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On the Heritage
Hunt
Quick Reminder
I highly recommend to first read
the guide on how to study
summarizations from this
website, as it is importantly
important for me that you will
learn the most from this treasure
trove.
Hope this helps you, and telling
your friends about the website is
never bad!!

Archeology:
The
Telltale
Art
:
 Richard
III death
and
finding
Richard
III was a
British
monarch
who died
at the
Ba!le of
Bosworth
Field, a
ba!le
that was
the
grand
finale of
the War
of the
Roses.
Richard
was the
last
Yorkist
king, and
he lost in
the
ba!le to
Henry VII
of Tudor.
His body
was not
found,
died
around
the age
of 32, he
was
buried at
Greyfriars
Church,
:
 a
13th century
holy
church in
the city
of
Leicester.
Today,
people
thought
the
church
was
destroyed
by Henry
VII, until
2012 a
team of
archeologists,
led by
Philippa
Langley.
They
found
the
location
of the
church
by
comparing
old and
new
maps,
and
coming
to the
conclusion
that the
church
was
located
at a
parking
:
 lot. They
dug
there,
and
found a
body –
they
DNA
tested it,
and
confirmed
those
were
Richard
III's.
Richard
III's look
was a
li!le
weird,
even
Shakespeare
described
him as a
"poisonous
bunch
backed
toad",
but with
today's
tech
archeologists
found
out he
had a
form of
scoliosis,
when the
spine
curves
on the
side.
King
:
 Richard
III's
remains
were re-
interred
at
Leicester
Cathedral
in March
2015.
Ancient
Buddhist
temple
in
Pakistan
found
Italian
and
Pakistani
archeologists
led by
Luca
Maria
Olivieri
in
partnership
with the
International
Association
for
Mediterranean
and
Oriental
Studies
found in
Pakistan
a
roughly
2000
year old
Buddhist
:
 temple,
which is
the
oldest in
the
Gandhara
region.
This
region
was a
trade
crossroads
between
Asia,
Europe
and the
Middle
East.
The
archaeologists
found in
the
temple
treasures
and
buddhist
symbols.
In the
temple
you
could
see the
rooms
and their
usage,
like a
stupa for
monks, a
stupa for
relics
etc.
:
 Fastest
human
in
history
found
Archeologists
found in
New
South
Wales (a
region in
Australia)
aboriginal
footprints
from
20,000
years
ago.
They
stepped
on
wetlands
that are
now dry,
so you
can see
their big
footprints
on the
dry
dunes. It
now
belongs
to the
Mingo
National
Park.
They
found
700
footprints,
400 of
:
 them
grouped
in a set
of 23
tracks,
and
these
belonged
to
several
groups
who
crossed
the
wetlands
–
families,
hunters.
On a
group of
5
aboriginal
hunters,
Steve
Webb,
with
Bond
University
found
that one
of them
was
running
at 37
km/h on
mud,
which is
close to
Usain
Bolt's
37.6
km/h
without
:
 running
on mud,
or
Donovan
Bailey
who
once
reached
the
speed of
43.6
km/h.
Nevertheless,
he is a
good
competitor
for the
fastest
man in
history.
Found
how
Pompeii
people
lived
Pompeii
was an
ancient
Roman
city in
Italy that
had a
thriving
culture,
which
was near
Mount
Vesuvius,
a
volcano
(nice
:
 place to
se!le in).
It
erupted.
The city
was
buried in
mountains
of
volcanic
ashes,
until it
was
found in
1748,
being to
this day
one of
the most
famous
archeological
sites in
the
world.
With
today's
X-raying
people's
decomposed
bodies,
we found
what the
city
looked
like, and
with CGI
technology,
we can
see how
the
streets
once
looked
:
 (probably).
With 3D
mapping
tech,
Professor
Eric
Poehler
from the
University
of
Massachuse!s
put
together
a grid of
transportation
in
Pompeii.
With the
organic
trash in
the city
we found
out the
people
ate
seafood
and pork
– even
fed pigs
di#erent
stu# to
make
their
bodies
taste
di#erent.
Hopefu$y
in a few
years or
decades
we could
see the
living
:
 city from
our
phones
and
computers,
digita$y
with a$
the
people.
Rosetta
Stone
An
ancient
Egyptian
stone
with
inscriptions
in
several
languages
and
scripts
that
helped
the
19th century
world
understand
the lost
hieroglyphic
writing
of
ancient
Egypt. It
was
found in
Rose!a,
Rasheed,
Egypt, by
a
Frenchman
named
:
 Bouchard/
Boussard
in 1799,
but a%er
the
French
surrender
of Egypt
it was
passed
to the
British
Museum
in
London
(1801- ).
The
writings
themselves
were
made by
the
priests
of
Memphis,
the
capital
city of
ancient
Egypt,
explaining
about
Ptolemy
V
Epiphanes'
reign,
and
because
she was
Egyptian
and
Greek, it
was
:
 wri!en
in these
two
languages,
in three
writing
systems:
hieroglyphics
(which
we didn't
know),
demonic
script
(hieroglyphics
but in
words,
looks like
Arabic),
and the
Greek
alphabet.
It was
wri!en
in a
large
kind of
broken
basalt
stone,
and the
minerals
helped
the text
remain.
Dead
Sea
Scrolls
Dead
sea
scro$s
are a lot,
but a lot
:
 of pieces
of a
scro$
from
2000
years
ago of
the
Hebrew
bible
(Jewish
bible/
old
testament),
and also
a few
apocryphal
texts,
such as
the book
of
Judith. A
few
pieces of
the
scro$s
were
first
found in
1947 in a
few
caves
near the
dead sea
by
Bedouins,
which is
a group
of Arab
tribes
living in
Israel’s
desert.
:
 These
scro$s
are one
of the
biggest
finds of
archeology
so far.
Yigael
Yadin, an
Israeli
archeologist,
found
tens of
thousands
of these
scro$
pieces
on the
shores of
the dead
sea in
1947.
These
scro$s
are
known to
be the
oldest
wri!en
source
for the
Jewish
bible.
During
the 50's,
people
could
barely
match
the scro$
parts,
but with
:
 today's
x-rays
we can
see what
is rea$y
wri!en
there.. It
described
the life
of Jews
with
Christians
in the
1st century
too. The
text
remained
because
it was
wri!en
on a
special
paper,
papyrus,
and also
special
papers
with rich
leather
and
copper
materials,
making
the text
visible.
Borobudur
Borobudur
is the
most
massive
Buddhist
monument,
:
 and is
located
in Java,
Indonesia.
It used to
house
holy
relics,
and
symbolized
the
mandala,
a symbol
of the
universe,
combining
the
square
as earth
and the
circle as
heaven.
Borobudur
was
constructed
in the
8th-
9th century,
under
the
Shailendra
dynasty,
as it was
buried
under
volcanic
ash (like
Pompeii),
until it
was
discovered
by
governor
:
 Thomas
Stamford
Ra#les in
1814,
when
England
conquered
the
world,
including
southeast
Asia.
Some
Dutch
restored
it two
times in
the 20th
century.
You can
find
Buddhist
symbols
and
writings
of
Buddha's
life and
previous
lives.
The
world's
largest
Buddhist
monument
and a
priceless
ancient
center
for
pilgrimage
and
education
:
 in
Mahayana
Buddhism.
Terracotta
Army
This so-
ca$ed
"army" is
a life -
sized
figure
found in
the tomb
of the
first Qin
emperor,
Qin Shi
Huang,
near
Xi'an,
China.
The
figures
guarded
the outer
wa$ of
the tomb
from
Qin's
former
adversaries.
The
tomb
was
found in
1974 by
Chinese
farmers.
Then the
archeologists
found
the
:
 terraco!a
army in
a scale
of 8,000
human
sized
clay
soldiers.
The
figures
had real
swords,
bows,
and
other
Chinese
weapons.
The clay
and the
lack of
oxygen
might
have
saved
the
terraco!a
army
from not
being a
part of
history
anymore.
Lucy
(fossil)
Lucy is a
nickname
for a
hominin
skeleton
found by
Donald
Johnson
:
 in Hadar,
an
Anthropological
site in
Ethiopia,
1974
(just
when the
terraco!a
army
was
discovered),
and is
dated to
3.2
mi$ion
years
ago. The
specimen
is
classified
as
Australopithecus
Afarensis.
It has
long
arms,
short
legs,
apelike
chest
and jaw,
and a
sma$
brain,
therefore
it was a
primal
version
of the
human,
yet a
greater
:
 version
of a
monkey.
Lucy got
her
name in
the party
Donald
had a
few days
later to
celebrate
the
finding,
and a%er
a lot of
drinking
there
was the
Beatles'
song
"Lucy in
the Sky
With
Diamonds",
and so
no one
remembers
who
gave her
the
name
Lucy, but
someone
probably
did. The
real Lucy
is stored
in a
specia$y
constructed
safe in
the
:
 Paleoanthropology
Laboratories
of the
National
Museum
of
Ethiopia
in Addis
Ababa.
The rest
of the
stu#
regarding
"how did
they find
out Lucy
is an
Australopithecus
Afarensis"
was
determined
by X rays
of the
sku$ and
DNA
testing.
Sue
(fossil)
Sue is
the most
complete
and
best-
preserved
skeleton
of the
Tyrannosaurus
rex. The
fossil is
67
mi$ion
years
:
 old. Also
among
the
largest T
Rex
skeletons.
It was
found in
1990, on
South
Dakota's
Cheyenne
River
Sioux
reservation
on a
ca!le
ranch
owned
by
Maurice
Wi$iams.
That's
what
also
sparked
the love
for
dinosaurs
at the
time. It
was
found by
Peter
Larson
with
archaeologist
and
paleontologist,
Susan
Hendrickson;
hence
the fossil
:
 is ca$ed
Sue. Ti$
2000's
there
was a
ba!le
between
Larson
and
Wi$iams
on who
owns the
fossil,
and it
came to
the US
supreme
court in
1993. In
the end
Wi$iams
won the
case and
she
owned it
with the
Bureau
of Indian
A#airs.
Wi$iams
took it to
an
auction.
Chicago's
Field
Museum
of
Natural
history
won the
fossil
itself,
with
:
 Walt
Disney
that won
a replica,
and
McDonalds
that won
2
replicas,
for
8,362,500$.
A%er
death,
she was
covered
with
water
and
mud,
therefore
she was
preserved
for a
long
time.
Just like
the
fastest
man's
footprints.
Sue is
unusua$y
old for a
dinosaur.
Machu
Picchu
Is a site
of
ancient
Inca
ruins
near
:
 Cusco,
Peru.
Machu
Picchu in
English
is "old
peak",
and is
located
near
Huayna
Picchu
``new
peak". It
was built
in the
1450's by
the Inka
tribes in
Peru and
some
Colombians
(at the
time
they
were the
same). In
1967 a
German
adventurer
by the
name
Augusto
Berns
almost
discovered
it, what a
fancy
clown. It
was
rea$y
discovered
by
:
 Professor
Hiram
Bingham,
sponsored
by Yale
University.
Petra
Petra,
once
ca$ed
Sela, or
"rock" in
Hebrew,
is now
located
in
Jordan,
but was
the
place in
which
Moses
struck
his stick
on a rock
to make
water
come
out of it
(which
eventua$y
caused
him not
to step
on the
holy
land).
Was also
where
some of
the
Israeli
:
 tribes
se!led,
although
outside
the holy
land. It
switched
hands
between
a lot of
people –
the
Israelis-
the
Edomites-
the
romans-
the
Greek,
and so it
got the
name
Petra – a
rock in
Greek.
Shit was
a place
for the
good
spice,
Arrakis
was
actua$y
based on
the
sandstone
look of
Petra! It
is a
va$ey
surrounded
by cli#s
– just
:
 like in
the
overwatch
map. It
was
discovered
in 1812
by Swiss
explorer
Johann
Ludwig
Burckhardt.
Sutton
Hoo
An
estate
near
Woodbridge,
Su#olk,
England,
that is
the site
of an
early
medieval
burial
ground
that
includes
the
grave of
an
Anglo-
Saxon
King
whose
identity
isn't
known
yet.
There
was
:
 great
treasure
in the
grave,
they
buried
him
inside his
own ship.
Therefore,
archeologists
assume
he was
one of
the first
Anglo-
Saxon
kings to
go from
Germany
to
England
– with
the boat
he is
buried
with. . In
1939,
Edith
Pre!y, a
landowner
at Su!on
Hoo (the
place),
asked
archeologist
Basil
Brown to
investigate
the
Anglo-
Saxon
burial
:
 mounds
on her
property.
This is
one of
the most
spectacular
archeological
findings
– the big
ship and
the
treasure.
He was
buried
with his
helmet
too.
Nobody
knows
if T-
Rexes
have
feathers.
Lately
there
has been
this
debate
on if T-
Rexes
had
feathers.
Unlike
bones,
feathers
fade
away
a%er a
few
years,
:
 therefore
unlike
Sue’s
sku$, we
can't find
her
feathers,
as they
disappeared
in the
last 67
mi$ion
years. So
one side
says you
need to
prove
they had
feathers,
while the
other
says you
need to
prove
they
didn't
have
feathers.
However,
in China
there
were a
lot of
volcanic
eruptions
that
buried
entire
ecosystems,
just like
with the
city of
Pompeii
:
 and
Mount
Vesuvius.
As a
result
you can
find not
only the
dinosaur's
bones,
but also
their
feathers.
And
rea$y we
found 2
T-rexes
who
were
covered
with
feathers
in China .
Ca$ed
Yutyannus
and
Dilong.
Means 2
things,
or T-
Rexes
had
feathers,
or the
ancestors
of T-
rexes
had
feathers,
which
means
T-rexes
probably
:
 had
feathers
too.
There
isn't
rea$y a
conclusion
for this
debate –
but there
it is.
Paleoart
The art
of
reconstructing
something
without
the
complete
information
– just
like what
people
have
been
doing
with
dinosaurs
for over
100
years.
Connects
perfectly
to my
last
point.
Also, a
book by
Zoe
Lescaze
–
Paleoart:
:
 visions
of the
prehistoric
past.
There
are a lot
of
artworks
there of
featherless
dinosaurs,
Excavation
Carefu$y
digging a
hole in
the
earth,
trying to
discover
something
specific
like a
boat or
in the
Su!on
Hoo that
was
previously
mentioned
. There
are
many
types of
excavation
–
brushing,
digging
and
di#erent
kinds of
approaches,
but in a$
:
 of them
you dig a
hole in
the
ground.
Remote
sensing
The
process
of
detecting
and
monitoring
the
physical
characteristics
of an
area by
measuring
its
reflected
and
emi!ed
radiation
at a
distance.
Ge!ing
info
about
something
without
making
physical
contact
with the
object.
Sate$ites
are the
main
usage of
remote
sensing
:
 nowadays.
Bonus is
radar.
Sonar (The
stu#
bats
use) is
remote
sensing
too. In
archeology,
remote
sensing
is mostly
used by
sending
radio
waves to
the
ground,
and then
recording
in
nanoseconds
how
much
time it
took for
the radio
to come
back,
and
that's
how they
discover
stu#
without
touching
it. even
creating
a 3d
map of it
without
:
 seeing it.
Just like
sonar
but with
tech.
GPR
equipment
is a valid
name
too.
Zooarchaeology
The
study of
animal
remains
from
archeological
contexts.
Fossils
or
remains
of
extinct
animals.
You can
learn
how long
it takes
for
human
hunting
to cause
extinction,
what are
the
triggers
that
cause
over-
hunting,
and how
to
:
 prevent
it in the
future,
so you
learn for
the past
how
animals
were
extinct
and try
to not
make the
same
mistake
again.
Archaeobotany
The
study of
ancient
plant
remains.
Remains
of
extinct
plants.
Learning
the
details
of how
plants
were
extinct
and how
to
prevent
these.
Similar
to
zooarcheology
but on
plants.
:
 Carbon
Dating
Is a
method
of
determining
the age
of a
plant/
animal,
using the
carbon it
used a
lot of
time ago.
So it
works
like this
– in
earth's
atmosphere,
interaction
between
nitrogen
and a
cosmic
ray
causes a
RadioCarbon,
aka C14,
a carbon
isotope,
and with
oxygen it
becomes
a
radioactive
form of
carbon
dioxide.
A plant
gets this
:
 radioactive
carbon
dioxide
by
photosynthesis,
and an
animal
eats that
plant,
meaning
that both
of them
probably
have
radioactive
carbon
dioxide
in them
right
now.
That
RadioCarbon
undergoes
a
radioactive
decay, in
other
words,
the
body's
atoms
slowly,
but
extremely
slowly
decay,
and take
the
body's
energy,
therefore
in 1940's
when
:
 Wi$ard
Libby of
the
University
of
Chicago
found
out
about
this
method,
he got a
Nobel
prize in
Chemistry
20 years
later. So
from
determining
how
much
energy a
dead life
form lost
by
radiocarbon,
you can
find out
when it
lived.
Dendrochronology
A dating
technique
for trees,
based on
the
analysis
of their
rings.
You
measure
the rings
:
 of the
tree's log
to date
it. It is
because
many
species
of trees
produce
growth
rings
during
annual
growth
seasons.
The
width of
the ring
for each
year is
determined
by
internal
and
external
factors,
but it
tends to
vary
mainly in
proportion
to either
the
amount
of
available
precipitation
or the
prevailing
temperatures.
Pseudoarchaeology
Interpreting
:
 past
archeological
facts
from
outside
the
archaeological
science
community,
like
saying
that the
pyramids
must
have had
support
of
extraterrestrial
forces
because
the
stones
are too
large to
move
with
modern
technology.
There is
always
lack of
scientific
method
in these
interpretation,
and they
oppose
to what
the
archaeological
science
community
thinks,
:
 and it
happens
among
nationalist
and
religious
movements

ChatGenePT:
Reconstruction
as
Resurrection
Shanidar
1
Shanidar
1, also
ca$ed
the “Old
Man” of
Shanidar,
is a
neanderthal
found in
the
Shanidar
cave
located
in
Kurdistan,
Iraq and
lived
about
45,000
to
60,000
years
ago. His
sku$ was
discovered
by
:
 German
archeologist
Dr. Ralph
Solecki
in the
1950’s.
The
evidence
Solecki
found
changed
the
whole
way we
think
about
neanderthals.
He found
by
looking
at
Shanidar
1’s sku$
that he
was
physica$y
and
sensory
disabled,
as he
couldn’t
even see
or hear
we$, but
sti$ lived
for
about 50
years.
That
means
he
probably
had
:
 neanderthal
buddies
that
helped
him
survive
for a
long
time, a
characteristic
we didn’t
think
neanderthals
had. Also
his grave
was
covered
with
flowers.
You can
see he
was
treated
for his
injuries
from just
looking
at his
sku$.
The
Post-
Mortem
Facial
Reconstruction
comes to
the
picture
with
Kathleen
Ga$o,
who
under
the
:
 direction
of Dr.
Janet
Monge,
reconstructed
the face
of
Shanidar
1 with
the
method,
and by
using a
mold of
the sku$
made by
Wenner
Gren
Foundation
of
Anthropological
Research.This
method
of
reconstruction
involves
a!aching
pegs to
the cast
indicating
di#erent
thicknesses
of tissue,
and
using
clay to
model
the
shape
based on
specific
points
that
:
 define
the
contours
of the
human
face. For
example,
in the
case of a
Neandertal,
anthropologists
know
that
there is
greater
muscle
mass
around
the
mouth
and jaw
and
larger
teeth
than in
modern
humans.
In the
next
step, the
forensic
artist
reimagines
the face,
based on
the
structure
of the
sku$, the
position
of
various
features,
:
 and
what we
know
about
the age
and sex
of this
particular
Neandertal.
The
artist
uses oil-
based
plasticine
clay,
which
wi$ not
harden,
and
adds
details
to the
skin such
as pores
and
wrinkles.
She
coats
the piece
with
silicone,
which
wi$ pick
up the
face in
complete
and
meticulous
detail,
and a
plaster
cast is
made.
:
 The re-
creation
of the
neanderthal
is
located
in the
Sphinx
Ga$ery
at the
Penn
Museum.

All
the
Czar’s
Horses:
The
Politics
of
Putting
the
Past
Together
Again
Putin
rebuilding
the
glory of
the
Soviet
Union
During
the cold
war, the
:
 Soviet
Union
was a
top tier
country,
serving
as a
global
power. In
1991,
when it
dissolved,
Russia
found
itself
losing
relevance.
Right
a%er the
co$apse
of the
Soviet
Union,
Boris
Yeltsin
became
the ruler
of the
newly
formed
Russian
federation.
Because
he
wasn’t
dominant
and the
Soviet
Union
basica$y
lost the
cold war.
Russia’s
:
 relevance
was lost
and less
people
saw it as
a global
superpower.
At the
co$apse
of the
USSR,
Vladimir
Putin
was a
KGB
o&cer
stationed
in the
East
German
city
Dresden.
A%er the
fa$ of
the
Berlin
Wa$,
that
signaled
the end
of Soviet
Control
in
Germany,
crowds
went to
destroy
the KGB
headquarters
in East
Germany,
and
because
:
 Putin
and his
men
didn’t
have
enough
power to
defend
the
building,
they just
lied to
them
that they
had a lot
of armed
people
inside. At
that
moment
he felt
he was
watching
one of
the most
powerful
empires
unravel
in the
most
pathetic
and
humiliating
way.
During
the 90’s
Putin
moved
from the
KGB to
the
deputy
mayor of
:
 St.
Petersburg,
and then
worked
at
Yeltsin’s
o&ce. In
1998,
when Bi$
Clinton
ca$ed
Yeltsin
to te$
him the
US was
considering
airstrikes
in Serbia,
Yeltsin
was just
mad, but
didn’t do
anything.
Putin
saw how
Yeltsin is
not
dominant,
and he
decided
to
replace
him as
the
president.
Unlike
Yeltsin,
Putin
worked
with an
approach
from his
KGB
:
 background
to
always
show
he’s in
control,
so for
example
when
Strobe
Talbo!,
a
politician,
came to
Russia,
Putin
dropped
some
names of
Yalbo!s
poets he
learned
about in
university.
Also a$
of his
workers
were
now with
backgrounds
from the
KGB too,
and to
bring
back
Russia to
its top
tier spot,
Putin
turned
back to
history.
Russia’s
:
 history
was fu$
of
bloodshed
and
wars, but
sti$ he
requested
from the
citizens
to adore
the past.
He did
that by
adoring
WW2
veterans
and
ca$ing
the war
a
patriotic
one.
Putin
wants
Russia to
not feel
guilty of
their
past, but
proud of
it. He
uses
Russian
historical
figures,
such as
Prince
Vladimir,
who
established
Rus in
the 10th
:
 century,
Lenin,
and
himself.
He also
tried to
make his
character
much
more
appealing
by
having
very
strong
and
manly
photos,
such as
riding a
horse
topless,
or
participating
in a Judo
competition,
but his
way of
work is
sti$ very
discrete.
Mussolini
rebuilding
the
glory of
the
Roman
empire
in Italy
Benito
Mussolini
:
 was a
teacher
in Italy
during
the 30’s,
but then
turned
into
politics,
and was
the first
to have a
fascist
vision - a
belief
that the
country
is more
important
than the
people,
and that
the
citizens
are
meant to
serve
the
country
and not
the other
side, and
lastly
that the
country
should
be
constantly
in war
against
other
countries,
for the
:
 dictator
to not
get any
judgment
from the
media.
The
thing he
did to
make
Italy
fascist
was to
appeal
to the
citizen’s
nostalgia
to the
Roman
empire,
and he
te$s the
citizens
of Italy
that with
him in
power
they can
be as
powerful
as the
Roman
empire.
He used
signs
such as
the
Fasces
(from
there
comes
the term
facism),
:
 which
was a
symbol
for the
Roman
empire’s
military
power. It
talks
there
about
Adolf
Hitler,
which I
can
guess he
used the
nostalgia
to the
era of
O!o von
Bismarck,
the
uniting
of
Germany,
before
WW1
when
Germany
was
actua$y
not
broke,
and so
people
loved
him
because
like
Mussolini
he gave
promises
:
 he’$
bring the
glory of
the past.
Conservatives
long for
three
great
American
periods
Conservatives
are
people
who
don’t
believe
so much
in
renewing
stu#,
and
prefer
religion.
They are
republicans
in
America.
These
republicans
tend to
long for
three
specific
periods
of time
in
American
history.
The first
one,
being
:
 the 50’s,
was right
a%er
WW2
and
America’s
big win.
It was
a%er the
Great
Depression
(1930s s)
had
ended,
so now
with the
win
every
man with
a high-
school
graduation
could
a#ord
raising a
family.
At the
time
there
were
Republican
presidents,
like
Richard
Nixon
and
Eisenhower.
Therefore
it was
the best
time for
Americans,
and for
:
 Republicans
specifica$y.
Another
period of
time is
the 80’s,
and
that’s
because
Ronald
Reagan,
a
Republican
president,
has done
a lot of
tax cuts
at the
time,
and
because
of the
US’ win
in the
cold war
against
the
USSR.
The last
period is
November
of 2016,
when
Donald
Trump
got the
presidential
job. A$ 3
are
periods
of time
in which
conservative
:
 people
exist.
Author
David
Frum
researched
the
topic,
and he
doesn’t
like the
idea of
conservatives
appealing
to
nostalgia
to the
50’s,
because
as a
result
they
don’t
change
the
world
and
think
only of
the past.
He also
has an
opinion
that
unlike
Robert
H. Bork,
that the
republican
great
era
lasted in
the
:
 1960’s
too. He
also
thinks
that
from
now on
looking
towards
the
future
the US
wi$
become
more
feminist,
and
hopefu$y
the
conservatives
wi$
accept it.
Also
says that
in these
eras of
republican
greatness,
he notes
there are
more
sexual
assault
cases.
The
politicization
of
nostalgia
Ezgi Elci
is a
researcher
in the
:
 department
of
International
Relations
at
Ozyegin
University,
Turkey.
He
researched
on if
nostalgia
boosts
populism
(te$ing
the
simple
people
simple
statements
and not
too
complicated
stu# to
make
them
vote for
them).
Donald
Trump
used
nostalgia
to boost
populism
by
stating
that he
wi$
“make
America
great
again”.
Venezuelans
:
 referred
to Simon
Bolivar,
the guy
who
gave
their
independence
and a lot
of other
South
American
states as
“El
Libertador”
in order
to
support
the
formation
of a big
Latin
country
in South
America.
In Turkey
the
“Justice
and
Development
Party”
builds
their
rhetoric
on
nostalgia
to the
strong
O!oman
empire.
In
western
Europe
:
 right-
wing
populists
appeal
to their
voters by
appealing
to their
nostalgia
to the
era
before a
lot of
immigrants
came to
Europe,
and the
era
before
the
unification
of
Europe,
when
their
country
lost
sovereignty.
Hungary’s
prime
minister
Viktor
Orban
appeals
to the
Treaty of
Trianon,
that
ended
WW1
and gave
Hungary
more
:
 borders
to se!le
in. Ezgi
Elci
defines
nostalgia
as “nost”
(return
home)
“algia” (a
painful
condition),
therefore
nostalgia
is
homecoming
when the
condition
is bad.
Politicians
use
nostalgia
in a way
that they
paint an
image of
the past
in an era
before
the
corruptions
and
distortions
of today.
They use
nostalgia
to create
a border
between
the
authentic
us and
the
:
 immoral
them. It
maintains
a
specific
identity
when
there is a
crisis of
some
sorts. In
politics
nostalgia
is used
to make
other
politicians
look like
enemies
that
need to
be
destroyed
instead
of legit
rivals.
Using
nostalgia
as the
ruler wi$
always
be
harder
than
using
nostalgia
as a
form of
criticizing
the
ruling
power,
because
:
 the
ruling
power
can
actua$y
do stu#
about it.
That’s
why
Trump
used
nostalgia
in the
way I just
said in
the last
bit, while
Bernie
Sanders,
from the
democrats,
uses
nostalgia
to revive
the era
when
workers
had
be!er
working
conditions.
The
main
example
in the
article
talks
about
Turkey,
in which
there are
the
Islamists,
:
 who
want a
religious
country,
unlike
the
Kemalists,
who
want a
non-
religious
country.
The
O!oman
nostalgia
directs
resentment
to the
Kemalist
ruling
power,
and the
Kemalist
nostalgia
that is
made to
counter
the
O!oman
nostalgia
is simply
weaker,
because
Kemalism
has less
history
than the
O!oman
empire.
The
author
conducted
a survey
:
 and
found
out that
people
prefer
the
O!oman
empire
nostalgia
than the
Kemalist
nostalgia.
Nostalgia
is o%en
washed
away
from bad
memories,
and so
the
author
says we
should
look to
the
future
more
than to
the past.
British
Luddites
breaking
mechanical
looms
Around
200
years
ago in
Britain,
there
was the
:
 industrial
revolution.
In the
textile
industry
this led
to
Wi$iam
Lee
creating
a kni!ing
machine,
ca$ed a
stocking
frame.
Because
the
popularization
of
machines
led to
low-
quality
textile
stu#
being
sold, and
not-
apprenticed
workers
ge!ing
paid
more
than
people
who
learned
the
natural
subject
for
years, a
group of
:
 people,
ca$ed
the
Luddists,
formed
up to
improve
the
machines
by
destroying
the old
ones and
hopefu$y
making
more
advanced
ones,
and also
to bring
back the
credit to
those
who
approach
the
textile
industry
in the
natural
way.
They
ca$ed
themselves
‘luddists’
a%er a
fictional
character
named
Ned
Ludd,
who was
their
:
 “general/
king” (for
tricking
the
British
soldiers”),
who is
told to
be a
worker
who was
told by
his evil
owner to
square
his
needles,
but Ludd
instead
took a
hammer
and
fla!ened
the
entire
machine.
The
luddites
were
serious
about
their
cause,
but sti$
were
rea$y
strange.
For
example
they
once
protested
with
:
 dresses,
claiming
they are
general
Ludd’s
wives, or
that they
bought
hammers
from the
same
blacksmith
that
created
the
machines
they
intended
to
destroy
(his
name
was
Enoch).
Britain
didn’t
like this
at a$,
and so a
lot of
Luddites
were
ki$ed or
hanged
for their
protests.
Throughout
the last
200
years
the
meaning
of the
:
 word
Luddite
changed
a lot,
and now
it means
just
someone
who
genera$y
hates
technology.
Sometimes
though
they use
technology
to
further
their
cause
just like
Ted
Kaczynski,
the
Unabomber,
a
terrorist
that sent
explosive
packages
to
people. It
also
refers to
people
who hate
or are
clumsy
with
technology.
Anti
Social
:
 New-
York
Teenagers
Logan
Lane,
got a ce$
phone
when
she was
in a
young
age, but
during
the
pandemic
she
realized
that the
social
media
apps
consumed
her life,
and a%er
meeting
Jameson
Butler,
another
student,
at a
party,
she
made
with him
a
promise
that both
won’t
use a
smartphone,
and they
started
:
 hanging
out
weekly.
At the
beginning
it was
extremely
boring
switching
from a
smartphone
to a flip-
phone,
but a%er
a while
Lane
was
more
creative
and used
her time
be!er.
They ca$
the club
“the
luddite
club”,
named
a%er the
luddites
from the
previous
paragraph
. It now
has 16
members,
and they
meet up
every
Sunday
in
prospect
park and
:
 there
they
read
books,
play
guitar,
and do
journalism
stu#.
Some of
them
changed
their
phone
from a
smartphone
to a flip
phone,
and
others
sti$ have
a
smartphone
but
come to
the club
to get
out of
the
screens
for a
day. The
club is
now in a
massive
problem
as most
of its
members
are
moving
to
co$ege,
:
 and can’t
stay in
it. On
your trip
to Yale
University,
have
your
New-
York day
on a
Sunday,
and go
search
for these
kids in
Prospect
Park.
Mennonites
in
Belize
In the
late
1950’s a
group of
over
3000
Canadian
Mennomites,
people
who
have the
same
beliefs
as Amish
people,
but can
sti$ use
electronics,
although
they just
don’t
:
 want to,
unlike
Amish
who are
not
permi!ed.
These
Canadian
Mennomites
immigrated
from
Mexico
to
Belize,
because
they
wanted
to be a
part of a
pre!y
closed
society,
and got
an
agreement
from the
Belizean
government
that
o#ered
them
land,
less
taxes,
and not
being in
the
army, for
ge!ing
most of
their
agricultural
goods.
:
 Belize
thrives
from this
deal
even
today.
Jake
Michaels,
a
photographer,
went to
3
Mennonite
towns:
Li!le
Belize,
Indian
Creek,
and
Shipyard,
and
there he
found a
christian
community
that
doesn’t
tend to
use
electronics,
for
instance
they ride
on
horses,
although
in some
occasions
he finds
a girl or
a few
boys
using
:
 cameras
from the
80’s. The
people
there are
very
nice, and
unlike
the
Amish
aren’t
total
anti-
society
people,
though
they sti$
want to
live in a
kinda
closed
christian
community.
They sti$
wear
traditional
clothes
and
stu#.

Breaking
World
Records
Library
of
Alexandria
A library
located
in
Alexandria,
Egypt.
:
 Alexandria
is a city
first
established
by
Alexander
the
Great, a
Greek
guy who
decided
to
conquer
Europe
and the
middle
east. His
successor,
pharaoh
Ptolemy
I,
decided
to build
a library
in the
city. It
was
ca$ed
“the
Royal
Library
in
Alexandria”
in the
3rd
century
bc. Was
also
ca$ed
Museum
of
Alexandria,
Greek
:
 Mouseion,
“seat of
the
muses”,
and was
at first
place a
shrine of
muses,
aka
goddesses
from
Greek
mythology,
based on
the
Lyceum
of
Aristotle,
a shrine
he made
for
Apo$o.
Only
then, it
was
considered
a library,
as it was
a lecture
area
with
gardens,
a zoo,
and a
shrine
for each
of the
nine
muses. It
had over
half a
mi$ion
:
 documents
from
countries
conquered
by the
Persian
empire,
soon
conquered
by
Alexander
the
Great. It
had a
daughter
library
ca$ed
“the
Temple
of
Serapis”
that held
10% of
its
documents.
It was
somehow
lost, and
even
worse,
we don’t
know
how.
Impostor
I-
Julius
Caesar
The first
person
who is
blamed
for the
:
 destruction
of the
Museum
of
Alexandria
is Julius
Caesar.
Basica$y
two
hundred
years
a%er the
library
was
established,
the
Greek
empire
was
replaced
with the
Roman
empire,
led by
the guy
who
crowned
himself
Julius
Caesar.
Caesar,
of
course,
wasn’t a
fan of
powerful
people
being
traitors,
and so
when
Pompey
(not
:
 linked to
the city
of
Pompeii)
stabbed
him on
the back
(metaphorica$y),
Pompey
was on
the run,
and
went to
hide in
Alexandria,
a place
conquered
by the
empire.
Caesar
ordered
the
soldiers
there to
set fire
to the
ship
harbor
there,
for
Pompey
not to
escape,
but sadly
the fire
spread
into the
Library
of
Alexandria
too, and
destroyed
it. The
:
 main
case
against
that
story is
that if
Caesar
would’ve
rea$y
done
that, it’d
probably
be more
documented,
as he
was one
of the
most
powerful
people in
history.
Impostor
II -
Theophilus
In
Edward
Gibbon’s
book,
“the fa$
of the
Roman
Empire”,
he gives
a version
of his
own to
the
disappearance
of Greek
Mouseion.
So six
hundred
:
 years
a%er the
establishment
of the
library,
there
was a
patriarch,
kind of
like
Rabbi
Kanievski
in Israel,
but
Christian,
ca$ed
Theophilus.
During
his reign
he
decided
to
convert
the
Temple
of
Serapis
into a
Christian
Church,
and so
10% of
the
library’s
documents
were
destroyed.
Then
a%er he
died his
nephew
took
control,
:
 and
because
the lack
of ruling
there
was a
tight
conflict
between
Jews,
Christians
and
Pagans,
led to
Hypatia,
a female
philosopher
and the
daughter
of the
last
Library
of
Alexandria
being
murdered
on the
street,
but sti$
people
blame
the
death on
Theophilus,
although
he died
sooner.
Impostor
III -
Moslem
Caliph
:
 Omar
Basica$y
Bishop
Gregory
says that
eight
hundred
years
a%er the
establishment
of the
Library
of
Alexandria
the
Muslims,
a bunch
of rich
muslim
people
took
control
of
Alexandria.
As
muslims,
they
loved
the
Quran.
Caliph
Omar
made a
big brain
move by
thinking
with
himself
that the
library
isn’t
necessary.
If it
:
 contradicts
the
Quran,
then it
should
be
destroyed.
If it has
the same
ideas as
the
Quran, it
is
litera$y
not
necessary
as the
Quran
already
exists. So
hedecided
to use
the texts
as tinder
to his
bathhouses
of the
city.
The
House
of
Wisdom
A library
also
known
by the
names
“Khizanat-
al-
Hikma”,
“Storehouse
of
:
 Wisdom”,
“Bayt al
hikmah”,
that had
a lot of
books in
it, but
was then
destroyed.
Unlike
the
Library
of
Alexandria,
the
House of
Wisdom
is known
for its
destroyer.
House of
Wisdom
was
established
in 600
AD, by
Muawiyah
I, a
Caliph in
the
Umayyad
Dynasty,
and as a
bibliophile,
a book
lover, he
co$ected
a lot of
books in
Damascus.
With the
help of
Christian
:
 and
Persian
scholars,
the
Umayyads
translated
a$ of
their
co$ection
to
Arabic,
and a$
of these
books
opened
a
window
of
opportunity
for the
Arab
world, as
it
educated
them.
Soon the
Abbasid
Dynasty
succeeded
the
Umayyads,
and the
Caliph
Al-
Mansur
moved
the
House of
Wisdom
to
Baghdad
instead
of
:
 Damascus.
Al-
Mansur
made
changes
in the
library,
as he
made it
bigger
and
more
magnificent,
a!racting
scholars
from a$
over the
world.
Then
came
Caliph
Al-
Mamun,
who was
fond of
scientific
knowledge
that he
preferred
scientific
works
over
other
war
spoils.
Scholars
from a$
over the
world,
such as
the Banu
Musa
brothers,
:
 Al-Jahiz,
Al-Kindi,
and Al-
Ba!ani
came to
the
House of
Wisdom
to share
their
knowledge.
In 1258
the
Mongols
in the
command
of
Hulagu
Khan,
Genghis
Khan’s
grandson,
invaded
Baghdad
for
thirteen
days,
a%er the
current
Abbasid
Caliph
didn’t
agree to
help the
Mongols
against
fighting
Persia.
As a
result
the
Caliph
was
:
 immediately
executed,
while the
locals
were
massacred
on a
large
scale,
and
during
the siege
a$ of the
books
from the
House of
Wisdom
were
sadly
thrown
into the
Tigris
River,
and the
amount
of books
thrown
was so
enormous
that a
bridge
could be
formed
using
those
books in
water
alone -
supporting
a man
mounted
on a
horse.
:
 The only
books
that
remained
from this
library
were the
ones
that
Nasir-al-
Din-al-
Tulsi
took
along
with him
to
Maragheh
before
the
a!ack.
What
Stopped
Mongol
Hordes
From
Conquering
Europe
As we a$
know
Genghis
Khan
was very
good at
conquering,
and then
he died
and gave
his son
(Ogodei)
a LOT of
land, but
:
 his son
did
pre!y
we$,
conquering
Hungary.
And
some
other
stu#.
A%er
Ogodei’s
death his
nephew
took
over the
western
campaign
but
never
returned,
so
Ogodei’s
wife,
Toregene,
took
power as
the
Great
Khatun.
It turns
out that
the
western
horde
turned
back,
probably
due to
damp
weather
which
caused
:
 food
shortages.
(similar
story to
Napoleon's
retreat
from
Moscow)
It's likely
that
Ogodei's
commanders
chose a
southern
route
because
of its
relatively
drier
condition.
So what
happened
a%er
Ogodei’s
death?
The
Mongols
were
split and
never
reunified.
A
History
of
Tripitaka
Koreana
Aka the
biggest
co$ection
of
Buddhist
:
 texts in
the
world.
Situated
in
Haeinsa
Temple.
Tripitaka
has been
used by
scholars
as the
authority
of Zen
Buddhism.
It was
destroyed
during a
Mongol
invasion.
But later
King
Gojong
ordered
the
co$ection
to be
remade.
The
woodblocks
on which
the texts
were
printed
were
soaked
in boiling
water
and
covered
with laka
to
protect
:
 from
deterioration,
the
depositories
were
constructed
to
provide
ventilation
and
moderate
temperature
and
humidity.
This
incredible
design
has
preserved
the
woodblocks
for over
750
years
from
pests
and
extreme
weather
conditions.
This
design
was so
good
that the
Tripitaka
woodblocks
were
declared
a
National
Treasure
of South
:
 Korea
and a
UNESCO
World
Heritage
Site. In
2000,
the
contents
of the
Tripitaka
Koreana
were put
into
electronic
form.

Here
We
Go
Again:
History
Redux
Paleolithic
Diet
Also
known
as
“caveman
diet”, is a
way of
eating
based on
the food
our
ancient
ancestors
ate
during
:
 the
Paleolithic
era, a
one that
lasted
10,000
years
ago.
The idea
behind it
is that
you don’t
eat
processed
foods,
grains,
legumes,
dairy
products
and
refined
sugars,
things
that
were not
available
during
the
Paleolithic
era, and
so your
body
consumes
what it
was
genetica$y
adapted
to eat -
protein
from
meat,
fish,
fruits,
:
 vegetables,
and nuts.
The
main
criticism
for it is
that
people
at the
time
died
early in
their life,
but to be
fair, on
average
people
died
young
because
the
super
young
died
much
more
o%en.
Appetite
for the
Past
The New
York
University’s
Institute
for the
Study of
the
Ancient
World
hosted a
tasting,
ca$ed
:
 “Appetite
for the
Past”, in
which
diners
could
sample
food
spanning
continents
and
mi$enia.
For
example,
they got
to eat a
honey-
flavored
mochi
inspired
by a
book of
vegetarian
recipes
dating to
China’s
Song
Dynasty,
and
jiggling
almond-
milk
custard
that
dates to
the
medieval
era.
Among
the
diners
were
archaeologists,
:
 chefs
and
other
researchers
that a$
researched
and
analyzed
how
people
once ate
in past
eras.
To
reconstruct
an
ancient
meal,
sometimes
these
meals
are
wri!en
in
recipes
found in
excavations,
and
other
times,
researchers
can rely
on
buried
cooking
vessels.
Reconstructing
Ancient
Menus
It is a
story in
the
:
 fo$owing
article of
a team
of
archaeologists
excavating
in
ancient
China
and
finding a
pot for
cooking
dating
back to
the Song
Dynasty.
Researchers
took the
residue
from the
pot and
used a
variety
of
chemical
processes
to
separate
the
organic
material.
In this
case,
they
were
able to
identify
mi$et as
an
ingredient
because
it has a
:
 unique
molecule
in it that
makes it
obvious
when it's
present,
but for
most
other
foods it’s
not that
easy.
Then,
they
examined
the
pa!erns
of soot
and
oxidation
on the
pot
(from
heat)
and
experimented
with
di#erent
ways to
cook
with a
similar
pot that
would
cause
similar
pa!erns.
Since
other
foods
are hard
to
:
 identify,
they only
had
mi$et to
go o# of,
which
wouldn’t
have
been
good for
the
taste-
testing
event, so
they
basica$y
made
guesses
for other
ingredients
based on
di#erent
foods
they
knew
were
eaten in
the same
area
from
other
archaeological
evidence.
Additiona$y,
we can
fi$ in
more
gaps in
our
knowledge
about
what
they ate
:
 by
basica$y
just
ruling
out
options
that
would
taste too
bad for
people
to eat.
“Human
palates
have
outer
bounds,”
says Pia
Sörensen,
of
Harvard
University,
who
worked
on the
Babylonian
dishes.
The
name of
the
person
who
started
investigating
the pot
was
anthropologist
and
archaeologist
Yitzchak
Ja#e but
he
worked
:
 with
anthropologist
Karine
Taché
(who
specifica$y
analyzed
the
residue).
Then
they got
chef
Raymond
Childs to
turn
their
findings
into an
actual
dish for
the
event
“Appetite
for the
Past”.
Thermopolium
The
Roman
Empire’s
version
of fast
food. It
translates
from
Greco-
Roman
to “hot
shop”, in
which
Romans
could
eat
:
 Roman
food,
such as
bread,
wine,
cheese,
meats,
fish,
seafood,
vegetables,
soup and
stews.
One
special
food the
WSC
refers to
is the
isicia
omentata,
which is
an
ancient
version
for the
hamburger
(the
meat
itself, not
the
structure
of the
bread
and the
vegetables).
These
can be
found in
archaeological
sites
such as
the one
:
 in
Pompeii.
Caupona
is an
active
thermopolium
located
in
Pompeii,
in which
you can
sleep
and dine
with an
ancient
Roman
menu. A
thermopolium
usua$y
includes
a sma$
room
with
direct
access
to the
street
with a
counter,
just like
fast-
food
restaurants
and bars
today.
Medieval
Times
A
restaurant
chain
that got
popular
:
 in North
America
because
of its
menu,
which
consists
of food
mainly
associated
with the
medieval
ages (for
example,
loaf of
garlic,
fowl leg,
boar
rib…).
According
to their
website
it “is
based
upon
authentic
Medieval
history
and is
the true
story of
a noble
family
with
documentation
dating
back to
the 11th
Century”.
Apparently
there is a
medieval
horse
:
 fight
happening
there, a
joust.
Their
menu is
criticized
to be
historica$y
inaccurate,
as for
example
Medieval
Times
se$s
tomatoes,
a thing
people
didn’t
eat in
the
medieval
era.
Therefore
it is more
an
entertaining
family
dine
instead
of a
direct
re-
creation
of
medieval
dining
places.
Reconstructing
the last
meal of
:
 the
titanic
In April
of 1912
the great
steamship
RMS
Titanic
met its
tragic
fate,
hi!ing an
iceberg,
being
one of
the
biggest
mistakes
of the
20th
century.
As a
result
more
than
1500
wealthy
and
important
passengers
passed
away,
not
knowing
the last
meal
they
would
ever eat
would be
the first-
class
:
 evening
meal on
April
14th, a
day
before
the
sinking
of the
Titanic.
Two of
the April
14th
menus
were
recovered
and
preserved
a%er the
Titanic
sunk,
and the
menu, by
Chef
Rousseau,
consisted
of ten
courses,
consisting
of Hors
D'Oeuvres,
Oysters,
Consommé
Olga,
Cream
of
Barley,
Poached
Salmon
with
Mousseline
Sauce,
Cucumbers,
:
 Filet,
Mignons
Lili,
Sauté of
Chicken,
Lyonnaise,
Vegetable
Marrow
Farci,
Lamb,
Mint
Sauce,
Roast
Duckling,
Apple
Sauce,
Sirloin of
Beef,
Chateau
Potatoes,
Green
Pea,
Creamed
Carrots,
Boiled
Rice,
Parmentier
& Boiled
New
Potatoes,
Punch
Romaine,
Roast
Squab &
Cress,
Cold
Asparagus
Vinaigre!e,
Pate de
Foie
Gras,
Celery,
Waldorf
:
 Pudding,
Peaches
in
Chartreuse
Je$y,
Chocolate
& Vani$a
Eclairs
and
French
Ice
Cream.
In honor
of the
centennial
year,
many
restaurants
and
supper
clubs are
re-
creating
that final
meal,
but none
is as
close to
the
actual
event as
The
Balmoral.
The
commemorative
cruise
ship le%
the
Southampton,
England,
port on
April 8,
2012,
:
 and set
out to
sail the
same
course
as the
TItanic,
but
making it
a$ the
way to
New
York
City. On
board,
passengers
wi$ dine
on an
as-
close-to-
a
replication
of the
grand
meal
served
on April
14 100
years
ago.
According
to chef
Sara
Sipek,
"The
essential
elements
of
cuisine
have not
changed
a great
deal in
:
 the last
century,
but
certainly
there
would
have
been
spices,
delicacies,
or even
produce
that may
have
been
more
popular
in 1912."
While
sti$ quite
grand,
the
Balmoral
menu
wi$ only
have
seven
courses.

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