sensors

Editorial
Recent Advances in Fiber Bragg Grating Sensing
Antreas Theodosiou

Photonics Research Center (PRC), Lumoscribe Ltd., Anthipoloxagou Georgiou M Savva 12, 8201 Paphos, Cyprus;
[email protected]

1. Introduction
In the vast realm of optical fiber sensing, where precision and innovation converge,
Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) stand as luminaries, casting their influence across myriad
applications [1]. These microscopic structures within optical fibers have become the bedrock
of cutting-edge sensor technologies, revolutionizing the landscape of data acquisition and
measurement. As we embark on this editorial review, our focus is unwaveringly set on
the recent research advancements in FBGs and their applications in optical fiber sensors,
offering a panoramic view of the strides taken in this dynamic field.
The journey begins with the fundamental understanding of Fiber Bragg Gratings—a
triumph of ingenuity where periodic variations in the refractive index within an optical
fiber create a unique spectral pattern [2,3]. This simple yet powerful concept has become
a cornerstone in the development of optical sensors, providing an elegant solution for
measuring various physical parameters with unparalleled precision.
Over the years, the scientific community has relentlessly pushed the boundaries of FBG
technology, leading to a cascade of breakthroughs in sensor design, fabrication techniques,
and applications [4–6]. Our exploration will delve into the innovative strides made in the
fabrication of FBGs, from traditional UV-induced gratings [7] to advanced techniques like
femtosecond laser inscription [8,9], offering readers a glimpse into the evolution of the
fabrication methodologies that underpin the success of optical fiber sensors.
As we traverse through the editorial landscape, the spotlight will shine on the di-
verse range of applications in which FBGs have demonstrated their prowess. From
structural health monitoring and environmental sensing to biomedical applications and
beyond [10,11], the versatility of FBGs continues to astound researchers and engineers alike.
We will navigate through recent case studies and exemplary research projects, shedding
light on how FBGs have become indispensable tools in addressing contemporary challenges
Citation: Theodosiou, A. Recent across various domains.
Advances in Fiber Bragg Grating
Furthermore, this review will cast a forward-looking gaze into the future of FBGs
Sensing. Sensors 2024, 24, 532.
and optical fiber sensors, exploring emerging trends and potential avenues for further
https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020532
exploration. The integration of FBGs with other technologies, such as artificial intelligence
Received: 5 January 2024 and machine learning, promises to elevate the capabilities of optical sensors, paving the
Accepted: 11 January 2024 way for unprecedented levels of data accuracy and real-time monitoring.
Published: 15 January 2024 In conclusion, this editorial review aspires to be a beacon guiding readers through the
intricate web of advancements in Fiber Bragg Gratings and optical fiber sensor technologies.
With each page turned, we invite you to join us in unraveling the threads of innovation
that have woven a tapestry of progress in this captivating field, igniting a vision of a future
Copyright: © 2024 by the author.
where optical fiber sensors redefine the limits of what we can measure and understand.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article 2. An Overview of the Published Articles
distributed under the terms and
The article from Arnaldo et al. (contribution 1) focuses on the development and
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
characterization of Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors coated with ultraviolet (UV)-curable
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
resins, specifically NOA 68 and NOA 88. The UV-curable resins were applied after FBG
4.0/).
inscription and cured with a UV lamp. The study investigates the impact of these coatings

Sensors 2024, 24, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24020532 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors

Sensors 2024, 24, 532 2 of 8

on temperature, moisture absorption, and strain responses. Tensile tests were conducted to
understand the influence of resin coating on the optical fiber’s mechanical properties.
The results indicate that moisture absorption was negligible for both coatings during a
50 min test in distillated water. The temperature responses of the coated FBGs were higher
compared to uncoated ones, which was attributed to the thermal expansion of the coatings.
In strain tests, both the coated and uncoated samples showed similar sensitivities, but the
coated samples exhibited a larger strain range.
The stress–strain curves revealed that the Young’s modulus of the coated samples was
one order of magnitude lower than that of uncoated silica fiber, with the NOA 68 coating
showing the lowest modulus (3.84 GPa). This suggests the potential for highly sensitive
pressure and force sensors. The proposed method is deemed simple, low-cost, and provides
robust fiber coating. Additionally, the in situ application of coatings is highlighted as a
significant advantage over other coating approaches for optical fibers.
In conclusion, the paper presents a viable alternative for enhancing FBG sensors in
silica fibers for mechanical sensing by using UV-curable resins as protective coatings. The
coated FBGs demonstrate improved temperature sensitivity and a broader strain range,
making them suitable for various sensing applications. The research suggests that UV-
curable resins offer a low-cost, highly customizable, and straightforward method for FBG
coating, showcasing potential advantages over uncoated fibers in sensing applications.
Future work is proposed to explore additional resins and investigate the trade-offs between
coating layer thickness, material, and sensor performance.
Violakis et al. (contribution 2) explored the use of optical-fiber-based acoustic emission
(AE) detection sensors, specifically Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors, for structural health
monitoring or medical diagnosis. The study compares FBGs inscribed in optical fibers with
diameters of 50, 80, and 125 µm, with a focus on the advantages of smaller-diameter fibers.
The edge filter detection method is employed to capture reproducible acoustic waves, and
the acquired signals are analyzed using fast Fourier and wavelet decompositions.
The results reveal that, despite the 50 µm diameter optical fiber being more prone
to noise due to non-standard splicing methods, it exhibits a higher sensitivity and a
broader dynamic range than its larger-diameter counterparts. The research highlights the
advantages of using smaller-diameter optical fibers for AE detection, providing superior
sensitivity and performance across the entire ultrasonic range.
In its conclusion, the study emphasizes the significant benefits of smaller optical fiber
diameters (50 µm) for ultrasonic detection, showcasing a higher sensitivity and a dynamic
range. The findings are supported by both fast Fourier transform and wavelet decom-
position analyses, with the latter offering additional advantages in terms of sensitivity
and dynamic range mapping over the full frequency response range. The paper suggests
potential improvements in AE detection sensitivity for the 50 µm diameter optical fiber
by optimizing the connection to standard-diameter fibers, reducing mode field diameter
mismatch losses and enhancing the optical fiber holder design. Furthermore, the transition
from silica optical fibers to polymer optical fibers is proposed as a means to achieve even
higher AE detection sensitivity. Overall, the study underscores the advantages of using
smaller-diameter optical fibers in AE detection and provides insights into potential avenues
for further performance enhancements.
Goossens et al. (contribution 3) investigated the impact of different Fiber Bragg Grating
(FBG) lengths on the detection of ultrasonic guided waves (UGWs) for non-destructive
inspection (NDI) purposes. The study aims to experimentally validate the effect of the
ratio between the UGW wavelength (λUGW ) and the FBG length (L) on the FBG’s spectral
response during the passage of a UGW. The analysis involves a full spectral reconstruction
of the Bragg peaks for different FBG lengths, with a focus on understanding how UGW-
induced strain affects the Bragg peak.
Their experimental findings confirm the importance of the UGW wavelength to FBG
length ratio (λUGW /L) and its impact on the Bragg peak. For λUGW /L values approaching
unity, the strain on the FBG becomes non-uniform, leading to Bragg peak broadening.
Sensors 2024, 24, 532 3 of 8

However, the study reveals that, even when peak broadening dominates, the shape of the
first wave packet of the UGW signal remains consistent, allowing for successful detection
through edge-filtering interrogation.
The conclusions emphasize that the commonly assumed requirement of λUGW /L ≈ 1
may not be strictly necessary. The research shows that, despite the dominance of Bragg
peak broadening with increased FBG length, UGW signals can still be effectively acquired
through edge-filtering. Additionally, longer FBG sensors offer higher sensitivity, leading to
larger signal amplitudes and potentially improved measurement quality. Therefore, the
study suggests that, contrary to previous assumptions, fulfilling the specific condition of
λUGW /L ≈ 1 is not strictly mandatory for successful UGW detection with FBGs, and longer
FBG sensors might even be preferred for enhanced sensitivity and measurement quality.
Theodosiou et al. (contribution 4) introduced a monolithic fiber laser operating in the
short wavelength infrared, specifically designed for CO2 gas sensing applications. The
laser design is based on the direct inscription of a monolithic Fabry–Perot cavity in a
thulium-doped optical fiber, employing the femtosecond laser plane-by-plane inscription
method to create the cavity mirrors. Two wavelength-identical fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs)
with high and low reflectivity are used for cavity construction.
The paper details the characterization of a laser cavity with a single high reflectivity
FBG, followed by the development of three fully monolithic cavities. The lasers are de-
signed for continuous wave operation at 1950 nm and evaluated based on power output,
slope efficiency, stability, and effective resonator length. The monolithic laser cavities
exhibit promising results, with an improvement exceeding 12% in slope efficiency com-
pared to previous work using the same thulium-doped fiber but with FBGs inscribed in
silica-passive fiber.
In conclusion, the study successfully demonstrates a fully monolithic fiber laser appli-
cable to CO2 gas sensing in the short wavelength infrared region. The characterization of
the laser cavities, including the effective length and power slope efficiency, is performed
systematically. The reproducibility of the method is verified through the development of
three monolithic fiber laser cavities, each incorporating a short, broad bandwidth, and low
reflectivity FBG. The results showcase a high degree of reproducibility, emphasizing the
potential of the proposed monolithic fiber laser for practical applications in gas sensing.
Rodriguez-Garrido et al. (contribution 5) focused on employing femtosecond-laser-
inscribed Fiber Bragg Gratings (FsFBGs) for monitoring the high-temperature surface
distribution (HTSD) within concentrating solar power (CSP) plant solar receivers. The
fiber-optic sensor system, consisting of 12 FsFBGs distributed over 0.4 m2 , enables the
creation of a temperature map through two-dimensional interpolation. The study assesses
the FsFBG performance in harsh environments, considering calibration functions, spectral
intervals, and fabrication tolerances. Their results indicate the reliability of this technique,
with temperature measurements successfully recorded up to 566 ◦ C.
The application of the fiber-optic sensor system was tested on a central receiver
prototype in a CSP tower facility, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing HTSD under
various solar irradiance distributions. While the concept proved successful, the research
identifies critical aspects for improvement in the sensor design.
In conclusion, the proposed fiber-optic sensor system, utilizing FsFBGs, was validated
for monitoring temperature surface distribution in CSP plant central receivers. The system’s
viability was demonstrated in a specially designed prototype, which successfully recorded
characteristic temperature maps at elevated temperatures. The study emphasizes the
importance of FsFBG design and performance analysis, considering wavelength peak
tolerances, spectral intervals, and calibration functions. Future work will explore the
application of regenerated FBGs for higher temperature measurements, increasing the
number of sensor elements for improved spatial resolution and analyzing calibration
functions for FsFBG and regenerated FBG systems. This research highlights the promising
potential of high-temperature monitoring with FsFBGs in diverse industrial applications,
Sensors 2024, 24, 532 4 of 8

including aerospace, nuclear plants, oil and gas exploration, and advanced robotics in
harsh environments.
Shin et al. (contribution 6) focused on the development of a Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)
force sensor system for cardiac catheterization applications, leveraging the advantages
of FBG sensors, such as their being lightweight, low-cost, and free from electromagnetic
interference. Two different flexure structures were designed and simulated to determine
their sensitivity and durability using ANSYS software. The selected helical structure, found
to be more sensitive, was combined with three FBGs and an interrogator to create a tri-axial
FBG force sensor at the catheter tip.
The FBG force sensor system was calibrated by measuring the change in wavelength
with force, achieving a high resolution of 0.01 N within the 0.1–0.5 N range. The LabVIEW
program was utilized to generate a calibration curve, enabling the real-time measurement of
unknown force values during the catheter ablation procedure. The study also compared the
sensitivity of helical and perforated flexure structures and demonstrated the repeatability
and stability of the FBG force sensor.
In conclusion, the developed FBG force sensor system offers advantages such as high
repeatability and stability, making it suitable for cardiac catheterization procedures where
interference with electronic devices in the operating room needs to be avoided. The helical
flexure structure, combined with FBGs, proves to be an effective and sensitive configuration
for real-time force sensing. The system’s potential application in cardiac catheterization is
highlighted, emphasizing its reliability for physicians in medical procedures.
Eiserman et al. (contribution 7) focused on the metrological investigation of Fiber
Bragg Gratings (FBG) inscribed in single crystalline multimode sapphire fibers (S-FBG)
for high-temperature applications up to 1900 ◦ C. A hybrid optical temperature sensor,
incorporating S-FBG, thermal radiation, and a conventional thermocouple, was developed
and tested in an industrial silicon manufacturing process. The study aimed to analyze the
achievable temperature uncertainties and enhance the signal processing of the reflected
S-FBG spectrum.
The results show that the hybrid sensor, combining S-FBG with thermal radiation and
a calibrated thermocouple, performed robustly in harsh environments. The S-FBG sensor
demonstrated stability against mechanically caused mode variations and aging effects
caused by high-temperature processes. Calibration with temperature-fixed points enabled
accurate measurements up to 1600 ◦ C, with the S-FBG and thermocouple measurements
agreeing within their combined uncertainties.
The conclusions highlight the successful metrological characterization of the high-
temperature hybrid sensor, emphasizing its application in monitoring industrial processes
in challenging conditions. The study proposes strategies to further reduce the uncertainty
of S-FBG calibration, making them a promising choice for high-temperature measurements,
with potential competitiveness with thermocouples while benefiting from fiber-based
sensing advantages.
Nan et al. (contribution 8) investigated the characteristics of Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBG)
in cyclic transparent fluoropolymer (CYTOP) optical fiber, focusing on the FBG response to
temperature, humidity, and strain. Two uniform FBGs were inscribed separately in CYTOP
fiber with and without over-clad. A three-variable two-level factorial experimental method
was employed to study the sensitivities and cross-sensitivities of these parameters. The
interactions among temperature, humidity, and strain were analyzed, and the parameter
sensitivities were estimated.
The results reveal similar temperature and strain sensitivities for both FBGs, while a
significant cross-sensitivity between humidity and temperature is present only in the FBG
inscribed in CYTOP fiber with over-clad. The study highlights the hydrophilicity of the
over-clad material, impacting the temperature sensitivity. The research provides insights
into the complex interactions among environmental parameters in CYTOP-FBGs, offering
valuable information for applications requiring accurate sensing in such fibers.
Sensors 2024, 24, 532 5 of 8

Liang et al. (contribution 9) introduced a novel three-dimensional stress-monitoring

method for surrounding rocks in roadways using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensing
technology. A cube-shaped three-dimensional stress fiber grating sensor is developed
based on this method. The study validates the sensor’s feasibility through theoretical
analysis, simulation, and experimentation, showcasing its application in underground
engineering safety monitoring, particularly in coal mines and tunnels.
The sensor’s performance is tested through a uniaxial compression experiment, demon-
strating a high sensitivity to X, Y, and Z axis stress with a relative error of less than 4%.
The sensor exhibits excellent linearity and repeatability. The research holds significance for
understanding the distribution and evolution of surrounding rock stress fields, preventing
coal and rock dynamic disasters, optimizing roadway support parameters, assessing risks
in working face areas, and enhancing mine safety production.
In conclusion, the paper presents the design principles, numerical relationships, and
sensitivity formulas of the three-dimensional stress sensor. The ANSYS Workbench numer-
ical simulation validates the sensor’s performance under uniaxial compression, ensuring
accurate stress measurements. The experimental results indicate high linearity, repeatability,
and minimal relative error, demonstrating the sensor’s potential for practical applications.
The paper suggests future research directions, including temperature compensation, FBG
protection, and the development of three-dimensional stress-monitoring software for en-
hanced data processing.
Lin et al. (contribution 10) introduced a novel algorithm for the automatic demodula-
tion of surrounding refractive index (SRI) variations in a Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating-Surface
Plasmon Resonance (TFBG-SPR) sensor probe. The algorithm involves three key steps:
peak identification and cladding mode selection, the determination of the most sensitive
cladding mode, and efficiency and sensitivity enhancement through cladding mode fitting
techniques. The paper focuses on reducing the spectral scanning time and improving SRI
sensitivity.
The algorithm is validated by preparing refractive indices with a tiny index step using
a glucose aqueous solution. The study demonstrates the automatic selection of the most
sensitive cladding mode, achieving a sensitivity of −6887 dB/RIU (refractive index unit)
with a scanning time of 15.77 s. The researchers explore the trade-off between scanning
speed and sensitivity by varying the wavelength resolution, optimizing the algorithm for
practical application.
In conclusion, the proposed algorithm streamlines the calibration and measurement
of SRI in TFBG-SPR sensor probes. The research highlights the potential for automatic
calibration and ease of application, setting the stage for integration into commercial devices
in the future. The improvements in efficiency and sensitivity contribute to the advancement
of SPR-based sensing technologies.
Liang et al. (contribution 11) addressed the challenges of existing Fiber Bragg Grating
Force-Measuring Bolts (FBG-FMB) in mine roadway support and introduced a novel
solution—the desensitized FBG-FMB. The conventional FBG-FMB faced issues such as fiber
breakage and sensing ineffectiveness during elongation, leading to a mismatch between
FBG elongation and the bolt’s strain. To address this, the study establishes a FBG strain
desensitization sensing model and designs a spring-desensitized FBG sensor.
The feasibility and reliability of the desensitized FBG-FMB are verified through me-
chanical analysis, pull-out experiments, and field applications in a coal mine roadway. The
new sensor resolves the problem of uncoordinated strain between the grating and the bolt,
allowing for early warnings of bolt failure and for collecting essential data for optimizing
roadway support parameters. The axial stress distribution along the bolt is observed in a
field test, showcasing the reliability and applicability of the force-measuring bolt.
However, the study acknowledges its potential limitations, such as the influence of
ambient temperature and the need for improvements in temperature compensation. The
desensitized FBG-FMB also lacks a supporting data processing system, emphasizing the
opportunity for future work in developing a comprehensive solution for visualizing the
Sensors 2024, 24, 532 6 of 8

bolt state. Overall, the desensitized FBG-FMB proves to be a promising technology with
significant application prospects in various underground engineering fields beyond coal
mine roadway support.
Song et al. (contribution 12) addressed the critical need for the accurate perception of
the straightness of a scraper conveyor in coal mines, crucial for the construction of intelligent
working faces. A precision compensation model is proposed, focusing on the rotation error
angle, to enhance the accuracy of the Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) curvature sensor of the
scraper conveyor. The correctness of the model is rigorously verified through theoretical
analysis, numerical simulation, and experiments. The paper emphasizes the engineering
application value and broad prospects of the compensation model in various contexts,
including coal mine underground conveyors, submarine pipelines, and ground pipelines.
The compensation model is designed to address low sensing accuracy, mainly at-
tributed to the rotation error angle. The model is validated through numerical simulations,
with the curvature radius calculated according to the compensation model showing a
relative error within 0.9% for each discrete point. The experiments further confirm the
correctness of the compensation model, with the relative error of the curvature radius after
fitting within 3% and deduced from each discrete point within 6%. The study concludes that
the accuracy compensation model meets the requirements for the straightness perception
accuracy of the scraper conveyor.
While the paper highlights the significance of the proposed model, it acknowledges
its certain limitations, such as the lack of a more applicable rotation error angle measure-
ment instrument and the complexity of incorporating a rotation angle sensor with the
FBG curvature sensor. The influence of torsion on long-distance curvature detection is
also recognized, paving the way for future research. Additionally, the paper does not
cover temperature compensation design, emphasizing the need for further exploration in
unfavorable conditions where temperature variations are significant.

3. Conclusions
In conclusion, this comprehensive review paper provides a panoramic view of the
recent advancements in Fiber Bragg Gratings (FBGs) and their diverse applications in
optical fiber sensors. The journey through the intricate landscape of FBG technology reveals
its foundational role in the evolution of sensor technologies, offering elegant solutions for
measuring various physical parameters with unparalleled precision.
The exploration of FBG fabrication techniques showcases the relentless pursuit of
innovation within the scientific community, from traditional UV-induced gratings to cutting-
edge methods like femtosecond laser inscription. These advancements underscore the
continuous efforts to enhance the sensitivity, versatility, and applicability of FBGs in optical
fiber sensors.
The spotlight on diverse applications highlights the remarkable versatility of FBGs,
ranging from structural health monitoring and environmental sensing to biomedical appli-
cations and beyond. Each research contribution discussed in the review paper provides
valuable insights into the specific advantages and challenges associated with FBG applica-
tions in various domains, offering a rich tapestry of possibilities.
Looking forward, the review casts a gaze into the future of FBGs and optical fiber
sensors, exploring emerging trends and potential avenues for further exploration. The
integration of FBGs with technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning
promises to elevate the capabilities of optical sensors, opening doors to unprecedented
levels of data accuracy and real-time monitoring.
In essence, this editorial review serves as a beacon guiding readers through the
dynamic and evolving field of Fiber Bragg Gratings and optical fiber sensor technologies.
With each contribution, the paper unravels the threads of innovation that have woven a
tapestry of progress, igniting a vision of a future where optical fiber sensors redefine the
limits of what we can measure and understand. As we turn the pages of this review, we are
Sensors 2024, 24, 532 7 of 8

invited to join the journey of discovery, where FBGs continue to illuminate new paths in
sensing technology.

Conflicts of Interest: Author Antreas Theodosiou was employed by the company Lumoscribe Ltd.
and the author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial
relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

List of Contributions
1. Leal-Junior, A.; Frizera, A.; Marques, C. Development and Characterization of UV-
Resin Coated Fiber Bragg Gratings. Sensors 2020, 20, 3026. https://doi.org/10.3390/
s20113026.
2. Violakis, G.; Le-Quang, T.; Shevchik, S.A.; Wasmer, K. Sensitivity Analysis of Acoustic
Emission Detection Using Fiber Bragg Gratings with Different Optical Fiber Diameters.
Sensors 2020, 20, 6511. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20226511.
3. Goossens, S.; Berghmans, F.; Geernaert, T. Spectral Verification of the Mechanisms
behind FBG-Based Ultrasonic Guided Wave Detection. Sensors 2020, 20, 6571. https:
//doi.org/10.3390/s20226571.
4. Theodosiou, A.; Aubrecht, J.; Kašík, I.; Dousek, D.; Komanec, M.; Kalli, K. Femtosec-
ond Laser Plane-by-Plane Inscribed Cavity Mirrors for Monolithic Fiber Lasers in
Thulium-Doped Fiber. Sensors 2021, 21, 1928. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21061928.
5. Rodríguez-Garrido, R.; Carballar, A.; Vera, J.; González-Aguilar, J.; Altamirano, A.;
Loureiro, A.; Pereira, D. High-Temperature Monitoring in Central Receiver Concen-
trating Solar Power Plants with Femtosecond-Laser Inscribed FBG. Sensors 2021, 21,
3762. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21113762.
6. Shin, D.; Kim, H.-U.; Kulkarni, A.; Kim, Y.-H.; Kim, T. Development of Force Sensor
System Based on Tri-Axial Fiber Bragg Grating with Flexure Structure. Sensors 2021,
22, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22010016.
7. Eisermann, R.; Krenek, S.; Habisreuther, T.; Ederer, P.; Simonsen, S.; Mathisen, H.;
Elsmann, T.; Edler, F.; Schmid, D.; Lorenz, A.; et al. Metrological Characterization of a
High-Temperature Hybrid Sensor Using Thermal Radiation and Calibrated Sapphire
Fiber Bragg Grating for Process Monitoring in Harsh Environments. Sensors 2022, 22,
1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22031034.
8. Nan, Y.-G.; Yazd, N.S.; Chapalo, I.; Chah, K.; Hu, X.; Mégret, P. Properties of Fiber
Bragg Grating in CYTOP Fiber Response to Temperature, Humidity, and Strain Using
Factorial Design. Sensors 2022, 22, 1934. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051934.
9. Liang, M.; Fang, X.; Song, Y.; Li, S.; Chen, N.; Zhang, F. Research on Three-Dimensional
Stress Monitoring Method of Surrounding Rock Based on FBG Sensing Technology.
Sensors 2022, 22, 2624. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072624.
10. Lin, W.; Huang, W.; Liu, Y.; Chen, X.; Qu, H.; Hu, X. Cladding Mode Fitting-Assisted
Automatic Refractive Index Demodulation Optical Fiber Sensor Probe Based on Tilted
Fiber Bragg Grating and SPR. Sensors 2022, 22, 3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22083032.
11. Liang, M.; Song, Y.; Fang, X.; Jiang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Li, S.; Chen, N.; Xu, Z. Structural
Design and Application of Desensitized FBG Force-Measuring Bolt. Sensors 2022, 22,
3930. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103930.
12. Song, Y.; Fang, X.; Wu, G.; Chen, N.; Liang, M.; Xu, Z.; Zhang, F. Research on
Straightness Perception Compensation Model of FBG Scraper Conveyor Based on
Rotation Error Angle. Sensors 2022, 22, 6399, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176399.

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