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    Electromagnetic Spectrum

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    yeloalmasen
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and various spectroscopic techniques used in organic chemistry, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. It provides information on the radiation sources, molecular interactions, and type of structural information obtained from each technique.

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    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    Uploaded by

    yeloalmasen
    5 views30 pages
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and various spectroscopic techniques used in organic chemistry, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. It provides information on the radiation sources, molecular interactions, and type of structural information obtained from each technique.

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    Electromagnetic spectrum lecture

    Original Title

    Electromagnetic Spectrum(1)

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    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and various spectroscopic techniques used in organic chemistry, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. It provides information on the radiation sources, molecular interactions, and type of structural information obtained from each technique.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views30 pages

    Electromagnetic Spectrum

    Uploaded by

    yeloalmasen
    The document discusses the electromagnetic spectrum and various spectroscopic techniques used in organic chemistry, including UV-Vis, IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. It provides information on the radiation sources, molecular interactions, and type of structural information obtained from each technique.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 30

    WELCOME

    CHEM 721
    Spectroscopic Techniques in
    Organic Chemistry
    Light passing through a prism is separated into its constituent parts,
    forming a continuum, called the electromagnetic spectrum.

    Light is a form of energy and is described by the complementary


    theories:
    - wave theory
    - corpuscular theory
    Thus, the dual nature of electromagnetic radiation, having both:
    ž Wave properties (frequency, energy)
    ž Particle / corpuscular properties (mass)
    Wave theory concerned more in spectroscopy than
    corpuscular theory

    Propagation of light involves both electric and


    magnetic forces, giving rise to “electromagnetic
    radiation.”
    ž Wavelength in m, µm, nm
    ž Frequency in reciprocal seconds, s-1 or Hz

    (1 s-1 = 1 Hz)
    ž Wavenumber in reciprocal meters, m-1 , cm -1

    ž Energy in joules, J
    ž Wavelength
    – distance from crest to crest in a cycle
    - in m, mm, um, nm

    ž Velocity of light (3 x 108 m/sec)


    C=lxu
    where c = velocity of light
    l = wavelength
    u = frequency
    E=hu where C = energy in joules
    h = Planck’s
    constant,
    6.63 x 10-34 J s
    Thus,
    E=hc/l
    In mass spectrometry, energy is expressed in electron
    volts
    1 eV = 1.6022 x 10-19 J
    UV of 100 nm has an energy of 12 eV.

    To express energy in J/mol, the expression for E must


    be multiplied by Avogadro’s number (6.02 x 1023
    mol-1).
    For E in calories, use the conversion
    1 cal = 4.18 J.
    1. A local radio station transmits at
    approx. 95 MHz on its VHF (very high
    freq.) transmitter and at 810 kHz on
    medium wave. Calculate the
    wavelengths of these transmissions in
    meters.
    2. Calculate the frequencies and
    wavelengths of IR of wavenumber (a)
    2200 cm-1 and (b) 3000 cm-1. Express
    frequency in s-1, Hz and wavelength in
    micrometers, um.
    ž Studyof the quantized interaction of energy
    (electromagnetic radiation) with matter

    žA molecule absorbs a frequency of radiation


    if there exists within the molecule an energy
    transition of magnitude
    DE = h u
    Wavelength (l) Frequency (u)
    m Hz

    Cosmic rays 10-14 1022


    Gamma rays 10-11 1019
    X-rays 10-9 1017
    Far ultraviolet 10-7 1015
    Ultraviolet 10-7 10-15
    Visible 10-6 1014
    Near infrared 10-5 1013
    Mid infrared 10-5 1013
    Far infrared 10-4 1012
    Microwave 10-3 1011
    Radar 10-2 1010
    Television 100 108
    Nuclear magnetic 10 107
    resonance
    Radio 102 106
    Alternating current 106 102
    1. For UV light of wavelength 200 nm,
    calculate (a) the frequency of this light,
    (b) the amount of energy absorbed by
    one molecule when it interacts with
    this light, and (c ) the corresponding
    amount of energy absorbed by one mole
    of substance.
    2. Typical bond dissociation energies in
    organic molecules are around 400
    kJ/mol. Calculate (a) the frequency and
    (b) the wavelength of the
    electromagnetic radiation which
    corresponds to this dissociation energy.
    In which part of the spectrum does this
    radiation lie?
    1. Routine mass spectra are recorded by
    bombardment of the molecule with an
    electron beam of energy 70 eV.
    Calculate the corresponding energy (a)
    in joules, and (b) in kJ/mol.
    2. Gamma irradiation of food uses cobalt-
    60 as a source of electromagnetic
    radiation with frequency around 1019
    Hz. Caculate the energy of this
    radiation (a) in joules, and (b) in
    kJ/mol.
    When light passes through a sample of an organic
    molecule, some of the light is absorbed, i.e.,
    some of the wavelengths (or frequencies) are
    absorbed, and others are unaffected.

    The changes in absorption are plotted against


    wavelength (or frequencies) to produce an
    absorption spectrum, showing absorption bands.
    Energy absorbed at a particular frequency is
    associated with changes in the electronic
    structure of the molecule.

    When a molecule absorbs this energy, electrons


    are promoted to higher-energy orbitals.

    The energy transition E1 E2 corresponds to the


    absorption of energy exactly equivalent to the
    energy of the wavelength absorbed:
    DE = E2 – E1 = hc/l = hu
    The energy transition E1 E2 corresponds
    to the absorption of energy exactly
    equivalent to the energy of the
    wavelength absorbed:
    DE = E2 – E1 = hc/l = hu

    A molecule can only absorb a particular


    frequency, IF there exists within the
    molecule an energy transition of
    magnitude,
    DE = E2 – E1 = hc/l = hu
    Radiation & effect Information deduced
    on the molecule
    UV (190-400 nm); ž Extent of p
    VIS (400-800 nm) electron systems
    - Changes in ž Presence of
    electronic energy conjugated
    levels within the multiple bonds
    molecule ž Conjugation with
    nonbonding
    electrons
    Radiation & effect Information deduced
    on the molecule
    IR (MID IR) (400-4000 ž Detectionof
    cm-1; 2.5-25 um)) functional groups
    - Changes in the with specific
    vibrational and vibration
    rotational frequencies
    movements of the
    molecule
    Radiation & effect on Information deduced
    the molecule
    Microwave (9.5 x 109 ž Detection of free
    Hz) radicals and the
    - Electronic spin interaction of the
    resonance or electron with
    electron nearby protons
    paramagnetic
    resonance induces
    changes in magnetic
    properties of
    unpaired electrons
    Radiation & effect on Information deduced
    the molecule
    Radiofrequency (60-600 ž Detection and
    MHz) quantity of hydrogen
    - Nuclear magnetic and carbon atoms in
    resonance induces different
    changes in the environments
    magnetic properties
    of certain atomic
    nuclei, notably that
    of 1H and the 13C
    isotopes
    Energy & effect on Information deduced
    the molecule
    Electron beam ž Determination of
    impact (70 eV, molecular mass
    6000 kJ/mol) and deduction of
    - Ionization and molecular
    fragmentation of structures from
    the molecule into the fragments
    a spectrum of produced
    fragment ions
    Source of radiation
    Sample holder
    Frequency analyzer (for UV,IR,NMR); mass
    analyzer (for MS)
    Detector
    Recorder

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