Visvesvaraya Technological University

IoT Mini Project Report on

“PROJECT TITLE HERE”

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Submitted By
ARPITHA J
4UB22MC013

Under the Guidance of

Dr. SRINIVASULU M
Asst.Prof, Dept of MCA
UBDTCE, DAVANAGERE

Department of Master of Computer Applications,

UNIVERSITY B.D.T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
Dental College Road, Opposite Shanthala Shop,
DAVANAGERE – 577 004.
2023 - 24
 UNIVERSITY B.D.T COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
DAVANAGERE – 577 004.
(A Constituent College of Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi, Karnataka)

Department of Master of Computer Applications

CERTIFICATE

This is to Certify that Ms. ARPITHA J bearing USN : 4UB22MC013 has

completed her Mini project work entitled “PROJECT TITLE HERE” as a partial
fulfilment of the award of Master of Computer Applications degree, during the
academic year 2023-24.

Signature of Internal Guide Signature of HOD

Dr. SRINIVASULU M Dr. HARISH B G
Asst. Prof, Dept of MCA Asst.Prof and HOD
UBDTCE,Davangere Department of MCA
UBDTCE,Davangere
.

External Viva-voice
Name of the Examiners:

1 ………………………… Signature: …………………..

2 ………………………. Signature: …………………..

 DECLARATION

Ms. ARPITHA J student of 3rd semester MCA, UNIVERSITY BDT COLLEGE

OF ENGINEERING, bearing USN 4UB22MC013 hereby declare that the IoT mini
project entitled “PROJECT TITLE HERE” has been carried out by me under the
super vision of Guide Dr. SRINIVASULU M Dept. of MCA and submitted in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Master of
Computer Applications by the Visvesvaraya Technological University during the
academic year of 2023 - 24.

Name : ARPITHA J

Signature :
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the progress and completion of any task would be
incomplete without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement ground my efforts with success.

I consider it is a privilege to express my gratitude and respect to all those who guided me in the
progress of my project report.

I express my sincere words of gratitude to the honourable principal Dr. D. P. Nagarajappa, for his

constant and dedicated support.

We express my sencere gratitude to our respectful Co-ordinator Dr. Harish B G, Department

of Master of Computer Application, who has been constant source of inspiration and
motivation. We would also like to express out.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to internal project guide Dr. Srinivasulu M, Department
of Master of Computer Applications, for supporting and encouraging at each stage of my
project work and guided me to do my best.

I also sincerely express my gratitude for all the Teaching and Non-teaching staff of MCA
Department, UBDTCE Davanagere, who directly or indirectly helped me in completing the
project.

Last but not least I want to thank My Parents for their moral support and my beloved Friends for
their help and suggestions.

NAME : ARPITHA J
USN : 4UB22MC013
ABSTRACT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract i
Acknowledgment ii
List of Tables iii
List of Figures iv
List of Abbreviations v
Nomenclature vi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 General Structure of IoT 2
1.2.1 IoT Application Layer 2
1.2.2 IoT Network Layer 3
1.2.3 IoT Perception Layer 3
1.3 Routing in IoT 4
1.3.1 IoT Sink 6
1.3.2 Clustering in IoT-WSNs 7
1.3.3 IoT Gateway 9
1.4 Major Issues in IoT Network 9
1.5 Importance of IoT Routing 11
1.6 Research Challenges 14
1.6.1 Gaps on IoT Routing Protocols 14
1.7 Research Motivation 16
1.8 Research Objectives 17
1.9 Research Methodology 18
1.9.1 Contributions of QEMR Algorithm 18
1.9.2 Contributions of COOC Algorithm 18
1.10 Thesis Organization 19

2 Literature Review 20
2.1 Review Plan 20
2.2 Review on energy efficient routing in IoT 20
 2.3 Review on QoS Aware Routing Protocols in IoT 29
2.4 Review on Communication Overhead Aware Routing Protocols in IoT 33

3 Problem Methodology and Network Architecture 37

3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 General Problems of IoT Network 37
3.3 Problem Identification in Our Work 38
3.3.1 QoS Aware Energy Efficient Routing in IoT 41
3.3.2 Network Model of QEMR Scheme 42
3.3.3 Communication Overhead Aware Routing in IoT 43
3.3.4 Network Model of COOC Routing Scheme 43
3.4 Summary 44

4 QOS Aware Energy Efficient Multipath Routing 45

4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 QEMR Scheme 47
4.2.1 Cluster Formation 47
4.2.1.1 Teaching Learning Based Optimization (TLBO) 48
4.2.1.2 Modified Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (MTLO) 49
4.3 Cluster Head Selection 53
4.3.1 Pigeon Optimization Algorithm (POA) 55
4.3.2 Design Parameters for CH Selection 56
4.3.3 Optimization Using NR-PO Algorithm 58
4.4 Optimal Path Selection 60
4.4.1 Kronecker Neural Network 61
4.4.2 Deep Kronecker Neural Network (DKNN) 63
4.5 Summary 65

5 Communication Overhead Aware Optimal Cluster-Based Routing Algorithm 66

5.1 Introduction 66
5.2 Network Model for COOC Routing Algorithm 67
5.3 COOC Routing Algorithm 68
5.3.1 Cluster Formation Using Benchmark Algorithms 68
 5.3.1.1 K-Means Clustering Algorithm 68
5.3.1.2 Fuzzy Logic for Cluster Formation 70
5.3.1.3 Genetic Algorithm for Cluster Formation 72
5.3.2 Design Constraints for Rank Computation 76
5.3.3 Design Constraints Optimization 77
5.3.3.1 COOT Bird Optimization Algorithm 78
5.3.3.2 Improved Coot Bird Optimum Search Algorithm (I-COOT) 79
5.3.4 Optimal Path Selection 82
5.3.4.1 Golden Section Search (GSO) 82
5.3.4.2 Chaotic Theory 84
5.3.4.3 Chaotic Golden Search Optimization Algorithm (CGSO) 85
5.4 Summary 87

6 Results and Discussion 88

6.1 Background of NS-2 Simulation Tool 88
6.2 Performance Analysis of QEMR Scheme 89
6.2.1 Simulation Setup 89
6.2.2 Comparative Analysis with Respect to Node Density 91
6.3 Performance Analysis of COOC Scheme 95
6.3.1 Simulation Setup 95
6.3.2 Comparative Analysis with Respect to Node Density 97
6.4 Comparative routing algorithms with Respect to Node Density 100
6.5 Summary 104

7 Conclusion and Future Work 105

7.1 Conclusion 105
7.2 Future Work 106

References 107

List of Publications Based on the Research Work 113

 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1.1 Three-tier architecture structure of IoT 02

Fig. 1.2 Routing in IoT network 05

Fig. 1.3 Data transfer from IoT nodes 07

Fig. 1.4 Data transferring using multi-sink 08

Fig. 1.5 Routing through IoT gateway [11] 08

Fig. 1.6 Service provision model 09

Fig. 4.1 Network model of proposed QEMR scheme 46

Fig. 4.2 Flow of cluster formation using modified teaching-learning-based optimization 52

Fig. 4.3 Non-linear regression model for CH selection 55

Fig. 4.4 Process of clustering and CH selection using pigeon optimization algorithm 56

Fig. 4.5 working flow of CH selection using NR-PO algorithm 59

Fig. 4.6 Overall layer model for Kronecker neural network (KNN) 62

Fig. 4.7 Working flow of optimal path selection using DKNN 65

Fig. 5.1 Typical structure of IoT network with COOC routing algorithm 67

Fig. 5.2 Steps involved K-means clustering algorithm 69

Fig. 5.3 Steps involved in the fuzzy system control model 71

Fig. 5.4 Cluster formation using Genetic algorithm 74

Fig. 5.5 Chaotic threshold theory 84

Fig. 6.1 Packet delivery ratio with respect to number of nodes 91

Fig. 6.2 Average end-to-end delay with respect to number of nodes 92

Fig. 6.3 Normalized overhead with respect to number of nodes 93

Fig. 6.4 Energy consumption with respect to number of nodes 93

 LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1 Summary of research gaps from Energy efficient routing protocols 27

Table 2.2 Summary of research gaps from QoS aware routing protocols 32

Table 2.3 Summary of research gaps from Communication overhead 36

aware routing protocols

Table 6.1 Simulation setup 89

Table 6.2 Packet delivery ratio (%) comparison over node density 91

Table 6.3 Average end-to-end delay (ms) comparison over node density 92

Table 6.4 Normalized overhead (%) comparison over node density 93

Table 6.5 Energy consumption (joules) comparison over node density 93

Table 6.6 Throughput (Mbps) comparison over node density 94

Table 6.7 Packet loss ratio (%) comparison over node density 94

Table 6.8 Simulation setup 97

Table 6.9 Average residual energy comparison (J) with node density 98

Table 6.10 End-to-end delay (s) comparison with node density 99

Table 6.11 Packet delivery ratio (%) comparison with node density 99

Table 6.12 Number of CHs comparison with node density 100

Table 6.13 Energy comparison (J) with node density 101