Thermo Ass

f1, Is air a pure substance: yes and no, in engineering air is some times considered to be a pure
substance because it has a uniform composition and it helps to make a calculation simple. But in
chemistry it is different because in order to be a pure substance it has to fill all the criteria’s like it it has
to have a uniform composition and it has to have a consistent properties. While air can have the two
criteria’s it doesn’t fill the last criteria which is it mustn’t separated by physical methods. Air can be
separated by physical methods, so it cannot be considered as a pure substance. But in engineering we
can neglect the last criteria and we can see it as a pure substance and that will make it easy for
thermodynamics and other engineering calculation.
2, What are pressure cookers? How do they work? Explain their working
principle and benefits in regards to thermodynamics.
Pressure Cookers
A pressure cooker is a kitchen appliance that revolutionizes cooking by harnessing the
power of pressure and heat. Here’s how it works:
1. Sealed Chamber: A pressure cooker consists of a sealed chamber (usually made of
stainless steel or aluminum) with a tight-fitting lid. This sealed design ensures that no
mass (such as steam or food particles) can enter or leave the cooker during the cooking
process.
2. Steam Generation: When you place food and liquid (usually water) inside the pressure
cooker and heat it, the liquid begins to vaporize. As it reaches its boiling point, steam is
generated.
3. Increased Pressure: The trapped steam increases the pressure inside the cooker. This
elevated pressure affects the boiling point of water. Normally, water boils at 100°C
(212°F) at sea level. However, in a pressure cooker, the boiling point can rise
significantly due to the increased pressure.
4. Higher Cooking Temperature: As the pressure builds up, the boiling point of water
surpasses the usual 100°C. This higher temperature allows food to cook faster and more
efficiently. The intense heat also extracts flavors from ingredients more effectively.
5. Tenderizing Tough Cuts: Pressure cookers are particularly effective for tenderizing
tough cuts of meat. The collagen in meat breaks down more rapidly at the elevated
temperature, resulting in succulent and flavorful dishes.
Benefits of Pressure Cookers: Thermodynamics at Play

Now, let’s delve into the thermodynamic benefits:
1. Reduced Cooking Time: Under pressure, heat builds up faster and maintains a
consistent temperature. As a result, cooking time is significantly reduced. The trapped
steam ensures efficient heat transfer to the food.
2. Energy Efficiency: Pressure cookers use less energy compared to conventional stovetop
cooking. The shorter cooking time translates to lower energy consumption.
3. Flavor Retention: Since pressure cookers are sealed, there’s minimal evaporation.
Flavors remain locked within the cooker, enhancing the taste of your dishes.
4. Nutrient Preservation: The shorter cooking duration helps retain more vitamins and
nutrients in the food.
5. Safety Features: Modern pressure cookers come with safety valves and locking
mechanisms to prevent accidents due to excessive pressure buildup.
6. Street vendors, who sell cooked corn, cover the corn or pot with
plastic bags when boiling. Why do they do that? Explain.
Street vendors often use plastic bags to cover cooked corn or the pot while boiling for several
practical reasons:
1. Heat Retention: When corn is freshly cooked, it retains heat. By covering it with a
plastic bag, vendors keep the corn warm for longer periods, ensuring that customers
receive it at an enjoyable temperature.
2. Hygiene and Protection: The plastic bag acts as a protective barrier, preventing dust,
insects, and other contaminants from coming into direct contact with the corn. This
practice helps maintain hygiene and ensures that the corn remains safe for consumption.
3. Moisture Preservation: The plastic bag traps steam and moisture, preventing the corn
from drying out. This is especially important for street vendors who need to keep their
corn fresh and appealing throughout the day.
4. Visual Appeal: A neatly covered corn pot looks more attractive to potential customers. It
signals that the corn is well-prepared and protected, encouraging passersby to make a
purchase.
In summary, using plastic bags to cover cooked corn serves practical purposes related to
temperature retention, hygiene, and presentation. However, it’s essential for vendors to be
mindful of environmental concerns and consider more sustainable alternatives whenever
possible.

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f1, Is air a pure substance: yes and no, in engineering air is some times considered to be a pure

Benefits of Pressure Cookers: Thermodynamics at Play

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