins
the chemical breakdown of starch.

Esophagus. After swallowing, food is directed

into the esophagus, and not in the windpipe,
by the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage in the back
of the pharynx (throat). No digestion occurs
in the esophagus.

Stomach. The stomach churns food

mechanically and secretes gastric juice, a
mixture of the enzyme pepsinogen and
hydrochloric acid, that begins the digestion of
proteins. The acid environment (pH 2-3)
activates pepsinogen to become the active
enzyme pepsin and also kills germs. The stomach of all mammals also contains rennin
Figure 1. Digestive System http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/BioBookDIGEST.html
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to aid in the digestion of the protein in milk. The cardiac sphincter at the top of the
stomach keeps from backing up into the esophagus and burning it. The pyloric
sphincter at the bottom of the stomach keeps the food in the stomach long enough to
be digested.

Small Intestine. Digestion is completed in the duodenum. Intestinal enzymes and

pancreatic amylases hydrolyze starch and glycogen into maltose. Bile, which is
produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, is released into the small intestine
as needed and acts as an emulsifier to breakdown fats, creating greater surface area
for digestive enzymes. Peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, continue to
breakdown proteins. Nucleic acids are hydrolyzed by nucleases, and lipases break
down fats. Once digestion is complete, the lower part of the small intestine is the site
of absorption. Millions of fingerlike projections called villi absorb all the nutrients that
were previously released from digested food. Each villus contains capillaries, which
absorb amino acids, vitamins and monosaccharides, and a lacteal, a small vessel of
the lymphatic system, which absorbs fatty acids and glycerol. Each epithelial cell of
the villus has many microscopic cytoplasmic appendages called microvilli that greatly
increase the rate of nutrient absorption by the villi.

Large Intestine. The large intestine or colon serves three main functions: egestion,
the removal of undigested waste; vitamin production, from bacteria symbionts living
in the colon; and the removal of excess water. Together, the small intestine and colon
reabsorb 90 percent of the water that entered the alimentary canal. If too much, water
is removed from the intestine, constipation results; if inadequate water is removed,
diarrhea results. The last 7-8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract stores feces until
their release and is called the rectum. The opening at the end of the digestive tract is
called anus.

The Digestive System of Other Vertebrates

The vertebrate digestive system is a complete one starting at the mouth and ends after
rectum. This gastrointestinal tract lies ventrally to the spinal cord. Additionally, the
mouth opens anterior, and the anus opens from the posterior end of the body.

The circulatory system is a closed one with a ventrally located heart. Those are the
major characteristics of vertebrates. Vertebrates have evolved more complex
digestive systems to adapt to their dietary needs. Some animals have a single
stomach, while others have multi-chambered stomachs. Birds have developed a
digestive system adapted to eating unmasticated (un-chewed) food.

• Monogastric animals have a single stomach that secretes enzymes to break

down food into smaller particles; additional gastric juices are produced by the
liver, salivary glands, and pancreas to assist with the digestion of food.
• Avian digestive system has a mouth (break), crop (for food storage) and gizzard
(for breakdown), as well as a two-chambered stomach consisting of the
proventriculus, which releases enzymes, and the true stomach, which finishes
the breakdown.
• Ruminants such as cows and sheep, are those animals that have four (4)
stomachs; they eat plant matter and have symbiotic bacteria living within their
stomachs to help digest cellulose.

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• Pseudo-ruminants (such as camels and alpacas) are similar to ruminants but
have a three- chambered stomach; the symbiotic bacteria that help them to
break down cellulose is found in the cecum, a chamber close to the large
intestine.

The Digestive System of Invertebrates

Invertebrates can be classified as those that use intracellular digestion and

those with extracellular digestion.

• Intracellular Digestion
The simplest example of digestion is intracellular digestion, which takes
place in a gastrovascular cavity with only one (1) opening. Most animals with
soft bodies use this type of digestion., including Platyhelminthes (flatworms),
Ctenophora (comb jellies), and Cnidaria (coral, jelly fish, and sea anemones).
The gastrovascular cavities of these organisms contain one (1) opening, which
serves as both a “mouth” and an “anus”.
Ingested material enters the mouth and passes through a hollow, tubular
cavity. The food particles are engulfed by the cells lining the gastrovascular
cavity and the molecular are broken down within the cytoplasm of the cells
(intracellular).

• Extracellular Digestion
The alimentary canal is a more advanced digestive system than a
gastrovascular cavity and carries out extracellular digestion. Most other
invertebrates like segmented worms (earthworms), arthropods (grasshoppers),
arachnids (spiders) have alimentary canals. The alimentary canal is
compartmentalized for different digestive functions and consists of one (1) tube
with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other.
Once the food is ingested through the mouth, it passes through the
esophagus and is stored in an organ called the crop; then it passes into the
gizzard where it is churned and digested. From the gizzard, the food passes
through the intestine and nutrients are absorbed. Because the food has been
broken down exterior of the cells, this type of digestion is called extracellular
digestion. The material that the organism cannot digest is eliminated as feces,
called castings, through the anus.
Most invertebrates use some form of extracellular digestion to break
down their food. Flatworms and cnidarians, however, can use both types of
digestion to break down their food.

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 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE
LEARNED

Activity. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. Select from the terms below.

Digestive system bile large intestine excretion

Small intestine gallbladder the removal of excess water

Stomach cardiac sphincter vitamin production

An example of organ system is the (1) ___________which includes the (2) and
(3)_________. (4) ________ is produced in the liver and stored in the
(5)______________. The (6) _________, at the top of the stomach keeps from
backing up into the esophagus and burning it. In (7) ____________ or colon serves
the three main functions: (8) ________, the removal of undigested waste
(9)_____________, from bacteria symbionts living in the colon; and (10)
_________________.

Congratulations!!!

You have learned thoroughly about Nutrition: Getting Food to

Cells! To Further and Advance your Knowledge, answer the
next activities to enhance your learnings!

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 DO THIS!

Distinguish between Mechanical and Chemical Digestion.

Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion

EXPLORE

ACTIVITY
Directions: Below is a schematic diagram of Digestive System in humans. To explore
one’s knowledge further, describe
the function of each part.

1. Large Intestine
2. Duodenum
3. Gallbladder
4. Esophagus
5. Stomach

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 Three phases occur during
what we loosely refer to as "digestion". Digestion proper, which is the
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into particles/molecules small
enough to pass into the blood stream. Absorption into the blood stream.
Assimilation, the passage of the food molecules into body cells.

http://www1.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/onlinebio/BioBookDIGEST.html

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Direction: Describe the four Stages of food Processing. Fill in the blank.

Description

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Excretion

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 For the last time, share your insights and queries.

Things I have learned today

__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

I wish to ask about________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

REINFORCEMENT

Values Connection: Express Yourself.

How do you appreciate the significance of Digestive System in your life? How do you
keep it healthy?
Guide Questions:
1. How does digestion aid a person to have a healthy body?
2. What are the diseases associated with digestive system if not properly taken care
of?

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 WORD BANK

• Cellulose – a polysaccharide (C6H10O5)x of glucose units that constitutes the

chief part of the cell walls of plants, occurs naturally in such fibrous products
as cotton and kapok, and is the raw material of many manufactured goods
(such as paper, rayon, and cellophane) (https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/cellulose)

• Enzymes- biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up

the rate of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells.
(https://www.livescience.com/45145-how-do-enzymes-work.html)

• Hydrolysis - is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water ruptures one or

more chemical bonds. The term is used broadly for substitution, elimination,
and solvation reactions in which water is the nucleophile.
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolysis)
• Mastication -to grind or crush (food) with or as if with the teeth
(https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mastication)

• Symbiotic- characterized by, living in, or being a close physical association

(as in mutualism or commensalism) between two or more dissimilar
organisms (https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/symbiotic)

Directions: Give what is asked or described in each item by writing the letter of the
correct answer.
1. What part of digestive system churn food mechanically and secretes gastric?

A. Stomach C. Mouth
B. Esophagus D. Epiglottis

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 2. In what part of Digestive System is Digestion completed?

A. Bile C. Gallbladder
B. Duodenum D. Canines
3. It is composed of millions of fingerlike projections which absorb all the nutrients
that were previously released from digested food. Which part of Small Intestine
is this?
A. Lacteal C. Villi
B. Bile D. Anus
4. It is the opening at the end of the digestive tract.
A. Bile C. Anus
B. Villi D. Rectum
5. What part of esophagus is described as a flap of cartilage in the back of the
pharynx?
A. Epiglottis C. Duodenum
B. Esophagus D. Bile

Answer Key:

A. Ingestion
B. Digestion
TRY THIS! C. Absorption
D. Egestion

A 1. It is the process of taking in food substances.

B 2. Involves either intracellular digestion or extracellular
digestion
B 3. It can be either chemical or mechanical
C 4. It allows the animals to acquire the necessary energy,
organic molecules, and essential nutrients from the digested
food
D 5. The removal of metabolic wastes.
C 6 Organic molecules can serve as the organic building block of
the body where muscles, connective tissues, nerve tissues are
built.
D 7. The rectum is the structure of the large intestine which
temporary store feces, the movement of the feces is regulated
by a voluntary muscle called anus.

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 DO THIS!

Directions: What is your favorite viand you recently ate? What are the ingredients of the
viand you have eaten?

Answers may vary (e.g. Egg, bread, caldereta, etc.)

EXPLORE Classify the food or viand you identified earlier

if mostly or high in carbohydrates, proteins,
fats, or nucleic acids. You may write the
classification using a table or diagrams.
Viand Carbohydrates Proteins Fats
Example:
Egg / / /

(Answers may vary)

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

An example of organ system is the (1) Digestive system which includes the (2) Small
Intestine and (3) stomach. (4) Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the (5)
gallbladder. The (6) cardiac sphincter, at the top of the stomach keeps from backing up
into the esophagus and burning it. In (7) Large Intestine or colon serves the three main
functions: (8) excretion, the removal of undigested waste (9) vitamin production , from
bacteria symbionts living in the colon; and (10) the removal of excess water.

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.
DO THIS!

Distinguish between Mechanical and Chemical Digestion.

Mechanical Digestion Chemical Digestion

Aids in physically breaking down food Is the process of breaking down complex
particles for easier chemical digestion molecules into simpler molecules
through chemical hydrolysis

APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. Large Intestine- serves three main functions such as egestion, vitamin

production and removal excess of water
2. Duodenum-a part of small intestine where digestion is completed
3. Gallbladder- a part of small intestine where bile is stored
4. Esophagus- a part of digestive system where food is directed
5. Stomach- it churns food mechanically and secretes gastric juice.

EXPLORE

Direction: Differentiate the Stages of Processing. Fill in the blank.

Description

process of taking in food substances, the animal takes in food

in different ways. Microscopic animals, for instance, can use
1. Ingestion special activities which can allow entrance of food or they can
use phagocytosis or pinocytosis wherein food particles are
engulfed, thus creating a food vacuole.
involves either intracellular digestion or extracellular digestion
2. Digestion or both processes. Digestion can either be mechanical or
chemical.
allows the animals to acquire the necessary energy, organic
3. Absorption
molecules, and essential nutrients from the digested food.

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 the removal of metabolic wastes, which include carbon
4. Excretion dioxide and water from cell respiration and nitrogenous
wastes from protein metabolism

REINFORCEMENT

How do you appreciate the significance of Digestive System in your life?

Answers may vary.

ASSESS WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. D
5. A

References

Capco, Carmelita., & Gilbert Yang. You and the Natural World. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, 2010.

Religioso, Teresita, & Lilia Vengco. You and the Natural World. Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, 2016

Teacher’s Guide Earth and Life Science. Commission on Higher Education in

collaboration with Philippine Normal University. Earth and Life Science. : 4th Floor,
Commission on Higher Education, C.P. Garcia Ave., Diliman, Quezon City. 2016

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