TEST 1

Question 21 – 25: Choose a suitable word or phrase (marked A, B, C or D) to fill in each

blank.
21. The cutting or replacement of trees downtown _____ arguments recently.
A. has caused B. have caused C. are causing D. caused
22. Many places _____ our city are heavily polluted.
A. on B. in C. at D. upon
23. There were so _____ negative comments on Tom’s post that he had to remove it.
A. much B. many C. a lot of D. plenty
24. His mother is _____ mine, but he is younger than me.
A. more old than B. old as C. not as older as D. older than
25. You’re driving _____! It is really dangerous in this snowy weather.
A. carelessly B. careless C. carelessness D. carefulness
Question 26 – 30: Each of the following sentences has one error (A, B, C or D). Find it
and blacken your choice on your answer sheet.
26. There were too many (A) participants in (B) the event, so (C) each of them were (D) asked
just one question.
27. Mary works as (A) a journalist for an (B) magazine that (C) specializes in men’s clothes and
footwear (D).
28. Timmy’s pet dog is (A) so lovely. It always wags it’s (B) tail to greet (C) him whenever he
comes home (D).
29. France, where (A) is a very beautiful (B) country, has (C) many tourist attractions (D).
30. Do not read comics too often (A). With mostly (B) pictures, it does (C) not help to develop
your (D) language skills.
Question 31 – 35: Which of the following best restates each of the given sentences?
31. I may buy a piece of land as a way of saving for my old age.
A. To save for my old age, I am advised to buy a piece of land.
B. It is possible that I will save for my old age after buying a piece of land.
C. After I have saved for my old age, I will buy a piece of land.
D. To save for my old age, I am likely to buy a piece of land.
32. Linda would not win a high price in swimming if she did not maintain her training.
A. Linda is not maintaining her training to score well in swimming.
B. Linda does not want to win a high prize in swimming at all.
C. Linda will win a very high prize in swimming if she maintains her training.
D. Linda joined a swimming contest and tried to win a high prize.
33. Timmy seems to be smarter than all the other kids in his group.
A. Timmy is as smart as all the kids in his group.
B. All the other kids in Timmy’s group are certainly not as smart as him.
C. Other kids are smart, but Timmy is smarter than most of them.
D. It is likely that Timmy is the smartest of all the kids in his group.
34. When I was sick, my best friend took care of me.
A. I had to look after my best friend, who was sick.
B. I was sick when I cared for my best friend.
C. I was cared for by my best friend when I was sick.
D. My best friend was taken care of by me when getting sick.
35. Dr. Mary Watson told Jack, “You cannot go home until you feel better.”
A. Dr. Mary Watson advised Jack to stay until he felt better.
B. Dr. Mary Watson did not allow Jack to go home until he felt better.
C. Dr. Mary Watson does not want Jack to go home because he is not feeling well now.
D. Dr. Mary Watson asked Jack to stay at home until he felt better.
Question 36 – 40: Read the passage carefully
At home, I used to suffer enough with my husband who is a heavy smoker. Now, I am
delighted that smoking is going to be banned in the majority of enclosed public spaces in Britain
from July this year. In fact, I cannot wait for the ban to arrive. When hanging out, I am fed up with
sitting in pubs with my eyes and throat hurting because of all the tobacco smoke in the air. As
soon as I leave the pub, I always find that my clothes and hair stink of cigarettes, so the first thing
I do when I get home is to have a shower.
It is not my problem if smokers want to destroy their own health, but I hate it when they
start polluting my lungs as well. Passive smoking is a real problem, as a lot of medical studies
have shown that non-smokers who spend a long time in smoky environments have an increased
risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
It is ridiculous when you hear smokers talking about the ban taking away their ‘rights’. If
they are in a pub and they feel the need for a cigarette, obviously they will still be able to go
outside in the street and have one. What is wrong with that? It will certainly be a bit inconvenient
for them, but maybe that will help them to quit.
Choose an option (A, B, C or D) that best answer each question.
36. What is the passage mainly about?
A. Reasons British people suggest the government should ban smoking in public places.
B. How British people oppose the smoking ban in enclosed public spaces.
C. A personal view on British smoking ban in enclosed public areas.
D. Harmful effects of smoking on second-hand smokers in the family.
37. In paragraph 1, what is the word “stink” closest in meaning to?
A. smell unpleasantly B. cover fully C. pack tightly D. get dirty
38. According to paragraph 2, what does the writer say about smokers?
A. They have risks of heart disease. B. They will certainly have lung cancer.
C. She does not care about their health. D. They have polluted lungs.
39. In paragraph 3, what does the word “one” refer to_______?
A. need B. pub C. cigarette D. street
40. According to the passage, what can be inferred about the writer’s attitude toward the
smoking ban?
A. She thinks it might be helpful to smokers. B. She feels sorry for heavy smokers.
C. She thinks it is unnecessary. D. She expresses no feelings.
TEST 2
Question 21 – 25: Choose a suitable word or phrase (marked A, B, C or D) to fill in each
blank.
21. Up to now, the discount ______ to children under ten years old.
A. has only been applied B. only applies C. was only applied D. only
applied
22. Commercial centres are _______ they were many years ago.
A. as popular than B. more popular than C. the most popular D. most
popular than
23. Keep quiet. You _______ talk so loudly in here. Everybody is working.
A. may B. must C. might D.
mustn't
24. ____ repeated assurances that the product is safe; many people have stopped buying it.
A. By B. Despite C. With D. For
25. When a Vietnamese wants to work part-time in Australia, he needs to get a work______.
A. permit B. permission C. permissibility D. permissiveness
Question 26 – 30: Each of the following sentences has one error (A, B, C or D). Find it
and blacken your choice on your answer sheet.
26. The most common (A) form of (B) treatment it (C) is mass inoculation and chlorination of
water sources (D).
27. Onyx is a mineral that can be recognized its (A) regular and straight parallel (B) bands of (C)
white, black or (D) brown.
28. Native (A) to South America and cultivated (B) there for thousands of years, peanuts is said
(C) to have been introduced (D) to North America by early explorers.
29. It came as (A) a nice surprise that (B) the script writer would get (C) married with the movie
star (D).
30. All of the students (A) in this course will be assessed according (B) to their attendance,
performance (C), and they work hard (D).
Question 31 – 35: Which of the following best restates each of the given sentences?
31. The president was reported to have suffered a heart attack.
A. People say that the president had suffered a heart attack.
B. The president was reported to suffer a heart attack.
C. People reported the president to suffer a heart attack.
D. It was reported that the president had suffered a heart attack.
32. “Why don’t you ask the Council for help?” my neighbor said.
A. My neighbor advised me to ask the Council for help.
B. My neighbor told me not to ask the Council for help.
C. My neighbor recommends asking the Council for help.
D. My neighbor wants to know why I don’t ask the Council for help.
33. Every soldier will have to use a radio after landing.
A. It is a must of every soldier that they use a radio after they landed.
B. That every soldier needs a radio to use after landing will be necessary.
C. After landing, it will be vital that every soldier uses a radio.
D. Every soldier’s using a radio will be needed once landed.
34. I’m sure Lusia was very disappointed when she failed the exam.
A. Lusia must be very disappointed when he failed the exam.
B. Lusia must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
C. Lusia may be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
D. Lusia could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
35. I will not go abroad to study if I have not enough advice.
A. I have no intention to go abroad to study despite having advice.
B. I have had enough advice to go abroad to study.
C. Unless I have enough advice, I will not go abroad to study.
D. Not any advice given to me can stop me from going abroad to study.
Question 36 – 40: Read the passage carefully.
CAN ANIMALS TALK?
1. In 1977, a young Harvard graduate named Irene Pepperberg brought a one-year-old African
gray parrot into her lab, and attempted something very unusual. At a time when her fellow
scientists thought that animals could only communicate on a very basic level, Irene set out to
discover what was on a creature's mind by talking to it. The bird, named Alex, proved to be a very
good pupil.
2. Scientists at the time believed that animals were incapable of any thought. They believed that
animals only reacted to things because they were programmed by nature to react that way, not
because they had the ability to think or feel. Any pet owner would probably disagree. Pepperberg
disagreed, too, and started her work with Alex to prove them wrong.
3. Pepperberg bought Alex in a pet store. She let the store's assistant pick him out because she
didn't want other scientists saying later that she'd deliberately chosen an especially smart bird
for her work. Most researchers thought that Pepperberg's attempt to communicate with Alex would
end in failure.
4. However, Pepperberg's experiment did not fail. In fact, over the next few years, Alex learned
to imitate almost one hundred and fifty English words, and was even able to reason and use those
words on a basic level to communicate. For example, when Alex was shown an object and was
asked about its shape, color, or material, he could label it correctly. He could understand that a
key was a key no matter what its size or color, and could figure out how the key was different from
others.
5. Pepperberg was careful not to exaggerate Alex's success and abilities. She did not claim that
Alex could actually “use” language. Instead, she said that Alex had learned to use a two-way
communication code. Alex seemed to understand the turn-taking pattern of communication.
Choose an option (A, B, C or D) that best answers each question.
36. The reading passage is mainly about __________.
A. how animals communicate with humans
B. one woman's successful experiment to communicate with a bird
C. how parrots are smarter than other animals
D. how Irene Pepperberg proved her fellow scientists wrong 20 / 407
37. According to the reading, other scientists believed that animals ________.
A. could only communicate in nature B. had the ability to
communicate with pet owners
C. could communicate if they were programmed to do so D. didn't have the ability to think
38. In paragraph 3, "deliberately" is closest in meaning to _______.
A. naturally B. intentionally C. cleverly D. honestly
39. The word "them" in paragraph 2 refers to ________.
A. animals B. scientists C. pet owners D. things
40. Which of the following is NOT true about Irene's parrot Alex?
A. He learned to use almost 150 English words.
B. He could label a number of objects.
C. He was able to have complicated conversations.
D. He could understand how one object was different from others.
TEST 3
Question 21 – 25: Choose a suitable word or phrase (marked A, B, C or D) to fill in each
blank.
21. Jane is a wonderful singer. Her mother tells me that she ______ professionally since she
was four.
A. has been sung B. was singing C. is singing D. has sung
22. It’s raining hard, _____ we can’t go to the beach.
A. but B. so C. or D. and
23. The teacher wants the children to feel ____ about asking questions when they don't
understand.
A. confident B. confidence C. confidently D. confided
24. At this time last night, we ______ cards.
A. had been playing B. play C. played D. were playing
25. Tom isn't here _________ the moment. He'll be back _________five minutes.
A. in/ on B. at/ on C. in/ in D. at/ in
Question 26 – 30: Each of the following sentences has one error (A, B, C or D). Find it
and blacken your choice on your answer sheet.
26. The eighteenth century witnessed the emergence (A) of North American ports, particular (B)
Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, as major (C) commercial centers within (D) the British
empire.
27. The development (A) of the boiler is closely related (B) to those (C) of the steam engine, to
which it is a necessary (D) adjunct.
28. It was (A) on a beautiful day in (B) November when (C) she accepted (D) his proposal of
marriage.
29. Millions of teenagers (A) around the world is (B) addicted to (C) computers and video games
(D).
30. Among the (A) symptoms of measles, which takes about twelve days to (B) incubate, are
(C) a high fever, swelling of glands in the neck, a cough, and sensitive (D) to light.
Question 31 – 35: Which of the following best restates each of the given sentences?
31. You are in this mess now because you didn't listen to me in the first place.
A. If you listened to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess now.
B. If you listen to my advice in the first place, you will not be in this mess now.
C. If you had listened to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess now.
D. If you had listened to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't have been in this mess now.
32. When the unemployment rate is high, the crime rate is usually also high.
A. The unemployment rate is as high as the crime rate.
B. The high rate of unemployment depends on the high rate of crime.
C. The higher the unemployment rate is, the higher the crime rate is.
D. The unemployment rate and the crime rate are both higher.
33. You should have persuaded him to change his mind.
A. You should persuade him to change his mind.
B. You didn’t persuade him to because of his mind.
C. It was essential to persuade him to change his mind but you didn’t.
D. You persuaded him to change his mind but he didn’t listen.
34. "I'll call you as soon as I arrive at the airport," he said to me.
A. He promised to call me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
B. He denied calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
C. He reminded me to call him as soon as he arrived at the airport.
D. He objected to calling me as soon as he arrived at the airport.
35. “You must never play truant again,” said their mother.
A. Their mother forbade them from playing truant again.
B. They are not allowed to play truant ever again by their mother.
C. Their mother commanded that they should not play truant again.
D. Never would their mother allow them to play truant again.
Question 36 – 40: Read the passage carefully.
Improve Your Time-Managing Skills
1. It is common for all of us to take more tasks than our desired potential. This can often result in
stress and tiredness. Learn the art of sharing work with your partners based on their skills and
abilities.
2. Before the start of the day, make a list of tasks that need your immediate attention as
unimportant tasks can consume much of your precious time. Some tasks need to be completed
on that day only while other unimportant tasks could be carried forward to next day. In short,
prioritize your tasks to focus on those that are more important.
3. Carry a planner or notebook with you and list all the tasks that come to your mind. Make a
simple “To Do” list before the start of the day, prioritize the tasks, and make sure that they are
attainable. To better manage your time-management skills, you may think of making 3 lists: work,
home, and personal.
4. Stress often occurs when we accept more work than our ability. The result is that our body
starts feeling tired which can affect our productivity. Instead, share tasks with your partners and
make sure to leave some time for relaxation.
5. Most of the successful men and women have one thing in common. They start their day early
as it gives them time to sit, think, and plan their day. When you get up early, you are more calm,
creative, and clearheaded. As the day progresses, your energy levels start going down, which
affects your productivity and your performance as well.
Choose an option (A, B, C or D) that best answers each question.
36. Making a list of important tasks can help us _______.
A. take more tasks than our potential B. share work with our partners
C. prioritize important tasks D. complete all the tasks on that day
37. In order to improve your time-management skills, you should ________.
A. carry a planer with you all the time
B. have separate lists for different categories
C. make the “To Do” list simple to do
D. prioritize the tasks of time management
38. All of the following are true about the effects of stress EXCEPT that ______.
A. our body starts feeling tired
B. it can affect our productivity
C. we don’t have enough time for relaxation
D. we accept more work than our ability
39. It can be inferred from the passage that starting the day early can help you _______.
A. complete the tasks much better
B. slow down your energy levels
C. perform as well as before
D. make the day progress
40. The word “attainable” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to “_______”.
A. being able to attend B. possible to achieve
C. impossible to achieve D. succeeding in managing something
TEST 4
Question 21 – 25: Choose a suitable word or phrase (marked A, B, C or D) to fill in each
blank.
21. She ________ the piano when our guests _______ last night.
A. was playing/ arrived B. played/ arrived C. was playing/ were arriving D. had
played/arrived
22. _______she was very hard working, she hardly earned enough to feed her family.
A. In spite of B. Because C. Because of D.
Although
23. _____ me that she would never speak to me again, she picked up her stuff and stormed out
of the house.
A. To have told B. Telling C. Having told
D. Told
24. I can watch TV and play computer games on Sunday because I _____ go to school that
day.
A. don’t have to B. oughtn’t to C. mustn’t D. shouldn’t
25. Privacy seems to have _________ meaning for today’s children and even adults.
A. significantly B. significance C. significant
D. signification
Question 26 – 30: Each of the following sentences has one error (A, B, C or D). Find it
and blacken your choice on your answer sheet.
26. It is much (A) easier for a foreigner to become (B) an American citizen if he has (C) a close
relative whoever (D) is already an American.
27. New sources of energy (A) have been looking (B) for as the number (C) of fossil fuels
continues (D) to decrease.
28. The majority of (A) countries are very concerned that if whaling (B) does not stop or else (C)
nearly (D) all the whales will disappear.
29. Half (A) of all Americans aged (B) 12 to 30, ‘if ever, rarely (C), read a (D) newspaper’.
30. It (A) is in Hanoi, Vietnam, in the year (B) 2021 where (C) the 31st SEA Games is scheduled
to take place (D).
Question 31 – 35: Which of the following best restates each of the given sentences?
31. It’s hard to concentrate when you’re tired.
A. Your being tired makes you unable to concentrate.
B. You’re impossible to concentrate as a result of your being tired.
C. Your tiredness leads to your incapable of concentration.
D. The more tired you are, the harder it is to concentrate.
32. Many people are afraid of sharks, but they rarely attack people.
A. Rarely attacked by sharks, many people are, therefore, afraid of them.
B. Although sharks rarely attack people, many people are afraid of them.
C. Many people are afraid of sharks because they are dangerous.
D. Sharks rarely attack people because many people are afraid of them.
33. Mom instructed me to make some bread for the church bazaar.
A. Mom taught me how to make some bread for the church bazaar.
B. The church bazaar gave me instructions in making some bread.
C. Some bread made by me was given to the church bazaar.
D. I helped Mom to make some bread for the church bazaar.
34. This conference wouldn’t have been possible without your organization.
A. If you didn’t organize, this conference wouldn’t have been possible.
B. Your organization made it possible for this conference to take place.
C. If it had been for your organization, this conference wouldn’t have been possible.
D. It’s possible that your organization made this conference to take place.
35. You needn’t have taken so many warm clothes there.
A. It’s not necessary for you to take so many warm clothes there.
B. You have taken so many warm clothes that I don’t need.
C. You took a lot of warm clothes there but it turned out not necessary.
D. There is no need for you to take so many warm clothes there
Question 36 – 40: Read the passage carefully.
1. Bitcoins are a form of virtual currency. In other words, they are a type of money that does not
exist in the actual world. However, they can be used to purchase actual products and services
from real companies.
2. The bitcoin system was created in 2009 by an enigmatic person named Satoshi Nakamoto. In
fact, no one is sure if Satoshi Nakamoto is an actual person or a group of people. Bitcoins are
designed to serve as an alternative to national currencies, such as dollars and euros. They can
be used to pay for things online instead of cash or credit cards. When bitcoins are transferred
from a buyer to a seller, the transaction is recorded in a public database.
3. Governments are concerned that bitcoins can easily be stolen by hackers. It has dawned on
them that they might be used for illegal purposes. For example, stolen goods could be purchased
without the government’s knowledge. Although more and more companies are beginning to
accept bitcoins, the percentage of purchases made using bitcoins is minuscule compared to
other online payment methods, such as credit cards. Instead, many bitcoin owners simply keep
them as an investment since they believe their bitcoins will be more valuable in the future.
4. This may or may not be a wise approach. Currently, the value of bitcoins is fluctuating wildly,
especially when compared to highly stable national currencies. Bitcoin investors are gambling on
the hope that as this high-tech money becomes more widely accepted, its value will soar.
(Adapted from: https://www.digitalcommerce360.com/)
Choose an option (A, B, C or D) that best answers each question.
36. Why are bitcoins of great concern to governments?
A. Because most of bitcoin owners are hackers.
B. Because bitcoins may be used in illegal transactions.
C. Because the value of bitcoins is fluctuating wildly.
D. Because bitcoins will eventually replace national currencies.
37. What is the passage mainly about?
A. The future of bitcoins in the real world
B. A new kind of currency in the virtual world
C. A way of doing business in the virtual world
D. An alternative to bitcoins created by Nakamoto
38. The word "they" in paragraph 2 refers to________.
A. euros B. dollars C. things D. bitcoins
39. Which of the following is defined in the passage?
A. Transactions B. Public Databases C. Credit cards D. Bitcoins
40. The word "minuscule" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to _________.
A. small B. considerable C. increasing D. minimal
TEST 5
Question 21 – 25: Choose a suitable word or phrase (marked A, B, C or D) to fill in each
blank.
21. By the end of this March, I ________ English for 5 years. And I will take some higher-level
courses in an English centre.
A. have studied B. have been studying C. will have been studying
D. will study
22. Keep quiet. You _______ talk so loudly in here. Everybody is working.
A. may B. must C. might D.
mustn't
23. What is ______ longest river in ______ world?
A. the / a B. a / the C. a/ a D. the / the
24. Where ____ the 1988 Olympic Games___?
A. was/ hold B. were/ held C. was/ held D. did/hold
25. As a young person, he is really ______ about his future career.
A. concerned B. concern C. concerning D. concerns
Question 26 – 30: Each of the following sentences has one error (A, B, C or D). Find it
and blacken your choice on your answer sheet.
26. The World Health Organization has done (A) much (B) to try to (C) create a more healthiest
(D) world.
27. Two billion dollars (A) are (B) not enough for (C) the victims of the (D) tsunami.
28. Life insurance, before (A) available only to (B) young, healthy persons, can now be obtained
(C) for old people and even (D) for pets.
29. John climbed up (A) into (B) the tree and picked all the fruit (C) out (D) reach.
30. Even though (A) they had been lost (B) in the mountains for three days (C), they looked
strongly (D) and healthy.
Question 31 – 35: Which of the following best restates each of the given sentences?
31. She asked us to leave quietly so that we wouldn't disturb her.
A. In order to be disturbed, she asked us to leave quietly.
B. So as not to disturb us, she asked us to leave quietly.
C. So as not to avoid our disturbance, she asked us to leave quietly.
D. In order to avoid our disturbance, she asked us to leave quietly.
32. Had he known more about the information technology, he would have invested in some
computer companies.
A. Not knowing about the information technology help him invest in some computer company.
B. He didn’t know much about the information technology and he didn’t invest in any computer
companies.
C. Knowing about the information technology, he would have invested in some computer
companies.
D. He would have invested in some computer companies without his knowledge of the
information technology.
33. He last had his eyes tested ten months ago.
A. He didn't have any tests on his eyes in ten months.
B. He hasn't had his eyes tested for ten months.
C. He had tested his eyes ten months ago.
D. He had not tested his eyes for ten months then.
34. Helen made a lot of phone calls when she had come home.
A. Having made a lot of phone calls, Helen came home.
B. Having come home, Helen made a lot of phone calls.
C. A lot of phone calls had been made by Helen when she came home.
D. A lot of phone calls had been made to Helen when she came home.
35. People say that at least ten applicants have been selected for the job interview.
A. People say that fewer than ten job interviews have been held so far.
B. I have heard that only ten people have been chosen to have the job interviewed.
C. It is said that well over ten people are interested in having an interview for the job.
D. It is said that no fewer than ten people are going to be interviewed for the job.
Question 36 – 40: Read the passage carefully.
1. An estimated 18,000 people die every day worldwide as a result of air pollution. The great
majority of the world's population breathe air that does not meet World Health Organization
guidelines. Air pollution has become so bad that it's said we now have a “fifth season”: this time
of year, when lethal smogs envelop some of the most populated parts of the world. Delhi's
atrocious smogs, which caused an international cricket match to be halted on Sunday, follow
similar ones last year.
2. But 65 years on from the toxic Great Smog of London that descended on 5 December 1952,
and led to ground-breaking anti-pollution laws being passed, the air above the UK still hasn‘t
cleared. In London alone more than one person an hour dies prematurely from a range of
conditions such as congestive heart failure, asthma and emphysema as a result of exposure to
particulate matter and nitrogen dioxide. The mayor of London, Sadiq Khan, has called for a new
Clean Air Act that would enshrine a right to clean air.
3. Smog Day marks the anniversary of the Great London Smog, and the middle of the
international smog season. It grew out of an initiative to share the experiences of people living
with air pollution in London and New Delhi, whose air quality is among the worst in the world. In
spite of many differences between life in the two capital cities, there are parallels in the
experiences of people who work on the streets, runners who exercise along them, taxi drivers,
parents and children and the doctors who care for those with breathing difficulties.
4. Progress on air pollution is already being made in many places around the world. The recent
Lancet Commission on pollution and health points out that air-quality improvements not only
save lives, but have other benefits.
Choose an option (A, B, C or D) that best answers each question.
36. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Successful efforts in making the air less polluted.
B. The comparison of air pollution levels between two big cities.
C. How serious air pollution is worldwide.
D. What Smog Day in London is.
37. What can be inferred about the “fifth season”?
A. It is the last season of the climatic pattern in a year.
B. During this time outdoor sports games may be cancelled.
C. During this time, lethal smogs attack almost any places in the world.
D. It is the result of overpopulation.
38. Which word is closest in meaning to the word “enshrine” in paragraph 2?
A. prevent B. improve C. maintain D. authorize
39. Which statement is NOT true of London and New Delhi?
A. People from these cities share the same experience of breathing difficulties.
B. People who work on the streets in these cities share the same experience.
C. Air quality in these cities is among the worst.
D. These two capital cities are not completely alike.
40. Compared to London in 1957, London now _______.
A. has better air quality. B. has fewer laws passed.
C. sees an increase in nitrogen dioxide. D. has unchanged air pollution level