Peptide Handbook

PEPTIDE
Peptide Synthesis Service

Handbook
www.genscript.com
「2022」
Make People and Nature Healthier
Through Biotechnology
About GenScript
GenScript Biotech Corporation (Stock Code: 1548.HK) is a global biotechnology group. Built upon
its leading gene synthesis technology, GenScript is divided into four major platforms including the
life science contract research organization (CRO) platform, the biologics contract development and
manufacturing organization (CDMO) platform, the global cell therapy platform and the industrial
synthesis biological product platform.
GenScript was founded in New Jersey, US in 2002 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in
2015. GenScript's business operations span over 100 countries and regions worldwide with legal
entities located in the US, Mainland China, Hong Kong, China, Japan, Singapore, the Netherlands
and Ireland. GenScript provides premium, convenient and reliable products and services for over
100,000 customers.
As of December 31, 2021, GenScript had more than 5,200 employees globally, over 40% of whom
hold masters and/or Ph.D. degrees. In addition, GenScript owns a number of intellectual property
rights and trade secrets, including 180 patents and 670 pending patent applications, as well as
large number of proprietary technologies.
Driven by the corporate mission of “Make People and Nature Healthier through Biotechnology”,
GenScript strives to become the most trustworthy biotech company in the world. As of December
31,2021, GenScript's products or services have been cited by 65,600 peer-reviewed journals
worldwide.
HISTORY & MILESTONES
2014
Established Legend Biotech
(Cell Therapy Division)
Awarded the Commissioned
Research Institute Leadership
Award
2011
Established a new R&D and production
base in Nanjing
2004 Participated in the synthetic yeast

genome Sc2.0 project as the only
commercial entity selected
Introduced custom protein and Established Japanese subsidiary
antibody services Number of employees reached 1,000
Established research and production
facilities in Nanjing, China
2015
Listed on the Hong
Kong Stock Exchange
(stock code: HK.1548)
2009 2013
2002 Received investment from Established Bestzyme
KPCB China/The Balloch (Industrial Synthetic
GenScript established in New
Group Bioproducts Division)
Jersey, USA
2019
New GMP Biologics CDMO R&D Center was in operation
LCAR-B38M/JNJ-4528 was granted orphan drug status by the
2017 FDA and priority drug status by the EMA
LCAR-B38M /JNJ-4528 U.S. Phase 1b /2 clinical data achieved
Legend Biotech and Janssen excellent performance of 100%ORR and 69%CR
Biotech entered into a global
strategic partnership for BCMA
products
CFDA accepted Legend Biotech's
IND application
Acquired 100% shares of
CustomArray and obtained chip
gene synthesis technology
2020 2021
2018 The Company jointly
developed the world's first GenScript ProBio (Biologics
neutralization antibody CDMO) became a leading
BCMA Product received IND CDMO in gene therapy and cell
detection kit with Singapore
approval in China and U.S. therapy in China through A
to combat the epidemic of
BCMA program progressed well round of financing
COVID-19
in China and U.S. Legend Biotech Cilta-cel cell
Legend Biotech was publicly
Biologics CDMO business unit therapy product submitted a
listed on NASDAQ
officially established biologics license application
(BLA) to the FDA and expected
to be approved by the end of
February 2022
With more than 5200
employees, the group
distributed life science
production capacity in
Singapore and the United
States and cell therapy
production capacity in Belgium
to serve the global market
Contents
01 About GenScript Peptide Synthesis
History of Peptide Synthesis 1

Production Environment and Technology Platform 2
Quality Assurance System 5
02 Custom Peptide Synthesis Services
Regular and Express Peptide Synthesis 7

Peptide Library Synthesis 8
Large-scale Peptide Synthesis 9
Industrial Grade Peptide Aolutions 10
03 Value Added Services
AccuPep+QC Testing Services 16

Peptide Modification Services 18
04 Peptide Applications
Applications 20
05 Peptide Synthesis Resource Center
Peptide Bioinformatics Tools 22

Technical Resources 22
FAQ 23
Literature Published by Customers 26
Customer Feedback 28
01
About GenScript
Peptide Synthesis
About GenScript Peptide Synthesis
History of GenScript Peptide Synthesis

With more than 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript is equipped with
international leading peptide synthesizers, professional technicians and peptide synthesis and purification
processes, and has provided peptide synthesis services and catalog products to
more than 10,000 customers worldwide.
GenScript peptide synthesis services include custom peptide synthesis, peptide libraries,
large-scale peptide synthesis and industrial solutions such as neoantigen peptide services,
cosmetic peptides and peptide drugs for R&D purposes.
GenScript offers a wide range of catalog peptide products in stock, with one click order on the
official website to meet different applications and R&D needs.
Our proprietary PepPower™ platform is built based on our state-of-the-art facility that is equipped with fully
automated synthesizers for liquid and solid phase peptide synthesis (LPPS and SPPS), microwave technologies,
and proprietary ligation technologies. This greatly improves synthesis efficiency.
2020
• SARS-CoV-2 peptide service
• Cosmetic peptide stock solution service
• Helping the first domestic neoantigen
company to be approved for clinical
registration
2017 6
• Express Peptide Service
• Delivery at industry-leading speed,
as fast as 3 days
• ISO9001:2015 certified
2006 5
• Started peptide library 3
synthesis service
• Started peptide pool
service 4 2019
2 • Service of neoantigen peptide
2014 • Developed the world's leading fully automated
peptide synthesis workstation
• Cosmetic peptide synthesis service • Monthly throughput of up to 18,000 peptides
• Provided peptides to more than • Join the Peptide Branch of China Biochemical
1 10,000 scientists worldwide Pharmaceutical Industry Association
2004
• Established the Peptide Division
• Launched peptide synthesis services
01
Production Environment and
Technology Platform
Each peptide synthesis in GenScript is subjected to strict QC processes, and the

production environment and equipment are specially maintained and kept by
dedicated personnel. Strict operation processes and management system ensure
high quality and efficiency of peptide production.
With more than 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript is equipped

with international leading peptide synthesizers, professional technicians and
peptide synthesis and purification processes. Our proprietary advanced synthesis
platform and quality inspection system work in concert to provide customers with
satisfactory products.
PepPower™ Peptide Synthesis Platform
PepPower™ platform: based on GenScript's advanced automatic synthesis instrument, it integrates solid phase
peptide synthesis (SPPS) technology, liquid phase polypeptide synthesis (LPPS) technology, microwave synthesis
technology and proprietary ligation technology.
SPPS+LPPS
Liquid Phase Peptide Synthesis (LPPS) and Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis (SPPS) are the two main synthetic methods
in peptide synthesis. With the combination of SPPS and LPPS, PepPower™ can take full advantages of both
technologies to flexibly choose LPPS or SPPS that best suits peptide.
Microwave Synthesis Technology

GenScript PepPower™ platform, based on microwave synthesis technology, is a revolutionary technology. The
microwave energy delivered prevents the growing peptide chain from folding or forming aggregates, and facilitates
chemical bonding. Through microwave, peptides can be easily and efficiently stitched together, allowing the
synthesis of longer peptides and the introduction of various modifications to the peptide chains, including the
addition of sugars and other groups. With microwave technology, we can synthesize phosphor peptides with relative
ease. Most importantly, microwave technology helps shorten peptide synthesis turnaround time, which allows us to
launch Express Peptide Service that can deliver peptides in as fast as 5 days.
Microwave
Technology
PepPower™ Platform Benefits

By combining SPPS, LPPS, microwave technology and our proprietary ligation technology for fragment
condensation, GenScript PepPower™ synthesis platform takes advantage of several technologies to ensure high
quality and rapid delivery of peptides.
GenScript PepPower™ Capabilities Market Average Level

Peptide length Up to 200AA 4-50AA
Synthesis success rate > 95% 75%
Peptide Delivery From 5 days 2-3 weeks
Quantity range mg - kg mg, difficult in kg
Peptide cost Low, flexible choice of several technologies, reduced costs High
Modification Easier modifications through our Microwave technology Modifications may be accompanied with side
with higher efficiency reactions
03
PepHTS™ Peptide Library Synthesis Platform
GenScript introduces the high-throughput PepHTS™ peptide library synthesis platform, incorporating an advanced,
fully automated synthesis workstation to enable high-throughput peptide library synthesis with industry-leading
speed and flexibility. With the PepHTS™ library synthesis platform, GenScript achieves fully automated and precise
control of peptide library synthesis, significantly improving throughput and accuracy.
High throughput Fast synthesis cycle

18,000 peptides/month 24-hour operation
Reliable quality Flexible services

Fully automated synthesis Two different types of services
PepHTS™ Platform Benefits
High Throughput Reliable Quality Fast Turnaround Time Flexible Services
PepHTS™ library synthesis The platform can be fully PepHTS™ platform can There are regular Peptide Library
platform has a production automated, with precise control of automatically carry out sequence services and Micro-peptide
throughput of 18,000 peptides production conditions and analysis, determine efficient Library services available, as well
per month material addition, reducing quality production methods, improve as additional QC testing services
instability and human error caused production efficiency, and operate according to different needs of
by manual operation 24 hours a day customers.
ArgonShield™ Packaging Technology

ArgonShield™ was designed by the skilled scientists at GenScript as an innovative packing and delivery technology,
to eliminate the experimental variations caused by peptide oxidization and deliquescence of your custom peptides.
For your convenience, ArgonShield™ technology is applied as a headspace of argon gas to all of GenScript's custom
peptides.
More Precision Extended Storage Time Time and Budget Savings Free Offer
It avoids unexpected errors It enhances the long-term Longer shelf life allows you to order The service is currently free of
due to oxidation and preservation of peptides by larger quantities of peptides at a time, charge and is available for all
deliquescence during your improving peptide stability shortening delivery cycle and saving GenScript synthetic peptides
peptide experiments additional shipping costs
04
Quality Assurance System

Custom synthesized peptides from GenScript are manufactured under strict high-level quality control processes.
Our ISO 9001 certified, Total Quality Management (TQM) platform ensures that each custom peptide is triple
checked for quality via both mass spectrometry (MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses
after each step during peptide purification and quality control (QC) procedures. As the final step in our TQM
platform, we perform additional quality assurance (QA) procedures for every custom peptide to further guarantee
the delivery of high-quality peptides.
Place Order Peptide Synthesis Peptide Purification
Final Product Quality Assurance Quality Control
GenScript Peptide Synthesis Service TQM Platform
05
02
Custom Peptide Synthesis
Services
Custom Peptide Synthesis Services
Regular and Express Peptide Synthesis

GenScript has been providing reliable custom peptides synthesis services for 10,000+ scientists worldwide for 16
years. With our proprietary microwave-assisted PepPower™ peptide synthesis platform, GenScript is now able to
offer high-quality peptides with 100% guaranteed quantity at industry-leading speed, as fast as 5 days, to help
expedite your research. Strict QC testing service ensures high quality delivery of each peptide.
Service Features
100% guaranteed maximum As fast as 5-day Complete QC/QA system Inter-batch stability
volume delivery delivery Triple MS/HPLC detection Unique ArgonShield™
Avoiding the risk of Facilitating rapid Comprehensive QC technology to protect
insufficient volume progress in research management peptide samples
Service Details
Fast Peptide Synthesis 3 Rush Peptide Synthesis 3 Regular Peptide Synthesis 3

Starting turnaround time 1
(Business Days) 6 5 10
Sequence length Up to 25 AA Up to 200 AA

Purity Free Upgrade!
≥70% to ≥98% Crude Crude to ≥98%
Guaranteed Quantity 2 Up to 100 mg mg to kg

Solubility Test Service Free
TFA Removal Service Standard Service Standard & Guaranteed Service
Modifications 30+ 300+
* Indicated delivery times are for standard sequences only. Difficult sequences or sequences with multiple modifications may require additional time.
** Turnaround time includes all business days from order confirmation to completion, not including shipping time.
*** Guaranteed quantity is valid for Regular and Express Peptide Synthesis Services on orders with less than 20 mg in quantity.
**** Custom Peptide service includes Regular and Express Peptide services. Express Peptide Synthesis Services includes Fast and Rush Peptide Synthesis Services. Express
peptide synthesis service is limited for non-complex sequences and modifications, please contact us or request a quote.
Delivery Standard
GenScript peptides are delivered in lyophilized powder form, dispensed in individual sample tubes according to
customer requirements. To ensure peptide quality, GenScript also provides the following documentation and services.
Flexible Packing
HPLC/MS Test Report COA Document ArgonShield™ Packaging Technology
Options
07
Peptide Library Synthesis
GenScript offers a wide range of peptide library synthesis services for M A T Q R L A Y R Q S M N N F G L M A T Q R L A
applications in structural biology, peptide drug discovery and M A T Q R L A Y R
vaccine development. Based on the advanced PepHTS™ library Q R L A Y R Q S M
A Y R Q S M N N F
synthesis platform, GenScript's peptide synthesis throughput can Length=9 Q S M N N F G L M
reach 18,000 peptides/month to meet the growing demand for Offset=3
N N F G L M A T Q
No.of peptides=6
peptides. Our peptide library design tools are available to assist in G L M A T Q R L A
designing 7 types of peptide libraries such as overlapping peptide

libraries.
Service Features
High Throughput Reliable Quality

PepHTS™ library synthesis platform has a production throughput Fully automated platform with precise control in production conditions
of 18,000 peptides per month. and chemicals addition reduces human errors from manual operation.
Fast Turnaround Time Flexible Services

PepHTS™ platform can automatically carry out sequence analysis, There are regular peptide library and micro-peptide library services
determine efficient production methods, improve production available, as well as additional QC testing services that caters to
efficiency, and operate 24 hours a day. different needs of customers.
Service Details
Crude Peptide Purified Peptide Crude Micro-scale Purified Micro-scale
LibraryUpgraded! Library Peptide Library Peptide Library
Turnaround time 1
(Business days) 9 - 17 15 - 20 15 - 20 15 - 20
Sequence Length 5 - 15AA 16 - 25AA 5 - 25AA 5 - 20AA
Purity Crude ≥70% to ≥98% Crude >70%
Quantity 1 - 20 mg 1 - 9 mg 0.2 - 0.5 mg
Minimum order size 24 peptides

Lyophilized or liquid (suspended in 50% (v/v)
Lyophilized peptides in 96-well plate or
Deliverable format 2 acetonitrile/water containing 0.05% TFA) in Thermo Scientific
individual well-labelled vials
Matrix 96-tube plates
COA & MS only or COA, COA, HPLC & MS for
Quality documents 4 COA, HPLC & MS for each peptide
HPLC & MS for each peptide each peptide
Comprehensive: Biotin, Fluorescent Dyes,

Phosphorylation, Methylation, Acetylation, Amidation, Acetylation, Biotin, FITC-Ahx,
Modifications Amidation, Head to tail cyclic, Disulfide bridge, Isotope Labeling on K/R, Arg (13C6, 15N4),
Stable isotope labeled amino acids, Unnatural Lys (13C6, 15N2) and many more
Amino Acids, and many more
Cyclic libraries service consists of head-to-tail cyclic peptides or cyclic peptides with one disulfide bond are coming soon.
Peptide Library Design

GenScript offers free peptide library design tools, and a team of Ph.D. level experts in GenScript provide you with
design guidelines for different downstream applications. For more information on peptide library design tools and
guidelines, please refer to the resource center of this manual.
08
Large-scale Peptide Synthesis

Large-scale peptides (100 mg and above) are widely used in peptide drug development, food research and cosmetics
field. The large-scale peptide synthesis not simply involves adding more raw materials, but involves a series of
improvements such as process optimization and parameter adjustment to ensure economical and rapid delivery of
the final product.
With more than 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript can efficiently synthesize peptides at the
kilogram level or above through its self-developed multi-channel large-scale peptide synthesis platform, and ensures
the delivery quality of peptides by multiple QC detection.
Service Features
Throughput up Success rate above Expert team Multi-synthesis platform

to 2 kg 98% One-on-one project Economic and fast
follow-up
Service Details
Default Service Items Customization Options (Optional)

Purity ≥98% Process optimization
Sample trial
Quantity Up to 2 kg
Customized analytical testing
Length Up to 200AA Analytical method development
Parameter identification report
Shipping method Peptide lyophilized powder
R&D report
Quality certification COA, HPLC and MS Product report
Custom packaging or delivery
Project communication Regular teleconference
Related Applications
Peptide drug development Cosmetic peptides Antibacterial peptides
09
Industrial Grade Peptide Solutions
1: Synthesis of Neoantigen Peptide
1.1 Introduction of Neoantigen Peptide

Neoantigens are a series of immunogenic peptides produced by tumor-specific mutations and can be used as biomarker to
distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. As neoantigens are specific to the tumor cells, they do not induce central and
peripheral tolerance and are safe targets when used in tumor immunotherapy.
With rich experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript provides neoantigen peptide services, including neoantigen
peptide synthesis, process development, neoantigen peptide pooling services, neoantigen peptide library synthesis
services, and has developed professional peptide evaluation tools to assist in the design of neoantigen peptides.
Neoantigen Precision Immunotherapy Process
1 2 7
Tumor Identification of Clinical screening

biopsies neoantigen peptide
3 4 5 6
Synthesis of Pre-clinical Pre-clinical animal Clinical

neoantigen peptide screening validation validation
Application of Neoantigen Peptide
TCR- screening for antigen Personalized Cancer PCV efficacy screening

affinity and immunogenicity Vaccine (PCV)
10
1.2 Service Features
Independent Professional Service flexibility to match Economical

production line assessment tools to assist in applications
Quality assurance peptide design
1.3 Service Details
Service Type Delivery Specification QC Testing Services
Length: 5-30AA HPLC

Synthesis of neoantigen peptide MS
Purity: Crude product - ≥98%
Construction of a peptide library of Dissolution test service
Quantity: mg and above
neoantigen peptides
Delivery time: as fast as 5 days TFA removal service
Peptide pool service of neoantigen
peptides Delivery form: Lyophilized powder Endotoxin control/removal
Cross-contamination control
Process development of neoantigen peptides Customized process development services were provided based on customer projects
1.4 Case Sharing

TCR-screening for Antigen Affinity and Immunogenicity
Solutions
Customer Needs Tool Analysis Analysis of Results Response Strategies
Research Steps
PepPower™ platform;
In vitro functional Synthesis of 300 neoantigen Peptide 78% for simple sequences
Synthesis of difficult peptides
screening peptides Assessment Tool 22% for difficult peptides
by manual synthesis
Synthesis of 100 overlapping
Confirmation of Peptide Library
peptide libraries - PepHTS™ platform
affinity sites Design Tool
Delivered in peptide pools
Confirmation of key sites Synthesis of alanine Peptide Library

- PepHTS™ platform
affecting affinity screening library Design Tool
Pharmacodynamic Screening of PCV

Solutions
Customer Needs Tool Analysis Analysis of Results Response Strategies
Research Steps
In vitro functional Synthesis of 150 neoantigen Peptide Assessment 68% for simple sequences
screening peptides Tool 22% for difficult peptides
PepPower™ platform;
Preclinical in vivo Synthesis of 20 high purity Peptide Assessment 30% for simple sequences
Synthesis of difficult peptides
validation neoantigen peptides Tool 70% for difficult peptides
by manual synthesis
Additional efficacy Synthesis of 30 neoantigen Peptide Assessment 35% for simple sequences
verification peptides Tool 65% for difficult peptides
11
2: Cosmetic Peptide Synthesis
2.1 Introduction to GenScript Cosmetic Peptides

Cosmetic peptides are bioactive peptides that have efficacious role in cosmetics. Such bioactive peptides have the
following characteristics, i) small molecular weight, ii) easily adsorbed, iii) highly efficacious, iv) enhanced skin
permeability, v) good stability and vi) highly soluble. With recent significant breakthrough, bioactive peptides are
gradually applied in cosmetics, playing a role in stimulating the repair and regeneration of skin cells, and promoting
the differentiation of hair follicles.
With over 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript can provide custom cosmetic peptide raw material
synthesis and formulation stock solution development services, and provide a variety of
QC testing services to meet cosmetic R&D needs.
2.2 Service Features
Ph.D. level R&D team Multiple QC testing High throughput Fully automated
Professional technical services production platform production platform
support Quality assurance Economic and fast Inter-batch stability
2.3 Service Details
Purity Specification Delivery Form Documentation QC testing
Net peptide content

Synthesis of raw material Up to 98% or higher mg-kg Lyophilized powder MS&HPLC
Moisture content
TDS Microbial content detection
MSDS Acetate content
Development of stock Mono-peptide
- - Heavy metal content
solution formula compound COA
detection
12
2.4 Popular Products
Copper Tripeptide-1 is a tripeptide discovered in 1973 from

serum that binds to copper ions to form a complex with the
sequence of glycine-L-histidine-L-lysine. Copper Tripeptide-1
stimulates the proliferation of epidermal stem cells and plays a
powerful role in skin repair and rejuvenation, and is known as a
"skin care panacea".
Structural
formula
of Copper
Tripeptide-1
Carnosine, a dipeptide composed of β-alanine and

L-histidine, is naturally found in many bodily tissues and is
beneficial in the prevention and treatment of diabetic
complications. With its abilities to boost the function of the
immune system, its anti-aging, antioxidant and anti-glycation
properties, it is also known as the "longevity molecule".
Structural formula of Carnosine
Nonapeptide-1 is a bionic peptide

consisting of nine amino acids that
binds to melanocortin receptor-1
(MC1-R) on the surface of
melanocytes and competes to
reduce the binding rate of
alpha-melanocyte stimulating
hormone (α-MSH) and melanocortin
receptor-1, thereby inhibiting the
activation of tyrosinase and thus
melanogenesis, and is called a
"whitening peptide".
Structural formula of
Nonapeptide-1
13
3 Peptide Drug Development Process
3.1 Introduction to GenScript Peptide Drug Development

As a high quality rapid peptide supplier, GenScript has over 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis and peptide
drug process development. With its own PepPower™ synthesis platform and professional R&D team, GenScript
provides you with a one-stop solution for peptide drug development and filing, ranging from research and
evaluation, protocol development, to lab test and pilot of products.
Service Type Downstream Application Service Advantages

• Process development of peptide • Drug screening • Capacity up to 2 kg/month
new drugs • Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic
• Technology transfer
validation
• Process development of polypeptide
• Prodrug efficacy verification
generics
3.2 Peptide Drug R&D Platform
Large-scale synthesis reactor Manual synthesis platform Proprietary 36-channel

synthesizer
3.3 Peptide Drug Development Process

• Synthesis process research • Quality study report • Information handover
• Purification process research • Stability study report • Technical training
• Lyophilization process research • On-site guidance
• Structural confirmation
• Impurity study
Research
Process Laboratory Quality and Pilot scale Process
and
research scale test stability studies test handover
evaluation
• Patent analysis report • Three batches of

• First draft of API standards pilot samples
• Three batches of lab test samples
• Determination of the process flow
14
03
Value Added Services
AccuPep+QC Testing Services
All GenScript peptides undergo Total Quality Management testing, including mass spectrometry and
analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis throughout the peptide synthesis
and purification processes. In addition, GenScript offers the following QC testing services to meet the
needs of specific experimental areas:
Solubility Test TFA counter ion removal detection Endotoxin control and analysis
Amino acid analysis Peptide content analysis/ nitrogen analysis pH measurement
Moisture Content Analysis Stability test Counter-ion quantification
Specific optical rotation Peptide sequencing HPLC-UV fluorescence detection
Peptide Solubility Test

Our solubility testing service makes working with hydrophobic peptides easier by
taking the guesswork out of peptide solubility. We provide you with a complete,
customized dissolution profile of your peptide, including a report containing the
gross peptide concentration of your peptide and the solvents your peptide
Peptide samples
dissolves in best.
Example of Solubility Test Report Form*

SC1634 AccuPep - Qualitative SC1634-1 AccuPep - Quantitative
Solubility Test (Free) Solubility Test (New)
Ultrapure DPBS DMSO
Cross Peptide water
Solvent Results Solvent Results Concentration
Ultrapure water Hard to dissolve Ultrapure water Undissolved N/A
1 x DPBS (pH 7.1 ± 0.1) Solublc 1 x DPBS (pH 7.1 ± 0.1) Dissolved ≤15mg/ml
DMSO Easy to dissolve DMSO Dissolved ≥20mg/ml

Solubility test report
* Each peptide will be tested for dissolution in a minimum of 3 solvents (ultrapure water, DPBS and DMSO); however, gross peptide
concentrations will only be reported for solvents in which dissolution was achieved. Report matrix may vary based on peptide
sequences and preliminary solubility test results.
Endotoxin Control & Analysis

Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) are major components of the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria,
and can be introduced into custom peptide preparations during synthesis. More important, they can
stimulate a plethora of unwanted immune reactions in B cells, macrophages, as well as stimulate
T cell expansion even at low concentrations. To enhance your experimental results, GenScript now offers
custom peptide with guaranteed Endotoxin Control service to reduce endotoxin level at
≤0.01 EU/μg, which is ideal for most of cellular assays.
Delivery Standard
Endotoxin Level Delivery Time Inspection Report
Endotoxin detection
No guarantee 2 days Report available
(Service No. SC1633)
Endotoxin control* 100% guarantee

2 days Report available
(Service No. SC1995) that the endotoxin is lower than 0.01 EU/μg
* Endotoxin control services are only available for regular and express peptide synthesis services (service code SC1208/SC1845/SC1848)
16
TFA Counter Ion Removal Detection
Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a strong acid, which is commonly used to cleave synthesized peptides from
solid-phase resins and is also used to improve HPLC performance in the peptide purification step.
Although TFA is important, residual TFA in custom peptides can cause inexplicable discrepancies in
subsequent assay data. In general, most custom peptides are delivered as lyophilized TFA salts, and
can contain as much as 10%-45% TFA. To improve the study outcome, TFA removal is essential before
starting your experiment.
Net peptide
Net peptide
composition TFA Unique counter ion Acetic acid,
composition
Counter ion exchange formic acid or
Moisture, salt technology chloride ion
Moisture, salt
10%-45% TFA <1% TFA
Delivery Standard
Solvent Final TFA Counter Ion Content Report Lead Time*
Hydrochloride Formate Acetate Phosphate

Guaranteed type <1% <1% <1% N/A Available 8 days
<10% Optional 2 days**
* Business days means the cycle of working days

** If Report is selected for Standard TFA removal service, extra cost and 1 day will be needed
17
Peptide Modification Services
Peptide modifications present a means to alter the physical structure of the peptide chain or an alteration
of the side chain group. With such modifications, it can effectively change the physiochemical properties,
improve its solubility, decrease its side effects, improve its immunogenicity and increase its half-life, and
so on.
GenScript offers many types of modifications, which are

divided into the following categories:
(For a detailed list of modifications, please visit the peptide service page on the
GenScript website, or scan the QR code on the right)
Amidation and acetylation Biotin and FITC labeling Disulfide bond modification
Peptide Phosphorylation Methylation modification KLH, BSA,OVA
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Isotope labeling (Multiple-Antigen peptide, MAPs)
modification Modification
Amidation and Acetylation KLH,BSA,OVA

If the synthetic peptide is the internal sequence of a protein, As a small molecule, peptide antigens cannot produce
the N-terminus acetylation or C-terminus amidation can significant immune response. As such, coupling to
remove the charge of the polypeptide to make it more larger protein carriers, such as KLH, BSA and OVA is
inclined to the natural structure of the protein, while required.
enhancing the resistance of the peptide to endonucleases.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Modification
Biotin and FITC Labeling PEG-modified macromolecules with high solubility
FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) is the form of fluorescein (mainly available for hydrophobic drugs) and
used for conjugation to antibodies and purified proteins. bioavailability can enhance the therapeutic effect of
peptides by camouflaging them and fooling the
Disulfide Bond Modification immune system of host cells. It may also prolong the
The formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues metabolism of peptides by decreasing the renal
allows for peptide cyclization. clearance.
Peptide Phosphorylation Isotope Labeling

Peptide phosphorylation can help study the effect of The peptides labeled with 2H, 15N, 13C or 15N and
phosphorylation on the structure of peptides and proteins as 13
C at the same time can be easily detected by
well as the mechanism of protein kinases. GenScript has NMR after synthesis.
successfully synthesized a large number of phosphorylated
peptides on serine, threonine and tyrosine for customers. (Multiple-Antigen Peptide, MAPs)
Modification
Methylation Modification Multiple-Antigen peptide (MAP) is an effective method
Protein methylation is considered an important modification for producing highly effective anti-peptide antibodies
that contributes to the regulation of cellular functions such as and peptide vaccines. MAPs use the a- or ε-groups of
transcription, cell division and cell differentiation. lysine to form the main chain, and take multiple copies
of the peptide antigen as the outer surface layer of the
branched synthetic peptide.
18
04
Peptide Applications
Peptide Applications
Application Direction
GenScript integrates the advantages of its service platform to launch catalog peptide products with scientific value,
all purified by HPLC, with more stable quality and timely delivery. The application scenarios cover the latest hot and
most valuable research areas, such as protein purification and detection, disease-related research, immunology and
biochemical research, cosmetic peptides, pharmaceutical peptides, and research peptides about SARS-CoV-2 , to
meet the needs of researchers at different stages. You can buy online by placing an order with one click, or consult
and leave a message online to enjoy the timely and professional service of customer service staff.
GenScript offers a wide range of catalog peptides in stock to meet the needs
of different applications, mainly focusing on the following major categories:
Protein purification and detection Related Disease Studies SARS-CoV-2 Peptide Library
GenScript offers a wide range of Tag peptides and Diabetes, tumor diagnosis related COVID-19 research, target screening,
protein substrates for antibody preparation, research spot crude peptide libraries
immunology research and other biological
research needs
Immunology and Biochemical Studies Pharmaceutical peptides β amyloid peptide

Multiple carrier protein cross-linking peptides, APIs, intermediates, impurities Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related
such as ovalbumin (OVA), can not only increase Cosmetic peptides proteins
the antigen size but also enhance immunity when Anti-aging, whitening, hair growth,
cross-linked with carrier proteins. etc.
20
05
Peptide Synthesis
Resource Center
Peptide Synthesis Resource Center
Peptide Bioinformatics Tools
Peptide Molecular Calculator
Peptide calculator can display peptide molecular weight,
isoelectric point, net charge, average hydrophobicity and
other peptide properties for your reference to dissolve
peptides.
For more information, please visit:
https://www.genscript.com/tools/peptide-molecular-weight-calculator
or scan the QR code
Peptide Library Design Tool

Seven peptide library design tools are provided to meet
your experimental needs in all aspects.
https://www.genscript.com/peptide_screening_tools.html
or scan the QR code
Peptide Assessment Tool

Peptide properties are accurately predicted and assists are
provided in peptide design.
https://www.genscript.com/tools/peptide-analyzing-tool
or scan the QR code
Technical Guidance Materials
Peptide Brochure Peptide Cell Penetrating Impact of Peptide Dissolving

Technical Manual Peptides-White Paper TFA-Review Guideline
GenScript also provides manuals and technical guides for these peptides, which can be
downloaded and read by visiting GenScript Resource Center
https://www.genscript.com/peptide_technical_resources.html?src=pullmenu or by scanning the
QR code on the right
22
FAQ
1. Custom Peptide Services
Q: What is the TAT for GenScript regular peptide synthesis service?
A: The TAT varies depending on the length and difficulty of the peptide sequence. Regular peptide synthesis takes approximately
2 weeks, while GenScript offers Express peptide synthesis service with as fast as 5 day delivery.
Q: How is the purity of peptide calculated?

A: GenScript adopts reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) to measure the amount of correct
peptide relative to the total analytes that absorb at a specified wavelength, typically at 214 nm. In additional to moisture and
residual salts that cannot be measured and detected using UV, other impurities include deletion, truncation or incompletely
deprotected sequences etc.
Q: What is the net peptide content?

A: It is important to understand the difference between net peptide content and total peptide content. The dry peptide powder
shipped to you usually contains not only peptide, but also some other substances such as water, absorbed solvents, counter ions
and salts. The total peptide content(gross weight) refers to the weight of this mixture. Net peptide weight indicates the actual
weight of the peptide component of your sample. Net peptide content is usually 50-80% of the total peptide weight (also called
gross peptide weight) and is usually determined by amino acid analysis or UV spectrophotometry. Net peptide content should not
be confused with purity. Purity defines the percentage of the target peptide sequence in the peptide component of your sample.
Q: What is the direction of peptide synthesis?

A: Peptide synthesis starts from the C-terminus to the N-terminus of the peptide
Q: What are the applications of peptide libraries?

A: Peptide library is a systematic combination of different peptides in large number. It is widely used in drug screening, target
validation, epitope mapping, vaccine development, and structure-activity studies.
Q: Can GenScript provide branch peptide synthesis?

A: GenScript currently offers two-branch, four-branch and eight-branch peptides.
23
2. Peptide Storage and Dissolving
Q: How are peptides stored?
A: Normally, the peptide products you receive are lyophilized powder packed. Please store the peptide in a dry, light-proof -20
freezer immediately after receiving the sample to maximize the stability of the peptide. Before use, please place the packing tube
containing peptide from freezer to room temperature under dry conditions, and then open the bottle cap after the temperature
naturally rises to room temperature. Otherwise, water vapor in the air will enter the sample tube when the cap is opened, reducing
the stability of the peptide. Once opened, it should be weighed quickly and sealed immediately to avoid dampness, and special
attentions should be paid to hydrophilic peptides to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. The external temperature during
short-term transportation does not affect the validity and quality of the peptides.
Q: What is the best way to dissolve a peptide?

A: The solubility of a peptide depends on its amino acid sequence and modifications.
For samples ordered for peptide dissolution testing services, priority is given to following the dissolution test report.
For routine dissolution, there are several recommendations as follows:
(1) Ultrasound helps to the dissolution of peptides
(2) 10% acetic acid helps to dissolve basic peptides
(3) 10% ammonium bicarbonate helps to dissolve acidic peptides
(4) It is recommended that the concentration of stored peptide solution should not exceed 2 mg/ml
For peptides with very low solubility in aqueous solutions, dissolution in organic solvents (e.g. DMSO, isopropanol, methanol,
acetonitrile) should be attempted first. Once the peptide is completely dissolved, gradually add water to dilute it to the specified
concentration. (Note: Peptides containing amino acids C,M,W dissolved in DMSO will cause oxidation of these amino acids and
DMF should be used instead of DMSO)
GenScript offers a free peptide solubility testing service to help you solubilize peptides.
Q: What is a equilibrium ion/counter ion, and what is its role and impact?
A: In chemical terms, a counter ion is an ion in a solution or electrochemical system that has an opposite charge to another ion. In
peptide synthesis, counter ions such as TFA are used to separate peptides from resins as well as in high performance liquid
chromatography. Specifically, TFA is required for protonation when the sequence contains basic amino acids such as Arg, His and
Lys or contains an N-terminus free amino group, to obtain a TFA salt. However, in some cellular assays, high concentrations of TFA
may have some undesirable effects. GenScript offers two premium TFA removal services: Guaranteed TFA Removal (guaranteed
TFA content < 1%) and Standard TFA Removal (TFA <10%).
Q: Why do peptide solutions coupled with carrier proteins occasionally look cloudy?
A: The three commonly used carrier proteins are hemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA) and ovalbumin (OVA). Due to the
large molecule, complex structure and limited water solubility of the carrier protein, flocculent suspension will appear in the solution
after a few peptides are coupled with the carrier protein, cloudy. Generally, this does not affect its immunogenicity, and the turbid
solution can be used for immune responses.
24
3. Peptide modification
Q: What should one take note of in the design of phosphorylated peptides?
A: GenScript suggests that phosphorylation modifications should be designed within 10 amino acids away from the N-terminus to
avoid loss of coupling efficiency.
Q: What is the maximum number of phosphorylation sites that can be included in

the synthesis of GenScript peptides?
A: Usually a maximum of three. This is also upon the evaluation of the overall peptide sequence.
Q: What should one take note of for fluorescent modifications in peptides?

A: GenScript recommends adding a linker between the peptide molecule and the fluorescent modification, which reduces the
effect of the fluorescent modification on peptide folding and binding to the receptor. However, introduction of linker is not
recommended if fluorescent is to be used in quantification of fluorescent tracking in cellular structures.
Q: Why do peptides undergo N-terminus acetylation and C-terminus amidation

modifications?
A: Such modifications generate a closer mimic to a native protein.
Q: What are the advantages of PEG-modified peptides?

A: PEG modification is the addition of a polymer (glycol) to the target molecule by covalent bonding. PEG modification enhances
the therapeutic effect of peptides by camouflaging them to fool the host cell's immune system and increases the solubility and
bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. It may also prolong the circulation time of peptides by decreasing the renal clearance.
Q: Can D-peptides be made? How many types of natural D-amino acids are there?
A: Sure. There are 19 types of natural D-amino acids. There is no chiral structure for Gly among the natural amino acids, and D-type
structures of other natural amino acids are available at GenScript. For more information, visit the official website for the list of special
amino acids.
Q: What fluorescent markers can GenScript provide?

A: GenScript offers 5-FAM, FITC, TMR, pNA, AMC, AFC, Dansyl and MCA.
For more information, please visit the website to see the list of GenScript fluorescent modifications.
Q: Which amino acids are commonly used as linkers?

A: Amino acids commonly used as linkers include {Ahx}, {Beta-Ala}, {Gly}, {GABA}, {Ava}. GenScript Peptide
modification services
25
Citations Published by Customers
In terms of services and products, GenScript have been cited nearly 10,000 times by more than 1,300 international famous
academic journals such as Cell, Nature, Science and PNAS. GenScript's peptide synthesis services have been used by a number
of world-renowned institutions to publish their scientific achievements, demonstrating once again GenScript's ability to help
scientists “Make Research Easy” in the industry.
The following are some scientific articles selected, with a description of how GenScript helps customers with their R&D efforts.
Title: VISTA is a checkpoint regulator for naïve T cell quiescence and peripheral tolerance.
Journal: Science IF: 41.037 (2020)
Doi: 10.1126/science.aay0524 17 Jan 2020
Introduction: To induce T cell tolerance, two doses of 100 mg of 2w1s peptide (GenScript) were intravenously injected on days 0
and 3, followed by analysis on day 7
Title: Phase separation organizes the site of autophagosome formation.
Journal: Nature IF: 43.07 (2020)
Doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1977-6 05 Feb 2020
Introduction: The peptide synthesis, antibody generation, ELISA, and purification were performed by GenScript.
Title: Evolutionary Persistence of DNA Methylation for Millions of Years after Ancient Loss of a De Novo Methyltransferase.
Journal: Cell IF: 36.216 (2020)
Doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.12.012 Jan 2020
Introduction: Peptides were synthesized by GenScript (Piscataway, NJ) or Peptide 2.0 (Chantilly, VA) to > 95% purity.
Title: Interleukin-17A Serves a Priming Role in Autoimmunity by Recruiting IL-1β-Producing Myeloid Cells that Promote Pathogenic
T Cells.
Journal: Immunity IF: 22.845 (2020)
Doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.01.002. 4 Feb 2020
Introduction: Active EAE was induced by s.c immunization of mice with 100 mg MOG35-55 peptide (GenScript).
Title: Antibody-mediated delivery of viral epitopes to tumors harnesses CMV-specific T cells for cancer therapy.
Journal: Nat Biotechnol IF: 41.667 (2020)
Doi: 10.1038/s41587-019-0404-8 Apr 2020
Introduction: Peptides used in this study were synthesized with Fmoc chemistry, isolated by HPLC to > 90% purity and validated
with mass spectrometry (GenScript).
26
Literature Published by Customers

Title: CDK7 Inhibition Potentiates Genome Instability Triggering Anti-tumor Immunity in Small Cell Lung Cancer.
Journal: Cancer Cell IF: 27.407 (2020)
Doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.11.003 Dec 2019
Introduction: Subsequently, DMSO-conditioned medium or YKL-5-124-conditioned medium were collected and added to above
single-cell suspension in a 96-well U-bottom plate in the presence of Ova257–264 peptide (10 mg/ml, GenScript, Cat#RP10611) for
4 days as previously described.
Title: Dendritic cells dictate responses to PD-L1 blockade cancer immunotherapy
Journal: Sci Transl Med IF: 16.761 (2020)
Doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav7431 11 Mar 2020
Introduction: After isolation, DCs were pulsed with OVA peptide 257264 SIINFEKL (GenScript).
Title:An unbiased approach to defining bona fide cancer neoepitopes that elicit immune-mediated cancer rejection
Journal: J Clin Invest IF: 12.784 (2020)
Doi: 10.1172/JCI142823 1 Feb 2021
Introduction: Peptides were custom made with a purity of > 90% (Genscript, Piscataway, NJ) and dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) at a final concentration of 20 mM. Generation of BMDCs and neoepitope vaccine preparation.
For more customer published articles, visit
https://www.genscript.com/peptide_synthesis_publications.html
or scan the QR code for information
27
Customer Feedback
"I have been using the peptides from your company since 2004. The high quality standard of your
company will keep us hooked, hopefully for the years to come."
— Dr. Miguel Morales, Universidad de Barcelona, Spain
"Throughout my 4 years of post-collegiate study, I have found Genscript to be an extremely valuable
service. Whenever our lab designs a new construct, requires site-directed mutagenesis, or is in need of new
peptides, Genscript has been there to help. The staff has been overwhelming insightful and responds to
each email within 24 hours. I would like to especially thank Kate Liu, our Genscript representative, for
continuously processing 4 or more of our rather large orders at the same time. She has even gone as far as
to catch a few of my mistakes and brought them to my attention, prior to finalizing the order. Always a
friendly and personal experience with Genscript. Keep up the great work!"
— Jeremy Osko, The University of Pennsylvania
"Although I order infrequently I do appreciate the customer service, approx 2-week turnaround time, and
rapid delivery to my location. Price is average or slightly lower than average. I have had opportunities to
order from other companies at discounts but do not due to concerns about quality. I can depend on
GenScript quality."
— Dr. Steven Applequist, Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden
28
www.genscript.com
GenScript US Headquarter
860 Centennial Ave, Piscataway NJ, 08854
GenScript Asia Pacific Headquarter

1 Fusionopolis Place, Level #03-20, West Lobby, Singapore 138522
Tel: +65 3159 1898
Email: [email protected]
Memo No.
Date
GenScript has always been committed to meeting the needs of its customers and to bringing advanced
technology to millions of labs.
Peptide Synthesis Service Handbook

For more news and events,
please visit www.genscript.com
2022
+65 3159 1898 [email protected] GenScript Asia Pacific Headquarter1 Fusionopolis Place, Level #03-20, West Lobby, Singapore 138522

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PEPTIDE

Peptide Synthesis Service

2004 Participated in the synthetic yeast

01 About GenScript Peptide Synthesis

History of Peptide Synthesis 1

02 Custom Peptide Synthesis Services

Regular and Express Peptide Synthesis 7

03 Value Added Services

AccuPep+QC Testing Services 16

05 Peptide Synthesis Resource Center

Peptide Bioinformatics Tools 22

History of GenScript Peptide Synthesis

Each peptide synthesis in GenScript is subjected to strict QC processes, and the

With more than 17 years of experience in peptide synthesis, GenScript is equipped

PepPower™ Peptide Synthesis Platform

Microwave Synthesis Technology

PepPower™ Platform Benefits

GenScript PepPower™ Capabilities Market Average Level

Synthesis success rate > 95% 75%

Peptide Delivery From 5 days 2-3 weeks

Quantity range mg - kg mg, difficult in kg

High throughput Fast synthesis cycle

Reliable quality Flexible services

PepHTS™ Platform Benefits

High Throughput Reliable Quality Fast Turnaround Time Flexible Services

ArgonShield™ Packaging Technology

Quality Assurance System

Place Order Peptide Synthesis Peptide Purification

Final Product Quality Assurance Quality Control

GenScript Peptide Synthesis Service TQM Platform

Regular and Express Peptide Synthesis

Fast Peptide Synthesis 3 Rush Peptide Synthesis 3 Regular Peptide Synthesis 3

Sequence length Up to 25 AA Up to 200 AA

Guaranteed Quantity 2 Up to 100 mg mg to kg

TFA Removal Service Standard Service Standard & Guaranteed Service

Modifications 30+ 300+

applications in structural biology, peptide drug discovery and M A T Q R L A Y R

vaccine development. Based on the advanced PepHTS™ library Q R L A Y R Q S M

designing 7 types of peptide libraries such as overlapping peptide

High Throughput Reliable Quality

Fast Turnaround Time Flexible Services

Sequence Length 5 - 15AA 16 - 25AA 5 - 25AA 5 - 20AA

Purity Crude ≥70% to ≥98% Crude >70%

Quantity 1 - 20 mg 1 - 9 mg 0.2 - 0.5 mg

Minimum order size 24 peptides

Comprehensive: Biotin, Fluorescent Dyes,

Peptide Library Design

Large-scale Peptide Synthesis

Throughput up Success rate above Expert team Multi-synthesis platform

Default Service Items Customization Options (Optional)

Peptide drug development Cosmetic peptides Antibacterial peptides

1: Synthesis of Neoantigen Peptide

1.1 Introduction of Neoantigen Peptide

Neoantigen Precision Immunotherapy Process

Tumor Identification of Clinical screening

Synthesis of Pre-clinical Pre-clinical animal Clinical

Application of Neoantigen Peptide

TCR- screening for antigen Personalized Cancer PCV efficacy screening

1.2 Service Features

Independent Professional Service flexibility to match Economical