EEE Viva

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EEE Viva

1. What is electric traction?

Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e., for railways, trams, trolleys etc.). Electric traction
means use of the electricity for all the above machines. Now a days, magnetic traction is also used for bullet trains. And
basically, dc motors are used for electric traction systems.

2. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any choke/Coil?

It’s possible by means of electronic chokes, otherwise it’s not possible to ionize the particles in tube light with normal voltage.

3. What is “Pu” in electrical engineering?

Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power distribution and it is like a huge electrical circuit
with no of components (generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings into
common platform we use up concept in which, in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base
values, then all other component ratings will get back into this basis. Those values are called as Pu values. (Pu=actual value/base
value).

4. Operation carried out in Thermal power stations?

The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained this steam is allowed to rotted the turbine, the
turbine which is coupled with the generator generates the electricity.

5. How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit. When supply is provided, the starter
will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of supply the chock will generate around 1000 volts. This volt
will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube to make electron flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter
circuit will be out of part. now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and act as minimize the current.

6. What’s is MARX CIRCUIT?

It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitors in parallel and discharging them in series. It is used when voltage
required for testing is higher than the available.

7. What is encoder, how it functions?

An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a code. The code may serve any of a number
of purposes such as compressing information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the input code,
or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by means of a programmed algorithm, especially if any part is
digital, while most analog encoding is done with analog circuitry.

8. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?

i. Fast Switching Characteristics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT


ii. Low cost
iii. Higher Accurate.

9. Why Human body feel Electric shock? and in an Electric train during running, we did not feel any Shock? why?

Unfortunately, our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current takes the lowest resistant path if
you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is advisable
as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current flow through our body). The electric train is well insulated from its
electrical system.

10. What is the principle of motor?

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field it produces turning movement is called as torque.

11. Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires doesn’t get shock?

It’s true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don’t get electrical shock. If birds touch 2 lines than the
circuit is closed and they get electrical shock.
12. What is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main flux or opposes main
flux.

13. What happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to the bulb or tube light?

Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high impedance to AC supply. Normally they have low
resistance. When DC supply is applied, due to low resistance, the current through lamp would be so high that it may damage
the bulb element.

14. Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current DC motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor?

DC Series motor has high starting torque. We cannot start the Induction motor and Synchronous motors on load, but cannot
start the DC series motor without load.

15. what is ACSR cable and where we use it?

ACSR means Aluminum conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission & distribution.

16. What is vacuum circuit breaker. Define with cause and where be use it Device?

A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. while breaking the circuit, the contact terminals will be separated.

At the time of separation an air gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to existing current flow the air in the gap is ionized
and results in the arc. various mediums are used to quench this arc in respective CB’s. but in VCB the medium is vacuum gas.
since the air in the CB is having vacuum pressure the arc formation is interrupted. VCB’s can be used up to KV.

17. What’s the one main difference between UPS & inverter? And electrical engineering & electronics engineering?

Uninterrupted power supply is mainly use for short time means it gives backup. ups are also two types: on line and offline.
online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with high dc voltage. UPS start with 2v dc with 7 amp. but inverter
is start with 2v,24v, to 36v dc and 20amp to 80amp battery with long time backup.

18. What is 2 phase motor?

A two-phase motor is a motor with the starting winding and the running winding have a phase split. AC servo motor. Where
the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90 degree.

19. What is the significance of vector grouping in Power Transformers?

Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer. Fundamentally it tells you the information about how
the windings are connected (delta or wye) and the pace difference between the current and voltage. EG. Din means Delta
primary, Wie Secondary and the current is at o clock referred to the voltage.

20. Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan, exhaust fan, pedestal fan, bracket fan etc.) which are find in the houses?

Its Single-Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are capacitor start capacitor run.

21. what is torque?

Torque = Force * Length

22. what is meant by armature reaction?

The effect of armature flux to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature flux may support main flux or opposes main
flux.

23. what is the difference between synchronous generator & asynchronous generator?

In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but asynchronous generator (induction generator)
supply’s only active power and observe reactive power for magnetizing. This type of generators is used in windmills.

24. What is the Polarization index value? (Pi value) and simple definition of polarization index?

It ranges from 5-7 for new motors & normally for motor to be in good condition it should be Greater than .5.
25. Why syn. generators are used for the production of electricity?

synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor. Hence syn. generators are used for the production of
electricity.

26. 1 ton is equal to how many watts?

1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr. and to convert BTU/hr. to horsepower, 12,000 * 0.000929 = 4.715 hp therefore 1 ton = 4.715*.746 =
.5 KW.

27. Enlist types of dc generator?

Decelerators are classified into two types:

separately excited decelerator

self-excited decelerator,

28. What is Automatic Voltage regulator (AVR)?

AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage Regulator. It is important part in Synchronous Generators, it controls the output
voltage of the generator by controlling its excitation current. Thus, it can control the output Reactive Power of the Generator.

29. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System? Why can’t use ACB?

Actually, the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air because in VCB, the die electric strengths equal
to 8 times of air. That why always vacuums used as ninth breaker and air used as in LT.

30. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning arrestor?

LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded, whereas surge arrestor installed inside panels comprising of
resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge.

31. What happens if I connect a capacitor to a generator load?

Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power factor, but it will help depends up on the engine capacity of
the alternator, otherwise the alternator will be over loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to the improvement on pf.
Secondly, don’t connect a capacitor across an alternator while it is picking up or without any other load.

32. Why the capacitors work on ac only?

Generally, capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components (i.e., block the dc components). it allows the ac components to
pass through.

33. Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?

Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit. It has two contacts namely fixed contact & moving contact. Under
normal condition the moving contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby forming the closed contact for the flow of
current. During abnormal & faulty conditions (when current exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed &
moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuit Arc is extinguished by the Arc Quenching media like air, oil, vacuum etc.

34. How many types of colling system its transformers?

i. ONAN (oil natural, air natural)


ii. ONAF (oil natural, air forced)
iii. OFAF (oil forced, air forced)
iv. ODWF (oil direct, water forced)
v. OFAN (oil forced, air forced)

35. What is stepper motor. What are its uses?

Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it is one type of synchronous motor which runs
in steps in either direction instead of running in complete cycle.so, in automation parts it is used.
36. There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those two have the same supply. For which device the load current will be
maximum? And why?

The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes real power. and the transformer
is only producing the working flux and it’s not consuming. hence the load current in the transformer is because of core loss so
it is minimum.

37. What is power factor? whether it should be high or low? why?

Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system. Low power factor means losses will be more.it is
the ratio of true power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable over heating & equipment overloading
will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause tripping. (If pf is
poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more current (V constant), result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to
meet actual power load has to draw less current (V constant), result in less losses).

38. what is Buchholz relay and the significance of it in to the transformer?

Buchholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its internal faults, it is a gas-based relay.
whenever any internal fault occurs in a transformer, the Buchholz relay at once gives a horn for some time, if the transformer
is isolated from the circuit, then it stops its sound itself otherwise it trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.

39. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?

SF6 is Sulphur hex Fluoride gas. if this gas is used as arc quenching medium in a Circuit breaker means SF6 CB.

40. What is frantic effect?

Output voltage is greater than the input voltage,

41. Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (i.e., :)body earthing & neutral earthing, what is function.

Equipment earthing: body (non-conducting part) of the equipment should be earthed to safeguard the human beings. System
Earthing: In this neutral of the supply source (Transformer or Generator) should be grounded.

42. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, where it can be used?

MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short circuit protection in small current rating circuit.
MCCB molded case circuit breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for instant trip in short
circuit condition. Under voltage and under frequency may be inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than
100A.

43. Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution lines?

Near distribution transformers and outgoing feeders of 11kv and incoming feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-
stations.

44. Define IDMT relay?

It is an inverse definite minimum time relay. In IDMT relay its operating is inversely proportional means the tripping time will
decrease as the magnitude of fault current increase.

45. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer than the other pins?

Current will take low resistance path so the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer because the First to make the connection
and Last to disconnect should be earth Pin. This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument.

Because Current flow in the conductor is inversely proportional to the conductor diameter. So, if any short circuits occur in the
system first high currents bypassed in the Earthling terminal.

46. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?

Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting torque.

47. Why an ac solenoid valve attracts the plunger even though we interchange the terminal? Will the poles changes?
Yes, because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the polarity of AC voltage is continuously changing for
every half cycle. so, interchanging of terminals in ac system does not show any difference. That’s why the ac solenoid attract
the plunger even though its terminals are interchanged.

48. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators?

Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry heavy currents which rises their temperature.
so, it is necessary to test this device for temperature rise.

49. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?

If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage, then the lamp will glow. When the voltage difference is big
it will damage the lamp and when the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of lamp.

50. What are HRC fuses and where it is used?

HRC stand for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in distribution system for electrical transformers.

51. Which power plant has high load factor?

All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high efficiency power plants to supply the base load, we can
reduce the cost of generation. Hydel power plants have a higher efficiency than thermal & nuclear power plants.

52. Why most of analog o/p devices having o/p range 4 to 20 mA and not 0 to 20 mA?

4-20 mA is a standard range used to indicate measured values for any process. The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of 0 mA
is for fail safe operation. For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to indicate 0 psi, up to 20 mA to indicate 100
psi, or full scale. Due to any problem in instrument (i.e.) broken wire, its output reduces to 0 mA. So, if range is 0-20 mA, then
we can differentiate whether it is due to broken wire or due to 0 psi.

53. Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series across a 230v supply which bulb will glow bright and why?

Since two bulbs are in series, they will get equal amount of electrical current but as the supply voltage is constant across the
bulb(P=V^2/R). So, the resistance of 40W bulb is greater and voltage across 40W is more (V=IR) so 40W bulb will glow
brighter.

54. What is meant by knee point voltage?

It is very important factor to choose a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets saturated. (CT-current transformer).

55. What is reverse power relay?

In case generating units are off in generating station, there is no generation in the plant then plant may take power from grid.
To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power relay.

56. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a transformer?

Mainly transformer has high inductance and low resistance. In case of DC supply there is no inductance, only resistance will
act in the –> electrical circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side of the transformer. So, for this reason
coil and insulation will burn out.

57. What is the difference between isolators and –>electrical circuit breakers? What is bus-bar?

Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions but they cannot operate in fault conditions. Actually, they
used for isolating the CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under fault conditions according to the fault detected.
Bus bar is nothing but a junction where the power is getting distributed for independent loads.

58. What are the advantage of freewheeling diode in a Full Wave rectifier?

It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching across the mechanical switch.

59. What is the function of interposing current transformer?

The main function of an interposing current transformer is to balance the currents supplied to the relay where there would
otherwise be an imbalance due to the ratios of the main current transformers. Interposing current transformer are equipped
with a wide range of taps that can be selected by the user to achieve the balance required.
60. What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different ways the motor generator set can be used?

Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and an engine mounted together to form a single piece of
equipment. Motor generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a generator.

61. Define what is power quality meter?

Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environments. Small units are now available for home use as well. They
give operators the ability to monitor the both perturbations on the power supply, as well as power used within a building, or by
a single machine. So, we can understand the importance of power measurement through power quality meters.

62. Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer?

The variable frequency transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phase-shifting transformer. It allows control of the
power flow between two networks.

63. What is the main use of rotary phase converter?

Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true balanced 3 phase power, so it is often called as single
phase to three phase converters. Often the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it worthwhile to
convert single phase to 3 phase so that small and large consumers need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3-phase service
but may still wish to use 3 phase equipment.

64. Which type of oil is used as a transformer oil?

Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is stable at high temperatures and has excellent
electrical insulating properties. It is used in oil filled transformers, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent lamp
ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing,
and to serve as a coolant.

65. If we give 2334 A, 540V on Primary side of 1.125 MVA step up transformer, then what will be the Secondary Current, If Secondary
Voltage=11 KV?

As we know the Voltage & current relation for transformer-V1/V2 = I2/I1


We Know, VI= 540 V; V2=11KV or 11000 V; I1= 2334 Amps.
By putting this value on Relation-
540/11000= I2/2334
So, I2 = 114.5 Amps

66. what are the points to be consider for MCB (miniature circuit breaker selection?

I(L)*1.25=I(MAX) maximum current. Mob specification are done on maximum current flow in circuit.

67. What is the full form of KVAR?

We know there are three types of power in Electrical as Active, apparent & reactive. So KVAR is stand for “Kilo Volt Amps
with Reactive component.

68. What is excitation?

Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil in DC motors.

69. Difference between megger test equipment and contact resistance meter test instruments?

Megger test equipment used to measure cable electric resistance, conductor continuity, phase identification whereas contact
resistance meter test instruments used to measure low resistance like relays, contactors.

70. When we connect the large capacitor bank in series?

We connect large capacitor bank in series to improve the voltage power supply. We can see it in PFI panel.

71. Explain What is rated speed?

It is a speed at which any system takes small current and give maximum efficiency.

72. What is different between resistance grounding system and resistance earthing system?
Resistance grounding system means connecting the neutral point of the load to the ground to carry the residual current in case
of unbalanced conditions through the neutral to the ground whereas resistance earthing system is done in an electric equipment
in order to protect the equipment in occurrence of fault in the system.

73. Why should be the frequency 50 Hz 60Hz only why not others like 45, 95 56 or anything, why should we maintain the frequency
constant if so, why it is only 50 Hz 60Hz?

We can have the frequency at any frequency you like, but then you must also make your own motors, high voltage transformers
or any other equipment you want to use. We maintain the frequency at 50hz or 60hz because the world maintains a standard at
50 /60hz and the equipment’s are made to operate at this frequency.

74. How to determine alternating current frequency?

Zero crossings of the sine wave to trigger a monostable (pulse generator) is a way to determine alternating current frequency.
A fixed width pulse is generated for each cycle. Thus, there are “n” pulses per second, each with a constant energy. The more
pulses there are per second, the more the energy. The pulses are integrated (filtered or averaged) to get a steady DC voltage
which is proportional to frequency. This voltage can then be displayed on an analogue or digital voltmeter, indicating frequency.
This method is more suitable than a direct counter, as it can get good accuracy in a second or so.

75. Why we use ac system in BD why not do?

Firstly, the output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by its nature is AC and therefore requires no power
electronics to convert to DC. Secondly it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission and distribution.
thirdly the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc.) is much lower than the equivalent
of DC transmission AC transmission provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault on the network occurs, a large
fault current occurs. In an AC system this becomes much easier to interrupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero
at some point making the current easier to interrupt.

76. Battery banks are in connected in series or parallel and why?

Battery banks are always connected in series in order to get a multiplied voltage where the AH or current capacity remaining
same. Ex: 24 nos. 2V,200Ah batteries connected in series will give 48V,200Ah output (AH = Ampere hours)

77. In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is it connected in the primary side or secondary side?

Tapings are connected to high voltage winding side, because of low current.

78. Why transformer ratings are in kiva?

Since the power factor of transformer is dependent on load, we only define VA rating and does not include power factor. In
case of motors, power factor depends on construction and hence rating of motors is in Watts and include power factor.

79. Define what is difference between fuse and breaker?

Fuses are burned at the time of over current flows in the circuit but breakers are just open (not burn) at the time of over current
flow. Fuses are used in only one time but breakers are used by multiple number of times.

80. What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star transformer?

Delta-delta transformer is used at generating station or a receiving station for Change of Voltage (ice) generally it is used where
the Voltage is high & Current is low. Delta-star is a distribution kind of transformer where from secondary star neutral is taken
as a return path and this configuration is used for Step down voltage phenomena.

81. Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter shows current when capacitor bank breaker close?

As we know that Electrical is having two type of load, Active and Reactive. Capacitor is a reactive load which is not considering
as a load. Meter is design based on Current RMS value because of its meter is showing the current RMS value.

82. What’s electric traction?

Traction implies with the electric power for traction system I. e. for railways, trams, trolleys etc. electric traction implies use
of the electricity for all these. Now a day, magnetic traction is also utilized for bullet trains. Essentially dc motors are utilized
for electric traction systems.

83. What is a differential amplifier?


The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage difference between two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called
differential amplifier.

84. In the magnetic fluxes, what is the role of armature reaction?

This effect of supporting and opposing of main flux to armature flux is called armature reaction.

85. What is the difference between electronic regulator and ordinary rheostat regulator for fans?

The difference between the electronic and ordinary regulator is the fact that in electronic reg. power losses tend to be less
because as we minimize the speed the electronic reg. give the power necessary for that particular speed but in case of ordinary
rheostat type reg. the power wastage is same for every speed and no power is saved. In electronic regulator trial is employed
for speed control. by varying the firing angle speed is controlled but in rheostatic control resistance is decreased by steps to
achieve speed control.

86. What does quality factor depend on in resonance?

Quality factor q depends on frequency and bandwidth.

87. What are the types of power in electrical power?

There are normally three types of power are counted in electrical power. They are,

i. Apparent power
ii. Active power
iii. Reactive power

88. State the difference between generator and alternator?

Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Both have the same principle
of electromagnetic induction; the only difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic field and
rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the
induced emf into dc current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and rotating magnetic field for
high voltages but for low voltage output rotating armature and stationary magnetic field is used.

89. How can you relate power engineering with electrical engineering?

Power engineering is a sub division of electrical engineering. It deals with generation, transmission and distribution of energy
in electrical form.

90. Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its significance.

In a DC motor armature is rotating and flid is stationary, when the armature rotates, is called back emf. Its value depends upon
the speed of rotation of the armature conductors. In starting, the value of back emf is zero.

91. What are the different methods for the starting of a synchronous motor.

Synchronous motor can be started by the following two methods:

i. By means of an auxiliary motor: The rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated by auxiliary motor.
ii. By providing damper winding

92. Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners, phonographic appliances, vending machines, refrigerators, rolling mills, lathes,
power factor improvement and cranes.

Following motors are used: –

i. Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.


ii. Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor.
iii. Vending machines – Shaded pole motor.
iv. Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors.
v. Rolling mills – Cumulative motors.
vi. Lathes – DC shunt motors.
vii. Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors.
93. State Thevenin’s Theorem:

It is given by It=Vth / (Roth + RL).

94. State Norton’s Theorem

I= Rn/(Rn+Rl)* In

95. State Maximum power transfer theorem

Pmax= Vth^2/4RL

96. Explain different losses in a transformer.

There are two types of losses occurring in transformer:

Constant losses or Iron losses: The losses that occur in the core are known as core losses or iron losses.

Two types of iron losses are:

I. eddy current loss


II. Hysteresis loss.

These losses depend upon the supply voltage, frequency, core material and its construction. As long as supply voltage and
frequency are constant, these losses remain the same whether the transformer is loaded or not. These are also known as constant
losses.

Variable losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded, current flows in primary and secondary windings, there is
loss of electrical energy due to the resistance of the primary winding, and secondary winding and they are called variable losses.
These losses depend upon the loading conditions of the transformers.

97. Explain different types of D.C motors? Give their applications

Different type of DC motors and their applications are as follows: -

Shunt motors: It has a constant speed though its starting torque is not very high. Therefore, it is suitable for constant speed
drive, where high starting torque is not required such as pumps, blowers, fan, lathe machines, tools, belt or chain conveyor etc.

Service motors: It has high starting torque & its speed is inversely proportional to the loading conditions i.e., when lightly
loaded, the speed is high and when heavily loaded, it is low. Therefore, motor is used in lifts, cranes, traction work, coal loader
and coal cutter in coalmines etc.

Compound motors: It also has high starting torque and variable speed. Its advantage is, it can run at NIL loads without any
danger. This motor will therefore find its application in loads having high inertia load or requiring high intermittent torque such
as elevators, conveyor, rolling mill, planes, presses, shears and punches, coal cutter and winding machines etc.

98. Comment on the working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer.

Working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can be explained as An AC supply passes through the primary
winding, a current will start flowing in the primary winding. As a result, the flux is set. This flux is linked with primary and
secondary windings. Hence, voltage is induced in both the windings. Now, when the load is connected to the secondary side,
the current will start flowing in the load in the secondary winding, resulting in the flow of additional current in the secondary
winding. Hence, according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, emf will be induced in both the windings. The
voltage induced in the primary winding is due to its self-inductance and known as self-induced emf and according to Lenz’s
law it will oppose the cause i.e., supply voltage hence called as back emf. The voltage induced in secondary coil is known as
mutually induced voltage. Hence, transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

99. Mention the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it be improved?

Disadvantages of low power factor:

i. Line losses are 1.57 times unity power factor.


ii. Larger generators and transformers are required.
iii. Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop; hence extra regulation equipment is required to keep voltage
drop within prescribed limits.
iv. Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed voltage, the conductors will have
to carry more current at low power factor. This requires a large conductor size.

100. State the methods of improving power factor?

Methods of improving power factor: By connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging power factor.

101. Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive power for ac circuits and also the units used.

Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e., P = V I cos j and basic unit of real power is watt. i.e.,
Expressed as W or kW.

Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V I and basic unit of apparent power is volt- ampere.
Expressed as VA or KVA.

Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle between the voltage and current i.e. Reactive power =
voltage X current X sin or Reactive power = V I sin j and has no other unit but expressed in VAR or KVAR.

102. Define the following: Average demand, Maximum demand, Demand factor, Load factor.

Average Demand: the average power requirement during some specified period of time of considerable duration is called the
average demand of installation.

Maximum Demand: The maximum demand of an installation is defined as the greatest of all the demand, which have occurred
during a given period. It is measured accordingly to specifications, over a prescribed time interval during a certain period.

Demand Factor: It is defined as the ratio of actual maximum demand made by the load to the rating of the connected load.

Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average power to the maximum demand.

103. Explain forward resistance, static resistance and dynamic resistance of a pen junction diode.

Forward Resistance: Resistance offered in a diode circuit, when it is forward biased, is called forward resistance.

DC or Static Resistance: DC resistance can be explained as the ratio of the dc-voltage across the diode to the direct current
flowing through it.

AC or Dynamic Resistance: It is the resistance offered by a diode to the changing forward current.

104. Compare JFET’s and MOSFET’s.

Comparison of JFET’s and MOSFET’s:

i. JFET’s can only be operated in the depletion mode whereas MOSFET’s can be operated in either depletion or in
enhancement mode. In a JFET, if the gate is forward-biased, excess-carrier injunction occurs and the gate current is
substantial.
ii. MOSFET’s have input impedance much higher than that of JFET’s. Thus, is due to negligible small leakage current.
iii. JFET’s have characteristic curves flatter than that of MOSFET is indicating a higher drain resistance.
iv. When JFET is operated with a reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-current IG is larger than it would be in a
comparable MOSFET.

105. What is the voltage gain or transfer function of amplifier?

Vout/Vin

106. What Is the Bundle Conductor and Why Is Used?

This is use to reduce the corona and skin effect.

107. What Is Critical Disruptive Voltage?

The minimum voltage at which the breakdown of the insulating properties of air occurs and corona start is called DC V.

108. What Is Slack Bus?

Slack Bus is the responsible for the delivering losses in the power system. in this bus the magnitude of voltage and phase angle
are specified. This bus is first to respond to a changing load condition.
109. What Is the Power Station?

Power Station is a place where Power is Generated and Transmitted, e.g., Thermal power station, Hydel power station, nuclear
power station etc. Power Station is a place where Power is Generated and Remitted, e.g., Thermal power station, Hydel power
station, nuclear power station etc.

110. How Do You Select the Pickup Value of a Relay?

The relay should allow normal load as well as a certain degree of overload to be supplied. So, the pickup value of the relay
should be more than maximum load. At the same time, the relay should be sensitive enough to respond to the smallest fault.
So, pickup value should be less than the smallest fault current.

111. What Do You Mean by Zone of Protection?

The protection is organized to provide a ring of security around each and every element of power system. If there is any fault
associated within the ring the relays associated with it must trip all the allied circuit breakers so as to remove any faulty element
from rest of the power system. This ring of security is called ‘Zone of protection’.

112. What Are Internal and External Faults?

Faults that occur within the zone are termed as Internal Faults and that occur outside the zone of protection are termed as
external faults (can also be called as through faults).

113. What Do You Mean by Reach and Reach Point of The Relay?

The farthest point from the relay which is still inside the zone of protection is called reach point and the distance between relay
and reach point is called reach.

114. Why Does the Adjacent Zones of Protection Overlap?

If the adjacent zones do not overlap there will be some portion of the power system which is left out unprotected.

115. How Relays Are Connected in The Power System?

The relays are connected to the power system through the current transformer (CT) or potential transformer (PT).

116. For What Type of Fault Does Buchholz Relay Is Employed?

Buchholz relay provides protection only against transformer internal fault.

117. Where Is Directional Relay Used?

Directional relay is used when graded time overload protection is applied to ring mains and interconnected networks.

118. How Do You Select the Pickup Value of a Relay?

The relay should allow normal load as well as a certain degree of overload to be supplied. So, the pickup value of the relay
should be more than maximum load. At the same time, the relay should be sensitive enough to respond to the smallest fault.
So, pickup value should be less than the smallest fault current.

119. Why Does the Adjacent Zones of Protection Overlap?

If the adjacent zones do not overlap there will be some portion of the power system which is left out unprotected.

120. What is meant by Sag?

The difference in level between points of supports and the lowest point on the conductor is called sag.

121. What is corona?

The phenomenon of violet glow, hissing noise and production of ozone gas in an overhead transmission line is known as corona.

122. How can we reduce the effect of corona?

By increasing conductor size: By increasing conductor size, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised and hence corona
effects are considerably reduced.
By increasing conductor spacing: By increasing the spacing between conductors, the voltage at which corona occurs is raised
and hence corona effects can be eliminated.

123. What is tariff?

The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is known as tariff.

124. What is meant by synchronous condenser?

An over excited synchronous motor running on no load is known as synchronous condenser. It is used to improve the power
factor of the system.

125. What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plant?

Advantages:

i. The amount of fuel required is quite small.


ii. It requires less space so it can be located near to the load Centre.
iii. Huge deposits of nuclear fuels available all over the world. So, supply of electricity can be ensured.
iv. It ensures reliability of operation.

Disadvantages:

i. The fuel used is expensive and is difficult to recover.


ii. The capital cost on a nuclear plant is very high as compared to other types of plants
iii. The disposal of the by-products is a big problem. They are radioactive in nature.
iv. The maintenance charges are high.

126. Define the term Capacitance and Inductance?

Capacitance: It is the amount of charge that is stored inside a capacitor at a given voltage.

Inductance: It is defined as the property of a coil to resist any changes in electric current flowing through it. Mutual inductance
happens when a secondary coil opposes current change in the primary coil.

127. Mention what are the different kind of cables used for transmissions?

Cables are categorized into three forms according to its thermal capacity

i. Low tension cables- transmits voltage up to 1000 volts


ii. High tension cables- transmits voltage up to 23000 volts
iii. Super tension cables- transmits voltage up to 66kv to 132kv

128. Mention what are the different colors on wires indicates?

i. Black wire: This wire is used for power supply in all circuits. Any circuits with this color is considered hot or live. It
is never used for a neutral or ground wire.
ii. Red wire: This color wire is a secondary live wire in a 220-volt circuit and used in some types of interconnections.
You can join the red wire to another red wire or to a black wire
iii. Blue and Yellow wire: These wires are also used to carry power but are not wiring the outlets for common plug-in
electrical devices. They are used for the live wire pulled through the conduct. You will see yellow wire in the fan,
structure lights, and switched outlets.
iv. White and Gray: This color wire is used as a neutral wire. It carries the current (unbalanced load) to the ground. You
can join white and gray only to other white and gray wires
v. Green: It is connected to the grounding terminal in an outlet box and run from the outlet box to the ground bus bar
within an electric panel

129. Explain RLC circuit?

An RLC circuit carries an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R) and inductor (L) and a capacitor (C), connected in parallel
or series. This circuit is called a second order circuit as any voltage or current in the circuit can be described by a second order
differential equation.

130. Explain how you decide what size of electrical wire do you need?
Wire is sized by American Wire Gauge system. Your installation of conductors will depend on a few factors like gauge of the
wire, wire capacity, etc. For wires, smaller the wire gauge larger the ampacity or capacity of the wire to handle current. For
example, low voltage lighting and lamp cords will have 18-gauge, electric furnaces or large electric heaters are of 6 gauge.

131. Mention what are the types of semi-conductors?

There are two types of semi-conductors intrinsic and extrinsic. Again, in extrinsic semi-conductors you will have N-type
semiconductors and P-type semiconductors.

132. Explain what is transistors comprised of?

Transistors are comprised of several combination of n-type and p-type semi-conductors.

133. Mention what is the role of transistor in Circuit?

Transistor has the ability to amplify the current, due to the reason that output power can be higher than the input power.

134. Mention how NPN and PNP transistor works?

135. What will be the current if the resistance total in a series circuit doubles?

If the resistance total in a series circuit doubles the current will reduce to half.

136. What happens if the series current double?

If the series current gets double then, the resistance is halved.

137. Explain what does a string of resistors in a series will do?

When a string of resistors in a series will divide the source voltage into proportion to their values.

138. What is meant by reverse polarity and how it can be fixed?

Reverse polarity is referred in a condition where one or more of your receptacles are connected incorrectly. To fix the reverse
polarity, check the wire connection at the outlet and inspect your receptacle. A receptacle with reverse polarity will have the
white wire screwed to the hot side and the black wire will be connected to the neutral side, if that the case swap the wires and
it will resolve the problem. If it persists, a licensed electrician will be needed.

139. Explain what rectifiers is and what are the types of rectifiers?

A rectifier is an electrical device that transforms A.C or alternating current into direct current (D.C), which flows in only one
direction. The types of rectifiers are

i. Half wave rectifier: It uses one p-n junction


ii. Full wave rectifier: It uses two p-n junctions

140. Explain what is Zener diode?

Zener diode is a type of seme-conductor diode that allows current to flow in the opposite direction when exposed to enough
voltage.

141. Explain what is laser diodes?

Laser diodes are compact transistor like packages with two or more electrical leads. Lasing occurs when stimulated emission
results into the amplification of photon confined to the lasing mode. These photons hit back and forth between the back and
front mirror, and hence a diverging beam emits from the laser diode packages.

142. Know the Major Difference between BJT and FET

BJTs and FETs are two different kinds of transistors and also known as active semiconductor devices. The acronym of the BJT
is Bipolar Junction Transistor and FET stands for Field Effect Transistor. BJTS and FETS are available in a variety of packages
based on the operating frequency, current, voltage, and power ratings. These types of devices allow a greater degree of control
over their work. BJTS and FETs can be used as switches and amplifiers in electrical and electronics circuits. The major
difference between BJT and FET is that in a field-effect transistor only majority charge carries flows, whereas in BJT both
majority and minority charge carrier’s flow.
The BJT is one type of transistor that uses both majority and minority charge carriers. These semiconductor devices are
available in two types such as PNP and NPN. The main function of this transistor is to amplify current. These transistors can
be used as switches and amplifiers. The applications of BJTs involve a wide range that includes electronic devices like TVs,
mobiles, computers, radio transmitters, audio amplifiers, and industrial control.

The term FET stands for Field-effect transistor and it is also named a Unipolar transistor. FET is one type of transistor, where
the o/p current is controlled by electric fields. The basic type of FET is totally dissimilar from BJT. FET consists of three
terminals namely source, drain, and gate terminals. The charge carriers of this transistor are holes or electrons, which flow from
the source terminal to the drain terminal via an active channel. This flow of charge carriers can be controlled by the voltage
applied across the source and gate terminals.

143. What is transistor?

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic
building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three terminals for
connection to an electronic circuit.

144. What is OPM or operational amplifier?

An operational amplifier (op amp) is an analog circuit block that takes a differential voltage input and produces a single-ended
voltage output. Op amps usually have three terminals: two high-impedance inputs and a low-impedance output port.

Operational Amplifier Classifications. There are four ways to classify operational amplifiers:

i. Voltage amplifiers take voltage in and produce a voltage at the output.


ii. Current amplifiers receive a current input and produce a current output.
iii. Transconductance amplifiers convert a voltage input to a current output.
iv. Trans resistance amplifiers convert a current input and produces a voltage output.

145. What is voltage and current?

Voltage is the difference in electric potential between two points. Current is just the rate of flow of electric charge.

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