DOST REVIEWER IN SCIENCE (EARTH SCIENCE & BIOLOGY)

This section consists of test items in Biology and Earth Science that will test your ability to
accomplish various important scientific tasks.

1. Using a compound microscope, you want to view a plant cell under a magnification of
100x. Given that your eyepiece has a magnification of 20x, which objective should you
use to achieve your desired magnification?

A. 5x
B. 20x
C. 80x
D. 100x

2. Plants produce their own food molecules through a process called photosynthesis. What
do plants need for photosynthesis to push through?

A. light
B. light and water
C. light, water and carbon dioxide
D. light, water, carbon dioxide and oxygen

3. Imagine you have a pet animal called Diwata. Diwata is fat and she has a very thick fur
coat. She also likes to sleep for months at a time. After a year in your house in the
Philippines, you notice that Diwata is suffering. You then decide to release her back to
her natural habitat. Which biome do you think is right for her?

A. Desert
B. Tundra
C. Savanna
D. Tropical rainforest

4. Flowering plants, such as daisies and orchids, belong to Magnoliophyta. Based from the
phylogeny of their characters, the flower of a daisy and the flower of an orchid have
been acquired from a common ancestor. If the daisy and the orchid’s common ancestor
has a flower, what can be inferred from this character?

A. This character is said to be analogous.

B. This character is said to be homologous.
C. This character is said to be discontinuous.
D. This character is said to be homoplasious.

5. How is spermatogenesis different from oogenesis?

A. Sperm cells take longer time to develop unlike in egg cells

B. Ovum is produced in continuous manner unlike in sperm production
C. Spermatogenesis occurs at certain parts of childhood while oogenesis occurs
only during adolescence
D. There are prolonged interruptions in oogenesis unlike in spermatogenesis which
occurs in constant manner
6. Rico, having a blood type AB, married Cora with a blood type B. They had four children
with the following blood types: Child 1 - blood type AB, Child 2 – blood type B, Child 3 -
blood type A and Child 4 – blood type B. By performing a testcross, what is the genotype
of Cora?

A. IBi
B. IAi
C. IBIB
D. ii

7. In your Biology class, you look into a compound microscope. You notice that the
organism you are trying to view is out-of-focus. Which microscope part do you adjust to
sharpen the focus?

A. mirror
B. eyepiece
C. fine adjustment knob
D. coarse adjustment knob

8. For your birthday, a friend gave you a plant as a gift. You named the plant Pag-asa. Pag-
asa is succulent, has many spines and barely no leaves. Which biome is Pag-asa’s natural
habitat?

A. Desert
B. Tundra
C. Grassland
D. Tropical rainforest

9. You have a mixture of sand, copper and water in a beaker, and your task is to separate
each component. Which experimental design will you follow to separate the
components most effectively?

A. First, slowly decant the mixture to separate water from sand and copper, then
distill the resulting mixture to separate copper and sand.
B. First, filter the mixture in a funnel to separate copper and sand from water, then
recover copper from sand using a magnet.
C. First, recover copper from the mixture using a magnet, then distill to separate
water and sand.
D. Centrifuge the mixture first, then slowly decant to separate water from copper
and sand, then distill the resulting mixture to separate copper and sand.

10. The red coloration of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) are caused by a combination of
organic dyes found in the leaves. If you want to study these compounds, how would you
design an experiment which will separate the pigments in the Poinsettia leaves?
A. First, boil the leaves to extract the mixture of dyes, filter, then distill the
resulting solution.
B. First, boil the leaves to extract the mixture of dyes, filter, then centrifuge the
resulting solution.

C. First boil the leaves to extract the mixture of dyes, filter, then evaporate the
remaining solvent.
D. First, boil the leaves to extract the mixture of dyes, filter, then perform
 chromatography using the resulting solution.

11. Your group was tasked to determine the identity of an unknown compound. After
performing several experiments, your group found that the unknown compound 1) is
solid at room temperature, 2) dissolves in a cup of water and 3) conducts electricity
when dissolved in water. The compound is likely to be:

A. Glucose, a covalent compound

B. Glucose, an ionic compound
C. Sodium chloride, a covalent compound
D. Sodium chloride, an ionic compound

12. An object with what looks like a tail is visible at the sky for days. What object is this?

A. Asteroid
B. Comet
C. Meteor
D. Meteoroid

13. A total solar eclipse was last seen in the Philippines on Oct. 24, 1995. Which of the
following images shows the correct configuration of the Earth, Moon, and Sun during
that time?

A.

B.

C.

D.
14. You observe that when you are looking at the front of your house at 8:00 AM, the sun is to
the right of you. Returning to the same exact spot at 4:00 pm, you notice that the sun is now
to the left of you. At which direction were you facing at 8:00 AM and 4:00 pm?

A. east
B. north
C. south
D. west

15. Mara poured saltwater solution on a cup of sand which she got from a beach in one of
their outings. After a week she found out that a residue was left on the cup. The residue
cemented the sand grains together, forming a rock-like hardened material. The residue
is most likely similar to .

A. a clastic sedimentary rock

B. an extrusive igneous rock
C. a foliated metamorphic rock
D. an intrusive igneous rock

16. The illustration below shows how a delta is formed.

A mixture of sediment was placed on the closed-edge table. The faucet was turned on
and allowed the sediment to flow downward. The sediment began forming at the lower
end until a delta plane is formed. Using the illustration, how can a delta be formed
without excessive mass movement?

A. Turn on the faucet with water running smoothly and adjust the table on a low
slope.
B. Turn on the faucet with water running smoothly and adjust the table on a high
slope.
C. Turn on the faucet with water running turbulently, then adjust the table on a
low slope.
D. Turn on the faucet with water running turbulently, then adjust table on a high
slope.

17. A typhoon warning has been raised in your area. You are trying to determine when the
typhoon will arrive at your area. Which of the following information will you need to
look up?

A. Diameter of the storm

B. Maximum wind speed
C. Location of landfall
 D. Movement speed
18. What is the correct sequence of precautions to take before, during, and after a typhoon?

I. Stay away from flood waters, they may carry water-borne diseases
II. Check the roof and windows of your house for any damage or loose attachment
III. Monitor the weather reports and the weather outside
IV. Pack a bag with water, food, clothes, batteries, flashlights and other necessities
A. I – II – III - IV
B. III – II – I - IV
C. II – IV – I - II
D. IV – II – III – I
19. The slope angles, nature of slope material and water saturation are some of the factors
controlling the mass wasting process. Which of the following is a recipe for landslides?

A. Low angle slope, soil, and wet conditions

B. High angle slope, soil, and wet conditions
C. Low angle slope, rock, and wet conditions
D. High angle slope, rock, and dry conditions

20. A typhoon warning has been raised in your area. You are trying to determine the nearest
town that you can evacuate to to avoid the effects of the typhoon. Which of the
following information will you need to look up?

A. Diameter of the storm

B. Maximum wind speed
C. Amount of Rainfall
D. Movement speed
21. Which of the following precautions SHOULD NOT be done while a typhoon is in your area?

A. Stay away from flood waters, they may carry water-borne diseases
B. Check the roof and windows of your house for any damage or loose attachment
C. Monitor the weather reports and the weather outside
D. Pack a bag with water, food, clothes, batteries, flashlights and other necessities

22. Ceres is a 1000-km diameter rocky body which orbits the sun. What is the correct
classification of Ceres?

A. Asteroid
B. Comet
C. Meteor
D. Meteorite
23. Using a compound microscope, you want to view a plant cell under a magnification of
100x. Given that your eyepiece has a magnification of 10x, which objective should you
use to achieve your desired magnification?
A. 10x
B. 90x
C. 100x
D. 110x
24. Imagine you have a pet fish called Kalayaan. You keep Kalayaan inside an aquarium, but
she looks very weak. You then decide to add a tablespoon of salt into the water and this
made her look healthy. After a year of taking care of her, you decide to release her back
to her natural habitat so that she can reproduce freely. Which aquatic biome do you
think is right for her?

A. River
B. Stream
C. Estuary
D. Freshwater Lake

25. Cactus and euphorbs have prominent sharp and pointed spines on the surface of their
body. The spines of cactus and stem-succulent euphorbs is a character that arose from a
common evolutionary origin. What can be inferred from this character?

A. This character is said to be analogous.

B. This character is said to be homologous.
C. This character is said to be discontinuous.
D. This character is said to be homoplasious.

26. What rock layers are older than the fossil in limestone D?

A. Siltstone P, shale M, limestone C, and sandstone L

B. Siltstone O and sandstone Q only
C. Siltstone P and sandstone L only
D. Siltstone O only
27. You come across a fossil that is believed to be petrified wood. You are curious to know
how old this fossil is. What dating technique will you use to know the age?

A. Relative dating: superposition

B. Relative dating: fossil succession
C. Absolute dating: carbon dating
D. Absolute dating: potassium-argon (K-AR) dating

28. Which of the following properties affect the severity of the seasons all over the Earth?

A. Distance of the Sun from the Earth

B. The speed of the Earth’s rotation
C. The tilt of the Earth
D. The circumference of the Earth

29. A typhoon warning has been raised in your area. You are trying to determine the
possible damage that it might cause. Which of the following information will you need to
look up?

A. Diameter of the storm

B. Maximum wind speed
C. Location of landfall
D. Movement speed

30. Study the diagram of soil development below which started from the underlying bedrock
to the thick upper soil layer. What change would most likely to increase the thickness of
the upper soil layer?

A. An increase in the air pressure

B. An increase in the biologic activity
C. A decrease in slope
D. A decrease of the amount of rainfall

31. One important discussion that should be tackled in classroom is the wise consumption of
energy. Energy comes in two sources like renewable and non-renewable sources. Why is
it very essential to learn about these sources in school?

A. It becomes a significant part of human lives to differentiate how renewable and

non-renewable sources be used.
B. Knowing these sources of energy plays an important role for people to value
resourcefulness and energy conservation.
C. The lifestyle is very much dependent on the utilization of these sources of energy.
 D. All of these.

32. The slope angles, nature of slope material and water saturation are some of the factors
controlling the mass wasting process. Which of the following is the least susceptible to
landslide?

A. Low angle slope, fractured rock, and dry conditions

B. High angle slope, fractured rock, and wet conditions
C. Low angle slope, rock, and dry conditions
D. High angle slope, rock, and wet conditions

33. You were peeling hard boiled eggs when you remembered that the eggs were used as an
analogy to the layers of the earth. Between which parts of the egg can the Moho be
found?

A. the yolk and the albumen (white)

B. the yolk and the shell
C. the albumen (white) and the shell
D. the liquid and the solid albumen (white)

34. The intensity of earthquake that occurs on different parts of the Earth is shown in the
diagram below.

In which type of rock or soil profile where the houses are built experience the greatest
earthquake?

A. Coarse sediments
B. Hard igneous rock
C. Sedimentary rock
D. Silt and mud

35. The diagram below represents the partial inner structure of the Earth. Different layers
are represented by 1, 2, 3 and 4. Some depths below the Earth are also shown.

Which layer is mostly likely to contain solid nickel and iron?

A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
 D. 4

36. The illustration below shows a portion of the interior of the Earth. The location on the
interface between layers is shown in Point A. The inferred slow circulation of the mantle
is shown by the arrow. Describe the process shown by the arrow.

A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Radiation
D. Insolation

37. Equal volumes of sediments as shown below are mixed and poured into a column of
water.

How will you pour the sediments to facilitate proper settling down into the column of
water?

A. pebbles – silt – coarse sand – fine sand

B. pebbles – coarse sand - fine sand - silt
C. coarse sand – fine sand – pebbles – silt
D. coarse sand – pebbles – silt – fine sand
38. The diagram below illustrates the magnetic orientation of igneous rock on the right-side
part of a seafloor along a mid-ocean ridge. The age of the igneous rock and its distance
from the ridge center are shown.

What evidence is manifested by the occurrence of high-heat flows at the center of the
ridge?
 A. destruction of oceanic crust
B. destruction of continental crust
C. existence of ancestral mountains
D. existence of rising mantle convection currents

39. What is the correct sequence of events from oldest to youngest?

A. A-D-B-O-K-N-G-J-P-C-R
B. A-D-B-O-K-N-P-C-R-G-J
C. P-C-R-A-D-B-O-K-N-J-G
D. R-C-P-J-G-N-K-O-B-D-A

40. The fossil of Archaeopteryx represents the evidence of origin of:

A. reptiles from amphibians.
B. mammals from birds.
C. mammals from reptiles.
D. birds from reptiles.

41. The gravitational force with which the sun attracts the eart:
A. is less than the force with which the earth attracts the sun.
B. is constant throughout the year.
C. is more than the force with which the earth attracts the sun.
D. is same as the force with which the earth attracts the sun.
42. What level does the mice primarily eat in?
A. 3rd trophic level
B. 4th trophic level
C. 2nd trophic level
D. D1st trophic level

43. Smoke is an example of a _____ because its suspended particles are just small enough not to
layer out.
A. Suspension
B. Negative
C. Positive
D. Colloid

44. In animals, sexual reproduction depends on the production of gametes. Which of the following
processes produces gametes in animals?
 A. Binary fission
B. Mitosis
C. Meiosis
D. Fragmentation

45. Metamorphic rock forms as a result of:

A. cooling magma
B. heat and pressure
C. volcanoes
D. compaction and cementation

46. Ptyalin is an enzyme produced in the:

A. Pituitary glands
B. Thyroid glands
C. Salivary glands
D. Pancreas

47. Which one of the following is a source of methane emission into the atmosphere?
A. Automobile exhaust fume
B. Wetland
C. Mining
D. Industrial chimney

48. Emma believes viruses are not living organisms while Kayla believes viruses are living
organisms. Who is correct and why?

A. Emma, because viruses contain nucleic acid and proteins

B. Kayla, because viruses are considered a type of living cell
C. Kayla, because viruses grow and replicate
D. Emma, because viruses cannot reproduce on their own.

49. Natural radioactivity was discovered by:

A. Ernest Rutherford
B. Marie Curie
C. Henri Becquerel
D. Enrico Fermi

50. The diagram shows two types of movements of Earth's crust. What feature of the ocean
floor develops in the region labeled A?

A. island arc
B. continental shelf
C. trench
D. mid-ocean ridge
 ANSWER KEY - SCIENCE

ITEM ANSWER RATIONALIZATION

NO.
1 A Magnification is the product of the magnification of the eyepiece and the
objective used. To compute for the magnification of the objective, you
should
divide the overall magnification with that of the eyepiece (100 / 20).
2 C To photosynthesize, plants need light, water, and carbon dioxide. They do
not need oxygen because oxygen is a by-product of photosynthesis.
3 B Animals that live in tundra should have rich fat reserves that they need to
nourish their bodies during their hibernation period. They also need a thick
fur coat to insulate them from the extreme cold temperature in this biome.
4 B
5 D
6 A
7 C The fine adjustment knob is adjusted to sharpen the focus. The coarse
adjustment knob is to adjust the distance between the objectives and the
slide to look for the specimen. The eyepiece is where you view the image.
The mirror serves as a light source.
8 A Pag-asa is a cactus. Cacti can live in deserts because they have stores of
water in their succulent stems and they have reduced leaf surface area to
lessen
water loss through transpiration.
9 C According to the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the molecules move faster when
the temperature is raised, thereby increasing their KEs. Hence, option C is
false.
10 A Refer to rules in chemical nomenclature. In general, the element should be
properly represented by the appropriate chemical symbol in the Periodic
Table. The cation’s charge becomes the anion’s subscript, while the anion’s
charge becomes the cation’s subscript. The subscripts can be taken as a
ratio
and can be deduced to simpler forms. Only A follows these general rules.
11 A All of the given choices, except C3H8 are ionic compounds since they are
formed by the complete transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal.
The covalent compound C3H8 is formed from sharing of electrons between
two non-metals.
12 B Copper is paramagnetic and can be recovered using a magnet. Water can be
easily removed by filtration or decantation. Distillation is a process used to
separate two miscible liquids, and not two solids. Hence, method B will
separate the mixture most effectively.
13 D The separation of the pigments from the solution can best be achieved via
chromatography, since the basis of separation is polarity. Centrifugation
would definitely not separate the pigments from the solution since they are
both in liquid form. Distillation and evaporation may do, but not as effective
as chromatography.
14 D Sodium chloride, NaCl, or table salt, is a solid compound at room
temperature. It is an ionic compound that conducts electricity when
dissolved in water.
15 A The best answer is letter A which is that of line segments A and D. It is
because in a displacement versus time graph. A horizontal line segment
represents no displacement. This means that the object, in this case the grab
 taxi is not moving. Graphs A and D are horizontal line segments
representing no movement.

Line segment B a graph with positive slope. This graph shows a constant
speed moving away from the original position. Line segment B on the other
hand represents a constant speed with the object returning to the original
position.

Ray E represents a changing speed, meaning that the graph is accelerating.

16 C
17 A
18 A
19 B
20 C
21 B Definition of Comet.
22 D During a total solar eclipse, the moon is between the sun and the earth. If
the earth is between the sun and the moon, it is a lunar eclipse. A and B are
impossible since the moon rotates around the earth.
23 B Sun moves east to west. If you face north, the sun will move from right to
left.
24 A Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed when pieces of pre-existing rocks are
loosened by weathering and transported to other places where some
sediments are trapped and hardened.
25 A Decreasing the slope and water running smoothly slow down the mass
movement of sediments. These are the factors in the formation of delta.
26 D
27 D
28 B
29 A
30 B
31 A Definition of an Asteroid.
32 A Magnification is the product of the magnification of the eyepiece and the
objective used. To compute for the magnification of the objective, you
should
divide the overall magnification with that of the eyepiece (100/10).
33 C When fish need some salt to live, this means that they have evolved in a
marine environment. Estuaries are brackish areas where saltwater meets the
freshwater coming from mouth of rivers.
34 B
35 C O

Carboxylic acids have the functional group R OH. This is present in

acetic acid as shown below
O

H3C OH
.

36 C It has the balanced chemical equation with correct formula for the reactants
and products.
37 D It shows the correct sequence of steps in determining the empirical formula
of the compound.
38 C Follow Aufbau’s Principle in writing the electronic configuration. If the
element has a nuclear charge of +16, the element also has 16 electrons.
Also, bear in mind that s can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, p can hold 6, d
can hold 10 and f can hold 14. Hence, the electron configuration should
be 1s2
2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4, which is letter C.
39 C Solve for the proton number (P), neutron number (N) and electron number
(E), independently. For an atom of the notation 𝐴𝑋, recall that the atomic
𝑍
number, Z, is equivalent to the proton number and electron number. The
mass number A is equivalent to the sum of the proton number and neutron
number. Hence, for 14N
Z=P=E=7
The neutron number, N, is
N = A – P = 14 – 7 = 7
Nitrogen has the same number of protons, neutrons and electrons.
40 D Solve for the proton number (P), neutron number (N) and electron number
(E), independently. For an atom of the notation 𝐴𝑋, recall that the atomic
𝑍
number, Z, is equivalent to the proton number and electron number. The
mass number A is equivalent to the sum of the proton number and neutron
number. Hence, for 16O
Z=P=E=8
The neutron number, N, is
N = A – P = 16 – 8 = 8
Oxygen has the same number of protons, neutrons and electrons.
41 B
42 B The best answer is letter B. For maximum range to be attained, an angle for
45 degrees should be considered when firing a projectile with respect to the
ground. It is derived from the equation for the range of a projectile given an
initial velocity:

vo2(sin 2θ)
R=
g
where:
R – range – horizontal displacement
vo - initial velocity
θ – angle with respect to the horizontal
g – gravitational acceleration constant (9.81 m/s2)

If 45 will be substituted in the equation, then the sin 2θ part of the

equation will yield a maximum value of 1. This means that this becomes the
maximum value of the angle to reach the farthest horizontal displacement
from the original position.

43 D The best Answer is letter D. We consider each of the options and tell which
are not reasonable and which involves a change in speed.

I. Fifteen minutes of break time spent eating in a table at the canteen.

 This activity requires a change of speed as Ben may be moving and then
stops or is initially not moving then walks. A time element of fifteen minutes
for break is also reasonable. This means that this is not an option that we
are looking for.

II. Twenty minutes to walk to the nearby lecture room in Science.

This activity is not reasonable. A nearby canteen will not take more than 20
minutes to go to. Spending more than 10 minutes will not be reasonable.
This activity also involves possible variations in speed of Ben. This means
that this fits the description in what is asked in the problem.

III. Two hours to attend the Science lecture-laboratory.

First, this activity does not involve a change in speed. Attending a lecture
usually requires students to be seated and are therefore not moving.
Spending two hours in a lecture is also acceptable.

IV. Twenty-minute walk to a nearby canteen.

Walking involves possible changes in speed. Spending twenty minutes to

walk to a “nearby” canteen is also not reasonable. Canteens are usually
near and does not require more than 10 minutes to go to.

V. An hour to attend a lecture in Math.

Attending an hour of lecture usually does not require a change in speed. It

also usual that lecture sessions to be around an hour.

This means that only options II and IV fit what is required by the item.
44 C The best answer is letter C. The final displacement simply is determined by
determining the distance of the object from its initial position to its final
position. As can be seen in the graph, you only need to focus on graph 8
which shows that the object is 8 meters away from the initial position. This
means that its displacement is 8 meters.
45 C The best Answer is letter C. We consider each of the options and tell which
are not reasonable and which involves a change in speed.

I. Two hours bus nonstop trip from home to the church 70 m away.

Spending more than 1 hour to cover 70 meters is not reasonable. A bus can
travel at an acceptable rate of 80 km per hour and as slow as more or less
than 20 km per hour. Even if the bus travels at 1 km per hour, the bus will
surely cover the distance of 70 meters in less than an hour.

II. An hour spent to attendance the mass.

It is reasonable for a person to spend an hour stationary in the church. A

usual church service covers an hour.

III. One-minute walk to the market 1 km away from the church;

 It is impossible for a person to cover a kilometer by walking. Even if a
person covers 2 meters per step, the person can only cover 120 meters in a
minute. This means that the speed of the person needs some revisions.

IV. Thirty minutes spent to buy goods from Aling Susan’s grocery store in the
market.

Spending thirty minutes to buy goods is reasonable.

This means that only options I and III are NOT reasonable and the options
asked in this item. The option that refers to these is option C.
46 B The best answer is B. A horizontal graph in a velocity versus time graph
represents constant velocity. A slanted graph represents an accelerating
object. If the slant has a positive slope, the acceleration is positive and if the
slant has a negative slope, the acceleration is negative.
47 A Sequence from oldest to youngest (bottom to top)
1. Siltstone P
2. Shale M
3. Limestone C
4. Sandstone L
5. Limestone D
6. Sandstone Q
7. Siltstone O
48 C Absolute dating uses the isotopes present in a fossil to know the age of the
fossil. Carbon dating is used for fossils that are organic and are up to 10,000
years old. Potassium-Argon is used for older fossils.
49 C
50 B
51 B All living organisms make an impact on soil development. Humus is formed
in the upper layer of the soil, which is composed of dirt, litter, water and air.
Soil does not form overnight. A variety of micro-organisms in the soil help
decompose living materials, making the soil rich in nutrients. Increasing the
amount of living organism in soil increases the biological activity.

A, C and D. Slope and air pressure have no impact on soil development,

decreasing the amount of rainfall inhibits the development of the soil.
52 D There are two types of energy source – renewable and non-renewable.
Renewable energy source can be replenished right away, while non-
renewable can be replenished for a longer period.
Knowing these definitions, one must know how to conserve energy. Each
one
should know their role/s in utilizing energy.
53 C
54 C Earth’s layers from outside-in: crust, mantle, outer core, inner core. With
boundaries/discontinuities: crust, Moho, mantle, Gutenberg, outer core,
Lehmann, inner core. Boiled egg: shell, albumen, yolk (core).
55 D Silt can be described as loosely packed suspended sediments. It is deposited
at the bottom of water, while mud is a mixture of water and combination of
soil, silt, and clay. Earthquake occur strongly when Earth surface is
geologically water-saturated like silt and mud. It can cause buildings to tilt,
 underground pipes to break, infrastructures to be displaced and many more
during earthquake.
56 D Earth’s solid core is composed of iron with lesser amounts of solid nickel.

Layers 1 – 3 contains the following:

 3 – liquid outer core is composed of iron mixed with nickel and
trace amounts of lighter elements.
 2 – lower mantle rich in iron and magnesium
 1 – lower part of the crust is composed mainly of basalt and granite
57 B Convection currents along the asthenosphere happens when warm air is
less dense than colder air, and so warm air rises, as it rises it expands and
cools, and then begins to fall. The heat is transferred to the surface where
less dense magma separates the plates at the divergent zone (the Mid-
Atlantic ridge. When the plates move away from the spreading centers,
they cool, and the higher density basalt rocks that make up ocean crust
formed at the ocean trenches/subduction zones. The crust is recycled back
into the asthenosphere.

A and C are other mechanisms of heat transfer not shown in the diagram
D is called Incoming Solar Radiation.
58 B The answer B corresponds to the permeability (from the greatest permeable
to the least permeable) characteristic of the material
59 D Convection currents happens along the asthenosphere or on the upper
mantle happens when warm air is less dense than colder air, and so warm
air
rises, as it rises it expands and cools, and then begins to fall.
60 A Oldest to youngest = bottom to top sequence.