INTRODUCTION

Every construction projects need machinery and equipment. Lifting and hoisting are
important construction process tasks that require meticulous planning Material handling and
lifting equipment now dominates building construction sites more than ever before and
constitutes the critical element in achieving productivity Cranes are the most conspicuous
machines on site,not only to their size but also to the vital role they have in transporting
materials and elements vertically and horizontally. Many kinds of projects, such as high-rise
construction, the cranes are critical and one of the most commonly shared resources at the
site. Therefore, efficient and safe operation of cranes is of the utmost importance in the
safety, schedule, and overall success of the project capabilities Cranes are usually been used
in transport industry to load and unload freight, in the construction industry to move materials
and in manufacturing industry to assemble heavy equipment. However, cranes are a central
component of many construction operations and are associated with a large fraction of
construction deaths. . Failure to maintain safety during handling cranes can lead to serious
accidents that can injure operators or damage equipment and buildings or even kill
surrounding workers.
ANALYSIS
The usage of crane in the construction industry is common and very important anyway of the project
size. In tall building construction, the efficiency of the tower crane is the backbone of the project
success. The crane operator is responsible to control the crane efficiently and follows the provided
safety guidelines. Loss of life, injury, and property damages are the consequences that will happen if
the requirements and procedures for crane handling are not properly done.Among the causes of
crane, accidents are Improperly setting up the crane. other than that is failing to choose the
appropriate crane for the job. next is failure to be aware of the crane’s operational limits. In addition
using the crane outside of the manufacturer’s specifications. Other than that is failing to clean up
the area around the crane operation
 FACTORS AND CAUSES

The crane is defined as a mechanical utility come up with a cable hoist, chains,
sheaves and moving work, lifting heavy objects from one place to another. Cranes have a
variety of functions and consists of a rotating structure for lifting and lowering horizontally
on rubber tires or crawler treads. Cranes use one or more movement that is simply to generate
mechanical ability, so a crane can move a heavier burden that exceeds the human capacity to
lift it. There are three things to consider when determining the design process cranes. One can
bear heavy load crane. Second, the crane cannot be reversed, and the last, the crane is
damaged or failed. Generally, a crane consists of various types and shapes, and each type and
shape depending on the application. For example, the size of a small jib crane suitable for a
workshop and tower crane is suitable for the construction of a high building. However, the
use of a crane is not limited only on land, the crane is now used heavily on the sea. Floating
crane is a new revolution, used for transport sunk ships and to build an oil rig usually built
away from the coast. Cranes can be categorized based on their specifications and application.
Generally, the crane was divided into 3 main categories which is, tower crane, mobile crane,
and crawler crane.

Accidents are a typical occurrence on construction sites and can occur for a variety of
reasons and causes. Accidents can result in bodily harm, property destruction, or even death.
Overturns, contact with electrical lines, mechanical problems, and falls are the most common
causes of crane accidents. Crane accidents are typically caused by instability, such as an
unsecured load, exceeding the load capacity, or ground that is not level or too soft; a lack of
communication, such as when the point of operation is a distance from the crane operator or
is not in full view of the operator; a lack of training, and insufficient maintenance or
inspection. Crane risks such as operating too close to power lines, an inadequate exhaust
system, smashed glass, and no steps/guardrails can endanger crane operators and others on
the job site, no boom angle indicator, not using outriggers, improper load rating, excessive
speeds, no hand signals, inadequate inspection and maintenance, unguarded parts, and
unguarded swing radius

Employees must be diligent and observant to avoid accidents, and management must
grasp and determine the reasons and preventive steps to prevent accidents from occurring All
operating systems must comply with lifting, whether it is an individual's labour or a
commercial function that is repeated. Cranes are rated based on the greatest weight they can
hoist at a given radius and boom length. Length – the greater the distance from its
CenterPoint, the less it will lift A work system that must be prepared and authorised by the
company, based on professional opinion, security officials, and those who are expertise in it.
The competent person must examine all machinery and equipment before and during
operation to ensure that it is in safe working order. The same approach should be defined and
used whether the lifting operation is on a building site or a crane that is permanently installed,
such as at industries and ports. Investigations found that crane accidents on the building site
are caused by a variety of factors. The causes were divided into five categories: structure
failure, environment, human, safety management, and on-site situation. Operators and others
operating in the vicinity may get "hit by" and "caught in" injuries.

A broad list of accident classification categories was created using the cumulative input of a
range of subject matter experts. A glossary of crane and rigging terms was also consulted in
the creation of this list. The list attempts to provide a blanket of potential conditions during
the accident, physical outcomes, and causations of the accident. These classifications are not
mutually exclusive. Cases were ‘checked for every category, and the categories that were
present during each accident were identified. Definitions for accident classification terms are
listed below:

Operational Aid - Accessories that provide information to facilitate operation of a crane or

Safety Devices - Accessories designed to limit unsafe operation.

Safety device override -The operator performed some type of action to circumvent the
device.
Safety device malfunction - A portion or function of the aid was not registering. Errors or
glitches occur when device is properly set up. The device does not function altogether.

Physical Issue - A physical component of the crane contributed to the accident.

Manufacturing Issue -An issue present before crane is ever operated in the field.

Overload Physical Issue - The crane experienced structural failure due to excessive weight.

Stuck Load - The operator pulled on a stuck load that overloaded the crane, or buckled the
boom, or overturned the crane, or caused some type of dynamic loading when released.

Manual Violation - The operator set up or operated the crane in a manner that was in direct
violation of the operator's manual.

Maintenance - The lack of maintenance which was a contributing factor to the accident.

Expired/Non-Existent - Inspection records are expired or missing. Inspection did not occur.

Mechanical Parts Maintenance - Crane components neglected, resulting in decreased

Site Controls - The controlling contractor interfered with ingress or egress; some site issue
that was not in control of the operator.

Plan Issues - The lift plan had one or more errors and/or omissions which caused or
contributed to the accident.
 FACTORIES AND MACHINERY ACT, 1967

Section 40. Periodical inspections.

(1A) All machinery in respect of which a certificate of fitness is prescribed shall be inspected by an
Inspector or a licensed person at such periods and in such manner as may be prescribed

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

ACT 1994

Section 15. General duties of employers and self-employed persons to their employees.

1. It shall be the duty of every employer and every self-employed person to ensure, so far as is
practicable, the safety, health, and welfare at work of all his employees.
2. Without prejudice to the generality of subsection, the matters to which the duty extends
include in particular-

(a) the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work that are, so far as is practicable, safe
and without risks to health.

(b) the making of arrangements for ensuring, so far as is practicable, safety and absence of risks to
health in connection with the use or operation, handling, storage and transport of plant and
substances.

(c) the provision of such information, instruction training and supervision as is necessary to ensure, so
far as is practicable, the safety and health at work of his employees.

(d) so far as is practicable, as regards any place of work under the control of the employer or self-
employed person, the maintenance of it in a condition that is safe and without risks to health and the
provision and maintenance of the means of access to and egress from it that are safe and without
such risks.

(e) the provision and maintenance of a working environment for his employees that is, so far as is
practicable, safe, without risks to health, and adequate as regards facilities for their welfare at work.

3. For the purposes of subsections (1) and (2)-

(a) "employee" includes an independent contractor engaged by an employer or a self-employed

(b) the duties of an employer or a self-employed person under subsections (1) and (2) extend to such
an independent contractor and the independent contractor's employees in relation to matters over
which the employer or self-employed person-

(i) has control; or

(ii) would have had control but for any agreement between the employer or self-employed person
and the independent contractor to the contrary.

Section 24. General duties of employees at work.

1. It shall be the duty of every employee while at work-

(a) to take reasonable care for the safety and health of himself and of other persons who may be
affected by his acts or omissions at work.

(b) to co-operate with his employer or any other person in the discharge of any duty or requirement
imposed on the employer or that other person by this Act or any regulation made thereunder.

(c) to wear or always use any protective equipment or clothing provided by the employer for the
purpose of preventing risks to his safety and health.

(d) to comply with any instruction or measure on occupational safety and health instituted by his
employer or any other person by or under this Act or any regulation made thereunder.

2. A person who contravenes the provisions of this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall,
on conviction, be liable to a fine not exceeding one thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a
term not exceeding three ninths or to both.
SAFE PRACTICES TO BE IMPLEMENTED TO REDUCE HAZARDS IN
CONSTRUCTIONS
Construction work is one in every of the foremost dangerous professions, and work on the work
site is wherever most accidents occur. Employers do need to mitigate safety hazards to
employees, however workers need to confine mind heaps of precautions themselves once
operating in such risky conditions.

Awareness
Before any employee will set foot on a construction site, no matter whether or not the worker
is skilled or not, he or she should be absolutely responsive to the risks that will occur. Ignorant
staff are in all probability the largest danger in any industry, as a result of their unknown
mistakes place everybody at risk.
Everybody who sets foot on a construction site ought to remember of the risks related to the
task and the way to stop them with their knowledge of construction site safety. the task of a
construction manager is to ensure that each worker is aware of the risks that accompany acting
on a construction site and that they should protect workers from these dangers

Training
Although most of a construction worker’s skills will be gained on the job, safety is one skill
set that's best learned before works enter the construction site. practiced staff should be
expected to refresh their knowledge of standard safety by attending regular training sessions
throughout the year.
These training sessions will go over easy things adore fall protection and proper use of ladders,
however the goal is to create sure most are adequately trained. going these training sessions,
workers should recognize what safety measure to do within the case of an incident. though
workers are expected to attend regular safety training sessions regarding construction safety
throughout the year, being able to follow safety training skills on-site would help construction
workers enforce the safety rules. Practicing construction site safety training skills on-site will
force workers to practice these skills in an environment wherever safety is essential and can
ensure they're trained.

Communication
Accidents are a lot of possible to occur once employees are unsure what to expect. Direct
discussion of the day’s goals and activities can cut down on surprises that might cause bodily
harm. without proper communication between everyone on the construction site, workers won’t
know what to expect.
Clear and concise communication with everyone not solely makes the project pass quicker
however also helps keep each person informed. Informing the staff and ensuring everyone is
doing their job could be a proper way to communicate and ensure they understand construction
site safety.
Proper Equipment
Construction workers equipped with improper tools are sure to make deadly errors. Not only
should every piece of equipment at the job site be perfectly suited to the task at hand, however
construction firms must ensure that every one equipment and material are properly maintained.
Construction companies should also do not forget the equipment that doesn’t immediately
contribute to the construction project.Workers need to have lots of water to be had on-site as
well as a shady location to save you dehydration and exposure-associated illnesses. Longer
construction projects may even advantage from fabric structures to keep equipment and cover
incomplete sites.
Such easy matters may be easily overlooked, and if they are, they increase the threat of on-site
injury. Proper construction equipment ensures that there may be at the least a few level of
construction site safety in the construction firm

Supervision
Every site need to have a strong supervisor who's willing and able to imposing safety
requirements without a exceptions. This foreman should keep tabs on all employees throughout
the day and correct people who fail to decide to right construction site safety procedures

CONCLUSION
Construction site involves a variety physical activities of employees, moves of construction
plants and the exposure of the nearby general public consequently by managing safety within
the construction site has to involved different processes so that it will make sure that the site is
a safe working environment for employees and its surroundings. Occupational safety and health
need to not be sidelined as a service delivery issue. Health worker health and wellbeing is an
essential issue of workers’ motivation and activity satisfaction, which have an impact on
productivity as well as retention. Health worker safety also impacts the quality of care; being
concerned for the caregiver should be a priority region of issue for the health system’s
performance.
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