NATURALRESOURCESDEVELOPMENTCOLLEGE(

NRDC)

CROPPROTECTI
ON(
CS341)PRACTI
CAL

COMPI
LLED BY: MM
[
1]
SUMMARYLECTURENOTES.

Cont
ent
s
CROPPROTECTI
ONI
NTRODUCTI
ON 3

PEST 3

I
nsectpest 3

MI
TES 6

PLANTPARASI
TICNEMATODES 7

STORAGEPESTSANDDI
SEASES 7

WEEDS 9

PLANTDI
SEASES 13

CROPSCOUTI
NG 19

MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFWEED,
PESTANDDI
SEASES 21

Spr
ayer 25

[
2]
CROPPROTECTI
ONI
NTRODUCTI
ON

Acr
opi
sapl
antofeconomi
cval
uebywhi
chal
ll
iv
ingor
gani
sm dependon.

Pr
otect
ioni
nvol
vesv
ari
ousact
ionormeasur
est
akeni
nor
dert
opr
event
cr
opl
ossescausedbydi
ff
erentel
ement
s.

Theai
m ofev
eryf
arm busi
nessi
stomaxi
mizepr
ofi
tbyi
ncr
easi
ngy
iel
d(quant
it
y)and
hav
ingqual
i
tabl
epr
oduce.Toachi
evet
his,
croppr
otect
ionmeasur
esmustbeempl
oyed.

Whatar
etheel
ementt
hataf
fect
sthequal
it
yandquant
it
yofpl
ant
sorf
arm pr
oduce?

1. pest
s

[
3]
2.Weeds

3.Di
seases

4.Env
ironment
alel
ement
s

PEST

I
nsectpest
I
nsectpestar
eli
vi
ngor
gani
sm t
hatcauseagr
icul
tur
all
ossesbyi
nter
fer
ingwi
tht
he
qual
i
tyandquant
it
yofourf
arm pr
oduce.

METAMORPHOSI
S

Thi
sist
hepost
-embr
yoni
cdev
elopmentofi
nsectori
sthechangei
nfor
m ofani
nsect
dur
ingi
tsdev
elopmentf
rom onei
nst
art
oanot
her
.

Ty
pesofmet
amor
phosi
s.

a.Compl
etemet
amor
phosi
s b.i
ncompl
etemet
amor
phosi
s

Eggs→l
arv
a→pupa→adul
ts Egg→ny
mph→adul
ts

Fal
lar
mywor
m,beet
le,
DBM et
c. Gr
asshopper
s,aphi
ds,
ter
mit
eset
c.

CLASSI
FICATI
ONOFI
NSECTPESTBASEDONFEEDI
NGHABI
TS.

1)I
njur
ybybi
ti
ngandchewi
ng

Theset
heycausedi
rectdamagebyf
eedi
ngont
hef
oli
ageanddef
oli
atet
hepl
ant

[
4]
causi
ngr
educt
ioni
npr
oduct
ion.

Exampl
es

Fal
lar
mywor
m,beet
les,
grasshopper
s,DBM et
c.

Gr
asshopper

2)I
njur
ybypi
erci
ngandsucki
ng

Theset
heycausei
ndi
rectdamagebysucki
ngt
hepl
antj
uice(
sap)andt
ransmi
tt
ingof
v
iral
diseases.

Exampl
es

Aphi
ds,
sti
nkbugs,
mear
iebugs,
jassi
ds,
thr
ipset
c.

[
5]
Mear
iebugs gr
eenst
inkbugs

3)I
njur
ybyi
nter
nalf
eeder
s

Theybur
rowi
nsi
det
hepl
antandf
eedsont
hepl
antt
issues.

Exampl
es

Leafmi
ner
,st
em bor
er,
gal
l(bur
rowi
ngnemat
ode)
,beanst
em maggot
set
c.

4)I
njur
ybysubt
err
anean

Thesel
i
veont
hesoi
landf
eedont
heunder
groundpor
ti
onoft
hepl
ant
.

Exampl
e

Ter
mit
es,
grubs,
cutwor
mset
c.

[
6]
Cutwor
m

MI
TES
Mor
phol
ogi
calf
eat
uresMi
tes(
Arachni
dacl
ass)ar
echar
act
eri
zedbyt
he•absenceof
wi
ngs,
absenceant
ennae,
joi
nedcephal
othor
ax(
joi
nedheadandt
hor
ax)
.

Mor
phol
ogi
calf
eat
ures

1.Twobodysect
ions(
joi
nedcephal
othor
ax–headandt
hor
axar
efused)

2.Fourpai
rsofl
egswhenadul
ts.

3.Noant
ennae.

5.Nowi
ngs

6.Nocompoundey
esbutsi
mpl
eey
espr
esent
.

LI
FECYCLEOFMI
TES

•
Thespi
dermi
tehasf
ivest
agesi
nthel
i
fe-
cycl
e,namel
y

[
7]
(
1)Egg,(
2)Lar
va,(
3)1stny
mphalst
age (
prot
ony
mph)
,(4)2nd ny
mphalst
age
(
deut
ony
mph)and(
5)adul
tmi
te.

Mi
te

DAMAGECAUSEDBYMI
TES

I
flar
genumber
sofspi
dermi
tesar
epr
esent
,

 Thepl
antcanbecov
eredcompl
etel
ywi
thwebsswar
mingwi
thmi
tes.

 Chl
orophy
lli
s dest
roy
ed ordi
sappear
s,no phot
osy
nthesi
s and t
her
efor
e pl
ant
gr
owt
hdecr
eases.E.
g.cr
opl
ossesoccuront
omat
oandcucumberwhenabout30%
oft
hel
eafsur
facei
sdamaged;

 Subst
ancesar
eint
roducedi
ntot
hepl
antwhi
char
epr
obabl
ypoi
sonous,al
though
l
i
ttl
eisknownaboutt
heseatpr
esent
.

 The spot
son t
he l
eav
esand t
he websdamaget
he appear
ance oft
he cr
ops
especi
all
yinor
nament
als.

[
8]
PLANTPARASI
TICNEMATODES
 A nemat
ode i
s a wor
m ofl
ess one mi
l
li
met
erbuthasa l
otofeconomi
c
i
mpor
tancei
nagr
icul
tur
e.

 I
tdoesnothav
eawel
l
-dev
elopedr
espi
rat
orysy
stem.

 Themout
hpar
tisapi
erci
ngonewi
thast
ylet(
spi
ke)
.

 Nemat
odesi
nfl
i
ctdamaget
orootofcr
oponwhi
chf
ungiandbact
eri
acangai
n
ent
ry(
fungi
andbact
eri
aar
eoppor
tuni
sti
cpar
asi
tes)
.

 Thedamagecausedbynemat
odesi
snotappr
eci
atedbyf
armer
sbecauset
he
damagei
sdoneont
her
oot
s.

 Nemat
odes at
tacks mostpl
ant
s butt
he mostef
fect
s ar
e on v
eget
abl
es
(
tomat
oesandcar
rot
set
c.)andbananas.

STORAGEPESTSANDDI
SEASES
Whatar
est
oragepest
s?

Pest/
organi
smst
hatcausepost–har
vestl
osesi
nst
orage

Whatar
ethet
ypesofl
ossesi
nst
oredgr
ain?

Thel
osscanbei
nqual
i
tyandquant
it
y.

Whatar
ethecausesofl
ossesi
nst
oregr
ain?

•Pr
imar
y/secondar
yinsectpest
swhi
chbor
eint
othegr
ainandmakehol
esi
nthem

•Mi
cro-
organi
sms,
causi
ngr
ots,
discol
orat
ion,
badt
ast
eandsmel
lofgr
ain.

[
9]
•Rodent
swhi
chgnawt
hegr
ainandcont
ami
nat
ethegr
ainbydr
oppi
ngsandur
ine

•Humanbei
ng,
breakgr
aint
hroughmi
shandl
i
ngwhenhar
vest
ingandshel
l
ing,
packi
ng
et
c.

•Unf
avor
abl
ephy
sicalenv
ironmenti
npoorst
oragef
aci
l
iti
escausi
ngt
hegr
aint
ocr
ack
andcr
eat
eaf
avour
abl
eat
mospher
efordi
seasedev
elopmentandi
nsecti
nfest
ati
on.

Pr
imar
yInsectPest

Apr
imar
ypesti
sonet
hati
scapabl
eofat
tacki
ngsoundundamagedgr
ains.E.
g.

Commonname Sci
ent
if
icname Af
fect
edcr
oporcr
ops

1 Gr
ainweev
il Si
tophi
l
uszeamai
s Mai
ze

2 Gr
ainweev
il Si
tophi
l
usor
yzae Ri
ce

3 Lar
gergr
ainbor
er Pr
otephanust
rancat
us Ri
ce,mai
ze,wheat ,
Bar
ry
et
c.

4 Lessergr
ainbor
er Rhi
zoper
thadomi
nica Ri
ce,mai
ze,wheat
,Bar
ry
et
c.

5 Cowpeabr
uchi
d Col
l
osobr
uchusspp Cowpea

6 Beanbr
uchi
d Acant
hosci
l
idesobt
ect
us Bean

[
10]
7 Angoumoi
sgr
ainmot
h Si
tot
rogacer
eal
ell
a Mai
zeandot
hercer
eal
s

8 sweetpot
atoweev
il Sweetpot
atoes

Secondar
yinsectpest

Asecondar
ypesti
sonet
hati
sincapabl
eofat
tacki
ngsoundundamagedgr
ains.E.
g

Commonname Sci
ent
if
icname Af
fect
edcr
oporcr
ops

1 I
ndi
anmealmot
h Pl
odi
aint
erpunct
ell
a mai
ze

2 Fl
ourbeet
le Tr
ibol
ium cast
enum

3 Fl
ourbeet
le Tr
ibol
ium conf
usum

Cont
rolofpr
imar
yandsecondar
ypest

 Fumi
gat
ewi
thal
lumi
nium phosphi
deper
iodi
cal
lyf
orbul
kst
orage.

 Smal
lquant
it
yusepest
ici
deswi
thl
ow mammal
iant
oxi
cit
y,admi
xwi
thgr
ainsat
st
orage(pr
imi
ri
phosmet
hyl)

[
11]
WEEDS
Aweedsi
sundesi
rabl
epl
antgr
owi
ngwher
eitnotsupposedt
obeorapl
antwhose
economi
cval
uehasnotbeendi
scov
ered.

Whyar
eweedsundesi
rabl
e?

1.Weedscausey
iel
dreduct
ionofcr
opst
hroughcompet
it
ionandal
l
elopat
hicef
fect
s.

a)Compet
it
ionf
ornut
ri
ent
s

b)Compet
it
ionf
orsol
arener
gy

c)Compet
it
ionf
orwat
er

d)Compet
it
ionf
orspace

e)Al
l
elopat
hicef
fect
s

2.Weedshar
borot
herpest
sanddi
seases.

3.Weedsr
educest
hequal
i
tyoff
arm pr
oduce.

4.Weedsi
ncr
easescostofpr
oduct
ionandequi
pment
.

5.Weedscont
ami
nat
eswat
erbodi
es.

I
DENTI
FICATI
ONANDCLASSI
FICATI
ONOFWEEDS.

1.CLASSI
FICATI
ONBASEDONMORPHOLOGY

[
12]
1.Gr
asses

 Theyar
emonocot
swi
tht
wo(
2)r
ankedl
eav
es.

 Theyar
eusual
l
ylong,
nar
rowandupr
ight
.

 Theyhav
epar
all
elv
enat
ion.

 Theyar
emor
eorl
essr
oundi
nshape(cr
osssect
ion)

 TheyPossessnodesandi
nter
nodes.

 Theyhav
egener
all
yahol
l
owst
em wi
thscat
ter
edv
ascul
arbundl
es.

Exampl
es

o Ber ass(Cy
mudagr nodondact
ylon)

o Goosegr
ass(
Eleusi
nei
ndi
ca)
.

o Af
ri
canst
argr
ass(
Cynodonpl
ect
ost
achy
us)
.

2.Sedges

 Theyar
emonocot
swi
tht
hree(
3)r
ankedl
eav
es.

 Theydonotpossessnodesandi
nter
nodes.

 Theyhav
epar
all
elv
enat
ion.

[
13]
 Theyhav
easol
i
dcr
osssect
ion.

 Theyhav
eat
ri
angul
arst
em

Exampl
es

o Pur
plenutsedge(Cy
per
usr
otundus)

o Yel
l
ownutsedge(
Cyper
usescul
ent
us)

o Annual
sedge,
wat
ergr
ass(
Cyper
uscompr
essus)
.

3.Br
oadl
eav
es

 Theyar
edi
cotpl
ant
s

 Theyhav
eret
icul
atedv
enat
ion(
netl
i
kepat
ter
n).

 Thest
em i
swi
tht
ruecambi
um cy
li
nder
.

Exampl
es

Pi
gweed(
Ammar
ant
hushy
bri
dus)

Bl
ackj
ack(
Bidenpi
l
osa)

Br
ist
lyst
arbur(
Acant
hosper
mum hi
spi
dum)

2.CLASSI
FICATI
ONBASEDONLI
FECYCLE

a)Annualweeds

 Thesecompl
etest
hei
rli
fecy
cle(
seed t
o seed)wi
thi
nonegr
owi
ng seasonor
maxi
mum i
noney
ear
.

[
14]
 Theyar
epr
oli
fi
cseeder
sandgr
owf
astbutmai
nlyshal
l
owr
oot
ed.

 Theypossessdi
ff
erent
ial
seeddor
mancy(
somet
imesf
orsev
eral
year
s)

Exampl
es

o Cock’
scomb(
)

o Wi
l
dpoi
nset
ti
a(Euphor
biageni
cul
ateor
teg)

b)Bi
enni
alweeds

 Abi
enni
alpl
anti
saf
lower
ingpl
antt
hatt
aket
wogr
owi
ngseason(
twoy
ear
s)t
o
compl
etei
tsbi
ologi
cal
li
fecy
cle.

 I
nthef
ir
sty
ear
,thepl
antgr
owsl
eav
es,
stem andr
oot
s(v
eget
ati
vest
ruct
ures)
.

 Thesecondy
eart
hepl
antt
henf
lower
spr
oduci
ngf
rui
tsandseedsbef
orei
tfi
nal
l
y
di
es.

Exampl
es

o Wi
l
dcar
rot
s(Daucuscar
rot
a)

o Shepher
d–pur
sepl
ant(
Capsel
l
abar
sa-
past
ori
s).

C)Per
enni
alweeds

 Apl
antwhi
chl
eav
esf
ormanyy
ear
s(mor
ethant
woy
ear
s)anddoesnotdi
eaf
ter
f
lower
ing.

[
15]
 Thi
sisbecauset
heyar
epr
opagat
edbyv
ari
ousmeanssuchasbul
bs,r
hiz
omes,
st
olons,
off
setsucker
sandt
uber
s(v
eget
ati
veor
gans)aswel
lseeds.

 Theyst
oret
hef
oodi
nthesev
eget
ati
veor
gansandt
heyut
il
izet
hest
oredf
oodwhen
t
hel
eav
esr
emov
edei
therbymechani
cal
l
yorbyher
bici
des.

Exampl
es

o Ber
mudagr
ass(
Cynodondact
ylon)

o Pur
plenutsedge(
Cyper
usr
otundus)
.

3.CLASSI
FICATI
ONBASEDONHABI
TAT.

a)Ter
rest
ri
alweeds

 Thesear
efoundonupl
andordr
ylandcondi
ti
ons

Exampl
es

o Goosegr
ass(
Eleusi
nei
ndi
ca)

o Cr
owf
ootgr
ass(Dact
yloct
eni
um aegy
pti
um)

b)Aquat
icweeds

 Thesear
efoundi
nwetoraquat
iccondi
ti
ons.

Exampl
es

[
16]
o Catt
ail
(Ty
phaangui
sti
fol
i
a)

o Tor
pedogr
ass(
Pani
cum r
epens)

4.CLASSI
FICATI
ONBASEDONBOTANI
CALSYSTEM

Themostsy
stemat
icandsci
ent
if
iccl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sobv
iousl
ythecl
assi
fi
cat
ionbased
onbot
ani
cal
syst
em.

Exampl
es

o Bl
ackj
ack(
Bidenpi
l
osa)

o Checkweed(
)

SURVI
VALMECHANI
SM OFWEEDSORWHYI
SITDI
FFI
CULTTOCONTROLWEEDS.

1. Pr
oli
fi
cseedpr
oduct
ionpot
ent
ial

 Weedspr
oduceenor
mousnumberseedsofexcel
l
entv
iabi
l
itye.
gAmmar
ant
hus
spp(
196000)
,El
eusi
nei
ndi
ca(
42000)
,Echi
nochl
oacr
usgal
l
i(Bar
nyar
dgr
ass,
7160)

2.Seeddor
mancyandl
ongev
ity

 Possessr
emar
kabl
elongev
ityandv
aryi
nthei
rdor
mancyper
iods.Seedsmaynot
ger
minat
esi
mul
taneousl
yfr
om t
hesoi
l
.

3.Veget
ati
ver
epr
oduct
ion

 Besi
desbyseeds,per
enni
alweedsr
epr
oducev
eget
ati
vet
hroughr
hizome,st
olons,

[
17]
 bul
bs,
bul
bs,
tuber
s,st
emset
c.Thesemaket
hei
rcont
rol
mor
edi
ff
icul
t.

4.Di
sper
salmechani
sm ofweeds

Seedsandf
rui
tsmaybedi
sper
sedar
oundt
hemot
herpl
ant
sorhar
vest
edwi
tht
he
cr
opsandcar
ri
edawayascont
ami
nant
sincr
opseeds,wher
easot
her
sar
epr
inci
pal
l
y
di
sper
sedt
hroughwi
nd,
wat
er,
ani
mal
sandman.

5.Adapt
abi
li
ty:

 Possessr
emar
kabl
ecapaci
tyt
oadaptt
hemsel
vest
othei
renv
ironment
sbywi
th
–st
andi
ngadv
ersecondi
ti
onsandbycompet
ingwi
tht
hecr
opsaggr
essi
vel
ybot
h
underadv
erseandf
avor
abl
eenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
ons.

PLANTDI
SEASES
Apl
antDi
seasesi
npl
ant
scanbedef
inedasanydi
stur
bancebr
oughtaboutbyan
agency
/fact
orwhi
chi
nter
fer
eswi
thmanuf
act
uri
ng,t
ransl
ocat
ionorut
il
izat
ionof
f
ood,mi
ner
alnut
ri
ent
sandwat
eri
nsuchawayt
hatt
heaf
fect
edpl
antchangesi
n
appear
anceandory
iel
dsl
esst
hananor
mal
,heal
thypl
antoft
hesamev
ari
ety
.

TYPESOFPLANTDI
SEASES

I
. I
NFECTI
OUSDI
SEASES

 Bi
oti
cdi
seasear
ecausedbyl
i
vingor
gani
sms(
pat
hogen)e.
g.bact
eri
a,f
ungi
vir
us.

 Forbi
oti
cdi
seaset
odev
elop,t
her
emustbeasuscept
ibl
ehostpl
ant
,thepat
hogen
(
fungi
,bact
eri
a,v
iruses,
nemat
odeset
c.)andenv
ironment
alcondi
ti
onsconduci
vet
o
di
seasedev
elopmentatagi
vent
ime.Thi
sisr
efer
redt
oPl
antDi
seasePy
rami
dor

[
18]
 Di
seaset
ri
angl
e.

Exampl
e

o Powder
ymi
l
dew

o Ear
lyandl
atebl
i
ght

I
I. NONI
NFECTI
OUS

Non-
inf
ect
ioust
ypei
sduet
oNut
ri
ti
onaldef
ici
enci
es,mi
ner
alt
oxi
cit
ies,l
ackorexcess
ofsoi
lmoi
stur
eandl
i
ght
,lowort
oot
emper
atur
es,
soi
laci
dit
yoral
kal
i
nit
y.

Exampl
e

 Bl
ossom endr
ot

Sy
mpt
om andsi
gn

a)Sy
mpt
om

 These ar
ethe expr
essi
on oft
he di
sease caused byt
he mani
fest
ati
on oft
he
phy
siol
ogi
cal
react
ionoft
hepl
antduehar
mful
eff
ect
sofanagent
.

Exampl
es.

1.Wi
lt

-
Suddenorgr
adualwi
l
tinganddeat
hofgr
ownuppl
ant
sasar
esul
tofdi
stur
bancei
n
t
hev
ascul
arsy
stemse.
g.cot
tonwi
l
t,gr
eenbeanswi
l
t,f
usar
ium/
bact
eri
alwi
l
tin

[
19]
 peas.

2.Dampi
ngof
f

-Suddencol
l
apseanddeat
hofseedl
i
ngsi
ntheseedbedorf
iel
dduet
oext
ensi
ve
necr
osi
soft
hest
em t
issuebef
oreoraf
teremer
gencef
rom soi
l(pr
e-emer
gence
andpostemer
gencedampi
ngof
frespect
ivel
y,e.
g.dampi
ngof
fint
omat
o,cabbage
andcot
ton.

3. Vei
ncl
ear
ing

-
Dest
ruct
ionofchl
orophy
lladj
acentori
nthev
eni
alt
issuee.
g.y
ell
owv
einmosai
c.

4.Spot

-
Local
i
zednecr
oti
clesi
onsonl
eav
es/
frui
tsconsi
sti
ngofdeadorcol
l
apsedt
issues,
e.
g.Br
ownspotofr
ice.

5.Bl
ight

-
Gener
alandext
remel
yrapi
dbr
owni
ngofl
eav
es,br
anches,t
wigsandf
lor
alpar
ts
r
esul
ti
ngi
nscor
chi
nganddeat
hofaf
fect
edpar
t.

6.Gal
ls

-
Mal
for
mat
ionsofgl
ucose,
elongat
edori
rr
egul
arshapeasar
esul
tofexcessi
vecel
l
di
vi
sionandcel
lenl
argemente.
g.cr
owngal
l
sonr
osecutf
lower
s.

7.Mi
ldew

[
20]
 -
Whi
te,gr
ey,br
owni
shpat
chesofv
ary
ingsi
zeonl
eav
es,st
em andf
rui
tusual
l
y
cov
eredwi
thmy
cel
i
um andf
ruct
if
icat
ionoft
hef
unguse.
g.Downymi
l
dew ofr
ose
cutf
lower
sandpowder
ymi
l
dewofcucur
bit
s.

8.Canker

-Sunkenoutgr
owt
hsonl
eav
es,
stem,
frui
twhi
chmaybeei
thersmoot
horr
oughe.
g.
ci
tr
uscanker
.

9.Scab

-
Roughedorcr
ustl
i
kel
esi
ongi
vi
ngaf
reckl
edappear
anceoft
hedi
seasedor
gane.
g.
pot
atoscab.

10.
Mosai
c

-
Alt
erat
ionofl
i
ghtgr
een,y
ell
ow,orwhi
tepat
cheswi
tht
henor
malgr
eenoft
he
l
eav
esorf
rui
tse.
g.t
omat
omosai
c.

b)Si
gn

 Thesear
ephy
sical
evi
denceoft
hepr
esenceofdi
seasecausi
ngagent
.

1. Fr
uit
ing bodi
es –Repr
oduct
ive st
ruct
ures off
ungi
;coul
d be i
nthe f
orm of
mushr
ooms,
puf
fbal
l
s,py
cni
dia,
rust
s,orconks.

2. Spor
emasses–M assesofspor
es,
the“
seeds”ofaf
ungus

3. Mushr
ooms–Fl
eshyr
epr
oduct
ivest
ruct
uresoff
ungi

4. My
cel
i
um –Thr
ead-
li
kev
eget
ati
vegr
owt
hoff
ungi
.

[
21]
5.Bact
eri
alooze.

FUNGI

 Fungi
arenucl
eat
ed,
mul
ti
cel
l
ularspor
ebear
ing,
wit
houtchl
orophy
ll
.

 Or
gani
sm whi
chgener
all
yrepr
oducebymeansofspor
esf
ormedasexual
l
y.

 Thebodyofaf
ungii
scomposedoff
il
ament
-l
iket
hreadscal
l
ed‘
mycel
i
a’,
whenl
arge
enough,
thesemassescanbeseenwi
thoutt
heai
doft
hemi
croscope.

Mechani
sm ofent
ry

 Thr
oughnat
ural
openi
ngssuchasst
omat
a,l
ent
icel
sandcut
icl
e.

 Thr
ought
hei
njur
ypar
ts(
damageorwounds)

 Besi
dest
heseent
rypoi
ntsment
ioned,t
heyal
sopossesst
hecapaci
tyt
oent
ert
he
hostont
hei
rown.

Tr
ansmi
ssi
on

 Thedi
seasei
str
ansmi
tt
edt
hroughseedsorot
herv
eget
ati
vepr
opagul
es.

 Soi
ldebr
isofpr
evi
ouscr
op.

 Weedshost(
alt
ernat
ivehost
)– ar
ethemaj
ormeansofsur
viv
aloft
hef
ungal
pat
hogen.

Di
agnosi
soft
hedi
sease

 Thei
nfect
ed ar
eaorpl
antr
evealt
hepr
esenceofan i
nfect
iousagente.
gthe

[
22]
 pr
esenceoft
hef
rui
ti
ngbodi
essuchasmy
cel
i
a,spor
emasses,py
cni
dia,acer
val
i
,
scl
erot
iaet
c.

Cont
rol

 Useoff
ungi
cides-t
heymaket
heenv
ironmentunconduci
vef
ort
hegr
owt
hoft
he
spor
es.

 Ensur
ethepl
ant
sar
enotdamagedori
njur
edbymaki
ngt
hewi
ndbr
eaksandal
so
cont
rol
l
ingoft
hepest
.

 Av
oidmoi
stur
eont
hel
eav
esusedr
ipi
rr
igat
ion

BACTERI
A

 Abact
eri
aisauni
cel
l
ularor
gani
sm whi
chcannotbeseenwi
thournakedey
esbut
wi
thai
dofami
croscope.

 Bact
eri
arepr
oducebyapr
ocesscal
l
edbi
nar
yfi
ssi
on.

Damagecausedbybact
eri
a

 Thebl
ockpl
antv
essel
sxy
lem andphl
oem r
esul
ti
ngi
nwi
l
tingoft
hepl
ant
.

 I
tal
soi
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hepl
antcel
l
sfunct
ionr
esul
ti
ngt
oabnor
malgr
owt
hcal
l
ed
canker
s.

Mechani
sm ofent
ry

 Bact
eri
ahasnocapaci
tyorabi
l
ityt
oact
ivel
yent
ert
hepl
antcel
l(unl
i
kef
ungus)
.

 Theyent
ert
hepl
antt
hroughi
njur
iesandnat
ural
openi
ngs.

Managementorhowt
ocont
rolbact
eri
adi
sease

[
23]
1.Pr
otectpl
ant
ingmat
eri
alsf
rom at
tackbydi
ppi
ngofv
eget
ati
vepr
opagat
edpl
ant
sin
bact
eri
alpest
ici
de.

2.Cont
rol
insect
swhi
chi
njur
eordamaget
hepl
ant
.

3.Cont
rol
ofnemat
odesespeci
all
yincont
rol
ofbact
eri
awi
l
tint
omat
oes.

4.Pl
antr
esi
stantv
ari
eti
es.

Di
agnosi
soft
hedi
sease

 Cutt
hest
em oft
hei
nfect
edpl
antanddi
pitcl
earwat
erf
or10–15mi
nut
es,
ifi
t’
sa
bact
eri
adi
seaset
hepr
esenceoft
heexudeswi
l
lbev
isi
blei
ncl
earwat
er.

VI
RUS

 Thev
irusi
samat
eri
alt
hati
ssub-
cel
l
ularandcanonl
yexi
sti
nthecel
lofahost
.

 I
thasnoabi
l
ityt
omul
ti
ply(
repr
oduce)ont
hei
rownbutwi
tht
hehel
pofanagent
.

 Vi
ruscanonl
ybeseenusi
nganel
ect
roni
cmi
croscope.

 Vi
rusi
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hecel
lnor
mal
growt
hdev
elopment
.

Sy
mpt
omsofv
irusdi
sease

 Mosai
cvi
rus(
pat
ter
n)t
hati
srepeat
ed

[
24]
 Abnor
mal
growt
hordev
elopmentofpl
ant(
dwar
fi
sm andgi
gant
ism)
.

 St
reakandst
ri
ppat
ter
nsont
hepl
antl
eav
es.

Tr
ansmi
ssi
on

 Whent
hef
lui
d(sap)mov
esf
rom ani
nfect
edpl
antt
oanon-
inf
ect
edone.

 Thr
ought
hesucki
ngi
nsect
ssuchasmi
tes,
aphi
ds,
jassi
det
c.

 Useofi
nfect
edt
ool
ssuchassecat
eur
s,gr
aft
ingkni
fewhenbuddi
ng,gr
aft
ingand
pr
uni
ng.

 Thr
oughi
nfect
edpl
ant
ingmat
eri
als(
seed,
cut
ti
ngs,
tuber
s,sucker
sandv
ines)
.

Managementorhowt
ocont
rolv
irusdi
seases

a)Pr
opagat
evi
rusf
reepl
ant
ingmat
eri
als(
seed,
cut
ti
ngs,
tuber
s,sucker
sandv
ines)
.

b)Cont
rol
thev
ect
ors-sucki
ngi
nsect
s.

c)Di
sinf
ectt
het
ool
sforev
eryoper
ati
on.

[
25]
CROPSCOUTI
NG
Cr
opscout
ingi
sanact
ivi
tyt
hatl
ooksi
nthef
iel
dorst
oragei
fther
ear
esomepr
obl
ems.

Thi
sinv
olv
esexami
ningoft
hecr
opi
nor
dert
odet
ermi
neaccur
atel
yhowmanyki
ndsof
pest
,di
seaseandweedsar
epr
esenti
nthef
iel
d.

Whoi
sagoodscout
er?

 Musthav
etheknowl
edgeandski
l
l

 Mustbeonewi
thgoodsi
ght
.

 Mustbephy
sical
l
yfi
t.

 Mustbesobermi
ndedal
way
s.

 Mustbeabl
etor
eadandwr
ight
.

Whatt
ool
sorequi
pment
sshoul
dagoodscoutcar
ry?

 Magni
fyi
ng gr
assorhand l
ens(
foraccur
atei
dent
if
icat
ion and exami
nat
ion of
speci
men)

 Sampl
ebags

 Scout
ingf
orm/
sheet

 Penorpenci
l
.

 Measur
ingt
ape

 Pocketkni
fe(
forspl
i
tti
ngst
alksandcut
wor
m scout
ing)

[
26]
Scout
ingpat
ter
n

Thi
sisar
out
edesi
gnedt
oshow ordi
rectascoutonhow t
omov
eint
hef
iel
dwhen
col
l
ect
ingi
nfor
mat
ion.

Ty
pesscout
ingpat
ter
ns

 Hor
izont
al

 Ver
ti
cal

 M ORW

 NORZ

 Zi
g-zag

NOTE:
thatt
hechoi
ceofapat
ter
ntobeusedi
sdet
ermi
neby
:

 Thecr
opt
obegr
own

 Cul
tur
epr
act
ices

Scout
ingsheet

NRDCFARM

CROP:
bean FI
ELD:F

HACTARAGE:
1 DOP:
02/
02/
20

VARI
ETY:
lukupa WEEK:
2

SEEDRATE:
80kg

[
27]
Scout
ing Var
iouspest Var
iousdi
sease
st
ati
on
AP THP BSM BT et
c. PM BW LS et
c.

+
1 20 5 7 1 3 2

Scout
er’
sname:
………………………….
sign…………….
.Dat
e…………

Super
visor
’sname:
………………………si
gn………………Dat
e…………

KEY

Di
sease pest

1-
low 1.AP-
aphi
ds

2-
medi
um 2.THP-
thr
ips

3-
high 3.BSM-
Beanst
em magot
es

NOTE:t
hatt
hescout
ingst
ati
oni
smadebef
oret
hecr
opest
abl
i
shes.Onav
erage,
ther
e
mustbeatl
east21scout
ingst
ati
onperhect
or.

[
28]
Whatar
ethei
ssuest
hatt
hescout
ingsheetaddr
esses?

 I
thi
ghl
i
ghtt
hepr
obl
em.

 I
thi
ghl
i
ghtt
hel
ocat
ion.

 Si
zeofi
nfest
ati
on.

MANAGEMENTANDCONTROLOFWEED,
PESTANDDI
SEASES
Ther
ear
ethr
eemai
nty
pesofcont
rol
ofweed,
pestanddi
seases

1.Pr
event
ion–keepi
ngapestf
rom becomi
ngapr
obl
em

2.Suppr
essi
on–r
educi
ngapestnumber
sordamaget
oanaccept
abl
elev
els

3.Er
adi
cat
ion–dest
roy
ingorr
emov
ingapestcompl
etel
yfr
om at
argetorar
ea.

Thet
hreemai
ncont
rolmet
hodscanbegener
all
ybeachi
evedbyt
womai
ncont
rol
appr
oaches:

1.Nat
ural
cont
rol
for
ces

2.Cont
rol
pract
icesappl
i
edbyman

1.Nat
uralcont
rolf
orces.Thi
sist
hecol
l
ect
iveact
ionofenv
ironment
al,phy
sicaland
bi
oti
cfact
orst
hatmai
ntai
nsnumber
sofpestpopul
ati
onwi
thi
ncer
tai
nli
mit
sov
era
per
iodoft
ime.Thei
mpor
tantcomponent
sofnat
ural
cont
rol
are:

i
.Cl
i
mat
icf
act
ors

i
i
.Nat
ural
enemi
es

[
29]
i
i
i.Av
ail
abi
l
ityoff
ood

i
v.Ev
olut
ionar
ypr
essur
e-Anycauset
hatr
educesr
epr
oduct
ivesuccessi
napor
ti
onofa
popul
ati
on pot
ent
ial
l
yexer
ts ev
olut
ionar
ypr
essur
e,sel
ect
ive pr
essur
e orsel
ect
ion
pr
essur
e.I
tal
soameasur
eoft
heamountofr
elat
iver
epr
oduct
ivedi
sadv
ant
ageofone
phenot
ypeov
eranot
heroft
hesamespeci
esl
i
vingt
oget
heri
nthesamear
ea.

2.Cont
rol
pract
icesappl
i
edbyman

Thewhol
erangeofpr
act
icesdev
elopedormodi
fi
edbymanduet
ofai
l
ureofnat
ural
cont
rol
fact
ors.I
mpor
tantmet
hodsofappl
i
edcont
rol
areasf
oll
ows:

i
.Cul
tur
alcont
rol

i
i
.Phy
sical
andMechani
cal
cont
rol

i
i
i.Bi
ologi
cal
cont
rol

i
v.Genet
iccont
rol

v
.Regul
ator
ycont
rol

v
i.Chemi
cal
cont
rol

v
ii
.Int
egr
atedpestcont
rol

CHEMI
CALCONTROL

Whychemi
cal
cont
rol
?

 Becausei
tisef
fect
ive

[
30]
  Becausei
tisef
fi
cient

 Becausei
tischeaper

Pest
ici
deofCl
assi
fi
cat
ion

Ther
ear
ehundr
edsofpest
ici
des.Pest
ici
descanbecl
assi
fi
ed/
groupedi
nanumberof
way
s;bymodeofact
ion,
byt
argetpestorbychemi
calf
ami
l
y.Onet
ypeofcl
assi
fi
cat
ion
i
sbyt
ypeofpestordi
seaseagai
nstwhi
chi
tisef
fect
ive:

Pest
ici
deGr
oup Ef
fect
iveAgai
nst

•I
nsect
ici
des I
nsect
s

•Fungi
cides Fungal
diseases(
fungi
)

•Her
bici
des Weeds

•Nemat
ici
des Nemat
odes(
eel
wor
ms)

•Acar
ici
des Mi
tes,
spi
der
s,t
icks

•Mol
l
usci
cides Snai
l
s,Sl
ugs

•Bat
eri
cides Bact
eri
a

•Rodent
ici
des Rodent
s(r
atsandmi
ce)

Const
it
uent
sofPest
ici
desPest
ici
desconsi
stof

i
. subst
ancet
hatcont
rol
s-act
ivei
ngr
edi
entand

i
i
. Addi
ti
vesacombi
nat
ionoft
het
woi
saf
ormul
ati
on.Addi
ti
vesi
mpr
ovest
he

[
31]
 ef
fectoft
heact
ivei
ngr
edi
entorgi
vei
tspeci
fi
cpr
oper
ti
es.

Thi
sleadt
olar
genumberofpest
ici
deswi
thv
ary
ingf
ormul
ati
ons,
itsownt
rade
namet
hought
heact
ual
numberofact
ivei
ngr
edi
ent
sissmal
l
.

Pest
ici
deModeEnt
ryCl
assi
fi
cat
ionbasedonmodeofent
ry

i
. St
omachpoi
sons:ent
ert
hepestt
hrought
hemout
hwi
tht
hef
oodwhent
hepest
consumesf
oodpr
evi
ousl
ytr
eat
edwi
tht
hepest
ici
de.

i
i
. Cont
actpoi
sons:ar
eappl
i
edt
othei
nfect
edor
gani
sm andt
hepest
ici
dei
s
absor
bedt
hrought
hebodysur
faceoft
hepestoncei
tmakesphy
sicalcont
act
wi
tht
het
reat
edsur
facee.
g.Mal
athi
on.

i
i
i. Fumi
gant
s:chemi
cal
swhi
char
eint
hev
apourphaseandcanbeabsor
bed
t
hrought
her
espi
rat
orysy
stem oft
hepeste.
g.Al
umi
nium phosphi
de,

i
v. Sy
stemat
ic:chemi
cal
sar
eappl
i
edt
othesoi
lorhostpl
antandabsor
bedi
ntot
he
t
issues oft
he host
,thus r
ender
ing t
he hostpoi
sonous t
othe pest
.e.
g.
Di
met
hoat
e

Pest
ici
deModeofAct
ion

Modeofact
ioni
sthespeci
fi
cwayi
nwhi
cht
hepest
ici
desbehav
ewi
thi
nthebodyoft
he

[
32]
pestor
gani
sm.Ther
ear
efourmai
nmodes/
way
sofact
ion:

i
. Respi
rat
orypoi
sons:t
hesei
nter
fer
ewi
tht
hemechani
sm ofr
espi
rat
ionoft
he
pestandt
hisl
eadst
orapi
ddeat
h.

i
i
. Neur
otoxi
c agent
s:t
hese actas ner
ve poi
sons af
fect
ing t
he bal
ance and
ner
vouscoor
dinat
ionoft
hepest
.

i
i
i. Pr
otopl
ast
icpoi
sons:t
hesecausedi
sint
egr
ati
onoft
issues.

i
v. Ant
icoagul
ant
s:t
heseactont
hebl
oodoft
hepest

Howdoest
hechemi
cal
sent
erbodyt
hebody
?

 Thr
ought
henose

 Thr
ought
heey
es

 Thr
ought
hemout
h

 Thr
oughski
n

Si
gnsandsy
mpt
omsofchemi
cal
poi
soni
ng.

 Si
ckness:Di
zzi
ness,headache,t
wit
chi
ng,nausea,st
omachache,weaknessand
br
eat
hingdi
ff
icul
ty.

[
33]
 I
rr
it
ati
on:I
tchi
ng,
sor
eey
es,
noseandt
hroat

 Bur
ning:Rednessandbl
i
ster
s.

 Deat
h:poi
soni
ng

SAFETYUSEOFPESTI
CIDESONTHEFARM

a)HOW TOPROTECTYOURSELFAGAI
NSTCHEMI
CALPOI
SONI
NG.

 Wearper
sonalpr
otect
iveequi
pment(
PPE)suchaswor
kingsui
torov
eral
l
,gum
boot
s,dustmask,
groov
es,
respi
rat
ors,
hatandgoogl
es.

 Readandcar
eful
l
yfol
l
owt
hei
nst
ruct
ions.

 Donotspr
ayonawi
ndyweat
hercondi
ti
onandensur
ethatwhenspr
ayi
ngf
oll
owi
ng
t
hewi
nddi
rect
iont
oav
oiddr
if
ti
ngoft
hepest
ici
de.

 Nev
erspr
ayal
oneont
hef
arm buthav
esomeonenear
byf
oranyemer
gency
.

 Donott
ast
e,smel
l
,dr
ink,
eat
,andsmokewhenspr
ayi
ng.

 Washy
our
sel
fandy
ourpr
otect
ivecl
othi
ngwi
thdet
ergentpast
eaf
terwor
k.

b)HOW TOPROTECTOTHERAGAI
NSTCHEMI
CALPOI
SONI
NG

 Putt
hesi
gnsont
hef
iel
dst
haty
ouhav
espr
ayed.

 Obser
vepr
e-har
vesti
nter
val
s(PHI
)bef
oret
hepr
oducet
othemar
ket
.

 Sel
ectt
hepest
ici
dewi
thl
owmammal
i
anef
fectorl
owt
oxi
clev
els.

 Av
oidt
ransf
err
ingoft
hepest
ici
def
rom t
heor
igi
nal
cont
ainert
oot
hercont
ainer
s
[
34]
 andi
fdonesoal
way
sputt
hel
abel
toav
oidanyf
atal
acci
dent
s.

 Ensur
ethatt
hepest
ici
dear
est
oresaf
elyandoutofr
eachofchi
l
drenandawayf
rom
f
oodst
uff
s.

 Nev
err
e-uset
hecont
ainerf
oranyot
herf
oodst
uff
s.

 Nev
erl
eav
ethepest
ici
desont
hef
arml
yi
ngont
hegr
oundanat
tended.

c)HOW TOPROTECTTHEENVI
RONMENTAGAI
NSTCHEMI
CALPOI
SONI
NG.

 Makesur
ethatempt
ycont
ainer
sar
epr
oper
lydi
sposedbypunct
uri
ngt
hem and
di
sposet
hem i
nadi
sposal
pit
.

 Donotempt
ythel
eftov
erpest
ici
dei
nthewat
erbodi
es.

SPRAYER
Aspr
ayeri
sadev
iceorequi
pmentwhi
chi
sdesi
gnedt
oappl
ypest
ici
dei
nadesi
redway
.

Commont
ypesofspr
ayer

1.Knapsackspr
ayer(
singl
enozz
le)

2.Boom spr
ayer(
mul
ti
plenozzl
es)

Pr
e-checks

Thi
sisapr
ocessofi
nspect
ingt
hespr
ayeri
fiti
sinf
ull
oper
ati
on.

Howt
ocar
ryoutpr
e-checks

1.I
nspectt
hespr
ayerf
oranyr
esi
duepest
ici
desandcl
eant
hespr
ayerbef
oreusi
ngi
t.

2.Checkwhet
hert
her
ear
esomel
eakagesateachconnect
ingpoi
nt.

[
35]
3.Checkwhet
hert
hespr
ay(
spr
ayi
ngpat
ter
n)i
suni
for
m orcont
inuous.I
fnotuni
for
m,
i
tmaybeduet
oimpur
it
iessoy
oui
nspectt
hef
il
ter
,pi
peorhor
seandnozzl
e.

Fact
orst
hataf
fectt
her
ateofpest
ici
deappl
icat
ion

1.Speed

2.Nozzl
ety
pe

3.Swat
hhei
ght

4.pr
essur
e

[
36]