Short Answer Questions- (Carrying 2 Marks)

1. What do you mean by kinetics?

2. What do you mean by kinematics?
3. What is the main difference between kinetics and kinernatics?

Short Answer Questions-il (Carrying 3 Marks)

1. Elucidate the concept of kinetics and kinematics.
Long Answer Questions (Carrying5 Marks)
1. Define kinetics and kinematics and differentlate between them explicitly.
P r i v
L a tiet e d

Objective Type/Multiple Choice Answers

Choose the correct answer.

1. (d) Torque 2. (a) Forces and motion 3.(c) Chemistrya

4. (d) All of the above 5. (c) both 'a' & b

CHAPTER

Psychology and Sports

2. DEVELOPMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF

DEVELOPMENT
First of all, it is really essential for all of us to know what are the meaning
of growth and development? Generally, growth and development are used
synonymously. If we try to understand the meaning of growth and development,
we come to know that there is hardly any specific difference. But the reality is that
there is a clear-cut difference between the two words. As a matter of fact, growth
means the growth of physical organs whether it is in shape, size, height or weight,
whereas development has a detailed meaning in itself. In fact, growth is a part of
development. The development does not mean only growth but it is more than that.
According to Hurlack, Development is not limited to growing larger instead it
consists of a progressive series of changes of an orderly, coherent type towards the
goal of maturity."
In fact, growth is related to the change in size, weight and height of any individual,
whereas development is related to the changes in all aspects of an individual such
as physical development, mental development, social development, emotional
development, motor development, etc. Growth is limited up to certain age.
Generally, after maturity growth does not take place, whereas the process of
development is a long process, which continues throughout the life. It appears that
the direction and pattern of growth and development of children approximately
remain the same. But in reality the growth and development of every child take
place according to his own schedule. It means every child has his own pattern of
growth and development. During the different stages of growth, various changes
related to physical, mental, social, emotional and motor development take place.
For ease of understanding the stages of growth and development can be classified
into the following stages along with their characteristics.
SUPPLEMENTARY BOOK 59
Infancy
The stage from birth to the end of 2 years of age is called infancy. At this stage, the
grasping power of an infant's brain becomes very fast. His/her power of memory also
increases. His/her thinking ability also increases. Helshe understands the language
cdearly and speaksks accordingly. His/her capability to know new words increases.
Helshe starts understanding the simple conversation of ads
of adults. At this stage, the
curiosity drive of the child also increases. They try to ask various questions and are
easily satisfied by the answers of elder persons.
Children are emotional at this stage but they do not have their control over emotions.
They usually exhibit or display their emotions through motor skill activities. In
daily life, they forget their emotions such as sorrow and Ihappiness, after sOme
time. At this stage, the behaviour of children depends upon imaginations. They
keep themselves busy in such activities in which they can use their imaginations.
They ike to listen or watch the fairy tale stories. At this stage, they learn activities
related to motor skill such as walking, running, jumping, catching, throwing, etc. In
this way, they start using their physical organs, înternal organs and sensory organs
in a balanced way. Social sentiments and emotions related to self-love become strong
in them. They do, what they like and leave aside what they don't like.
Childhood
Childhood stage begins from the 3rd year and ends by the end of the 12th year.
At this stage, the children are able to have enough control on their muscles. Their
development becomes very fast during the first three years and later on, ie., till 12th
year their development becomes strOng and vigorous. At this stage, children spend
most of their time playing. Their neuro-muscular coordination becomes efficient
enough. At this stage, the concentration power of the children increases, but they
cannot concentrate for a long time. Their thinking ability increases at a faster rate.
Their power of memory, logic, thinking and decision-making increases remarkably.
Tilll the end of this stage, they learn to control their emotions. Emotionally, they
become stable and optimistic. They also learn to control their behaviour.
childhood, they do not like any question on their self-esteem and self-respect.
During this stage, social qualities develop in them very quickly. They like to play
with children of their age. They are able to adjust their behaviour in the society,
owing to the appropriate development of social qualities.
At this stage, children are more courageous, imaginative, resourceful and
adventurous. They usually blindly follow the persons whom they admire. They like
to copy the deeds and actions of their famous heroes about whom they hear, read
or watch. At this stage, they have the best motor learning ability.
Adolescence
Adolescence is a stage of complex changes, which begins after childhood and ends
before adulthood Generally, it is supposed that the adolescent stage begins from
13 years and remains till i9 years. During this stage, the growthof adolescents
becomes spontaneous. The different characteristics of this stage are depicted below.
1. Physical Characteristics: At this stage, the growth becomes very fast. In
adolescent period, many physical changes take place spontaneously. The
60 SARASWATI HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION-XI
 development of internal and external sexual organs begins. Many physical
changes take place in girls and boys from the very beginning of this stage.
uring the period of 13 to 14 years, various changes can be seen, especially in
girls. The voice of girls becomes soft, sweet and ight. Moustaches and beards
start appearing on the face of boys. Generally, the height, weight, bones,
muscle power and other physical organs of boys and girls begin to mature. As
adolescents do not have a complete knowledge about such physical changes,
they become restless, impatient, worried and upset naturally.
2. Mental Characteristics: Physical and mental growth go hand in hand, but
it is not applicable for all the adolescents. It has been seen in case of some
adolescents that theylag behindin mental growth inthe earlier stages, though
they achieve physical maturity much earlier. In fact, they achieve mental growth
later on, when they are able to go into the depth of things. Adolescents become
interested in viewing and reading thrilling novels and stories, imaginative
stories and cartoons andfictions. During adolescence, the ability to criticise and
take decision, and the eagerness or curiosity for novel thoughts and ideals are
developed. They are curious to know more and more about the people, places
and principles. They demand self-respect, dignity and selfindependence.
At this stage, they remain under stress and tension, They become worried.
Some are unable to adjust with other people. They have high aspirations. They
also indulge in day-dreaming. They remain meatally absent in the classes and
also at home. At this stage, they are neither children nor adults. Sometimes,
their behaviour become aggressive. They themselves do not know what to do
and where to go for guidance as well as directions or advice in the matters of
their personal needs. As a matter of fact, they need a healthy environment,
proper guidance and a sense of direction.
3. Emotional Characteristics: T'he life of an adolescent is full of emotions.
Under the influence of such emotions, he/she performs such uphill tasks,
which seem to be impossible in the beginning. Ross says, "The adolescent
lives an intensely emotional life in which we can see once more the rhythm of
positive and negative phases of behaviour in his constant alternation between
intense excitement and deep depression. "Sometimes, the adolescents become
so hyper that they feel themselves at the top of the world and sometimes,
they find themselves in the state of deep disappointment. Usually, they are
at an emotional variance. Sometimes, they fly high in world of day dreaming
and imaginations while at other times they feel themselves like a bird whose
wings have been clipped They are unable to have proper control over their
emotions such as anger, love, greed, hate, jealousy, ete. They cannot bear
disrespect and disgrace. Sometimes, they do not even like the suggestion or
guidance given by someone.
4. Social Characteristics: Usually, the adolescents adopt a way, which is
selected by them but the society creates various obstacles in their way. In
such a condition, the adolescents revolt against the traditions and customs
of the society. During this stage, friends are very important to them. They
exchange their views, knowledge and experiences with one another. They
always long for leadership and specific recognition in the society. They try
to present themselves better than others. They have interest to participate
in recreational activities, viz., picnic, dancing, music, trekking, hiking,
mountaineering, sports, etc. By participating in such activities they develop
socially acceptable qualities.

SUPPLENMENTARY BOOK 61
 D. Characteristics: Motor
ogetion tends to improve
during this stage. Improvement HEIGHT
HEIGHT AND AGE

is also seen in coordinative

abilities which result in better
motor learning abilities. There is
a rapid development of maximum
strength and explosive strength
in boys as comnpared to girls.
The performance in various
sports improves at a faster
rate during this stage with
continuous participation and 5 1012S
regular exercise.
Adulthood Stages of developrment

Generally, adulthood begins around 20 years of age. It consists of esarly, middle and
late stages. Each stage has its own characteristics:
1. Physical Development: Early adulthood usually remains from 20 years to
40 years. In this stage, our maturation is complete. However, our height and
body weight may increase slightly. In this stage, our physical abilities are at
their apex, including muscular strength, reaction time and sensory abilities.
Most of the athletes remain at the top during this stage. Women may gain
additional weight owing to child bearing. Middle adulthood begins from 40
years to 60 years of age. There is a gradual physical decline. Our skin loses
some elasticity and wrinkles are usually seen on face. By this time, visuality
decreases up to some extent. Women may feel slow decline in fertility as
they approach towards menopause. Both genders tend to gain weight. Most
probably abdominal fat inereases among males. Hair begins to turn grey
during this stage. Later adulthood begins after 60 years of age. During this
stage, skin continues to lose its elasticity. Reaction time usually begins to
slow down further. Muscular strength also decreases. Sensory organs like
eyes, ears, nose, tongue, etc., begin to decline their capacities to smell, taste,
hearing and vision significantly. Our brain may also no longer function at
optimum level. It may lead to problems ike loss of memory, dementia and
Alzheimer's disease.
2. Cognitive Development: During adulthood, there are numerous changes
in cognitive development. As a matter of fact, cognitive development during
adulthood is a complex, ever changing process that may be even more active
(than cognitive development in infancy and early childhood. Our cognitive
abilities remain steady during early and middle adulthood. However, in late
adulthood we may begin to observe a decline in another area of our cognitive
abilities, i.e., information processing abilities, reasoning and memory. These
processes become slower. A person, who engages in mentally and physically
stimulating activities feel less cognitive decline. They are not ikely to face
dementia.
3. Social Development:Adultsbegin to focus on buildingstronger relationships.
They are concerned with building their careers, raising children andengaging
62 SARASWATI HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION-XI
 in other activities. They are also concerned with caring for others and try to
makethe world a better place. They start behaving in a mature manner. In late
adulthood, itis common that certain social needs increase requiring increased
practical support to manage the demands of every day life due to decreased
physical and cognitive capabilities. Greater emotional support is required to
cope with segregation. They have fewer social ties and are more likely to be
living alone and engage in fewer social activities.

3. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES-ATTENTION,

RESILIENCE, MENTAL TOUGHNESs
Physiological attributes are the specific characteristics of a person that influence
their behavior and thought. These attributes are very significant to consider when
trying to understand the reason for someone's behavior. Here, our main concern is
about the psychological attributess oof sportspersons or athletes such as attention,
resilience and mental toughness. These psychological attributes playavery effective
role in sports performance. These attributes are deseribed below.
(A) Attention
Attention in the field of games and sports is extremely important aspect of mental
preparation for competition. That is why the term "attention" is very common in
the field of and athletes do consider that it is very significant for sports
performance Along this it is said that in sports, nothing can nore important
than paying attention to the object at hand.
Attention is the ability of an athlete / sportsperson to keep on task. It is
usually called focus or concentration. In fact, attention involves focusing mental
efforts on relevant environmental cues and maintaining that attention. The most
popular model of attention in the field of sport was developed by Robert Neideffer
in 1976. He proposed the dimensions of attention:
A. Direction Dimension
B. Width Dimension

(A) Direction Dimension: It is further divided into External Attention Focus and
Internal Attention Focus.
(1) External Attention Focus: External attention focus is when an athlete's
attention is directed outward either to an object or to an opponent's
movements. An example of external attention focus may be in tennis, the
crowd must be silent when the players are playing and if they are not, the
player may not be able to focus on the game and their performance may be
hindered.
(iü) Internal Attention Focus: This is when an athlete's / sportsperson's focus
is directed to their personal thoughts and feelings. An example of internal
attention focus is when a gymnast is mentally preparing before doing a flip.
(B) Width Dimension: t is divided into Broad Attention Focus and Narrow
Attention Focus.
SUPPLEMENTARY BOOK 63
 (1) Broad Attention Focus: Broad attention focus allows an athlete to perceive
various things simultaneously. Indeed, this type of attention focus is very
importantin sports where an athlete/sportsperson has to be aware of several
things at a time because the situation is persistently changing. For example,
when a basketball player is dribbling aball down the court, their environment
is persistently changing. Another example may be, when batting in cricket,
the batter needs to watch the ball, look the gaps in the field to know where to
try andplay the shot in order to make maximum runs
(iü) Narrow Attention Focus: It occurs when an athlete/sportsperson have
a small amount of information to take in. An example of narrow attention
focus is in a 100 m sprint as the athlete is only focusing on himself like
staying in the right line and make sure he gets a good start.
Consequently, both the width dimension and direction dimension need to be
considered when commenting or reviewing an athlete's perfornmance.
(B) Resilience
Resilience in sports psychology is the main factor of sports activities because the
sports performance largely depends upon resiliency of concerned athlete. Resilience
can be defined as the bouncing back of an individual from any traumatic experience
or disturbances. Resilience is the ability to cope mentally or emotionally with a
crisis or to return to pre-crisis status quickly. Resilience exists when the person
uses mental process and behaviours in promoting personal assets and protecting self
from negative effects of stressors. In simple words, resilience exists in individuals
who develop psychological and behavioural capabilities that allow themn to remain
calm during crisis and to move on from the incident without long term negative
consequences. In other words, Resilience' is defined as the capacity to recover from
difficult life events.
Most people think of resilience as the ability to bend but not to break, bounce
back, and perhaps even grow in the face of adverse life experiences.
American Psychological Association defines resilience as "the process of
adapting well in the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats or even significant
sources of stress
Resilience Can be defined as the ability or tendency to bounce back. In fact,
resilience relates to the ability to bounce back and also to work on copying under
pressure. A resilient performer will look at each task and ato his maximum
to achieve the end goal. Resilience is a characteristic that peormers can useae to
build self confidence with the use of mental skills. A good exAmple of resilience
is from tennis where players / performers fight back from 2 sets down during the
tournaments or competitions.
Types of Resilience
There are the following types of resilience, each of which can influence person's
ability to cope with various forms of stress.
1. Physical Resilience: Physical resilience refers to how our body deals with
change and recovers from demands, injuries in sports and illnesses.

64 SARASWATI HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCAT ION-XI

 2 Mental Resilience: Mental resilience refers to a person's ability to adapt to
change and uncertainty. People who have this type of resilience are flexible
and remain calm during the time of crisis.
3. Emotional Resilience: Emotional resilience regulates emotions during the
times of stress. Resilient persons are well-aware of their emotional reactions
and tend to be in touch with their inner life.
4. Social Resilience: Social resilience involves the ability of groups to recover
from difficult situations. It involves individuals connecting with others and
working together to eradicate or solve problems that affect people both
individually and collectively.
Factors that Help in Building Resilience
As resilience is very important for athletes/ sportspersons in enhancing their sports
performance, it is essential to have resilience. Theree are various factors that t)help
in building resilience. These are stated below.
1. Social support: Social support is helpful in building resilience. It may
include family, friends, community and other organisations.
2. Self-esteem: Self-esteem plays an effective role in building resilience. It can
save off feelings of helplessness in the face of adversity.
3. Communication skills: Communication skills help in seeking people's
support, mobilize resources and take action.
4. Self-talk: Self-talk also helps athletes to concentrate better. They have more
resiliency.
5. Confidence in one's strength and abilities: If athletes have Ample
confidence in their strength and abilities, they definitely have resiliency.
6. Ability to manage strong impulses and feelings: Athletes tend to be
more resilient if they have ability to manage strong impulses and feelings.
7. By developinga growth mindset: By developing growth mindset, athletes
may be more resilient.
8. Managing Stress: Building healthy stress management habits is an
effective way to enhance overall resilience.
(C) Mental Toughness
Mental toughness is a concept that has emerged from the field of sports psychology.
Due to its significant role in enhancing performance in sports it has, taken up a
permanent place in the sports world. Usually, it is observed that athletes make
great efforts to be mentally tough and even coaches seek recruits who appear to have
a tough mindset. But the question still remains: What does it mean to have mental
toughness in sports and games? Mental toughness is a measure of an individual's
ability to be resilient, have confidence, remain competitive and overcome adversity
in their life.
In fact, mental toughness refers to an athlete's ability to persist in the face of
challenges mistakes and failure. "Mental toughness" is frequently used to refer
to any set of positive attributes that helps an individual to cope with difficult
situations.

SUPPLEMENTARY B0OK 65
According to Jones, Hanton and Connaughton, mental toughness is "Having
the natural or developed psychological edge that enables you to: generally, cope
better than your opponents with the many demands (competition, training, lifestyle)
that sport places on a performer; specially, be more consistent and better than
your opponents in remaining detemined, focused, confident and in control under
pressure"
According to Bedard-Thom, "Mental toughness is a psychological resource that
helps you to achieve challenging goals when faced with stress that puts your success
in doubt"
The skill of mental toughness is easiest to learn as a child or during adolescence.
The sooner one learns how to remain mentally tough, the easier sports and life will
become.

Benefits of mental toughness for athletes l sportspersons

There are the following benefits of mental toughness for athletes/ sportspersons:
1. Increased Positivity: Athletes with good mental toughness remain positive
in every situation. Remaining positive greatly improves sports performance.
2. Improves Motivation: Motivation plays a vital role in increasing sports
performance. Mental toughness improves motivation. Indeed, cultivating
mental toughness helps an athlete to remain motivated and working in the
direction of your goal which you want to accomplish.
3. Better Resilience: When you proceed to accomplish your goal, some
setbacks are almost guaranteed. When you are in such a situation, mental
toughness enhances your ability to be resilient in the face of adversity.
4. Improved self-belief: Developing high levels of mental toughness
strengthens our mindset and keep self doubts away. When self-belief its
improved it becomes easy for athletes to give better performance in sports.
5. Improves the ability to face criticism: It is but natural for every
individual to face criticism in our life. After having improved mental
toughness, criticism will become neutral. It will not hinder your attention.
Consequently, you can accomplish your goal easily.
Characteristics of on individual who have mental toughness
1. Resilient in every situation
2. Having an ability to bounce back from defeat.
3. Intrinsically and extrinsically motivated.
4. Fully confident.
5. Committed to excellence.
6. Having strong desire and willingness to achieve goal.
7. Well organised.
8. Persistent as well as determined.
9. Having attention to detail.
10. Having the ability to expend their energy things that enhance sports
performance.
11. Remain persistent despite failures.
12. Able to pursue excellence, not perfection.
66 SARASWATI HEALTH AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION-XI
 13. Having concern with their talents and abilities.
14. Don't make excuses but try to find solution.
15. Having strong focus on goal.

EXERCISES
Objective Type/Multiple Choice Questions (Carrying 1 Mark) i m i t e d

Give one Word answers.

1. What is that stage which begins from birth to the end of 2 years?
Fill in the blanks.
1. The stage from birth to the end of.. years of age is called i
2. Childhood stage begins from the 3rd year and ends by r
thei
end
v of a .....year.

State True or False.

1. The life of an adolescent is full of emotions. (True/False)

Choose the correct answer.
1. "Adolescence is the period of great stress and strain, storm and strife." Whose statement
0s it?
(a) Watson (b) Crow and Crow
(c) Clarke and Clarke (d) None of the above
2. The stage of infancy is for the age group.
(a) 0-2 years (b) 3-5 years (c) 6-8 years (d) 9-12 years
3. Early adulthood remains from 20-40
(a) 20-40 years (b) 40-65 years (c) 65 years & above (d) None of these
4, Which one of the following is not a psychological attribute?
(a) Attention (b) Motivation
(c) Resilience (d) Mental Toughness
An individual's ability to bounce back in the face of adversity is referred to as:
(a) Stressor (b) Resilience (c) Anxiety (d) Self-confidence
Short Answer Questions-t (Carrying 2 Marks)
1. Whatis attention?
2. What is broad attention focus?
3. What is resilience?
4. What dooyou mean by mental toughness?

Short Answer Questions-i (Carrying 3 Marks)

1. Elaborate the developmental characteristics during infancy.
2. Describe the developmental characteristics during childhood.
3. Discuss the developmental characteristics of adulthood.
4. Discuss any six factors that help in building resilience.
5. Discus the types of resilience.
6. Discuss the dimensions of attention.

SUPPLEMENTARY BOOK 67