4 Chapter 3

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

Nabua, Camarines Sur
ISO 9001:2015 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methods and procedures that were used by the
researchers in conducting the study. It includes the research method, research setting,
research procedure, and the conceptual framework.
Research Method
This study used the Descriptive research method and the Developmental research
method. The Descriptive research method is a fact-finding study with adequate and
accurate interpretation of the results. This research method was used to determine the
present condition of the drainage system in Poblacion, Baao, Camarines Sur and the
projected discharge of the drainage lines. On the other hand, the Developmental research
method is a systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating processes that
must meet criteria of consistency and effectiveness. This research method was used to
design and determine the cost of the improved drainage system.
Research Setting
The locale of the study encompasses barangays San Roque, San Jose, and San
Francisco in Poblacion, Baao, Camarines Sur, Bicol Region, Philippines. The Poblacion
area is a low-lying part of Baao and the said barangays are critically flood-prone in the
municipality.
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Figure 1. Location of Barangay San Roque, San Jose, and San Francisco in Baao
Poblacion
Source: CalcMaps
Figure 1 shows the map of the Poblacion area in Baao, Camarines Sur. Within the
Poblacion are seven (7) barangays namely Del Rosario, San Francisco, San Jose, San
Nicolas, San Ramon, San Roque, and Sta. Cruz. The highlighted areas were the three (3)
barangays which were identified with critical flood susceptibility. Barangay San Roque is
highlighted by red lines, yellow lines for Barangay San Jose, and blue lines for Barangay
San Francisco.
Research Procedure
1. Planning and Data Gathering

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a. Informal Interview. To begin with the study, the researchers
conducted
informal interviews within the seven (7) barangays that belong to the Poblacion area of
Baao. As a result, the researchers identified three (3) barangays with critical flood
susceptibility. These were barangays San Roque, San Jose, and San Francsico. This
served the researchers the focus of the study area.
Plate 1. Informal Interview
Plate 1 shows one of the informal interviews conducted by the researchers with a
resident of Baao Poblacion. The photo was taken at Barangay Sta. Cruz.
b. Site Inspection. The researchers inspected the drainage system in barangays
San Roque, San Jose, and San Francisco to gather specific data such as the cross-
sectional dimensions, amount of siltation, the direction of water flow of the drainage
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lines, and the location of their outfalls. The cross-sectional dimensions such as the width
and height of the drainage lines were measured using the measuring steel tape. To
estimate the siltation, a steel bar was placed on the left, center, and right of the base of the
drainage to determine the height of siltation on each position.
Plate 2. Site Inspection
Plate 2 shows the process of measuring the amount of siltation in a drainage line
as a part of the site inspection. The photo was taken at Barangay San Jose.
c. Engineering Surveying. Along with site inspection, the researchers conducted
engineering surveying to determine the slope of the drainage lines. The researchers used
surveying instruments such as leveling rods, auto level, and measuring steel tape. To
determine the slope of the drainage lines, the researchers determined the elevations on the
endpoints of the drainage lines. This included measuring benchmarks, height of

21
instrument, backsight, and foresight (See Appendix B). The researchers also measured
the lengths of the drainage lines.
Plate 3. Engineering Surveying
Plate 3 shows the leveling process to determine the slope of the drainage lines.
The photo was taken at Barangay San Jose.
2. Data Analysis
a. Drainage Network. The researchers illustrated the drainage network of the
three (3) barangays with the direction of water flow of their drainage lines and the
location of outfalls.
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b. Slope. The researchers used the following formula to determine the slope of
each drainage line:
difference∈ elevation
slope=
length of drainage line
c. Cross-Sectional Dimensions. The drainage lines in the three (3) barangays
were identified as concrete rectangular channels. The cross-sectional dimensions of the
drainage lines such as width and height were presented in meters (m).
d. Discharge Capacity. The researchers used the Manning’s Formula to calculate
the discharge capacity of the drainage lines based on their surface material, slope, and
cross-sectional dimensions. The Manning's Formula is a mathematical equation used to
estimate the flow rate of water in an open channel and is given by the equation:
2 1
1 3 2
Q= A × R S
n
where:
𝑄 = flow rate or discharge, m3/s
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the channel, m2
𝑃 = wetted perimeter, m
𝑅 = hydraulic radius = A/P
S = channel slope, m/m
𝑛 = Manning’s friction factor = 0.013 (value of n for
concrete surfaces)
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e. Siltation. The researchers plotted the height of siltation (left, center, and right)
of each drainage line to estimate its area covered by silt. The results were presented in
percentage (%). If a drainage line showed at least 10% of its cross-sectional area silted, it
suggests a need for cleaning.
f. Projected Discharge. The researchers used the Rational Method to determine
the projected discharge of every drainage line. The Rational Method is a hydrological
technique used to estimate peak stormwater runoff. It calculates the projected discharge
by considering factors such as rainfall intensity, duration, and area characteristics. The
equation for the determination of the peak flow is expressed by the formula:
Q=CiA
where:
𝑄 = peak rate of discharge
𝐶 = runoff coefficient. It varies from 0 to 1.0. The
researchers used 0.75 for densely built residential
areas (See Appendix A)
i = the ratio of rainfall to time and is measured usually in
mm/hr. The researchers used 60 mm/hr based on
PAGASA’s rainfall data in the years 2018-2023 (See
Appendix A).
𝐴 = area covered/tributary area

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The researchers calculated the tributary area of each drainage line. The
distribution of tributary areas along the drainage system is based on the assumption that
water inherently follows the path of least resistance, naturally flowing toward the nearest
drainage line. The researchers used this assumption in determining the area covered for
each drainage line to calculate the projected discharge using the formula above.
The
projected discharges were presented in cubic meters per second (m3/s).
After calculating the projected discharge of the drainage lines, each discharge
capacity of the drainage lines was compared to its projected discharge. If the projected
discharge of a drainage line exceeds its discharge capacity, it indicates a need for
improvement with its dimensions. Hence, the researchers only selected the drainage lines
with a need for improvement in designing an improved drainage system.
3. Design
To design an improved drainage system, the researchers calculated first new
cross-sectional dimensions of the drainage lines that need improvement using the
Manning’s formula. The Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards (DGCS) for drainage
systems by the DPWH was used to design. Moreover, the researchers utilized the
AutoCAD application to illustrate the design.
4. Cost Estimate
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The cost of the improved design was calculated using the Program of Works of
the DPWH. The estimates of this project were calculated and analyzed and presented the
overall cost.
Conceptual Framework
The Conceptual Framework of the study is a structured representation of the key
elements and stages involved in improving the drainage system in Poblacion, Baao,
Camarines Sur. The researchers used the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model to represent
the paradigm shown in Figure 2.
The Input includes the present condition of the drainage system considering the
drainage network of the three (3) barangays, the slope, cross-sectional dimensions,
discharge capacity, and siltation of the drainage lines. It also includes the rainfall data
received from PAGASA, and the Design Guidelines, Criteria, and Standards (DGCS)
from the DPWH.
The Process began with informal interviews conducted in the seven barangays of
Baao Poblacion, identifying three barangays - San Roque, San Jose, and San Francisco -
with critical flood susceptibility. This served as the focus of the study. Site inspections
were then carried out in these barangays to gather data on drainage systems, including
cross-sectional dimensions, siltation levels, water flow directions, and outfall locations.
Engineering surveying was conducted concurrently to determine drainage line slopes
using instruments like leveling rods and auto levels.

26
Data analysis included mapping the drainage network, calculating slopes,
assessing
cross-sectional dimensions, determining discharge capacity using Manning's Formula,
and evaluating siltation levels. Projected discharge was estimated using the Rational
Method, comparing it with discharge capacity to identify areas needing improvement.
The design of an improved drainage system followed DPWH guidelines, with AutoCAD
used for illustration. Cost estimates were also derived using the Program of Works of the
DPWH.
The Output, "Improved Drainage System in Poblacion, Baao, Camarines Sur,"
represented the outcome of the study.
Feedback provides a means to assess and incorporate necessary adjustments or
changes, leading to a refined process aimed at achieving a more improved output.

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Input Process Output
Present condition of
the drainage system
in terms of:
1. Planning and
a. Drainage Data Gathering
Network
b. Slope a. Informal
c. Cross- Interview IMPROVED
sectional b. Site Inspection DRAINAGE
Dimensions c. Engineering SYSTEM IN
d. Discharge Surveying POBLACION,
Capacity BAAO,
e. Siltation 2. Data Analysis CAMARINES SUR
Rainfall Data from
PAGASA 3. Design
Design Guidelines, 4. Cost Estimate

Criteria, and
Standards (DGCS)
from DPWH
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Feedback
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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Republic of the Philippines

CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES

research procedure, and the conceptual framework.

method is a systematic study of designing, developing, and evaluating processes that

design and determine the cost of the improved drainage system.

1. Planning and Data Gathering

a. Informal Interview. To begin with the study, the researchers

served the researchers the focus of the study area.

Plate 1. Informal Interview

b. Site Inspection. The researchers inspected the drainage system in barangays

drainage to determine the height of siltation on each position.

Plate 2. Site Inspection

c. Engineering Surveying. Along with site inspection, the researchers conducted

endpoints of the drainage lines. This included measuring benchmarks, height of

the lengths of the drainage lines.

Plate 3. Engineering Surveying

The photo was taken at Barangay San Jose.

a. Drainage Network. The researchers illustrated the drainage network of the

each drainage line:

c. Cross-Sectional Dimensions. The drainage lines in the three (3) barangays

were identified as concrete rectangular channels. The cross-sectional dimensions of the

d. Discharge Capacity. The researchers used the Manning’s Formula to calculate

cross-sectional dimensions. The Manning's Formula is a mathematical equation used to

𝑄 = flow rate or discharge, m3/s

𝐴 = cross-sectional area of the channel, m2

𝑅 = hydraulic radius = A/P

S = channel slope, m/m

𝑛 = Manning’s friction factor = 0.013 (value of n for

suggests a need for cleaning.

f. Projected Discharge. The researchers used the Rational Method to determine

𝑄 = peak rate of discharge

𝐶 = runoff coefficient. It varies from 0 to 1.0. The

researchers used 0.75 for densely built residential

areas (See Appendix A)

i = the ratio of rainfall to time and is measured usually in

mm/hr. The researchers used 60 mm/hr based on

PAGASA’s rainfall data in the years 2018-2023 (See

𝐴 = area covered/tributary area

projected discharges were presented in cubic meters per second (m3/s).

with a need for improvement in designing an improved drainage system.

To design an improved drainage system, the researchers calculated first new

AutoCAD application to illustrate the design.

The Conceptual Framework of the study is a structured representation of the key

the paradigm shown in Figure 2.

from the DPWH.

Engineering surveying was conducted concurrently to determine drainage line slopes

using instruments like leveling rods and auto levels.

Data analysis included mapping the drainage network, calculating slopes,

cross-sectional dimensions, determining discharge capacity using Manning's Formula,

Method, comparing it with discharge capacity to identify areas needing improvement.

The Output, "Improved Drainage System in Poblacion, Baao, Camarines Sur,"

represented the outcome of the study.

Feedback provides a means to assess and incorporate necessary adjustments or

changes, leading to a refined process aimed at achieving a more improved output.

Input Process Output

Design Guidelines, 4. Cost Estimate

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

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