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Course Name: Basics of ICT Level: BA-BCOM

‫اجنےساتکںیبںیہنآریہںیہ۔وہہبلط مہاریرسوسےکذرےعیااسٹنمنئاورااحتمناتیکایتریےکےیل‬
‫نجہبلطیکویوینریٹسیک ب‬
‫ے‬ ‫ٹٹ‬ ‫ے‬
‫ادارکےکآرڈررکواتکسںیہ۔زیناہھتےس‬200‫رپنتمیقےکالعوہمزیڈڈاکخزہچ‬ ‫یک ببرھگےھٹیباحلصرکتکسںیہ۔بتکیک ڈ‬
‫ئم ٹ‬
03096696159‫یھکلوہیئاورالیامیاسییکوسٹفااس نٹسآرڈررپدایتسبںیہ۔رصفواسٹانرپراہطبرکی‬
03096696159‫اساتکباکالخہصرھگےھٹیباحلصرکےنےکےیلراہطبرکی۔رصفواسٹانرپراہطبرکی‬
Q.1 a) Why internet and cell phones are being considered the best examples of ICT?
Explain and exemplify it in detail.
Answer: Internet and cell phones are considered the best examples of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) due to their widespread usage, versatility, and impact on
various aspects of human life.
1. Connectivity and Communication: The internet and cell phones enable seamless
connectivity and communication across the globe. With the internet, people can exchange
information, ideas, and knowledge instantly through various platforms like emails, social
media, and messaging apps. Cell phones provide the flexibility of carrying this connectivity
in our pockets, allowing us to make calls, send messages, and access the internet on the go.
2. Information Access: The internet acts as a vast repository of information, offering access
to unlimited resources. It allows people to search for information, learn new skills through
online courses, access news and updates, and explore different perspectives. This availability
of information has become crucial for education, research, professional growth, and
decision-making processes.
3. E-Commerce and Digital Services: The internet and cell phones have revolutionized the
way businesses operate and people shop. E-commerce platforms enable online shopping,
making it convenient for consumers to purchase products and services from anywhere at any
time. Additionally, digital services like online banking, payment gateways, and digital wallets
have simplified financial transactions and made them more secure.
4. Social Connection: Social media platforms have transformed the way people connect and
interact. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter have become integral parts of our
daily lives, enabling individuals to communicate, share experiences, and build social
networks. Cell phones make it easy to access these platforms, allowing us to stay connected
with friends, family, and colleagues.
5. Productivity and Efficiency: ICT tools, such as email, productivity suites, project
management tools, and video conferencing, have enhanced productivity and efficiency in
workplaces. These tools enable instant communication, collaboration, and file sharing,
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reducing the limitations of physical distance. The ability to work remotely has also gained
significant importance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Examples of ICT using the internet and cell phones:
Online Education: With the internet and cell phones, students can access online courses,
educational resources, and virtual classrooms. This allows them to learn at their own pace
and eliminates the need for physical attendance in traditional classrooms.
Telemedicine: Through cell phones and the internet, healthcare providers can offer remote
consultations, diagnosis, and treatment. Patients can communicate with doctors virtually,
share medical history, and receive prescriptions or advice without visiting a clinic physically.
Remote Work: The internet and cell phones enable people to work remotely, accessing
company files, collaborating with colleagues, and attending virtual meetings. This flexibility
has become essential for maintaining business continuity and work-life balance.
E-commerce: Online shopping has boomed with the internet and cell phones. People can
browse, compare prices, and purchase products from various e-commerce platforms.
Delivery services coordinate with online purchases, ensuring the products reach the
consumers' doorsteps.
Q.1 b) Enlist ICT devices and right down the advantages and drawbacks of each with
examples.
Answer: 1. Smartphone:
Advantages:
Portability: Smartphones are small and lightweight, making them highly portable and easy
to carry around.
Multifunctionality: They can perform multiple functions like making calls, sending
messages, browsing the internet, playing games, etc.
Connectivity: Smartphones provide internet connectivity, allowing users to stay connected
and access information on the go.
Wide range of applications: Numerous mobile applications are available for productivity,
entertainment, communication, and more.
Drawbacks:
Small screen size: The small screen size of smartphones may limit visibility and usability,
especially for tasks that require larger screen real estate.
Limited processing power: Compared to computers, smartphones generally have lower
processing power, which can affect the performance of resource-intensive apps.
Battery life: Extensive usage of smartphones can quickly drain the battery, requiring
frequent charging.
Distractions: The constant notifications and access to social media on smartphones can lead
to distractions and reduced productivity.
Example: Apple iPhone, Samsung Galaxy S21.
2. Laptop:
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Advantages:
Portability: Laptops are portable and can be easily carried to different locations.
Full keyboard and larger screen: Laptops offer a larger screen size and a physical keyboard,
which can enhance productivity and improve comfort for typing-intensive tasks.
Processing power: Laptops have more processing power compared to smartphones,
enabling them to handle resource-intensive tasks like gaming, video editing, and software
development.
Multitasking capabilities: Laptops allow users to use multiple applications simultaneously,
enhancing productivity.
Drawbacks:
Limited battery life: Although laptops have built-in batteries, their usage time is limited
compared to desktop computers.
Size and weight: Laptops are bulkier and heavier compared to smartphones and tablets,
making them less convenient to carry around.
Higher cost: Laptops often come with a higher price tag compared to other ICT devices like
tablets or smartphones.
Vulnerability to hardware failure: Laptops have various hardware components that may
fail over time, requiring repairs or replacements.
Example: Dell XPS 13, MacBook Pro.
3. Tablet:
Advantages:
Portability: Tablets are lightweight and easy to carry, providing high mobility.
Touch screen interface: Tablets have touch screens, enabling intuitive and direct interaction
with applications and content.
Media consumption: Tablets are excellent devices for consuming media, such as watching
videos, reading e-books, and browsing the internet.
Long battery life: Tablets often have longer battery life compared to laptops or smartphones.
Drawbacks:
Limited processing power: Tablets generally have less processing power compared to
laptops, limiting their performance for demanding tasks.
Lack of physical keyboard: Tablets rely on virtual keyboards, which may be less
comfortable for long typing sessions.
Smaller screen: While offering portability, the smaller screen size of tablets can limit
productivity for some tasks.
Limited storage capacity: Tablets typically have limited internal storage, requiring frequent
data management or reliance on cloud services.
Example: Apple iPad, Samsung Galaxy Tab.
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4. Smart TV:
Advantages:
Internet connectivity: Smart TVs can connect to the internet, providing access to streaming
services, online content, and other applications.
Enhanced media experience: Smart TVs offer high-definition displays, superior sound
quality, and the ability to stream media content directly on the TV.
Smart home integration: Many smart TVs can integrate with other smart home devices,
allowing users to control them using the TV or remote control.
Drawbacks:
Cost: Smart TVs can be more expensive compared to traditional non-smart TVs.
Potential security risks: As smart TVs connect to the internet, there is a potential risk of
security breaches, including unauthorized access to personal information.
Software updates: Smart TVs may require regular software updates to fix bugs or add new
features, which can sometimes be cumbersome to perform.
Learning curve: Using smart TV features and navigating through various applications may
require some learning and adjustment.
Example: Samsung Smart TV, LG OLED Smart TV.
Q.2 Differentiate the following:
a) Motherboard & Microprocessor b) Plotters & Printers.
c) Document Scanner & Image Scanner d) Graphic Adopter & Monitor
Answer: a) Motherboard & Microprocessor:
Motherboard: It is the main circuit board that connects and manages all the components of
a computer. It provides slots and ports for connecting various hardware components such as
the processor, memory, storage, graphics card, etc. It acts as a communication hub for the
different parts of the computer system.
Microprocessor: It is the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It is an integrated
circuit that executes instructions, performs calculations, and manages the overall operation of
the computer system. The microprocessor is the brain of the computer and is located on the
motherboard.
b) Plotters & Printers:
Plotters: Plotters are devices used to produce high-quality, large-scale graphics, such as
architectural drawings, maps, and blueprints. They use pens or markers to create precise lines
on paper. Plotters are often used in engineering, architecture, and design industries.
Printers: Printers are devices used to produce hard copies of digital documents or images on
various media such as paper, transparencies, or labels. They use different technologies like
inkjet, laser, or dot matrix to create text or images on the paper. Printers are commonly used
in offices, homes, and businesses.
c) Document Scanner & Image Scanner:
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Document Scanner: A document scanner is a device used to convert physical documents
into digital form. It captures images or text from paper documents, such as letters, contracts,
or receipts, and converts them into digital files that can be stored, edited, or shared
electronically.
Image Scanner: An image scanner is a device used to capture images or photographs in
digital form. It is commonly used to digitize printed photos, slides, or film negatives. Image
scanners often have higher resolution and color accuracy compared to document scanners, as
they are primarily designed for capturing high-quality images.
d) Graphic Adapter & Monitor:
Graphic Adapter: A graphic adapter, also known as a graphics card or video card, is a
hardware component that is responsible for generating and displaying visual information on
a computer screen. It processes and renders images, videos, and 3D graphics and transmits
them to the monitor. The graphic adapter often contains its own dedicated memory and
processing unit to handle graphics-intensive tasks.
Monitor: A monitor is an output device that displays visual information generated by the
computer system. It consists of a screen or display panel that shows images, videos, text, and
other graphical elements. The monitor receives signals from the graphic adapter and uses its
own built-in technology to project the visuals onto the screen for the user to see.
Q.3 a) What do you mean by computer? Elaborate basic five operations performed
by the computer with an example.
Answer: A computer is an electronic device that is capable of executing a predefined set
of instructions to perform a variety of tasks and calculations. It is composed of hardware
components such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory, storage, and input/output
devices.
The basic five operations performed by a computer are as follows:
1. Input:
This operation involves providing data or instructions to the computer for processing. It can
be done through various input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, or even sensors.
For example, when you type a document on a keyboard, the computer receives the input and
stores it in memory.
2. Output:
Once the computer has processed the input, it produces meaningful results or output. This
can be displayed on a screen, printed on paper, or even played through speakers. For
instance, when you click on a link on a web page, the computer retrieves the data and
displays it on the screen.
3. Processing:
The computer performs various calculations and manipulations on the input data using its
central processing unit (CPU). It executes the instructions present in the software to perform
tasks like arithmetic operations, logical comparisons, data transformations, etc. For example,
when you use a calculator application on your computer, it processes your mathematical
inputs and generates the result.
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4. Storage:
Computers have the ability to store and retrieve data for later use. This data can be stored in
various forms such as hard drives, solid-state drives, or even cloud storage. An example of
storage operation is when you save a document on your computer's hard drive, and later you
can open and access it.
5. Control:
This operation involves coordinating and managing the execution of different tasks within
the computer system. It ensures that instructions are fetched, interpreted, and executed in the
correct sequence. The control operation allows the computer to manage multiple tasks
simultaneously, ensuring smooth operation. For example, when you run multiple
applications simultaneously, the computer's operating system manages the execution and
switching between them.
These five basic operations are the essence of how a computer functions and performs tasks.
They are carried out at a rapid pace, enabling computers to perform complex calculations,
process massive amounts of data, and provide efficient results to users.
Q.3 b) Discuss different generations of computer.
Answer: Computers have undergone significant advancements over the years, leading to
the development of different generations. Each generation represents a distinct phase in
computer history, characterized by specific technological advancements and architectural
changes. Let's discuss the different generations of computers:
1. First Generation (1940s-1950s):
The first generation of computers used vacuum tubes as their main electronic component.
These computers were large, expensive, and consumed a lot of power. Examples include the
ENIAC and UNIVAC computers.
2. Second Generation (1950s-1960s):
The second generation saw the replacement of vacuum tubes with transistors. Transistors were
smaller, more reliable, and energy-efficient compared to vacuum tubes. This resulted in
smaller and faster computers. Examples include the IBM 1401 and UNIVAC 1108.
3. Third Generation (1960s-1970s):
The third generation marked the use of integrated circuits (ICs), which combined multiple
transistors onto a single chip. ICs were smaller, consumed less power, and increased
computing speeds. This generation also witnessed the development of high-level
programming languages like COBOL and FORTRAN.
4. Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):
The fourth generation introduced microprocessors, which integrated the entire central
processing unit (CPU) onto a single chip. This allowed for even smaller computers that were
faster and more affordable. Personal computers (PCs) became prevalent during this era, with
examples like the IBM PC and Apple Macintosh.
5. Fifth Generation (1980s-Present):
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The fifth generation brought about advancements in parallel processing, artificial
intelligence, and advanced operating systems. Supercomputers capable of performing
complex tasks and expert systems that could mimic human decision-making were developed.
This generation also saw the rise of the internet and the development of modern user-friendly
graphical interfaces.
6. Sixth Generation (Present-Future):
The sixth generation is still evolving and is characterized by advancements in artificial
intelligence, quantum computing, and internet of things (IoT) devices. These computers aim
to further enhance processing power, connectivity, and intelligent decision-making
capabilities.
It is important to note that these generations are not strictly defined, and different sources
may have variations in their classification. However, they provide a broad understanding of
the major advancements and milestones in computer technology.
Q.4 a) Elaborate the functions of the Control unit and Arithmetic & Logic unit?
Answer: The control unit and arithmetic logic unit (ALU) are two crucial components of
a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
1. Control Unit:
The control unit is responsible for controlling and coordinating the overall operation of the
CPU. Its main functions include:
Instruction Fetch: The control unit retrieves program instructions from the memory and
determines the next instruction to be executed.
Instruction Decode: It decodes the fetched instruction, determining the operation to be
performed and the operands involved.
Instruction Execution: The control unit carries out the execution of instructions by sending
appropriate signals to the ALU, memory, and input/output devices.
Timing and Synchronization: It ensures that the instructions are executed in the correct
sequence and at the proper time.
Control of Input/Output Devices: The control unit manages the communication between
the CPU and input/output devices, facilitating data transfer and handling interrupts.
Pipeline Control: In modern CPUs, the control unit manages the pipeline stages, where
multiple instructions are simultaneously processed, improving performance.
Branch Prediction: Some control units incorporate branch prediction techniques to
minimize the impact of branch instructions on CPU performance.
2. Arithmetic & Logic Unit (ALU):
The ALU is responsible for performing arithmetic operations (such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division) and logical operations (such as AND, OR, NOT) on binary data
in the CPU. Its functions include:
Arithmetic Operations: The ALU carries out basic arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division on binary numbers.
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Logical Operations: It performs logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT to evaluate
conditions, perform comparisons, and manipulate binary data.
Bit Shifts: The ALU can shift bits left or right to perform operations like multiplication or
division by powers of two.
Data Comparison: It compares data values to determine equality, inequality, or the relative
size of the operands.
Conditional Branching: The ALU provides the necessary functions for conditional
branching, allowing the control unit to redirect program flow based on the result of a
comparison or logical operation.
Bitwise Operations: The ALU supports bitwise operations like shifting, rotating, and masking,
which are crucial for low-level data manipulation and operations on individual bits.
Overall, the control unit manages the execution of instructions and the flow of data within
the CPU, while the ALU performs the actual arithmetic and logic operations required by
those instructions. Both units work together to ensure the efficient and accurate processing of
data in a computer system.
Q.4 b) Enlist Input and Output devices. Define each and differentiate them.
Answer: Input Devices:
1. Keyboard: A keyboard is a common input device that allows users to input text, numbers,
and commands into a computer. It consists of keys representing letters, numbers, symbols,
and various control functions.
2. Mouse: A mouse is used to control the cursor on the computer screen. It typically has two
or more buttons and a scroll wheel that can be clicked or moved to select and interact with
objects or text.
3. Scanner: A scanner is used to convert physical documents, images, or photos into digital
format by capturing their content and converting it into a digital file that can be stored or
edited on a computer.
4. Webcam: A webcam is an input device that captures live video and audio. It is commonly
used for video conferencing, online streaming, or capturing images and videos for various
purposes.
5. Microphone: A microphone is an input device that converts sound waves into an
electrical signal, allowing users to record audio or communicate through voice commands.
Output Devices:
1. Monitor: A monitor or display screen is an output device that presents visual information
from the computer. It enables users to view text, images, videos, and graphical interfaces.
2. Printer: A printer is an output device that produces hard copies of text or images from the
computer onto paper. It is commonly used for printing documents, photos, and other
materials.
3. Speaker: A speaker is an output device that generates sound from the computer. It allows
users to hear audio, including music, videos, and other forms of multimedia.
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4. Projector: A projector is an output device that projects visual content from a computer
onto a larger surface, such as a wall or screen, allowing a larger audience to view the
displayed information.
5. Headphones: Headphones are output devices that deliver sound directly to the user's ears.
They allow individuals to listen to audio privately, without disturbing others.
The main difference between input and output devices is their functionality. Input devices
enable users to provide data or instructions to a computer system, whereas output devices
display, present, or provide the results or processed information to the user. Input devices
take in information, while output devices produce or present information.
Q.5 a) Discuss the functions of Point of Sale Terminal and ATM machine.
Answer: Point of Sale Terminal (POS Terminal):
1. Sales Processing: POS terminals are primarily used for processing sales transactions.
They can process various payment methods such as cash, credit cards, debit cards, mobile
payments, and gift cards, making it convenient for customers to make purchases.
2. Inventory Management: POS terminals can track inventory levels and update them in
real-time as sales are made. This helps businesses keep track of their stock levels, identify
popular products, and replenish inventory when needed.
3. Customer Management: POS systems can store customer information and purchase
history, allowing businesses to offer personalized services and target marketing efforts. This
helps in building customer loyalty and improving customer satisfaction.
4. Reporting and Analytics: POS terminals generate reports on sales, inventory, and other
aspects of business operations. These reports provide valuable insights into business performance,
trends, and customer behavior, aiding in decision-making and strategic planning.
5. Integration with Accounting Systems: POS terminals can integrate with accounting
software, automating the process of updating financial records and streamlining bookkeeping
tasks.
ATM Machine (Automated Teller Machine):
1. Cash Withdrawals: ATMs allow customers to withdraw cash from their bank accounts
without the need for interacting with a bank teller. This provides convenience and
accessibility for customers to access their money 24/7.
2. Cash Deposits: Many ATMs now offer the functionality of accepting cash deposits.
Customers can deposit cash directly into their bank accounts by following a simple deposit
process.
3. Account Balance Inquiry: ATM machines enable customers to check their account
balance, providing them with up-to-date information on their available funds.
4. Fund Transfers: Some advanced ATMs allow customers to transfer funds between their
own accounts or even make transfers to other accounts within the same bank or different
banks.
5. Bill Payments: Many ATMs provide the option to pay bills such as utilities, credit cards,
and loans. This allows customers to conveniently manage their finances and make payments
without visiting a physical branch.
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6. Mini Statements: ATMs can generate mini statements that display recent transactions,
helping customers keep track of their account activity.
7. PIN Changes: ATMs provide the option to change the Personal Identification Number
(PIN) associated with a customer's bank card, ensuring security and allowing customers to
modify their PIN as per their preference.
Overall, both POS terminals and ATMs enhance customer convenience, streamline financial
transactions, and provide valuable services to businesses and individuals alike.
Q.5 b) In what respect speech synthesizer is helpful for a user? Explain with the help
of a scenario.
Answer: Speech Synthesizer:
A speech synthesizer, also known as a text-to-speech (TTS) system, is a technology that
converts written text into spoken words. It is helpful for users in various ways, especially for
those with visual impairments, language learning needs, or situations where access to written
information is limited or not feasible.
Let's consider a scenario where a visually impaired individual, named John, is dependent on
a speech synthesizer to access written content. John is a student attending a university. Here's
how a speech synthesizer can be helpful for him:
1. Access to educational materials: John needs to access various educational resources,
including textbooks, lecture notes, and online articles. With the help of a speech synthesizer,
he can convert these written materials into speech and listen to them using his computer or
mobile device. This allows him to access the same information as his sighted peers and
participate fully in his coursework.
2. Enhanced reading experience: The speech synthesizer helps John read digital
documents, such as emails, PDFs, or web articles. Instead of relying on screen readers or
braille devices, he can simply select the text and have it read aloud to him. This feature
enables him to consume information more conveniently and efficiently.
3. Language learning support: John is learning a new language alongside his regular
studies. With the help of a speech synthesizer, he can listen to the pronunciation of words
and phrases in the target language. This allows him to practice speaking and improve his
language skills, even without a teacher or speaking partner present.
4. Real-time accessibility: During lectures or presentations, John may not have immediate
access to written materials being shown on a screen or on whiteboards. By utilizing a speech
synthesizer, the content can be converted into speech in real-time. This ensures that John
doesn't miss out on any important information being presented visually.
5. Independent navigation and productivity: With a speech synthesizer, John can navigate
through computer interfaces, menus, and applications independently. The synthesized speech
provides audio feedback, guiding him on the options and actions available. This allows him
to perform tasks, such as sending emails, writing documents, or browsing the internet,
without requiring constant assistance.
Overall, a speech synthesizer empowers individuals like John by providing equal access to
information, enhancing reading experiences, supporting language learning, enabling real-
time accessibility, and promoting independent navigation and productivity.