Chapter-5

Data Base Management Systems (DBMS)

1. What Is Data Base Management System (Dbms)
2. Integration Functions In CIM With DBMS
3. The CIM Database Comprises Basically 5 Classes Of Data
4. Database Requirements For Cim
5. Database Requirements For Cim
6. Classifications Of Data
7. Objectives Of Database
8. Issues Concern In Implementing A Database
9. Features Of A Database Management System
10. RESPONSIBILITIES Of DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
11. Database Models
12. Database Applications
 Overview of chapter-5
In a CIM environment the total integration of
operations is achieved by a common
database linking various designs,
manufacturing and other related activities.
This chapter deals with the concepts of
database and database management system
suitable for computer integrated
manufacturing.
 WHAT IS DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
WHAT IS DATA BASE
Collection of data is called data base.
WHAT IS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Accessing and retrieving data.
WHAT IS DBMS
To access and managing of stored data.
Data: Raw facts
Ex: Machine
Information: Processing of data.
Ex: Lathe Machine, Shaper Machine
 Integration Functions in CIM with DBMS
As we discussed in the previous sections, Computer Integrated
Manufacturing integrates all the functions related to the
manufacture.
The following are the major functions among them:
i. Computer aided engineering covering design, analysis,
simulation and optimization.
ii. Computer aided manufacturing
iii. Operations Management
iv. Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Warehousing and
other functions.
 The CIM database comprises basically 5 classes of data
i. Product Data:
Data about parts to be manufactured It includes text and geometry data.
ii. Manufacturing or Production Data:
Information on how parts are to be manufactured.
Iii.Engineering Data:
Information on use of computer in analysis, inspection, testing.
iv.Operational Data:
Describes the things specific to production: lot size, schedule, assembly
sequence etc.
v.Resource Data:
Describes resources involved in operations: materials, machines, human
resources and money.
 DATABASE REQUIREMENTS FOR CIM
Information is needed by mfg. company
•To carry a task needs certain amount of skill.
Product Design and Manufacturing process increasingly requires access to
substantial technical information in various stages like
•Design
•Analysis
•manufacturing.
It also needs smooth co-ordination among the many functions constituting
an enterprise.
Manufacturing organizations may waste a considerable portion of their
resources due to delayed or error prone communication from one
segment to another.
It would therefore be desirable to have one single central database that
would contain all information.
 Cont..
Product data:
•contain the description of the products involved in the manufacturing process.
•The data may consist of graphic, text, and numeric information.
Production data:
•describe how the parts are to be manufactured.
Machines data:
•conventional & Non-Conventional
•Specification of machines
Design data:
•Depending on product complexity, shape may be defined by any of the following
methods
•CSG •B-rep •Wireframe modelling •Parametric modelling.
Manufacturing Data:
Permanent & temporary data•Static and Dynamic data•Computer compatible
 Cont…
• Production Planning & control
•Shop floor control
•Order entry
•Purchasing
•Cost accounting
• Computer aided design
•Computer aided analysis
•Computer aided programming
•Computer aided tool design
•Computer aided process planning
•Computer aided quality control
•Programmable controllers
•Computer aided inspection
•Computer aided testing
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DATA

1.Physical data
2.Logical data
3.Data independence
 i. Physical data
These are data stored in the computer’s
storage device. The volume of data
required by a manufacturing company is
so large that secondary storage devices
such as hard discs, tapes, CD-ROMs, and
other digital storage devices of several
gigabyte capacities will be used.
 ii. Logical data:
This indicates how a user views the physical data. The
distinction between the physical data and the
corresponding logical view is that the user
conceptualizes certain meaningful relationships
among the physical data elements. For example, we
may have a set of items and quantities recorded in
files.
The logical view or interpretation of these sets of data
can be that the items represent components
available in stores and that the quantities recorded
correspond to their inventory.
 iii. Data independence

Database management systems (DBMS) are used by the

users to manage the physical data. DBMS makes a
distinction between the two namely, the user and the
physical data.
Changes in the organization of physical data and or in
the storage device parameters are absorbed by DBMS
and therefore do not affect the user or more
accurately, the application program.
This flexibility is absent in the traditional file systems.
 OBJECTIVES OF DATABASE
A database serves the following objectives:
✓Reduce or eliminate redundant (Unnecessary) data
✓ Integrate existing data
✓ Provide security
✓ Share data among users
✓ Incorporate changes quickly and effectively
✓ Exercise effective control over data
✓ Simplify the method of using data
✓ Reduce the cost of storage and retrieval of data
✓ Improve accuracy and integrity of data
 ISSUES CONCERN IN IMPLEMENTING A DATABASE
There are, of course, some issues to be considered
while implementing a database. These include:
✓High investment in hardware and software
✓Need to use larger and faster hardware
✓ Necessity to have highly trained manpower
✓ Redundancy to take care of eventualities like crash of
the database server.
✓ Need to ensure integrity and reliability of data
 FEATURES OF A DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
A database management system consists of a collection of interrelated data
and a set of programs to access that data.
Database management involves
✓Organize a database.
✓ Add new data to the database.
✓ Sort the data in some meaningful order.
✓ Search the database for types of information.
✓ Print the data into formatted reports.
✓ Edit the data.
✓ Delete the data.
 RESPONSIBILITIES of DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR

The person responsible for managing the database is often

referred to as database administrator.
His/her functions include:
✓Creating the primary database structure
✓ Backing up and restoring data in case of crash
✓ Modifying the structure
✓ Transfer data to external files
✓ Allocate and control user access rights
✓ Monitoring performance
 DATABASE MODELS
What is data base model
A Database model defines the logical design and
structure of a database and defines how data
will be stored, accessed and updated in a
database management system.
There are two ways in which data can be
organized.
•Hierarchical.
• Network Or Relational.
 HIERARCHICAL DATABASE
In the hierarchical model, data is organized as an inverted tree.
Each entity has only one parent but can have several children.
At the top of the hierarchy, there is one entity, which is called
the root.

A Typical Hierarchical File Structure

Data are organized as an upside down tree.
Each entity has only one parent but can have several children.
 Hierarchical Model Example of Lathe Assembly

A parent file can have several

children. A good example of
such an organization might be a
parts list, in which each product
is composed of assemblies
which are in turn composed of
sub assemblies and/or
component parts. As an
example of hierarchical
database structure, the parts
list of lathe assembly is shown
in Fig Examples of hierarchical
database management systems
are IMS and SYSTEM 2000.
Parts of a Lathe Assembly
 Relational Model (RM)
Relational Model (RM)
represents the database as a
collection of relations.
A relation is nothing but a
table of values.
Every row in the table
represents a collection of
related data values. These
rows in the table denote a real-
world entity or relationship. ...
In the relational model, data
are stored as tables.
 Database Applications
✓Banking: all transactions
✓Airlines: reservations, schedules
✓Universities: registration, grades
✓Sales: customers, products, purchases
✓Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders,
supply chain
✓Human resources: employee records, salaries, tax
deductions
•Databases touch all aspects of our lives