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Wood Information Sheet WIS 1-49 Subject: Timber frame

Revised: May 2014

Cladding for timber frame buildings

This Wood Information Sheet (WIS) describes the main types of
cladding for use on timber frame buildings with insulation between
studs and an external cavity wall to provide ventilation for the
timber frame and drainage of any water that may penetrate the
cladding. It outlines the broad requirements of building regulations
to assist in the correct specification and installation of external
cladding on timber frame structures.

Building regulations differ nationally so check local requirements.

This WIS is based on the requirements for England and Wales.

More detailed guidance on the design and detailing of different

types of cladding for timber framed buildings is included in the
BM TRADA publication Timber frame construction [1]. Further
guidance on timber cladding can be found in the BM TRADA
publication External timber cladding [2]. Figure 1: Timber frame house with a combination of vertical and horizontal
timber cladding and rendered cladding
Photo: Copyright Scotsframe
This Wood Information Sheet (WIS) is an overview of the subject,
with signposts to more detailed sources that are listed at the end.
Key points
BM TRADA recommends Eurocode 5 Common rules and rules • The main functions of cladding on a timber frame building
for buildings [3] for structural design of timber. However, this are to provide weather resistance and create the external
appearance required by the client.
WIS includes a summary of variations when using BS 5268-2
Structural use of timber. Code of practice for permissible stress • Self-supporting cladding is built from its own foundation and
tied back to the timber frame structure.
design, materials and workmanship [4], which the BSI has
withdrawn. • A brick outer leaf is of the self-supporting type and is
the most popular type of cladding used in the UK as the
aesthetic requirement for a ‘traditional’ appearance can be
achieved at the same time as utilising the advantages of
Contents modern timber frame construction.
• Design requirements
• Non self-supporting cladding (timber being the most
• Self-supporting cladding common) is fully supported by the timber frame structure.
• Non self-supporting cladding • Non self-supporting cladding is usually fixed to preservative-
treated softwood battens nailed to the timber studs through
the breather membrane and sheathing.
• An adequately sized cavity should be provided between the
external cladding and the timber frame structure to provide
sufficient ventilation to the timber frame and drainage of any
water that may penetrate the cladding.
• For all cladding types, but especially where the cladding is
self-supporting, allow for differential movement between the
cladding and the timber frame.
• National building regulation prescribe requirements for
surface spread of flame (reaction to fire) for cladding
adjacent to boundaries as well as rules limiting the area of
combustible cladding on elevations near to boundaries.

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

The main functions of cladding on a timber frame building are to of the structure is greater. They can be of rigid and flexible
provide weather resistance and create the external appearance types. In England and Wales Approved Document B [6] specifies
required by the client. a number of materials which may be used as cavity barriers to
provide 30 minutes fire resistance. These are listed below:
Materials for cladding can be subdivided into two main categories:
• those which are self supporting – built from their own Rigid type
foundation and tied back to the timber frame structure • preservative-treated timber battens, minimum size 38mm x
• those which are fully supported by the timber frame structure. cavity dimension
• calcium silicate, cement-based or gypsum-based boards, at
The second category is often used in multi-storey construction least 12.5mm thick x cavity dimension
and in stepped areas at high level where it is not practical to use • steel, at least 0.5mm thick x cavity dimension.
self-supporting cladding. This type of cladding has also proved
more popular in recent years due to increasing acceptance by Flexible type
clients and local planning authorities, along with possible time and • wire-reinforced mineral wool at least 50mm thick
cost savings.
• polythene-sleeved mineral wool or mineral wool slab, in either
case under compression when installed in the cavity.
Design requirements
To provide sufficient ventilation to the timber frame and drainage Intumescent cavity barriers may be suitable for particular types of
of any water that may penetrate the cladding, an adequately sized construction as providing ventilation openings at floor zones may
cavity should be provided between the external cladding and the not be aesthetically desirable. Seek third party approval for all
timber frame structure. Our recommendations regarding external proprietary cavity barrier products.
cavity ventilation and cavity widths, are included in the individual
types of cladding described in this sheet. Cavity barriers such as timber and mineral wool not already
encased in polythene should be protected by a polythene damp
For all cladding types, but especially where the cladding is proof course (DPC) to ensure that moisture is deflected away
self-supporting, allow for differential movement between the from the timber frame structure and to the outside. With cladding
cladding and the timber frame. Pay particular attention to details systems supported on timber battens (timber cladding or other
on buildings of three storeys or more. For further information, lightweight systems) these timber battens may be used as cavity
refer to Timber frame construction and Multi-storey timber frame barriers providing the battens are of the correct size and located in
buildings: a design guide [5]. the correct position.

National building regulation prescribe requirements for surface

Steps and staggers
spread of flame (reaction to fire) for cladding adjacent to
Changes in floor level because of ground contours can occur at
boundaries as well as rules limiting the area of combustible
party walls. Adjoining buildings may also stagger in plan, with or
cladding on elevations near to boundaries. The allowable amount
without steps. These conditions give rise to special requirements
varies with the distance from the boundary and height above the
in detailing and structural design.
ground and should be reviewed on a site-specific basis.
With all steps and staggers, especially if they are substantial
Building regulations include requirements for cavity barriers to
in dimension, check the structural stability of both units with
close a cavity and to limit its area to restrict the spread of smoke
particular regard to wind transfer across external walls.
or flame in a concealed space. The requirements vary between the
national regulations and also depend upon the purpose group of
As the party wall is formed using two independent frames, it is
the building.
necessary to protect the exposed wall area above the lower roof
level of a step with cladding; masonry is not practicable because
Cavity barriers it needs support which cannot normally be provided by the timber
Check the relevant national regulations for requirements. In all frame structure due to the additional loadings on the frame and
areas, cavity barriers in timber frame buildings should provide differential movement. Therefore we recommend that lightweight
30 minutes fire resistance, even where the internal fire resistance cladding be used and supported by the timber frame. Consider

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

also the requirements for the surface spread of flame (reaction to this measurement has been shown to be adequate to allow for
fire) performance and provision of appropriate fire resistance from settlement of the timber frame after loading, drying out of the
outside to the upper building. timber frame and potential expansion of the external brickwork
due to thermal changes.
Differential movement
Differential vertical movement can occur between the timber Figure 2 shows typical differential movement/ settlement of
frame inner leaf and self-supporting brick/block cladding. timber frame buildings with solid timber used in the floor zones.
Contributing factors include shrinkage due to reduction in the
moisture content of horizontal timber elements (such as rails, The formula using the 1% for 4% rule does not apply to
binders and floor and roof joists), slight expansion of clay bricks, engineered wood products, such as LVL, prefabricated I-joists
compression of the timber studs into rails, and settlement of and metal web joists. Obtain the rule for % dimension change
construction gaps. Therefore, any material or component attached for % moisture content change from the product manufacturer
to the timber superstructure and which overhangs the brick or and make allowances for compression and settlement of the
blockwork (such as attached cladding, cantilevered floors, window construction and variations depending on construction quality.
sills, roof eaves and verges) or penetrates through the masonry Typically, 2mm–3mm of differential movement allowance for
(such as flues, overflow pipes or balconies) should have a clear compression and settlement of floor joists that use engineered
gap beneath it and the top of the masonry cladding to allow wood products will be sufficient. Shrinkage of the solid timber
differential movement to take place. horizontal plates and rails must still be allowed for.

For a typical softwood timber element, allow a 1% shrinkage Further guidance is given in Timber frame construction and in
across the grain for every 4% reduction in moisture content. This Multi-storey timber frame buildings: a design guide.
effectively means that 1mm should be allowed for differential
movement for every 38mm of horizontal solid timber. Historically,
Solid timber super-dry joists Solid timber joists
(at ~12% mc) or (at ~20% mc)**
Allow for movement at flashings
engineered timber* to chimneys etc depending upon
the number of storeys and chimney
at eaves and verge: at eaves and verge: placement within roof span
15-17 mm three storey 23 mm three storey
11-12 mm two storey 15 mm two storey
8 mm single storey 8 mm single storey

13-15 mm at bottom 21 mm at bottom

of openings at of openings at
second floor level second floor level

8-9 mm at bottom 12 mm at bottom

of openings at of openings at
first floor level first floor level 38
225 solid timber *
38
38
3 mm at bottom 3 mm at bottom
of openings at of openings at
* 225 mm solid timber =
ground floor level ground floor level
6 mm differential movement
depending on tightness of build

Note: when timber platform frame ground floor is used, add 7mm to the differential movement allowances quoted

Figure 2: Typical differential movement/ settlement of building with solid timber floor zones and self-supporting cladding

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

Balconies Head detail

Span
Balconies are often self-supporting but tied back to the floor zone
of the timber frame structure to provide lateral stability. Fixings
for balconies will therefore inevitably pass through the external
cladding and move as the timber frame moves.
Wall ties
Gaps allowing for differential movement will need to be designed as required

into the external self-supporting and non self-supporting cladding. Cavity tray
For self-supporting cladding, movement gaps should be below lapped by
breather
the balcony fixings that penetrate the cladding and, for non self- membrane
supporting cladding, gaps should be above the external cladding. Steel lintel

Open
Where balconies are cantilevered out from the timber frame perpends 500 micron
polythene dpc
structure, make allowance for differential movement below
Figure 3: Cavity tray and steel lintel over window head Window fixed
the balcony supports and self supporting cladding. For non to the timber frame
self-supporting cladding, no specific allowance for differential Seal Insulation
movement need to be considered with cantilevered balconies external wall, lapped underneath the external breather membrane
as there is very little movement between the cladding and the and installed into the correct brick or block course to slope down
balcony structure. across the cavity to drain water that may penetrate the cladding.

Pay particular attention to balconies and how to allow for DPCs over horizontal cavity barriers are not installed in the brick
differential movement. Items to consider include: or block course but extend down past the cavity barrier with open
• pinned-joint or slotted-hole connections to avoid excessive perpends above the cavity barrier. The breather membrane should
loading and possible damage be lapped over this, as shown in Figure 3.
• presetting steel balcony supports to allow for movement
• allowance for varying threshold dimensions between balcony
Cavity insulation
Designers may specify a wall type that has an insulation material
and internal floor level in detailing and construction.
fixed to the outside face of a conventional timber frame structure.
Regardless of the cladding type, a clear cavity is still required
Wall ties
between the insulation and the cladding to provide ventilation
Ties and their fixings should be of stainless steel; the size and
to the timber frame and to provide drainage for water that may
gauge of fixings should meet the recommendations of the wall tie
penetrate the cladding. Before specifying and installing cavity
manufacturer and/or structural engineer. Wall ties should be fixed
insulation, a number of factors require consideration:
back to stud locations and should be suitable for the anticipated
• identification of stud location
differential movement.
• wall tie type and/or cladding batten fixings
• cavity tray detail above horizontal cavity barriers, windows and
Lintels
doors
Lintels supporting brick cladding over openings should be
structurally independent of the timber frame. Where cavity tray • the installation of breather membranes on the outer face of the
lintels are used, they should not be fixed to the timber frame, but insulation.
restrained back to the timber frame by clips designed to permit
vertical movement. Figure 3 shows a typical arrangement. In this wall type, the vapour permeability of each construction
element is of the utmost importance, including each layer in
the element, such as foil facings on rigid insulation materials,
Cavity trays
for a condensation risk analysis to ensure that no interstitial
Cavity trays should be inserted over roof abutments and over
condensation will develop in the timber frame elements. We
lintels above doors and windows if they are not built into the
recommend relevant third party approval for this wall type.
ancillary component. Cavity trays are also required over services
that penetrate the external wall cavity, such as extractor vents and
meter boxes. They should be fixed to the face of the timber frame

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

Self-supporting cladding The dimensions for a standard brick are: 215mm x 65mm x
102.5mm (plus mortar joint 10mm.) These dimensions are
Brick and block important in order to determine the overall wall thickness and
A brick outer leaf is the most popular type of cladding used in the opening sizes.
UK as the aesthetic requirement for a ‘traditional’ appearance
can be achieved at the same time as utilising the advantages Correctly detailed brick or block cladding is capable of contributing
of modern timber frame construction. Figure 4 shows a typical to the timber frame structure’s resistance to wind loads. Annex D
arrangement. of PD 6693-1:2012 Recommendations for the design of timber
structures to Eurocode 5 [11] indicates how this contribution can
Internal lining
Vapour control
be calculated.
layer
Batten
Insulation
Variation when using BS 5268
Timber stud Guidance on calculating the cladding’s resistance to wind loads is
Sheathing to found in:
stud framework • BS 5268-6.1 Structural use of timber. Code of practice for
Breather timber frame walls. Dwellings not exceeding seven storeys
membrane [12]
• BS 5268-6.2 Structural use of timber. Code of practice
for timber frame walls. Buildings other than dwellings not
Cladding exceeding four storeys [13].
Ventilated
cavity Both cladding types support their own weight but are laterally
restrained by the timber frame structure using wall ties.

Although now withdrawn, Table 6 in BS 5268-6.1 gives minimum

Figure 4: Typical brick clad timber frame wall (insulated service zone added
in 2010) wall tie density when masonry cladding is to contribute to racking
resistance. We recommend that a minimum of 4.4 wall ties per
Brickwork should comply with: m2 of external wall should be used. To satisfy this, ties should be
• BS EN 1996-1-1 Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures on stud centres horizontally and at a vertical spacing of 375mm
General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry (5 brick courses) when the timber frame studs are at 600mm
structures [7] centres and at 525mm vertical centres (7 brick courses) when
• BS EN 1996-2 Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures studs are at 400mm centres. In exposed locations and around
Design considerations, selection of materials and execution of openings, the tie spacing may need to be reduced. Wall ties must
masonry [8]. be fixed into structural timber, such as studs and header joists,
and not fixed to the sheathing only.
Variation when using BS 5268
The top of brickwork cladding needs restraint and the top row of
Brickwork should comply with:
• BS 5628-1 Code of practice for the use of masonry. Structural ties should be located three courses below the top of the cladding.
use of unreinforced masonry [9] At sloping verges, ties should be located within 225mm of the
• BS 5628-3 Code of practice for the use of masonry. Materials top of the brickwork at every fourth course down the slope. Ties
and components, design and workmanship [10]. should be fixed at the sides of window and door openings spaced
at not more than 300mm vertical centres and within 225mm of
Brickwork can be self-supporting up to six storeys (17m) with the jambs.
appropriate bricks/mortar and wall tie selection. The timber frame
test building, TF2000, provided evidence of successful masonry Maintain a vented cavity between the brickwork and the
construction to this height. Special differential movement details timber frame structure to increase the safety margin against
and bed joint reinforcement may be needed. Consult the Brick condensation risk and to drain any water that may penetrate the
Development Association on any design above 12m. cladding. We recommend that 10mm x 75mm or equivalent open
perpends be installed at maximum 1500mm centres one brick
course below the DPC and above all horizontal cavity barriers.

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

The cavity between the brick cladding and the outer face of the the timber frame structure (and in some instances the cladding)
timber frame should be a nominal 50mm (+/- 10mm). Larger to dry if wetted. They also provide a cavity to allow water that
cavities may be used if suitable cavity barriers and wall ties are may penetrate the cladding to drain down. The cavity should
specified. incorporate cavity barriers to provide the required fire resistance at
the positions required by building regulations.
Install the splash course of brickwork before the sole plate of
the timber frame is laid. This will ensure that the correct size The thickness of horizontal battens will depend on the nail
cavity is constructed and readily maintained. Since brickwork penetration required but the width should never be less than
cladding is confined to face work only, attention should be given 38mm to avoid the risk of splitting when nailed. Vertical battens
to the maximum lift permitted at any one time to avoid brickwork should coincide with studs behind and the batten thickness should
‘slumping’ before curing. This is particularly important when be a minimum of 19mm. Horizontal battens are normally spaced
constructing narrow piers. at maximum 600mm vertical centres, but this will depend upon
the cladding type. The structural engineer should calculate the
EN 1996-2 recommends maximum spacing of vertical movement design of the fixings for the appropriate weight of cladding and
joints at 12m for clay bricks and 8m for calcium silicate bricks. wind forces. For proprietary cladding, follow the manufacturer’s
specification and installation schedule.
Variation when using BS 5268
BS 5628-3 recommends maximum spacing of vertical movement Horizontal battens which are supported by vertical counter battens
joints at 10m–12m for clay bricks and 7.5m–9m for calcium need to be sufficiently stiff for nailing and provide sufficient nail
silicate bricks. retention. We recommend a minimum thickness of 38mm.

When vertical expansion joints are incorporated, the brickwork on

either side of the joint should be restrained with wall ties at closer
Junctions with self-supporting cladding
Non self-supporting cladding is often used alongside self-
spacings than in other locations (300mm vertical centres within
supporting claddings, such as brick or blockwork. Non self-
225mm of the joint). Extra studs may need to be installed for fixing
supporting cladding is attached to the timber frame and therefore
of wall ties.
allowance for differential movement between the two cladding
types must be made in the design. For cladding supported off the
Render on self-supporting blockwork timber frame an allowance for differential movement at floor zones
Render can be used as a finish on common brick or blockwork
is normally required .
cladding. The details are similar to those used for facing brickwork
and the render details are the same as for twin-leaf masonry
construction. Make allowance for the render (typically 20mm)
Render not on self-supporting blockwork
Render can be used on paper-backed metal lathing or a
when the building designer determines the wall thickness and the
proprietary system’s backing board. Figure 5 shows a typical
size of timber studs required. This type of construction results in
arrangement.
deeper reveals to door and window openings than render applied
to metal lathing. Ensure that render does not fill gaps left for
differential movement and ventilation. Treated battens
fixed to studs

Non self-supporting cladding dpc

Board
Battens to support cladding on timber frame
Non self-supporting cladding is usually fixed to preservative- Fibreglass scrim

treated softwood battens nailed to the timber studs through the Propriatry render
breather membrane and sheathing. Site-cut ends of preservative-
treated battens should be brushed with additional preservative to
provide protection. Drained and vented cavity

The battens both support the cladding and allow ventilation to

Figure 5: Render on metal lath
increase the safety margin against condensation risk and allow

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

The timber frame structural engineer should be made aware of

the render system that will be installed, as well as the size and
type of battens and fixings proposed to ensure that additional
loadings are considered in the building design. Note that wall
panels may require additional studs to support the loads applied Treated counter
battens fixed to
by the external cladding. Determine responsibility for installing the studs at max
600 mm centres
cladding battens and fixings.

Proprietary system backing boards or paper-backed metal Treated

battens
lathing assist in preventing the render entering the external wall
Plain tiles
cavity, which can therefore be reduced to 25mm. The breather
membrane is still applied to the external wall sheathing as a
secondary moisture protection. In some designs, the cavity width
will be increased to allow the outer face of the render to follow
the line of brickwork below, in which case it is important to have Figure 6: Tile hanging
the structural engineer check on the fixings of the battens to the
timber frame. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for fixing the Tiles or slates are normally fixed to horizontal preservative-treated
proprietary system backing board or metal lathing. timber battens. In severely exposed conditions, we recommend
the use of vertical counter battens fixed between the horizontal
The render materials can be site-mixed or proprietary pre-mixed battens and the breather membrane to permit more efficient
render can be used which usually requires only the addition of ventilation and drainage of water that may penetrate the cladding.
water. Detailed information on render mixes is included in
BS EN 13914-1 Design, preparation and application of external Metal sheet cladding
rendering and internal plastering. External rendering [14]. As with other types of cladding, maintain the cavity between
Consult proprietary system manufacturer’s guidance on render the timber frame and the external cladding to provide sufficient
mixes and applications. When rendering extends over more than ventilation and drainage of water that may penetrate the cladding.
one storey, make provision for movement in the timber frame Metal sheet cladding should not be placed directly over the
structure by including horizontal movement joints in the render outer face of the timber frame sheathing. Allow for differential
at the floor zone, as well as in the supporting vertical battens. movement between the metal cladding and any other type of
Similarly, vertical movement joints may need to be included to cladding that is to be installed.
avoid shrinkage cracks occurring in the width of the cladding. It is
important that the type of movement gap can allow all anticipated Brick slips
differential movement to occur without resulting in damage to the Brick slips can be used as the external cladding providing they
render and maintaining adequate cavity ventilation. are not installed directly onto the timber frame external sheathing.
Typically they are installed onto a rigid board that is fixed onto
Proprietary render or textured cement finishes can also be applied steel brackets or preservative treated timber battens which are
to fibre cement or cement-bonded particleboard backing boards fixed into the studs through the external sheathing. This will
that are fixed to battens on the face of the timber frame panel. ensure sufficient ventilation to the timber frame and drainage of
Subject to the appropriate allowance for differential movement water that may penetrate the cladding. As with other non self-
being made at floor zones, joints between the backing boards can supporting cladding types, allow for differential movement at floor
be covered with scrim tape and a flush joint achieved. Follow the levels and between any self-supporting cladding.
board or render manufacturer’s details and recommendations.

Timber cladding
Tile or slate cladding All timber cladding should be designed as a ‘rainscreen’ in
Vertical tile hanging using concrete or clay tiles, or natural or principle. This assumes that the cladding will always be subject to
fibre cement slates can all provide a long life, low maintenance some penetration of rainwater. The secondary weather protection
cladding to timber frame structures. Mathematical tiles can provided by the breather membrane, DPCs, flashings and vented
provide a cladding similar in appearance to brickwork, but are not cavity disperses this moisture to outside. Timber cladding can
commonly used. Figure 6 shows a typical arrangement.

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

be used to achieve a variety of patterns, textures and colours between shingles should be staggered, usually with a 5mm gap
on buildings, either as conventional boarding or in open-jointed between. Fixing nails should be stainless steel and each shingle
designs. Boards can be used vertically, horizontally or diagonally should be fixed with two nails. Vertical boards can be inserted
and by the use of different widths, profiles and jointing, an almost behind to form stopped ends for the shingles. Metal flashings,
unlimited variety of surface effects can be achieved. Figure 7 suitably protected, should be used at corners exposed to severe
shows a typical arrangement of horizontal timber cladding. weather.
Treated battens fixed
to studs - max
600 mm centres
Fire performance
Timber and wood-based materials may be used for cladding
providing that they satisfy the external fire spread requirements
of the building regulations, either inherently or by appropriate
Breather treatment.
membrane

There are provisions for external surfaces in Approved Document

B to have increased fire performance if the building is within 1
metre of a relevant boundary, over a specified height or above the
roof of a stepped adjacent building.

Durability
The design of timber cladding must consider various aspects such
as durability, maintenance and aesthetics. The guidance above
is specific to the application of timber cladding to timber frame
buildings. For further and more complete guidance on external
Figure 6: Horizontal boarding
timber cladding please refer to External timber cladding.

The battens allow ventilation to the back face of the cladding,

Other types
allowing moisture to evaporate. They also provide a cavity for the
Other proprietary cladding types are available but are beyond
drainage of water that may penetrate the cladding. With horizontal
the scope of this information sheet. Follow the manufacturer’s
boards, the vertical battens create this cavity, but when vertical
specification and third party approval guidance. Cladding systems
boarding is used and the battens run horizontally, space for
should always incorporate a drained a ventilated cavity between
ventilation and drainage must be provided. Close jointed profiles
the cladding and the timber frame structure to ensure durability of
that have a flat back face therefore require vertical counter
the structure is maintained.
battens behind the horizontal battens for this purpose. With a
‘board on board’ system, the gaps between the inner boards
may provide sufficient space for drainage and ventilation, and
it may not be necessary to provide counter battens. The tops of
the horizontal battens should be sloped (by 15° minimum) to the
outside to shed any water that accumulates in the cavity and
boards should be end-jointed over additional battens. The method
of erection and fixing of the cladding should also be considered.

The design of timber cladding and materials selection is covered

in detail in External timber cladding.

Shingles
Shingles are nailed to horizontal battens normally spaced at
150mm minimum centres (190mm maximum for 400mm
shingles) on vertical counter battens fixed to the studs. Joints

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WIS 1-49: Cladding for timber frame buildings

References
1. Lancashire, R. and Taylor, L., Timber frame construction, 5th edition, ISBN
978-1900510820, TRADA Technology, 2011
About TRADA
The Timber Research and Development Association (TRADA)
2. External timber cladding, 3rd edition, ISBN 978-1909594005, TRADA is an internationally recognised centre of excellence on the
Technology, 2013 specification and use of timber and wood products.
3. BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008. Eurocode 5. Design of timber
structures. General. Common rules and rules for buildings, BSI TRADA is a company limited by guarantee and not-for-
4. BS 5268-2:2002+A1:2007. Structural use of timber. Code of practice profit membership-based organisation. TRADA’s origins
for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship, BSI go back over 75 years and its name is synonymous with
[WITHDRAWN] independence and authority. Its position in the industry is
unique with a diverse membership encompassing companies
5. BRE Report 454: Multi-storey timber frame buildings: a design guide,
and individuals from around the world and across the
ISBN 1860816053, BRE, 2003
entire wood supply chain, from producers, merchants and
6. England and Wales Building Regulations: Approved Document B (Fire manufacturers, to architects, engineers and end users.
Safety), Volume 1 - Dwellinghouses and Volume 2 - Buildings other than
dwellinghouses, NBS, 2013, available at www.planningportal.gov.uk
7. BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012. Eurocode 6. Design of masonry Our aim
structures General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry To provide members with the highest quality information on
structures, BSI timber and wood products to enable them to maximise the
benefits that timber can provide.
8. BS EN 1996-2:2006. Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures Design
considerations, selection of materials and execution of masonry, BSI
9. BS 5628-1:2005. Code of practice for the use of masonry. Structural use What we do
of unreinforced masonry, BSI [WITHDRAWN] We seek to achieve this aim through active and on-going
10. BS 5628-3:2005. Code of practice for the use of masonry. Materials and programmes of information and research. Information is
components, design and workmanship, BSI [WITHDRAWN] provided through our website, an extensive collection of
11. PD 6693-1:2012. Recommendations for the design of timber structures printed materials and our training courses.
to Eurocode 5: Design of timber structures. Part 1 General – Common
rules and rules for buildings British Standards, BSI Research is largely driven by the desire to update and
improve our information so that it continues to meet our
12. BS 5268-6.1:1996. Structural use of timber. Code of practice for timber members’ needs in the future.
frame walls. Dwellings not exceeding seven storeys, BSI [WITHDRAWN]
13. BS 5268-6.2:2001. Structural use of timber. Code of practice for timber e: [email protected]
frame walls. Buildings other than dwellings not exceeding four storeys, w: www.trada.co.uk
BSI [WITHDRAWN]
14. BS EN 13914-1:2005. Design, preparation and application of external
rendering and internal plastering. External rendering, BSI
While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy of the
advice given, the company cannot accept liability for loss or
damage arising from the use of the information supplied.

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reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any
form, by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the
copyright owner.

BM TRADA provides independent certification, testing,

inspection, training, technical services and information
to the timber, building, fire and furniture industries. It is
also the appointed service provider for TRADA’s research,
information and membership administration.

BM TRADA
Chiltern House, Stocking Lane, Hughenden Valley
High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, HP14 4ND UK
t: +44 (0)1494 569600 f: +44 (0)1494 565487
e: [email protected] w: bmtradagroup.com

© TRADA Technology Ltd 2014

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