Complex analysis

Exercises with solutions

Ji°í Bouchala
(and Ond°ej Bouchala)
The author of the painting Imaginární dºungle on the cover page is Ji°í Bouchala
(and it is owned by Ond°ej Bouchala).
Preface
This text contains the solutions to all of the practice problems in the 10th chapter of the
lecture notes An Introduction to Complex Analysis [1]. It is a translation of the Czech
text [3].

The typesetting and all of the pictures are the work of my son Ond°ej. He also helped
to improve the text in several places with his comments.

It is not possible that we caught all of the mistakes during the proof-reading. We are
1
grateful for your leniency and for letting us know about any and all remarks.

We enjoyed working on this text. We wish the same to the reader.

In Orlová, 2022
Ji°í Bouchala
(and Ond°ej Bouchala)

1 Please send all of the remarks (notes, recommendations, threats and gifts) to my e-mail address
[email protected].
Exercise 1.
Find the real and imaginary part of the complex number

1+i
a) z = (1 + i)(3 − 2i) ; c) z= 1−i
;
2−3i 2−4i
b) z= 3+4i
; d) z = 2i − 2
.

Solution:
a) z = (3 + 2) + i; Re z = 5, Im z = 1.

2−3i (2−3i)(3−4i) 6−12−9i−8i 6

b) z= 3+4i
= 9+16
= 25
; Re z = − 25 , Im z = − 17
25
.

1+i (1+i)2 1+2i−1

c) z= 1−i
= 2
= 2
; Re z = 0, Im z = 1.

2−4i 2+4i
d) z = 2i − 2
= 2i − 2
= −1; Re z = −1, Im z = 0.

Exercise 2.
Write the given complex number in the trigonometric form

√ √
a) z = −1 + 3i ; d) z = −1 − 3i ;
2+i
b) z = i; e) z= 3−2i
;
3−i
c) z = −8 ; f) z= 2+i
.

Solution:
a)
√
3i
α
φ

−1

√
3 π π π π 2
cos α =
, α = , φ = + α = + = π;
2 6 2 2 6 3
√ √
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
2π 2π 2π 2π
z = − 1 + 3i = 1 + 3 cos + i sin = 2 cos + i sin .
3 3 3 3

b) z = i = cos π2 + i sin π2 .

c) z = − 8 = 8(cos π + i sin π).

1
d)

φ
−1
α

√
− 3i

√
3 π 4
sin α = , α = , φ = π + α = π;
2 3 3
√
(︃ )︃ (︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
4 4 2π 2π
z = − 1 − 3i = 2 cos π + i sin π = 2 cos − + i sin − .
3 3 3 3

2+i (2+i)(3+2i) 4 7
e) z= 3−2i
= 9+4
= 13
+ 13
i,

7
13
i
φ
4
13

√ 7
1√ 65 7 7
|z| = 16 + 49 = , tan φ = 13 4 = , φ = arctan ;
13 13 13
4 4
√ (︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
65 7 7
z= cos arctan + i sin arctan .
13 4 4

3−i (3−i)(2−i) 5−5i

f) z= 2+i
= 5
= 5
= 1 − i,

−i

√ (︂ (︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂)︂
z= 2 cos − + i sin − .
4 4

2
Exercise 3.
Prove the de Moivre's theorem

(︁ )︁n
(∀n ∈ N) (∀φ ∈ R) : cos φ + i sin φ = cos(nφ) + i sin(nφ)

using mathematical induction.

Solution:

1) We start by checking that the formula holds for n = 1:

(cos φ + i sin φ)1 = cos (1 · φ) + i sin (1 · φ) .

?
2) Now we prove the implication (cos φ + i sin φ)n = cos(nφ) + i sin(nφ) ⇒
? n+1
⇒ (cos φ + i sin φ) = cos((n + 1)φ) + i sin((n + 1)φ):

i.p.
(cos φ + i sin φ)n+1 = (cos (nφ) + i sin (nφ)) (cos φ + i sin φ) =
= (cos(nφ) cos φ − sin(nφ) sin φ) + i (sin(nφ) cos φ + cos(nφ) sin φ) ,

and now it suces to apply the known trigonometric identities:

cos(nφ) cos φ − sin(nφ) sin φ = cos(nφ + φ) = cos((n + 1)φ),

sin(nφ) cos φ + cos(nφ) sin φ = sin(nφ + φ) = sin((n + 1)φ).

Exercise 4.
Let φ ∈ R. Express sin(4φ) and cos(4φ) using sin φ and cos φ.

Solution:

cos(4φ) + i sin(4φ) = (cos φ + i sin φ)4 =

)︁2
= cos2 φ + 2i sin φ cos φ − sin2 φ =
(︁

= cos4 φ − 4 sin2 φ cos2 φ + sin4 φ +

+ 4i sin φ cos3 φ − 2 cos2 φ sin2 φ − 4i sin3 φ cos φ =
= cos4 φ − 6 sin2 φ cos2 φ + sin4 φ + i 4 sin φ cos3 φ − 4 sin3 φ cos φ ,
(︁ )︁

and therefore (it is enough to compare the real and imaginary parts)

cos(4φ) = cos4 φ − 6 sin2 φ cos2 φ + sin4 φ,

sin(4φ) = 4 sin φ cos3 φ − 4 sin3 φ cos φ.

3
Exercise 5. (︂ )︂24
1−i
Find Re z and Im z for z= √
1+ 3i
.

Solution:

√
3i √
1+ 3i

−i 1−i

√ (︁ (︁ π )︁
2 cos − 4 + i sin − π4
(︁ )︁)︁ (︃ (︂ (︃ )︃)︃
1−i 1 π π )︂ 7
√ = = √ cos − − + i sin − π ,
2 cos π3 + i sin π3
(︁ )︁
1 + 3i 2 4 3 12

(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
1 24 · 7π 24 · 7π 1
z = 12 cos − + i sin − = 12 ;
2 12 12 2

1
Re z = , Im z = 0.
212

Exercise 6.
Find Arg z and arg z for

(︁√ )︁126
a) z= 3+i ;

b) z = (1 + i)137 ;

c) z = −1 − 5i.

Solution:
√ )︁126
z = ( 3 + i)126 = 2(cos π6 + i sin π6 )
(︁
a) = 2126 (cos(21π) + i sin(21π)) = −2126 ;

Arg z = {π + 2kπ : k ∈ Z}, arg z = π.

137 137 (︁
cos 137 π4 + i sin 137 π4 = 2 2 cos π4 + i sin π4 ;
(︁ (︁ )︁ (︁ )︁)︁ )︁
b) z=2 2

{︂ π }︂ π
Arg z = + 2kπ : k ∈ Z , arg z = .
4 4

4
c)

−1
α

−5i

tan α = 51 , α = arctan 5;

Arg z = {−π + arctan 5 + 2kπ : k ∈ Z}, arg z = −π + arctan 5.

Exercise 7.
Draw in the complex plane the set

⃓ ⃓
a) {z ∈ C : Re z ≤ 1}; g) {z ∈ C : ⃓ z−2
z−3
⃓ = 1};

b) {z ∈ C : Re(z 2 ) = 2}; h) {z ∈ C : |1 + z| < |1 − z|};

c) {z ∈ C : Im z1 = 41 }; i) {z ∈ C : |z + 1| = 2|z − 1|};

j) {z ∈ C : 2 < |z + 2 − 3i| < 4};

d) {z ∈ C : | Im z| < 1};
π
k) {z ∈ C : 4
≤ arg (z + 2i) ≤ π2 };
e) {z ∈ C : |z| = Re z + 1};
l) {z ∈ C : |z| + Re z ≤ 1 ∧
f) {z ∈ C : |z − 2| = |1 − 2z|}; ∧ − π2 ≤ arg z ≤ π4 }.

Solution:
a) {z ∈ C : Re z ≤ 1}:

1 2

5
b)
z ∈ C : Re(z 2 ) = 2 = x + iy : Re(x2 + 2ixy − y 2 ) = 2 =
{︁ }︁ {︁ }︁

= x + iy : x2 − y 2 = 2 :
{︁ }︁

√ √
−
− 22 2
−i

c) {︃ }︃ {︃ }︃
1 1 1 1
z ∈ C : Im = = x + iy ∈ C : Im = =
z 4 x + iy 4
{︃ }︃
x − iy 1
= x + iy ∈ C : Im 2 = =
x + y2 4
{︃ }︃
y 1
= x + iy ∈ C : − 2 = =
x + y2 4

= x + iy ∈ C : x2 + y 2 = −4y ∧ x2 + y 2 =
{︁ }︁
/ 0 =

= x + iy ∈ C : x2 + (y + 2)2 = 4 ∖ {0 + 0i} :
{︁ }︁

i
1

−2i

d) {z ∈ C : | Im z| < 1}:

ii

−1
−1 1
−i
−i

6
e) {︂ √︁ }︂
{z ∈ C : |z| = Re z + 1} = x + iy : x2 + y 2 = x + 1 =
x2 + y 2 = x2 + 2x + 1 =
{︁ }︁
= x + iy :
y 2 = 2x + 1 =
{︁ }︁
= x + iy :
y2 − 1
{︃ }︃
= x + iy : x= :
2

− 122 1
−i

f) {z ∈ C : |z − 2| = |1 − 2z|} =
{︂ √︁ }︂
= x + iy ∈ C : 2 2
(x − 2) + y = |1 − 2(x − iy)| =
= x + iy : (x − 2)2 + y 2 = (1 − 2x)2 + 4y 2 =
{︁ }︁

= x + iy : x2 − 4x + 4 + y 2 = 1 − 4x + 4x2 + 4y 2 =
{︁ }︁

= x + iy : 3x2 + 3y 2 = 3 =
{︁ }︁

= x + iy : x2 + y 2 = 1 :
{︁ }︁

ii

11

{︁ ⃓ z−2 ⃓ }︁
g) z ∈ C : ⃓ z−3 ⃓ = 1 = {z ∈ C : |z − 2| = |z − 3|}:

2 3

7
h) {z ∈ C : |1 + z| < |1 − z|} = {z ∈ C : |z − (−1)| < |z − 1|}:

−1
−1 1

i)

{z ∈ C : |z + 1| = 2|z − 1|} =
= x + iy ∈ C : (x + 1)2 + y 2 = 4((x − 1)2 + y 2 ) =
{︁ }︁

= x + iy : x2 + 2x + 1 + y 2 = 4x2 − 8x + 4 + 4y 2 =
{︁ }︁

= x + iy : 3x2 + 3y 2 − 10x = −3 =
{︁ }︁
{︄ (︃ )︃2 }︄
5 2 16
= x + iy : x − +y = :
3 9

ii

11 5
33 3

j) {z ∈ C : 2 < |z + 2 − 3i| < 4} = {z ∈ C : 2 < |z − (−2 + 3i)| < 4}:

3i
3i

−2
−2

8
 π
k) {z ∈ C : 4
≤ arg(z + 2i) ≤ π2 }:

−2i

l) {︃ }︃
π π
z ∈ C : |z| + Re z ≤ 1 ∧ − ≤ arg z ≤ =
2 4
{︂ √︁ π π }︂
= x + iy ∈ C : x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 − x ∧ − ≤ arg(x + iy) ≤ =
{︃ 2 4
= x + iy ∈ C : x2 + y 2 ≤ (1 − x)2 ∧ 1 − x ≥ 0 ∧
}︃
π π
∧ − ≤ arg(x + iy) ≤ =
2 4
{︂ π π }︂
= x + iy ∈ C : y 2 ≤ 1 − 2x ∧ − ≤ arg(x + iy) ≤ :
2 4

1
2

−i

Exercise 8.
Let z1 , z2 ∈ C∖ {0}. Prove the following implications:
}︃
φ1 ∈ Arg z1
a) ⇒ φ1 + φ2 ∈ Arg (z1 z2 );
φ2 ∈ Arg z2
}︃ (︃ )︃
φ1 ∈ Arg z1 z1
b) ⇒ φ1 − φ2 ∈ Arg .
φ2 ∈ Arg z2 z2
Solution:
a) z1 · z2 = |z1 | · |z2 | · (cos φ1 + i sin φ1 ) · (cos φ2 + i sin φ2 ) =
= |z1 | · |z2 | · (cos(φ1 + φ2 ) + i sin(φ1 + φ2 )) .

9
 ⃓ ⃓
b) z1 |z1 | cos φ1 + i sin φ1 ⃓⃓ z1 ⃓⃓
= · = (cos φ1 + i sin φ1 ) · (cos φ2 − i sin φ2 ) =
z2 |z2 | cos φ2 + i sin φ2 ⃓ z2 ⃓
⃓ ⃓
⃓ z1 ⃓
= ⃓⃓ ⃓⃓ · (cos(φ1 − φ2 ) + i sin(φ1 − φ2 )) .
z2

Exercise 9.
Decide if the given limit exists, and if it does, compute it

(︂ )︂n
a) lim(3 − 4i)n ; c) lim 1+i
√ ;
2

(︂ √ )︂6n
1− 3i
lim (−1)n + ni ;
(︁ )︁
b) d) lim 2
.

Solution:
(︁√ )︁n
a) lim(3 − 4i)n = ∞, because |(3 − 4i)n | = 9 + 16 = 5n → ∞.
(︃ )︃
i n
b) lim (−1) + does not exist, because
n
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:zn

i i
z2n = (−1)2n + =1+ →1
2n 2n
and at the same time

i i
z2n+1 = (−1)2n+1 + = −1 + → −1.
2n + 1 2n + 1
(︃)︃n
1+i
c) lim √ does not exist, beacause
2
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:zn

(︂ π π )︂n (︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂
zn = cos + i sin = cos n + i sin n ,
4 4 4 4
and so

z8n → 1 ∧ z8n+2 → i.
(︂ √ )︂6n
1− 3i
d) lim 2
= 1, because

(︄ √ )︄6n (︂ (︂
1 − 3i π )︂ (︂ π )︂)︂6n
= cos − + i sin − =
2 3 3
= cos(−2πn) + i sin(−2πn) → 1.

10
Exercise 10.
Let (zn ) be a sequence of complex numbers, r ∈ R+ and φ ∈ R. Proof the following
propositions:

1
a) zn → 0 ⇔ zn
→ ∞;
}︄
|zn | → r (︁ )︁
b) ⇒ zn → r cos φ + i sin φ ;
arg zn → φ

and show that the implication in the proposition b) cannot be reversed.

Solution:

a) It is enough to rewrite both sides of the equivalence using the denition of the limit.

• Left side:
zn → 0

(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : zn ∈ U (0, ε)

(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : |zn | < ε;

• Right side:

1
→∞
zn

1
(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : ∈ U (∞, ε)
zn

⇕
(︃⃓ ⃓ )︃
⃓1⃓ 1 1
(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : ⃓⃓ ⃓⃓ > ∨ =∞
zn ε zn

(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : (ε > |zn | ∨ zn = 0)

(∀ε > 0) (∃n0 ∈ N) (∀n ∈ N, n > n0 ) : |zn | < ε.

11
b) From the assumtions it follows that for all sucienlty large n we have that

zn = |zn | (cos (arg zn ) + i sin (arg zn )) ,

and the claim follows directly from the continuity of cosine and sine and the theorem of
the limit of a product.

As a counterexample disproving the reverse inequality we can use the sequence

(−1)n (−1)n
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
zn := cos π + + i sin π +
n n

and the choice

r = 1, φ = π.

Exercise 11.
Find all z∈C such that

(︁ z−1 )︁2
a) z 3 = 1; d)
z+1
= 2i; g) z 5 = 1;

b) z 2 = i; e) z 4 = −1; h) z 2 = −11 + 60i;

c) z 2 = 24i − 7; f) z 3 = i − 1; i) z 2 = 3 + 4i.

Solution:
a) z = |z| (cos φ + i sin φ) , 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0.

z 3 = |z|3 (cos (3φ) + i sin (3φ)) = 1 (cos 0 + i sin 0)

⇕
(|z|3 = 1) ∧ (∃k ∈ Z : 3φ = 0 + 2kπ)
(︁ ⇕
(|z| = 1) ∧ ∃k ∈ Z : φ = k 2π
)︁
3
,

and therefore

k ∈ {3l : l ∈ Z} ,
⎧
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃ ⎨ √
1,
2π 2π
z = zk = cos k + i sin k = − + i √23 ,
1
k ∈ {3l + 1 : l ∈ Z} ,
3 3 ⎩ 12
− 2 − i 23 , k ∈ {3l + 2 : l ∈ Z} ,
so {︄ √ √ }︄
1 3 1 3
z3 = 1 ⇔ z ∈ 1, − + i , − −i .
2 2 2 2

z1

1 = z0
z2 = z−1

12
b) z = |z| (cos φ + i sin φ) , i = cos π2 + i sin π2 ,

z 2 = |z|2 (cos (2φ) + i sin (2φ)) = cos π2 + i sin π2

⇕
(|z|2 = 1) ∧ ∃k ∈ Z : 2φ = π2 + 2kπ ,
(︁ )︁

and therefore

(︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂
z = zk = cos + kπ + i sin + kπ =
4 4
{︄ √ √
2
√2
+ i √22 , k ∈ {2l : l ∈ Z} ,
=
− 22 − i 22 , k ∈ {2l + 1 : l ∈ Z} .

z0

z1

{︄ √ √ √ √ }︄
2 2 2 2 2
z =i⇔z∈ +i ,− −i .
2 2 2 2

c) Let z = x + iy . Then

(︃ )︃
2 2 2 x2 − y 2 = −7
z = x + 2ixy − y = 24i − 7 ⇔ ⇔
2xy = 24
(︃ )︃
x2 − y 2 = −7
⇔ ⇔
y = 12
x

144
(︃ )︃
x2 − x2
= −7
⇔ ⇔
y = 12
x
(︃ )︃
x4 + 7x2 − 144 = 0
⇔ ,
y = 12
x

which holds if and only if z = x + iy = 3 + 4i or z = −3 − 4i.

13
 z−1
d) After the change of variables
z+1
=: u = |u| (cos φ + i sin φ) we rstly solve the equation
u2 = 2i, that is
(︂ (︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂)︂
2
|u| (cos (2φ) + i sin (2φ)) = 2 cos + i sin .
2 2
The solution is
√ (︂ (︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂)︂
u = ± 2 cos + i sin = ±(1 + i),
4 4
z−1
and then easily
z+1
= 1 + i if and only if (z = x + iy )

x + iy − 1 = (1 + i)(x + iy + 1), that is

(x − 1) + iy = (x − y + 1) + i(x + y + 1), and therefore

(x − 1 = x − y + 1) ∧ (y = x + y + 1), that is
y = 2 ∧ x = −1,
z−1
and similarily
z+1
= −1 − i if and only if

x + iy − 1 = −(1 + i)(x + iy + 1),

(x − 1 = −x + y − 1) ∧ (2y = −x − 1), and therefore
2 1
y =− ∧x=− .
5 5
Summary:
(︃ )︃2 (︃ )︃
z−1 1 2
= 2i ⇔ z = −1 + 2i ∨ z = − − i .
z+1 5 5

e) |z|4 (cos (4φ) + i sin (4φ)) = cos π + i sin π if and only if

(︂ π π )︂ (︂ π π )︂
z = zk = cos +k + i sin +k , k ∈ Z, that is
4 2 4 2
{︃ }︃
4 1 + i −1 + i −1 − i 1 − i
z = −1 ⇔ z ∈ √ , √ , √ , √ .
2 2 2 2

√
(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
f) 3 3π 3π
|z| (cos (3φ) + i sin (3φ)) = 2 cos + i sin
4 4
if and only if
3 √
(︃ √︂ )︃ (︃ )︃
3π
|z| = 2 ∧ 3φ = + 2kπ, k ∈ Z .
4
z 3 = i − 1 if and only if
From this it easily follows that

√
{︃ (︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃ }︃
6 π 2kπ π 2kπ
z∈ 2 cos + + i sin + : k ∈ {0, 1, 2} .
4 3 4 3

14
 (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
g) 2π 2π
z = cos k + i sin k , k ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
5 5

h)
z 2 = (x + iy)2 = −11 + 60i
⇕
x2 + 2ixy − y 2 = 11 + 60i
⇕
x2 − y 2 = −11 ∧ 2xy = 60
⇕
900 30
x2 − x2
= −11 ∧ y= x

⇕
⎧ √
√ −11 − 3721
. . . not possible,
⎪
−11 ± 121 + 3600 ⎨ 2√
y= 30
x
∧ x2 = =
2 ⎩ −11 + 3721 = −11 + 61 = 25,
⎪
2 2
and therefore
z 2 = −11 + 60i ⇔ z = ±(5 + 6i).

i) Let z = x + iy . Then
z 2 = (x + iy)2 = 3 + 4i
⇕
x2 − y 2 = 3 ∧ 2xy = 4
⇕
4 2
x2 − x2
=3 ∧ y= x

√ {︃ 3−5
2 2 3± 9 + 16 ... not possible,
y= x
∧x = = 2
2 4,
and therefore
z 2 = 3 + 4i ⇔ z = ±(2 + i).

15
Exercise 12. {︁ 1 }︁
Find and draw the set M= z
: z∈Ω , if

a) Ω = {z ∈ C : arg z = α}, α ∈ (−π, π⟩;

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 1| = 1};

c) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z = Im z};

d) Ω = {x + iy ∈ C : x = 1};

e) Ω = {x + iy ∈ C : y = 0}.

Solution:

a) α ∈ (−π, π) ⇒ M = {z ∈ C : arg z = −α};

Ω
α
−α

α = π ⇒ M = Ω = {z ∈ C : arg z = π}.

Ω M

16
b)
{︃ }︃
1
M = u + iv : ∈ Ω ∪ {∞} =
u + iv
{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓ 1 ⃓
= u + iv : ⃓
⃓ − 1⃓ = 1 ∪ {∞} =
⃓
u + iv
= {u + iv : |1 − u − iv| = |u + iv|} ∪ {∞} =

= u + iv : (1 − u)2 + v 2 = u2 + v 2 ∪ {∞} =
{︁ }︁

= {u + iv : 1 − 2u = 0} ∪ {∞} =
{︃ }︃
1
= u + iv : u = ∪ {∞}.
2

M
Ω
i i

1 22 11 1
22

c) {︃ }︃
1
M = u + iv : ∈ Ω ∪ {∞} =
u + iv
{︃ }︃
u − iv
= u + iv : 2 ∈ Ω ∪ {∞} ,
u + v2

u −v
and because = 2 ⇔ (u =
/ 0 ∧ u = −v), we have that
u2 +v 2 u + v2

M = {u + iv : u =
/ 0 ∧ u = −v} ∪ {∞}.

17
d)
{︃ }︃
1
M = u + iv : ∈Ω =
u + iv
{︃ }︃
u
= u + iv : 2 =1 =
u + v2
{︄ (︃ )︃2 }︄
1 2 1 ∖
= u + iv : u − +v = {0}.
2 4

Ω
i i M
11 112
2

e)
{︃ }︃
1
M = u + iv : ∈ Ω ∪ {∞} =
u + iv
{︃ }︃
−v
= u + iv : 2 = 0 ∪ {∞} =
u + v2
= {u + iv : v = 0 =/ u} ∪ {∞}.

Ω M

Exercise 13.
Find and draw the set M = {f (z) : z ∈ Ω}, if

a) Ω = {z ∈ C : |arg z| ≤ π6 }, f (z) := z 2 ;

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : | Im z| < π2 }, f (z) := ez ;

c) Ω = {z ∈ C : 0 < Re z < π ∧ Im z > 0}, f (z) := eiz ;

d) Ω = {z ∈ C : Im z = 12 }, f (z) := z 2 .

18
Solution:

a)
{︂ π π }︂
M = z ∈ C : | arg z| ≤ · 2 = .
6 3

π
π
π
π 33
66
Ω
M
M

b) {︂ π }︂
M = ex+iy : |y| < =
2
{︂ π }︂
= ex (cos (y) + i sin (y)) : |y| < =
2
= {z ∈ C : Re z > 0}.

ππ
22
ii M
M
Ω

1
−−π2π2ii

c)
M = ei(x+iy) = e−y (cos x + i sin x) : 0 < x < π ∧ y > 0 =
{︁ }︁

= {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Im z > 0}.

Ω
i i
M
M

1 π 1

19
d)
{︄(︃ )︃2 }︄
1
M= x+ i : x∈R =
2
{︃ }︃
2 1
= x − + xi : x ∈ R =
4
{︃ }︃
2 1
= y − + yi : y ∈ R .
4

M
M
11 ii
22
i Ω 22
−11
−44
1

Exercise 14.
Compute

a) sin(2 − 3i); d) Ln(−5 + 3i) a ln(−5 + 3i);

√ √
b) cos i; e) Ln(−4 − 3i) a ln(−4 − 3i);

c) cosh i; f) Ln(ie2 ).

Solution:
a)

ei(2−3i) − e−i(2−3i)
sin(2 − 3i) = =
2i
e3 (cos (2) + i sin (2)) − e−3 (cos (−2) + i sin (−2))
= =
2i
e3 − e−3 i(e3 + e−3 ) · sin 2
= · cos 2 + =
2i 2i
.
= cosh 3 · sin 2 − (sinh 3 · cos 2)i =
.
= 9.15 + 4.17i.

b)

ei·i + e−i·i .
cos i = = cosh 1 = 1.54.
2

20
c)

ei + e−i cos 1 + i sin 1 + cos (−1) + i sin (−1) .

cosh i = = = cos 1 = 0.54.
2 2

d)
√
(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
π 5 π 5
−5 + 3i = 34 cos + arctan + i sin + arctan ,
2 3 2 3
and therefore

√
(︃ )︃
π 5
Ln(−5 + 3i) = ln 34 + i + arctan + 2kπi, k ∈ Z;
2 3

√
(︃ )︃
π 5
ln(−5 + 3i) = ln 34 + i + arctan .
2 3

e)
(︄ (︄ √ )︄ (︄ √ )︄)︄
√ √ 3 3
−4 − 3i = 19 cos −π + arctan + i sin −π + arctan ,
4 4

and therefore

(︄ √ )︄
√ √ 3
Ln(−4 − 3i) = ln 19 + i −π + arctan + 2kπi, k ∈ Z;
4
(︄ √ )︄
√ √ 3
ln(−4 − 3i) = ln 19 + i −π + arctan .
4

f)

π
Ln(ie2 ) = ln(e2 ) + i + 2kπi =
2
π
=2+ i + 2kπi, k ∈ Z.
2

Exercise 15.
Find all z ∈ C, for which we have that

a) sin z = 3; d) sin z − cos z = 3;

√
b) cos z = 2
3
; e) z 2 + 2z + 9 + 6i = 0.

c) sin z + cos z = 2;

21
Solution:
a)

sin z = 3
⇕

eiz − e−iz = 6i
⇕

e2iz − 6ieiz − 1 = 0

and from that we get for z = x + iy

√
iz i(x+iy) 6i ± −36 + 4 √
e =e = = (3 ± 8)i
2
⇕
√
e−y (cos x + i sin x) = (3 ± 8)i
⇕
√ (︂ π )︂
e−y = 3 ± 8 ∧ x= + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
2
⇕
π √
z= + 2kπ − i ln(3 ± 8), k ∈ Z.
2

b)
√
eiz + e−iz 3
cos z = =
2 2
⇕
√
e2iz − 3eiz + 1 = 0
⇕
√ √
iz (x+iy)i −y 3± 3−4
e =e =e (cos x + i sin x) = =
2
√
cos (︁ π6 + i sin π6(︁ )︁
{︃ (︁ )︁ (︁ )︁
3 i
= ± =
cos − π6 + i sin − π6
)︁
2 2

⇕
−y
(︂ π )︂
e =1 ∧ x = ± + 2kπ, k ∈ Z
6
⇕
π
z=± + 2kπ, k ∈ Z.
6

22
c)

eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz

+ =2
2i 2
⇕

eiz − e−iz + ieiz + ie−iz = 4i

⇕

e2iz (1 + i) − 4ieiz + (i − 1) = 0
⇕
√︁ √
iz 4i ±
−16 − 4(1 + i)(i − 1) 4i ± 2i
e = = =
2(1 + i) 2(1 + i)
√ √
(2 ± 2)i (2 ± 2)(1 + i)
= = ,
1+i 2
and from that
√ √ √
(2 ± 2)(1 + i) (2 ± 2) 2 π
iz = Ln = ln + i + 2kπi, k ∈ Z,
2 2 4
π √
z = + 2kπ − i ln( 2 ± 1), k ∈ Z.
4
d)

eiz − e−iz eiz + e−iz

− =3
2i 2
⇕

eiz − e−iz − ieiz − ie−iz = 6i

⇕

e2iz (1 − i) − 6ieiz − (1 + i) = 0
⇕
√︁ √
iz 6i ±
−36 + 4(1 − i)(1 + i) (6 ± 2 7)i
e = = =
2(1 − i) 2(1 − i)
√
3± 7
= · (−1 + i),
2
and therefore
(︄ √ )︄ (︄ √ )︄
3± 7 3± 7 √ 3
iz = Ln (−1 + i) = ln · 2 + i π + 2kπi, k ∈ Z,
2 2 4
(︄ √ )︄
3 3± 7
z = π + 2kπ − i ln √ , k ∈ Z.
4 2

23
e)
√︁
−2 ±
4 − 4(9 + 6i)
z= =
2
√︁ √
= −1 ± 1 − (9 + 6i) = −1 ± −8 − 6i =
{︃
−2 + 3i,
=
−3i,

because
√︄
√
(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
3 3
−8 − 6i = 10 cos π + arctan + i sin π + arctan =
4 4

√
(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
π 1 3 π 1 3
= ± 10 · cos + arctan + i sin + arctan =
2 2 4 2 2 4

= ±(−1 + 3i).

Exercise 16.
Compute

)︂1+i √
2i ; 3
(︂
a)
c)
1−i
√ ;
e) (−1) ;
2
√ 3 √
b) (−2) 2
; d) i4 ; f) (− 3i + 1)−3 .

Solution:
a) 2i = exp(i Ln 2) =
= exp(i(ln 2 + 2kπi)) = exp(−2kπ + i ln 2) =

= e−2kπ (cos (ln 2) + i sin (ln 2)) , k ∈ Z.

√ (︂√ )︂ (︂√ )︂
b) 2
(−2) = exp 2 Ln(−2) = exp 2(ln 2 + πi + 2kπi) =
√ (︂ (︂ √ )︂ (︂ √ )︂)︂
= 2 2 cos (2k + 1)π 2 + i sin (2k + 1)π 2 , k ∈ Z.

(︃ )︃1+i (︃ (︃ )︃)︃
c) 1−i 1−i
√ = exp (1 + i) Ln √ =
2 2
(︂ π )︂ (︂ π π )︂
= exp (1 + i)(ln 1 − i + 2kπi) = exp − 2kπ + (2kπ − )i =
4 4 4
(︄ √ √ )︄
π
−2kπ
(︂ π π )︂ π 2 2
=e 4 cos − i sin = e 4 −2kπ −i =
4 4 2 2

1−i π
= √ e 4 −2kπ , k ∈ Z.
2

24
 3 3 3 π
d) i 4 = e 4 Ln i = e 4 ( 2 i+2kπi) =
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
3 3 3 3
= cos π + kπ + i sin π + kπ , k ∈ {0, 1, 2, 3}.
8 2 8 2
√ √ √
e) 3 3 Ln(−1) 3(πi+2kπi)
(−1) =e =e =
(︂√ √ )︂ (︂√ √ )︂
= cos 3π + 2kπ 3 + i sin 3π + 2kπ 3 , k ∈ Z.

f)
√ −3
[︂ (︂ (︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂)︂]︂−3
(− 3i + 1) = 2 cos − + i sin − =
3 3
1
= [︁ (︁ (︁ )︁ (︁ )︁)︁]︁3 =
π
2 cos − 3 + i sin − π3

1 1
= =− .
8 cos (−π) + i sin (−π) 8
Dierently:

√ √ π
(− 3i + 1)−3 = e−3 Ln(− 3i+1) = e−3(ln 2− 3 i+2kπi) =
1 1
= (cos π + i sin π) = − .
8 8

Exercise 17.
Find the real and imaginary part of the function f: C→C dened as

a) f (z) := sin z ; d) f (z) := |z| z ;

b) f (z) := z 2 cos z ; e) f (z) := z 2 z ;

1
c) f (z) := z 3 + 5z − 1; f) f (z) := z
.

Solution:
a)

ei(x+iy) − e−i(x+iy)
f (z) = f (x + iy) = =
2i
e−y (cos x + i sin x) − ey (cos x − i sin x)
= =
2i
ey + e−y ey − e−y
= sin x + i cos x.
2 2
Therefore

(Re f )(x, y) = cosh y sin x,

(Im f )(x, y) = sinh y cos x.

25
b)

ei(x+iy) + e−i(x+iy)
f (x + iy) = (x2 − y 2 + 2xyi) =
2
e−y (cos x + i sin x) + ey (cos x − i sin x)
= (x2 − y 2 + 2xyi) ,
2
and therefore

(Re f )(x, y) = (x2 − y 2 ) cosh y cos x + 2xy sinh y sin x,

(Im f )(x, y) = −(x2 − y 2 ) sinh y sin x + 2xy cosh y cos x.

c)

f (x + iy) = (x2 − y 2 + 2xyi)(x + iy) + 5(x + iy) − 1 =

= (x3 − xy 2 − 2xy 2 + 5x − 1) + i 2x2 y + x2 y − y 3 + 5y .
(︁ )︁

So

(Re f )(x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2 + 5x − 1,

(Im f )(x, y) = 3x2 y − y 3 + 5y.

d)
√︁
f (x + iy) = x2 + y 2 (x − iy) =
√︁ √︁
= x x2 + y 2 − iy x2 + y 2 .
We computed that
√︁
(Re f )(x, y) = x x2 + y 2 ,
√︁
(Im f )(x, y) = −y x2 + y 2 .

e)

f (x + iy) = (x2 − y 2 + 2xyi)(x − iy) =

= x3 − xy 2 + 2xy 2 + i(2x2 y − x2 y + y 3 ).
Therefore

(Re f )(x, y) = x3 + xy 2 ,
(Im f )(x, y) = x2 y + y 3 .

f)

x − iy
f (x + iy) = ,
x2 + y 2
therefore
x
(Re f )(x, y) = ,
x2 + y2
y
(Im f )(x, y) = − .
x2 + y2

26
Exercise 18.
Decide if the function f (z) := z 3 is injective on the set Ω, if

a) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > 0};

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : arg z ∈ ⟨0, π4 )}.

Solution:
a)

Let us choose
(︄ √ )︄
(︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂ 1 3
z1 = cos − + i sin − = +i − ∈ Ω,
3 3 2 2
(︂ π )︂ (︂ π )︂ 1 √
3
z2 = cos + i sin = +i ∈ Ω.
3 3 2 2

Then
z13 = cos −π + i sin −π = −1,
z23 = cos π + i sin π = −1,

and therefore f is not injective on Ω.

b)

Let

z1 = |z1 | (cos (φ1 ) + i sin (φ1 )) ,

z2 = |z2 | (cos (φ2 ) + i sin (φ2 )) ,

27
 φ1 , φ2 ∈ 0, π4 .
⟨︁ )︁
where Then

z13 = z23
⇕
|z1 |3 (cos (3φ1 ) + i sin (3φ1 )) = |z2 | (cos (3φ2 ) + i sin (3φ2 ))
⇕
(|z1 | = |z2 |) ∧ (∃k ∈ Z : 3φ1 = 3φ2 + 2kπ) .
⟨︁ π )︁
From that it follows that (we are using the assumption φ1 , φ2 ∈ 0, ):
4

z1 , z2 ∈ Ω |z1 | = |z2 |
3 3 ⇒ ⇒ z1 = z2 ,
z1 = z2 φ1 = φ2
therefore the function f is injective on Ω.

Exercise 19.
Decide if the given limit exists, and if it does compute it

3
a) lim Rez z ; e) lim z 2 ;
z→0 z→0 |z|
2
b) lim Im(z
zz
)
;
z→0 2 +z(2−i)−2i
f) lim z z 2 +1
;
z Im z z→i
c) lim ;
z→0 |z|

z 2
d) lim |z| 2; g) lim Re z .
z→0 z→0 1+|z|

Solution:
a) lim Rez z does not exist, because
z→0

(︁ 1 )︁
1 Re n
+ 0i
0=
/ →0 ∧ 1 =1→1
n n
and at the same time
Re i n1
(︁ )︁
1
/ i →0 ∧
0= 1 = 0 → 0.
n n
2
b) lim Imz·zz does not exist, because for0=
/ z = x + iy we have that
z→0

Im z 2
{︃
2xy 1, x = y =/ 0,
= 2 =
z·z x +y 2 0, x · y = 0, x2 + y 2 =
/ 0.

11

28
c) lim z Im
|z|
z
= 0, because
z→0
⃓ ⃓
⃓ zn Im zn ⃓
/ zn → 0 ⇒ ⃓⃓
0= ⃓ = | Im zn | → 0 ⇒ zn Im zn → 0.
|zn | ⃓ |zn |

2
d) lim z 2 does not exist, because for 0=
/ z = x + iy we have that
z→0 |z|

z2 x2 − y 2 + 2ixy
{︃
i, x = y =
/ 0,
= =
|z|2 x2 + y 2 1, y = 0 =
/ x.

11

z3
e) lim |z| 2 = 0, because
z→0
⃓ 3 ⃓
⃓z ⃓
lim ⃓⃓ 2 ⃓⃓ = lim |z| = 0.
z→0 |z| z→0

f)

z 2 + z(2 − i) − 2i (z − i)(z + 2) z+2

lim 2
= lim = lim =
z→i z +1 z→i (z − i)(z + i) z→i z+i
x + 2 + iy
= lim =
x+iy→i x + i(y + 1)

x(x + 2) + y(y + 1)
= lim +
(x,y)→(0,1) x2 + (y + 1)2
xy − (x + 2)(y + 1)
+ i lim =
(x,y)→(0,1) x2 + (y + 1)2

1·2 −2 · 2 1
= + i = − i.
22 4 2
z+2
Alternatively we can use the continuity of the function f (z) := z+i
at the point i:

z+2 2+i 1
lim = = − i.
z→i z+i 2i 2

g)
Re z x 0
lim = lim √︁ = = 0.
z→0 1 + |z| (x,y)→(0,0) 1 + x2 + y 2 1

29
Exercise 20.
Draw the set ⟨φ⟩ := {φ(t) : t ∈ Dφ}, if
{︄
a) φ(t) := 1 − it, Dφ = ⟨0, 2⟩; eiπt , t ∈ ⟨0, 1),
e) φ(t) :=
b) φ(t) := t − it2 , Dφ = ⟨−1, 2⟩; t − 2, t ∈ ⟨1, 3⟩;

c) φ(t) := 1 + e−it , Dφ = ⟨0, 2π⟩; {︄

eit , t ∈ ⟨− π2 , π),
f) φ(t) := 3t
d) φ(t) := e2it − 1, Dφ = ⟨0, 2π⟩; π
− 4, t ∈ ⟨π, 2π⟩.
Solution:
a) φ(t) := 1 − it, Dφ = ⟨0, 2⟩.

i
1

⟨φ⟩
−2i

b) φ(t) := t − it2 , Dφ = ⟨−1, 2⟩.

−1 2

−i
−i

⟨φ⟩
−4i

c) φ(t) := 1 + e−it , Dφ = ⟨0, 2π⟩.

⟨φ⟩
1

d) φ(t) := e2it − 1, Dφ = ⟨0, 2π⟩.

⟨φ⟩
−1

 2×around
ob¥hnutá

30
 {︄
eiπt , t ∈ ⟨0, 1),
e) φ(t) :=
t − 2, t ∈ ⟨1, 3⟩.

⟨φ⟩ ii

−1 1

{︄
eit , t ∈ ⟨− π2 , π),
f) φ(t) := 3t
π
− 4, t ∈ ⟨π, 2π⟩.

ii ⟨φ⟩

−1 1 2
−i

Exercise 21.
Find a parametrization of the set Ω (i.e. nd a curve φ such that ⟨φ⟩ = Ω), if

a) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 2 + 3i| = 2};

b) Ω is a line segment with the endpoints a, b ∈ C, a =

/ b;

c) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z = 2 Im z};

Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z1 = 2}.
(︁ )︁
d)

Solution:
a) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 2 + 3i| = 2}; φ(t) := 2 − 3i + 2eit , t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩.

−3i
Ω = ⟨φ⟩

31
b) Ω is a line segment with the endpoints a, b ∈ C, a =
/ b; φ(t) := a + (b − a)t, t ∈ ⟨0, 1⟩.

Ω = ⟨φ⟩

c) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z = 2 Im z}; φ(t) := t + 2t i, t ∈ R.

2
Ω = ⟨φ⟩

d)
{︃ (︃ )︃ }︃
1
Ω = z ∈ C : Re =2 =
z
{︃ (︃ )︃ }︃
1 x
= x + iy : Re = 2 =2 =
x + iy x + y2
{︂ (︂
2 x 2
)︂ }︂
= x + iy ∈ C {0} : 2 x − + y = 0 =
∖
2
{︃ (︃ )︃ }︃
1 2 2 1
= x + iy ∈ C {0} : 2 (x − ) + y −
∖ =0 =
4 16
{︄ (︃ )︃2 }︄
1 1
= x + iy ∈ C∖ {0} : x − + y2 = ;
4 16

1 1 it
φ(t) := + e , t ∈ (−π, π).
4 4

1 1
4 22

Ω = ⟨φ⟩

32
Exercise 22.
Draw the set Ω, and decide if Ω is a domain and if it is an open set, where

a) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − i| < 1 ∨ |z + i| < 1};

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 1| < 1 ∧ |z − 2| < 2};
c) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 1| < |z + 1|};
d) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z + 1| > 2|z|};
e) Ω = {z ∈ C : 1 < |z| < 2};
{︁ }︁
f) Ω = z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ arg z ∈ (−π, π⟩∖ {0} ;
g) Ω = {z ∈ C : |2z| < |1 + z 2 |}.
Solution:
a) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − i| < 1 ∨ |z + i| < 1}.

i Ω

−i
−i

Ω is open, but not connected, and therefore Ω is not a domain.

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 1| < 1 ∧ |z − 2| < 2}.

Ω
1 2 4

Ω is open and connected set, and therefore Ω is a domain.

c) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z − 1| < |z + 1|}.

−1 1

Ω is open and connected set, and therefore Ω is a domain.

33
d)

Ω = {z ∈ C : |z + 1| > 2|z|} =

= x + iy : (x + 1)2 + y 2 > 4(x2 + y 2 ) =

{︁ }︁

= x + iy : 3x2 + 3y 2 − 2x − 1 < 0 =
{︁ }︁

{︃ }︃
2 2 2 1
= x + iy : x + y − x − < 0 =
3 3
{︄ (︃ )︃2 }︄
1 4
= x + iy : x − + y2 < .
3 9

− 311
− 11 14
3 33

Ω is open and connected set, and therefore Ω is a domain.

e) Ω = {z ∈ C : 1 < |z| < 2}.

2i
2i
ii Ω

1 2

Ω is open and connected set, and therefore Ω is a domain.

{︁ }︁
f) Ω = z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ arg z ∈ (−π, π⟩∖ {0} .

Ω
11

Ω is open and connected set, and therefore Ω is a domain.

34
g)

Ω = {z ∈ C : |2z| < |1 + z 2 |} =

4(x2 + y 2 ) < (1 + x2 − y 2 )2 + 4x2 y 2 =

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

4x2 + 4y 2 < 1 + x4 + y 4 + 2x2 − 2y 2 − 2x2 y 2 + 4x2 y 2 =

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

0 < 1 + x4 + y 4 − 2x2 − 6y 2 + 2x2 y 2 =

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

(x2 + y 2 − 1)2 − 4y 2 > 0 =

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

(x2 + y 2 − 1 + 2y)(x2 + y 2 − 1 − 2y) > 0 =

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

[x2 + (y + 1)2 − 2][x2 + (y − 1)2 − 2] > 0 .

{︁ }︁
= x + iy :

1
−i

Ω is open, but not connected set, and therefore Ω is not a domain.

Exercise 23.
Find all of the points where the function f has a derivative and the points where it is
holomorphic, if

Re z
a) f (z) := Re z; e) f (z) := z
;
b) f (z) := |z 2 |;
f) f (z) := z 2 z;
z
c) f (z) := ze ;
d) f (z) := z|z|; g) f (z) := z 2 + 2z − 1.

Solution:
a)
f (x + iy) = ⏞⏟⏟⏞ 0 ·i.
x + ⏞⏟⏟⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

For every (x, y) ∈ R2 we have that

∂u ∂v
(x, y) = 1 =
/ 0= (x, y),
∂x ∂y
and because of that it follows that the function f does not have a derivative anywhere
and the function f is not holomorphic at any point.

35
b) f (x + iy) = |(x + iy)2 | = (|x + iy|)2 = x2 + y 2 . So f = u + iv , where u(x, y) := x2 + y 2
and v(x, y) := 0.

∂u ∂v
⎫
(x, y) = 2x = (x, y) = 0 ⎪
⎪
∂x ∂y ⎬
⇔ (x, y) = (0, 0),
∂u ∂v ⎪
(x, y) = 2y = − (x, y) = 0
⎪
⎭
∂y ∂x

and at the same time the functions u and v are dierentiable in R2 , and therefore
f has a derivative (only) in the point 0 ant it is not holomorphic anywhere.

c)

f (x + iy) = (x + iy)ex (cos y + i sin y) =

= xex cos y − yex sin y +i (xex sin y + yex cos y) .
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

Functions u and v are dierentiable in R2 ,

∂u
(x, y) = ex cos y + xex cos y − yex sin y,
∂x
∂v
(x, y) = xex cos y + ex cos y − yex sin y,
∂y
and

∂u
(x, y) = −xex sin y − ex sin y − yex cos y,
∂y
∂v
− (x, y) = − (ex sin y + xex sin y + yex cos y) .
∂x
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
So
∂x
= ∂y
and
∂y
= − ∂x in R2 , and therefore f is holomorphic everywhere in C and
′
f (z) exists at every z ∈ C.
(︃ (︃ )︃ )︃
′ ′ ∂u ∂v z z
f (z) = f (x + iy) = +i (x, y) = · · · = e + ze .
∂x ∂x

d)
√︁ √︁ √︁
f (x + iy) = (x − iy) x2 + y 2 = x x2 + y 2 +i (−y x2 + y 2 ) .
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

From this it follows that for every (x, y) ∈ R2 ∖ {(0, 0)} we have that

∂u √︁ x2
(x, y) = x2 + y 2 + √︁
> 0,
∂x x2 + y 2
∂v √︁ y2
(x, y) = − x2 + y 2 − √︁ < 0,
∂y x2 + y 2

and therefore: if z=
/ 0, then f ′ (z) does not exist.

36
 It remains to prove or disprove the existence of the derivative at the point 0:
f (z) − f (0) z · |z|
f ′ (0) = lim = lim =
z→0 z−0 z→0 z
|z| (cos(arg z) − i sin(arg z)) · |z|
= lim =
z→0 |z| (cos (arg z) + i sin (arg z))

= lim [|z| · (cos (−2 arg z) + i sin (−2 arg z))] = 0,

z→0

because ∀z =
/ 0 : | cos (−2 arg z) + i sin (−2 arg z) | = 1.

Summary: the function f has a derivative only at the point 0, and therefore f is not
holomorphic at any point.

e)
x2
(︃ )︃
x x(x − iy) xy
f (x + iy) = = 2 = 2 +i − 2 .
x + iy x + y2 x + y2 x + y2
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

For every (x, y) ∈ R2 ∖ {(0, 0)} we have that

∂u 2x(x2 + y 2 ) − x2 2x 2xy 2
(x, y) = = ,
∂x (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

∂v −x(x2 + y 2 ) + xy2y −x3 + xy 2

(x, y) = = ,
∂y (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

∂u −x2 2y
(x, y) = 2 ,
∂y (x + y 2 )2

∂v −y(x2 + y 2 ) + xy2x x2 y − y 3
(x, y) = = ,
∂x (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
and therefore the derivative can exist only in the points x + iy where

2xy 2 x(−x2 + y 2 ) 2x2 y y(x2 − y 2 )

(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
= ∧ = ,
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
that is
xy 2 −x3 x2 y −y 3
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
= ∧ = .
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2
It is easy to observe that this system of equations has no solution.

Summary: the function f does not have a derivative at any point, and therefore it is not
holomorphic at any point.

f) f (x + iy) = (x2 − y 2 + 2ixy)(x − iy) =

= x3 − xy 2 + 2xy 2 + i(−x2 y + y 3 + 2x2 y) =
= x3 + xy 2 +i (y 3 + x2 y) .
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

37
 The functions u and v are dierentiable in R2 , and for every (x, y) ∈ R2 we have that

∂u ∂u
(x, y) = 3x2 + y 2 , (x, y) = 2xy,
∂x ∂y
∂v ∂v
(x, y) = 3y 2 + x2 , − (x, y) = −2xy.
∂y ∂x

From this it follows that the derivative exists in all such points x + iy for which 2x2 = 2y 2
and 4xy = 0. There is only one such point, which is z = 0 + i0 = 0.
Summary: the function f has a derivative only in the point 0
′ ∂u ∂v
(f (0) = (0, 0) + i (0, 0) = 0), it is not holomorphic anywhere.
∂x ∂x

g)

f (x + iy) = x2 − y 2 + 2ixy + 2x + 2iy − 1 = x2 − y 2 + 2x − 1 +i (2xy + 2y) .

⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:u(x,y) =:v(x,y)

For every (x, y) ∈ R2 we have that

∂u ∂v
(x, y) = 2x + 2 = (x, y),
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
(x, y) = −2y = − (x, y),
∂y ∂x

and because the functions u a v are moreover dierentiable in R2 , we have

∂u ∂v
f ′ (z) = (x, y) + i (x, y) = · · · = 2z + 2
∂x ∂x

for every z = x + iy . The function f has the derivative at every point z∈C and it is
holomorphic at every point z ∈ C.

Exercise 24.
Determine, if the function Φ is harmonic on the domain Ω, where

a) Φ(x, y) := x2 − y 2 + 2022, Ω = C;

x
b) Φ(x, y) := x2 +y 2
+ x2 − y 2 + x − y , Ω = C∖ {0}.

Solution:
a) Obviously Φ ∈ C ∞ (R2 ) and for every (x, y) ∈ R2 we have that

∂ 2Φ ∂ 2Φ
∆Φ(x, y) = (x, y) + (x, y) = 2 − 2 = 0,
∂x2 ∂y 2

therefore Φ is harmonic in C.

38
b) Φ ∈ C ∞ (R2 ∖ {(0, 0)}) and for every (x, y) =
/ (0, 0) we have that

∂Φ x2 + y 2 − x2x
(x, y) = + 2x + 1,
∂x (x2 + y 2 )2

∂ 2Φ −2x(x2 + y 2 )2 − (−x2 + y 2 )2(x2 + y 2 )2 2x

(x, y) = + 2,
∂x2 (x2 + y 2 )4
∂Φ −x2y
(x, y) = 2 − 2y − 1,
∂y (x + y 2 )2

∂ 2Φ −2x(x2 + y 2 )2 + 2xy2(x2 + y 2 )2y

(x, y) = − 2.
∂y 2 (x2 + y 2 )4

From this it follows that

−2x(x2 + y 2 ) − 4x(y 2 − x2 ) −2x(x2 + y 2 ) + 8xy 2

∆Φ(x, y) = + = 0,
(x2 + y 2 )3 (x2 + y 2 )3

and therefore Φ is harmonic in C∖ {0}.

Exercise 25.
Find (if it exists) a holomorphic function f = u + iv , f : Ω → C, where

a) u(x, y) := x3 − 3xy 2 − 2y , Ω = C;
x
b) u(x, y) := x2 +y 2
, Ω = C∖ {0};

c) u(x, y) := 3x2 − y 2 + 3x + y , Ω = C;
y
d) u(x, y) := x2 − y 2 + 5x + y − x2 +y 2
, Ω = C∖ {0}.

Solution:
a)

∂u ∂v
(x, y) = 3x2 − 3y 2 = (x, y) ⇒ v(x, y) = 3x2 y − y 3 + φ(x),
∂x ∂y
∂u ∂v
(x, y) = −6xy − 2 = − (x, y) = −6xy − φ′ (x) ⇒ φ(x) = 2x + c, c ∈ R,
∂y ∂x

and therefore

f (x + iy) = (x3 − 3xy 2 − 2y) + i(3x2 y − y 3 + 2x + c), c ∈ R.

f (z) = z 3 + 2zi + ci, c ∈ R.

(︁ )︁
You can simplify this to

39
b)
∫︂
∂u 2xy ∂v 2xy
− (x, y) = 2 2 2
= (x, y) ⇒ v(x, y) = dx.
∂y (x + y ) ∂x (x2 + y 2 )2
After the change of variables x2 + y 2 = t (2x dx = dt) we get
−1 −y
∫︂ ∫︂
2xy dt
2 2 2
dx = y 2
=y = 2 ,
(x + y ) t t x + y2
and therefore
−y
v(x, y) = + φ(y).
x2+ y2
Plugging this to the second Cauchy-Riemann condition we get

∂u y 2 − x2 ∂v y 2 − x2
(x, y) = 2 = (x, y) = + φ′ (y) ⇒ φ(y) = c, c ∈ R,
∂x (x + y 2 )2 ∂y (x2 + y 2 )2
and therefore
(︃ )︃
x −y 1
f (z) = f (x + iy) = 2 +i +c = + ci, c ∈ R.
x + y2 x + y2
2 z

c)
∂u ∂u
(x, y) = 6x + 3, (x, y) = −2y + 1,
∂x ∂y
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
(x, y) = 6, (x, y) = −2,
∂x2 ∂y 2
and therefore
∆u(x, y) =
/ 0 for every (x, y) v R2 .
Function u is not harmonic on Ω, and therefore the required function f does not exist.

d)

∂u 2xy ∂v
(x, y) = 2x + 5 + 2 2 2
= (x, y)
∂x (x + y ) ∂y
⇓
x
v(x, y) = 2xy + 5y − 2 + φ(x).
x + y2
Furthermore

∂u y 2 − x2 ∂v y 2 − x2
(x, y) = −2y + 1 + 2 2 2
= − (x, y) = −2y + 2 2 2
− φ′ (x)
∂y (x + y ) ∂x (x + y )
⇓
′
φ (x) = −1.
x
From this we can easily obtain that v(x, y) = 2xy + 5y − x2 +y 2
− x + c, c ∈ R.
The sought-after function is
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
2 2 y x
f (x + iy) = x − y + 5x + y − 2 + i 2xy + 5y − − x + c , c ∈ R,
x + y2 x2 + y 2
which is
i
f (z) = z 2 + (5 − i)z − + ci, c ∈ R.
z

40
Exercise 26.
Let u(x, y) := x3 − 3xy 2 − 2y + 2. Find (if it exists) a holomorphic function f = u + iv ,
f : C → C, where

a) f (0) = i;

b) f (1) = 3 − i.

Solution:
Similarly to the solution to Exercise 25 a) we can nd out that

f (x + iy) = (x3 − 3xy 2 − 2y + 2) + i(3x2 y − y 3 + 2x + c), where c ∈ R.

a) The requirement

f (0) = f (0 + 0i) = 2 + ic = i
obviously cannot be satised by any choice of c ∈ R. The function f with the required
properties does not exist.

b) We want to satisfy the condition

f (1) = f (1 + 0i) = 3 + i(2 + c) = 3 − i,

and therefore 2 + c = −1, which is c = −3. So the required function exists, it is

f (x + iy) = (x3 − 3xy 2 − 2y + 2) + i(3x2 y − y 3 + 2x − 3).

Exercise 27.
Find (if it exists) a holomorphic function f = u + iv , f : Ω → C, where

a) v(x, y) := −3xy 2 + x3 + 5, Ω = C;

b) v(x, y) := arctan xy , Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > 0}.

Solution:
a)

∂v ∂u
(x, y) = −6xy = (x, y) ⇒ u(x, y) = −3x2 y + φ(y),
∂y ∂x
∂v ∂u
− (x, y) = 3y 2 − 3x2 = (x, y) = −3x2 + φ′ (y) ⇒ φ(y) = y 3 + c, c ∈ R,
∂x ∂y

and therefore

f (x + iy) = (−3x2 y + y 3 + c) + i(−3xy 2 + x3 + 5), c ∈ R,

which is

f (z) = c + iz 3 + 5i, c ∈ R.

41
b)
∂v 1 1 x ∂u
(x, y) = y 2 · = 2 2
= (x, y),
∂y 1 + x2 x x +y ∂x
and therefore
1
u(x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) + φ(y).
2
Plugging this into the second C-R condition

∂v −1 −y y ∂u y
− (x, y) = y 2 · 2
= 2 + y2
= (x, y) = 2 + y2
+ φ′ (y)
∂x 1 + x2 x x ∂y x

we get

φ(y) = c, c ∈ R.
The sought function on the set Ω is
√︁
f (x + iy) = ln x2 + y 2 + c + i arg(x + iy), c ∈ R,

which is

f (z) = c + ln z, c ∈ R.

Exercise 28.
Let Ω := {z ∈ C : Re z > 0}. Let v(x, y) := 1 + arctan xy . Find (if it exists) a holomorphic
function f = u + iv , f : Ω → C, where

a) f (3) = ln 3 + 6 + i;

b) f (e) = 1 − i.

Solution:
Similarly to the Excercise 27 b) we have

√︁
2 2
(︂ y )︂
f (x + iy) = ln x + y + c + i arctan + 1 , c ∈ R.
x
a)

f (3 + 0i) = ln 3 + c + i = ln 3 + 6 + i ⇒ c = 6,
and therefore

√︁ (︂ y )︂
f (x + iy) = ln x2 + y 2 + 6 + i arctan + 1 in Ω.
x

b)

∀c ∈ R : f (e + 0i) = 1 + c + i =
/ 1 − i.

The sought function f does not exist.

42
Exercise 29.
Prove that even though the function

v(x, y) := ln(x2 + y 2 )

is harmonic on (doubly connected) domain C∖{0}, there does not exist a function u : R2 → R,
such that f := u + iv is holomorphic in C∖ {0}.
Solution:
Clearly v ∈ C ∞ (R2 ∖ {(0, 0)}), and for every (x, y) ∈ R2 ∖ {(0, 0)}:

∂v 2x
(x, y) = 2 ,
∂x x + y2

∂ 2v 2(x2 + y 2 ) − 2x2x 2(y 2 − x2 )

(x, y) = = ,
∂x2 (x2 + y 2 )2 (x2 + y 2 )2

and therefore (the partial derivatives with respects to y are analogous)

2(y 2 − x2 ) 2(x2 − y 2 )
∆v(x, y) = + 2 = 0.
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x + y 2 )2

We've proven that the function v is on C∖ {0} harmonic.

Let us assume, for contradiction, that there is a function u with the properties stated
2
above. Then for (x, y) ∈ R , such that x + iy ∈ Ω1 := {z ∈ C : Re z > 0}, we have

∂v 2x ∂u
− (x, y) = − 2 2
= (x, y),
∂x x +y ∂y

y 1
and therefore (if we use the change of variables = t, dy = dt)
x x
∫︂
2x
u(x, y) = − dy =
x2 + y2
∫︂
2 dy y
= − (︁ y )︁2 = −2 arctan + φ(x).
x1+ x
x

Let us plug that into the second C-R condition

∂v 2y ∂u 2y
(x, y) = 2 2
= (x, y) = 2 + φ′ (x)
∂y x +y ∂x x + y2

to gure out that

y
u(x, y) = −2 arctan + c1 for some c1 ∈ R.
x
Similarly there must exist a c2 ∈ R, such that for every x + iy ∈ Ω2 := {z ∈ C : Re z < 0}
we have
y
u(x, y) = −2 arctan + c2 .
x

43
At the same time the function u is continuous on R2 ∖ {(0, 0)} (at every point R2 ∖ {(0, 0)}
it must be dierentiable), and therefore

lim u(x, 1) = u(0, 1) = lim u(x, 1).

x→0− x→0+

=
π + c2 −π + c1

From this it follows that

2π = c1 − c2 .

Analogously

lim u(x, −1) = u(0, −1) = lim u(x, −1),

x→0− x→0+
=

−π + c2 π + c1

and therefore

2π = c2 − c1 .

This leads us to the fact that

2π = c1 − c2 = −(c2 − c1 ) = −2π,

which is an contradiction. The sought function u does not exist.

44
Exercise 30.
Find the rotational angle and extensibility coecient of the function f at the point z0 , where

a) f (z) := ez , z0 = −1 − π2 i;

b) f (z) := z 3 , z0 = −3 + 4i;
z+i
c) f (z) := z−i
, z0 = 2i.

Solution:
a)
π 1
|f ′ (z0 )| = |ez0 | = |e−1−i 2 | = ,
e
1
which is the extensibility coecient of the function f at the point z0 (and
e
<1 implies
that it is a contraction ).

(︃ (︂ )︃ (︃ )︃
′ 1 π π )︂ i π
arg f (z0 ) = arg cos − i sin = arg − =− ,
e 2 2 e 2

which is the rotational angle of the function f at the point z0 .

z0 = 5 cos π2 + arctan 34 + i sin π2 + arctan 34 ,

(︁ (︁ )︁ (︁ )︁)︁
b) and therefore

(︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃)︃
′ 3 3
f (z0 ) = 3z02 = 3 · 25 cos π + 2 arctan + i sin π + 2 arctan .
4 4

From this we get

|f ′ (z0 )| = 75 ... extensibility coecient of the function f at z0

(75 > 1, therefore it is a dilatation ),

3
arg f ′ (z0 ) = −π + 2 arctan ... rotational angle of the function f at the point z0 .
4

c)

z − i − (z + i) −2i
f ′ (z) = = ,
(z − i)2 (z − i)2
−2i
f ′ (z0 ) = = 2i,
i2
and therefore

1 < |f ′ (z0 )| = 2 ... extensibility coecient of f at z0 (dilatation ),

π
arg f ′ (z0 ) = ... rotational angle f at z0 .
2

45
Exercise 31.
Determine in which points of the complex plane is the given mapping a contraction:

2
a) f (z) := z
;

b) f (z) := ln(z + 4).

Solution:
−2
a) f ′ (z) = z2
. Therefore for z ∈ C:

√
⃓ ⃓
′
⃓ −2 ⃓
0 < |f (z)| < 1 ⇔ ⃓⃓ 2 ⃓⃓ < 1 ⇔ 2 < |z|2 ⇔ 2 < |z|.
z
{︁ √ }︁
The mapping f is a contraction in every point of the set z ∈ C : |z| > 2 .

√
2

b) f ′ (z) exists in C∖ {x + iy : y = 0 ∧ x ≤ −4} =: Ω. For every z∈Ω we have that

⃓ ⃓
′
⃓ 1 ⃓
|f (z)| = ⃓
⃓ ⃓,
z + 4⃓
1
0< < 1 ⇔ 1 < |z + 4|.
|z + 4|

The mapping f is a contraction at every point of the set

{z ∈ C : |z + 4| > 1}∖ {x + iy : y = 0 ∧ x ≤ −4}.

−3
−4

46
Exercise 32.
Draw the sets Ω and f (Ω) = {f (z) : z ∈ Ω}, where
2

a) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := 1 − 2iz ;

b) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := (1 + i)z + 1;
1
c) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := z
;

2iz
d) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := z+3
;

z−1
e) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := 2z−6
;

1
f) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z
;

z
g) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z−1+i
;

z
h) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z−2
;

1
i) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 0 ∧ Im z < 0}, f (z) := z
;

z−1
j) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > 0 ∧ Im z > 0}, f (z) := z+1
;

z−i
k) Ω = {z ∈ C : −1 < Re z < 0 ∧ Im z < 0}, f (z) := z+i
;

z
l) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Re z < 0 ∧ Im z > 0}, f (z) := z−i
.

Solution:
a) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := 1 − 2iz, f (Ω) = U (1 − 2i, 4).

i
Ω
−iz
−i
−i
−1
−1 1 3

−3i
−3i

2z

2i 2i
2i
1
1+z
−2i
−2i −2i
−2i
ff(Ω)
(Ω)
−6i −6i
−6i

2A hint for some of the following exercises. Realize (and prove) that:
}︄
f is conformal in the set Ω ⊂ C∞ ,
A, B ⊂ Ω ⇒ f (A ∩ B) = f (A) ∩ f (B).

47
b) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := (1 + i)z + 1,

f (1) = 1 + i + 1 = 2 + i,
f (1 + i) = 2i + 1,
f (0) = 1,
and therefore (think it through!) f (Ω) = {z ∈ C : Re z + Im z < 3} .

Ω
2i
i
−1 1
1 2
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

1
c) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := z
,

f (0) = ∞,
f (−1) = −1,
1
f (3) = ,
3
1 1 − 2i
f (1 + 2i) = = ,
1 + 2i 5
(︃ )︃
1 2
and therefore f (Ω) = C∞ ∖ U − , .
3 3

2i

−1 − 13 11
53
−1
−1 11 33
Ω − 25 i
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

2iz
d) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := z+3
,

f (−3) = ∞,
−2i
f (−1) = = −i,
2
f (3) = i,
2i(1 + 2i) 4 − 2i 3 4
f (1 + 2i) = =− = − + i,
4 + 2i 4 + 2i 5 5
and therefore f (Ω) = U (0, 1).

48
 2i
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

−1
−1 11 33 11
Ω

z−1
e) Ω = U (1, 2), f (z) := 2z−6
,

1
f (0) = ,
6
f (3) = ∞,
−2 1
f (−1) = = ,
−8 4
2i 1 1
f (1 + 2i) = = − i,
2 + 4i − 6 4 4
{︃ }︃
1
and therefore f (Ω) = z ∈ C : Re z < .
4

2i
ff(Ω)
(Ω)
1
4

−1
−1 11 33
− 14 i
−
Ω

1
f) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z
,

f (1) = 1,
f (0) = ∞,
1 1−i
f (1 + i) = = ,
1+i 2
1 1+i
f (1 − i) = = ,
1−i 2
f (∞) = 0,
(︃ )︃
1 1
and therefore f (Ω) = C∞ ∖ U , .
2 2

49
 Ω ff(Ω)
(Ω)

−1 1 1 1
2

z
g) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z−1+i
,

f (0) = 0,
1
f (1) = = −i,
i
f (1 − i) = ∞,
1+i 1 1
f (1 + i) = = − i,
2i 2 2
and therefore f (Ω) = {z ∈ C : Im z > Re z − 1} .

ff(Ω)
(Ω)
Ω
1
−i
−1 1

z
h) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 1}, f (z) := z−2
,

f (2) = ∞,
f (1) = −1,
−2i
f (1 + i) = = −i,
2
f (∞) = 1,

and therefore f (Ω) = U (0, 1).

Ω
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

−1 1 11

50
 1
i) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z < 0 ∧ Im z < 0}, f (z) := z
,

f (0) = ∞,
f (−1) = −1,
f (1) = 1,
f (i) = −i,
f (−i) = i,

and thereforeºe Ω = Ω1 ∩ Ω2 , where Ω1 := {z ∈ C : Re z < 0}, Ω2 := {z ∈ C : Im z < 0},

je
f (Ω) = f (Ω1 ) ∩ f (Ω2 ) = {z ∈ C : Re z < 0 ∧ Im z > 0}.

ff(Ω)
(Ω)

z−1
j) Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > 0 ∧ Im z > 0}, f (z) := z+1
,

f (0) = −1,
f (1) = 0,
i−1
f (i) = = i,
i+1
f (−i) = −i,
f (−1) = ∞,

51
 f
11

and therefore
f (Ω) = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Im z > 0}.

Ω
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

z−i
k) Ω = {z ∈ C : −1 < Re z < 0 ∧ Im z < 0}, f (z) := z+i
,

f (0) = −1,
f (i) = 0,
f (−i) = ∞,
1−i (1 − i)2
f (1) = = = −i,
1+i 2
−1 − i (−1 − i)2
f (−1) = = = i,
−1 + i 2
−1 1 + 2i
f (−1 + i) = = ,
−1 + 2i 5
f (−1 − i) = 1 + 2i,

f i
1
−1 1 3
1

52
 f

f
1

and therefore

f (Ω) = {z ∈ C : Im z > 0 ∧ |z − (1 + i)| > 1 ∧ |z| > 1}.

ff(Ω)
(Ω)
i
−1
1
Ω

z
l) Ω = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Re z < 0 ∧ Im z > 0}, f (z) := z−i
,

f (0) = 0,
f (i) = ∞,
1−i
f (−1) = ,
2
1+i
f (1) = ,
2
1
f (−i) = ,
2

f
11 − 12 1
2

53
 f
1 1
2

and therefore
{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
1 ⃓ 1 ⃓⃓ 1
f (Ω) = z ∈ C : Re z < ∧ Im z < 0 ∧ ⃓⃓z − > .
2 2⃓ 2

Ω
1 1 11
22
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

Exercise 33.
Find a linear fractional function f such that

a) f (−1) = 0, f (i) = 2i, f (1 + i) = 1 − i;

b) f (i) = ∞, f (6) = 0, f (∞) = 3;

c) f (0) = i, f (i) = 0, f (−1) = −i.

Solution:
a) Let us search for the function f of the form
⎧
az + b
⎪
⎪ for z ∈ C,
cz + d
⎨
f (z) =
⎩a
⎪
for z = ∞,
⎪
c
where a, b, c, d ∈ C, ad =
/ bc.

54
 From the given conditions we get the system of equations

−a + b
= 0,
−c + d
ai + b
= 2i,
ci + d
a(1 + i) + b
= 1 − i.
c(1 + i) + d

From the rst equation follows that a = b. We can choose (think about why!) a = b = 1.
The remaining two equations then become

i+1
= 2i,
ci + d
2+i
= 1 − i,
c(1 + i) + d

and therefore

i + 1 = −2c + 2id,
2 + i = 2c + d − di.

Adding these two equations we get 3 + 2i = d + id, and therefore

3 + 2i 5−i
d= = .
1+i 2

It remains to compute c:

1
2c = 2 + i − d(1 − i) = 2 + i − (4 − 6i) = 4i,
2

and therefore c = 2i.

Conclusion:
z+1 2z + 2
⎧
⎨ 2iz + 5−i = 4iz + 5 − i , z ∈ C,
⎪
⎪
2
f (z) =
⎩ 1 = −i,
⎪
z = ∞.
⎪
2i 2

b) Let
⎧
az + b
⎪
⎪ for z ∈ C,
cz + d
⎨
f (z) = .
⎪a
for z = ∞.
⎪
⎩
c

55
 From the condition

a
f (∞) = =3
c

it follows that we can choose a=3 and c = 1. And the rest is easy:

6a + b
f (6) = = 0 ⇒ b = −6a = −18,
6z + d
f (i) = ∞ ⇒ ci + d = 0 ⇒ d = −ci = −i.

Summary:

3z − 18
⎧
⎪
⎨ , z ∈ C,
f (z) = z−i
⎪
3, z = ∞.
⎩

c) Let

⎧
az + b
⎪
⎪ for z ∈ C,
cz + d
⎨
f (z) = .
⎩a
⎪
for z = ∞.
⎪
c

Analyzing the conditions we get

b
f (0) = =i ⇒ we can choose b = 1, d = −i,
d
ai + b
f (i) = = 0 ⇒ ai + b = 0 ⇒ ai + 1 = 0 ⇒ a = i,
ci + d
−a + b
f (−1) = = −i ⇒ −a + b = −i(−c + d) ⇒ c = −1 − 2i,
−c + d

and therefore

iz + 1
⎧
⎪ , z ∈ C,
(−1 − 2i)z − i
⎪
⎨
f (z) =
⎪ i 2 i
= − − , z = ∞.
⎪
⎩
−1 − 2i 5 5

56
Exercise 34.
Find the linear function, which maps the square with the vertices 0, 1 − i, 2, 1 + i onto the
square with the vertices 1 + i, −1 + i, −1 − i, 1 − i.

Solution:

i i

1 1
−i

π
z ↦→ ei 4 z z ↦→ z − 1 − i

√ 2i
2i √
z ↦→ 2z
√
2 2

π √
Composing the functions z ↦→ ei 4 , z ↦→ 2z and z ↦→ z − 1 − i we get

(︂√ (︁ π )︁)︂
f (z) = 2 ei 4 z − 1 − i =
= (1 + i)z − 1 − i,

that is

f (z) = (1 + i)(z − 1).

Exercise 35.
Let

Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > Im z}.

Find the linear fractional function f, such that f (Ω) = U (0, 1).

57
Solution:

i
ff(Ω)
(Ω)

1 11
Ω

We start with nding the linear fractional function

⎧
⎪ az + b
⎪ for z ∈ C,
cz + d
⎨
f˜︁(z) =
⎩a
⎪
for z = ∞,
⎪
c

such that f˜︁(0) = −1, f˜︁(1 + i) = i and f˜︁(∞) = 1.

Then

f˜︁
1

and f˜︁(Ω) is either U (0, 1) (then we would set f := f˜︁), or f˜︁(Ω) = C∞ ∖ U (0, 1) (then we
1
would choose f := f˜︁
).

Solving the system of equations

b
= −1,
d
a(1 + i) + b
= i,
c(1 + i) + d
a
=1
c
we get
z−1+i
⎧
⎪
⎨ , z ∈ C,
f˜︁(z) = z + 1 − i
⎪
⎩1, z = ∞,
and because

⃓ ˜︁ ⃓ ⃓⃓ i ⃓⃓ ⃓⃓ −1 + 2i ⃓⃓ 1 √
⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓
⃓f (1)⃓ = ⃓ = ⃓ = 5 5 < 1,
2 − i⃓ ⃓ 5

58
we pick f := f˜︁, that is
z−1+i
⎧
⎪
⎨ for z ∈ C,
f (z) = z + 1 − i
⎪
⎩1 for z = ∞.

Exercise 36.
Find a conformal mapping, which maps the domain

Ω = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Re z > 0}

onto the domain
{z ∈ C : Im z > 0}.
Solution:

Let us consider the linear fractional function f1 such that f1 (i) = ∞ and f1 (−i) = 0. Then
the images of the circle {z ∈ C : |z| = 1} and the line {z ∈ C : Re z = 0} (by f1 ) are clearly
π
lines with the intersection at 0 with the angle . We can choose for example
2
z+i
⎧
⎪
⎨ , z ∈ C,
f1 (z) := z − i
⎪
1, z = ∞.
⎩

Then
f1 (0) = −1, f1 (i) = ∞, f1 (−i) = 0 a f1 (1) = i,

f1

f1
11

59
and therefore

f1 z ↦→ z 2

π
z ↦→ e−i 2 z

Summary: one of the functions with the required properties is the function dened on Ω
(︃ )︃2 (︃ )︃2 (︃ )︃2
−i π2 z+i z+i z+i
f (z) := e · = −i =− .
z−i z−i z−i

Exercise 37.
Let
Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > 0 ∧ Im z < 0}.
Find the linear fractional function f such that

f (Ω) = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ Re z < 0}.

Solution:

f ff(Ω)
(Ω)

−1
Ω

We rstly nd the linear fractional function f∗ such that

f ∗ (0) = i,
f ∗ (∞) = −i,
f ∗ (−1) = ∞,

60
that is the function
−iz + i
⎧
⎪
⎨ , z ∈ C,
f ∗ (z) = z+1
⎪
−i, z = ∞.
⎩

Then clearly either

ff∗∗(Ω)
(Ω)

−1

(then we would dene f := f ∗ ), or

ff∗∗(Ω)
(Ω)

∗
(which would lead us to the denition f := −f ).
∗ 1+i
Because f (i) = = 1 (the rst possibility is realized), we choose
i+1

−iz + i
⎧
⎪
⎨ , z ∈ C,
f (z) := f ∗ (z) = z+1 .
⎪
−i, z = ∞.
⎩

Exercise 38.
Find the conformal mapping which maps the domain

Ω = {z ∈ C : Re z > Im z > 0}
onto U (0, 1).
Solution:

11

61
Let us rstly consider the mapping z ↦→ z 4 .

z → z4

Then we nd the linear fractional function f∗ such that

f ∗ (−1) = −1,
f ∗ (0) = i,
f ∗ (1) = 1,

that is
z+i
⎧
⎨ iz + 1 ,
⎪
⎪ z ∈ C,
∗
f (z) =
⎩ 1 = −i, z = ∞.
⎪
⎪
i
Clearly either

f∗
1

(in which case we would (for z ∈ Ω) dene f (z) := f ∗ (z 4 )), or

3

f∗
1

1
(then we would dene f (z) :=f ∗ (z 4 )
in Ω).

Because f ∗ (i) = ∞, the second case arose. We choose (for z ∈ Ω)

1 iz 4 + 1
f (z) := = .
f ∗ (z 4 ) z4 + i

3 For the right-hand-side image we need to imagine that ∞ = f ∗ (i).

62
Exercise 39.
Find the images of the lines parallel to the real and imaginary axes by the mapping
f (z) := z1 (consider the lines together with the point ∞).

Solution:
For 0<c∈R we have that

f (0) = ∞, f (∞) = 0,

1
f (i) = −i, f (c) = ,
c
1
f (−i) = i, f (−c) = − ,
c
1
f (1) = 1, f (ci) = − i,
c
1
f (−1) = −1, f (−ci) = i,
c

and therefore also

{z ∈ C : Re z = 0} ∪ {∞} → {z ∈ C : Re z = 0} ∪ {∞} ,
{z ∈ C : Im z = 0} ∪ {∞} → {z ∈ C : Im z = 0} ∪ {∞} ,

{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓ 1 ⃓ 1
{z ∈ C : Re z = c} ∪ {∞} → z ∈ C : ⃓z − ⃓ = ,
⃓ 2c ⃓ 2c
{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓ 1 ⃓⃓ 1
{z ∈ C : Im z = c} ∪ {∞} → z ∈ C : ⃓z + i⃓ =
⃓ ,
2c 2c

{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓ 1 ⃓ 1
{z ∈ C : Re z = −c} ∪ {∞} → z ∈ C : ⃓z + ⃓ = ,
⃓ 2c ⃓ 2c
{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓ 1 ⃓⃓ 1
{z ∈ C : Im z = −c} ∪ {∞} → z ∈ C : ⃓z − i⃓ =
⃓ .
2c 2c

1
c
i
ci

−c 0 c − 1c 0 1
−ci c

− 1c i

63
Exercise 40.
Find the images of the sets

Mα = {z ∈ C : arg z = α} and Nr = {z ∈ C : |z| = r},

where α ∈ (−π, π⟩ and r ∈ R+ , by the mapping f (z) := ln z .

Solution:

ln z = ln |z| + i arg z,

and therefore

f (Mα ) = {z ∈ C : Im z = α} ,

Mα πi f (Mα )
α αi
f

−πi

f (Nr ) = {ln r + ik : k ∈ (−π, π⟩} .

Nr πi
f f (Nr )
r ln r
−πi

πi
f
1

−πi

64
Exercise 41.
Compute ∫︂
|z| dz,
γ
where ⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ 3eit , t ∈ ⟨0, π2 ⟩,
⎨ (︁
γ(t) := i 3 + π2 − t , t ∈ ⟨ π2 , π2 + 3⟩,
)︁
⎪
⎪
⎩t − π − 3,
⎪
t ∈ ⟨ π2 + 3, π2 + 6⟩.
2

Solution:
Let us choose
π
γ1 (t) := 3eit , t ∈ ⟨0, ⟩,
2
γ2 (t) := ti, i ∈ ⟨0, 3⟩,
γ3 (t) := t, i ∈ ⟨0, 3⟩.

Then

3i ⟨γ1 ⟩
⟨γ2 ⟩ ⟨γ⟩

⟨γ3 ⟩ 3

and

γ1′ (t) = 3ieit ,

γ2′ (t) = i,

γ3′ (t) = 1,

and therefore
∫︂ ∫︂ ∫︂ ∫︂
|z| dz = |z| dz − |z| dz + |z| dz =
γ γ1 γ2 γ3
π
∫︂
2
∫︂ 3 ∫︂ 3
it
= 3 · 3ie dt − t dt = ti dt +
0 0 0
∫︂ π ∫︂ 3
2
= 9i (cos t + i sin t) dt + (1 − i) t dt =
0 0
[︃ 2 ]︃3
π π t
= 9i[sin t]0 + 9[cos t]0 + (1 − i)
2 2
=
2 0
9
= 9i − 9 + (1 − i) =
2
9 9
= − + i.
2 2

65
Exercise 42.
Compute
∫︂
z 3 dz,
γ

where
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ eit , t ∈ ⟨− π2 , π⟩,
⎨
γ(t) := π3 t − 4, t ∈ ⟨π, 2π⟩,
⎪
⎪
⎩− 2+i t + 6 + 2i, t ∈ ⟨2π, 3π⟩.
⎪
π

Solution:

⟨γ⟩
−1 2

−i

It is enough to apply Cauchy's theorem.

∫︂
z 3 dz = 0,
γ

because f (z) := z 3 is a holomorphic function on the simply connected domain C and γ is

piecewise smooth closed curve in C.

Exercise 43.
Compute
∫︂
|z| z dz,
γ

where γ is a simple, closed, piecewise smooth and positively oriented curve such that ⟨γ⟩ is
the boundary of the set

{z ∈ C : |z| < 2 ∧ Im z > 0}.

66
Solution:

⟨γ⟩

−2 2

Let us dene the curves

γ1 (t) := 2eit , t ∈ ⟨0, π⟩,

γ2 (t) := t, t ∈ ⟨−2, 2⟩.

Then

γ1′ (t) = 2ieit ,

γ2′ (t) = 1,

and therefore
∫︂ ∫︂ ∫︂
|z| z dz = |z| z dz + |z| z dz =
γ γ1 γ2
∫︂ π ∫︂ 2
−it it
= 2 · 2e · 2ie dt + |t| t dt =
0 −2
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=0
∫︂ π
= 8i 1 dt = 8πi.
0

Exercise 44.
4
Using the Cauchy's integral formulas calculate the given integrals

a)
z2 + i
∫︂
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z − 2i| = 1};
k z

b)
∫︂
sin z
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z + i| = 1};
k z+i
4 Convention.
∫︁ ∫︁
By the symbol
k
f (z) dz, where k ⊂ C, we mean γ
f (z) dz, where γ is a simple, closed,

piecewise smooth and positively oriented curve such that ⟨γ⟩ = k .

67
c)
∫︂
sin z
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 3};
k z2 − 7z + 10

d)
∫︂
sin z
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 3};
k (z − 2i)3

e)
∫︂
cos z
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 4};
k z2 − π2

f)
∫︂ 1
ez
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z − 2| = 1};
k (z 2 − 4)2

g)
ez cos(πz)
∫︂
3
dz, where γ(t) := eit , t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩;
γ z 2 + 2z 2

h)
−2 + e−4πit
∫︂
dz
, where γ(t) := , t ∈ ⟨0, 4⟩;
γ (z − 1)3
2 2

i)
∫︂
dz
,
γ (1 − z)(z + 2)(z − i)2
where γ is a simple, closed, piecewise smooth and positively oriented curve such that
−2 ∈ int γ, i ∈ int γ, 1 ∈ ext γ .

Solution:
a)

⟨γ⟩

2i

−1 1

z 2 +i
The function   is holomorphic on a simply connected domain
z

Ω := {z ∈ C : Im z > 0}

and k = ⟨γ⟩ ⊂ Ω, and therefore it follows from the Cauchy's theorem that

z2 + i z2 + i
∫︂ ∫︂
dz = = 0.
k z γ z

68
 But we were supposed to use the Cauchy's integral formulas. Which we can do for
example as

z 2 +i
z2 + i
[︃ 2
− 2i)
]︃
(z
∫︂ ∫︂
z z +i
dz = dz = 2πi (z − 2i) = 0.
k z γ z − 2i z z=2i

b)

−1 1

−i
⟨γ⟩

∫︂ ∫︂
sin z sin z
dz = dz =
k z+i γ z − (−i)

= 2πi [sin z]z=−i =

ei(−i) − e−i(−i)
= 2πi =
2i
= π(e − e−1 ) = 2π sinh 1.

c)

⟨γ⟩

23 5

z 2 − 7z + 10 = (z − 5)(z − 2), and therefore

∫︂ ∫︂ sin z
sin z z−5
2
dz = dz =
k z − 7z + 10 z−2 γ
[︃ ]︃
sin z
= 2πi =
z − 5 z=2
(︃ )︃
sin 2 2
= 2πi =− π sin 2 i.
−3 3

69
d)

2i

3
⟨γ⟩

∫︂
sin z 2πi
dz = [(sin z)′′ ]z=2i =
k (z − 2i)3 2!

= πi [− sin z]z=2i =
e−2 − e2
= −πi = π sinh 2.
2i

e)

4i

⟨γ1 ⟩ ⟨γ2 ⟩
−π π

⟨γ⟩

∫︂ ∫︂ cos z ∫︂ cos z
cos z z−π z+π
dz = dz + dz =
k z − π2
2 z − (−π)
γ1 γ2 z − π
(︃[︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ )︃
cos z cos z
= 2πi + =
z − π z=−π z + π z=π
(︃ )︃
−1 −1
= 2πi + = 0.
−2π 2π

70
f)

−2 2

1
∫︂ 1 ∫︂ ez
e z (z+2)2
dz = dz =
k (z 2 − 4)2 (z − 2)2
k
[︄(︄ 1
)︄′ ]︄
ez
= 2πi =
(z + 2)2
z=2
[︄ 1 1
]︄
− z12 e z (z + 2) − e z 2
= 2πi =
(z + 2)3
z=2
√ (︁ 1 )︁ √
e −4 · 4 − 2 3π e
= 2πi =− i.
16 · 4 32

g)

⟨γ⟩

2 3
2

ez cos(πz)
ez cos(πz)
∫︂ ∫︂
z+2
dz = dz =
γ z 2 + 2z γz−0
[︃ z ]︃
e cos(πz)
= 2πi =
z+2 z=0

1
= 2πi = πi.
2

71
h)

 8× around

−1 1

∫︂ ∫︂ 1
dz (z−1)3
= dz =
γ (z 2 − 1)3 γ (z + 1)3
[︃(︃ )︃′′ ]︃
2πi 1
= −8 · =
2! (z − 1)3 z=−1
[︃ (︃ )︃′ ]︃
1
= −8πi −3 =
(z − 1)4 z=−1
[︃ ]︃
1
= −8 · 12πi = 3πi.
(z − 1)5 z=−1

i)

⟨γ⟩
⟨γ2 ⟩
i
⟨γ1 ⟩
−2 1

72
 ∫︂ ∫︂ ∫︂
dz dz dz
= + =
γ (1 − z)(z + 2)(z − i)2 γ1 (1 − z)(z + 2)(z − i)2 γ2 (1 − z)(z + 2)(z − i)2
∫︂ 1 ∫︂ 1
(1−z)(z−i)2 (1−z)(z+2)
= dz + dz =
γ1 z+2 γ2 (z − i)2
(︃[︃ ]︃ [︃(︃ )︃′ ]︃ )︃
1 1
= 2πi + =
(1 − z)(z − i)2 z=−2 (1 − z)(z + 2) z=i
(︃ [︃(︃ )︃′ ]︃ )︃
1 1
= 2πi + =
3(−2 − i)2 −z 2 − z + 2 z=i
(︃ [︃ ]︃ )︃
1 2z + 1
= 2πi + =
3(3 + 4i) (−z 2 − z + 2)2 z=i
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
3 − 4i 1 + 2i 3 − 4i (1 + 2i)(8 + 6i)
= 2πi + = 2πi + =
75 (3 − i)2 75 100
− 83 + 11
(︃ )︃
3 4 4 22 1
= 2πi − − i+ i = 2πi i = − π.
75 100 75 100 50 3

Exercise 45.
Compute

∫︁ 1+i ∫︁ i
a)
0
ez dz; c)
0
z 2 sin z dz;
∫︁ 1+i ∫︁ i
b)
0
z 3 dz; d)
0
z sin z dz.

Solution:

a)

∫︂ 1+i
ez dz = [ez ]1+i
0 = e1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) − 1 =
0

= e cos 1 − 1 + i(sin 1)e.

b)

1+i ]︃1+i
z4
∫︂ [︃
3 1
z dz = = (2i)2 = −1.
0 4 0 4

73
c)

∫︂ i ∫︂ i
2
z sin z dz = z 2 sin
⏞⏟⏟⏞ ⏞⏟⏟⏞z dz =
0 0
=:u =:v ′

]︁i
∫︂ i
2
[︁
= −z cos z 0
+ 2z cos
⏞⏟⏟⏞ ⏞⏟⏟⏞z dz =
0
=:u =:v ′
∫︂ i
= cos i + [2z sin z]i0 − 2 sin z dz =
0

= cos i + 2i sin i + 2[cos z]i0 =

e−1 + e1 e−1 − e1 e−1 + e1
= + 2i +2 −2=
2 2i 2
= 3 cosh 1 − 2 sinh 1 − 2

(twice we used integration by parts).

d)

∫︂ i
z sin z dz = [−z cos z]i0 + [sin z]i0 =
0

= −i cos i + sin i =
= −i cosh 1 + i sinh 1 =
1
= i(sinh 1 − cosh 1) = − i
e

(we again integrated by parts).

Exercise 46.
Decide if the given series converges

∞
in
∑︁
a) ;
n2n
n=1

∞
n
+ i)n ;
∑︁
b)
3n
(1
n=1

∞
∑︁ (−i)n
c) .
3n−17
n=1

Solution:
∞
in
∑︁
a) converges absolutely, because
n2n
n=1

√︄⃓ ⃓
⃓ n ⃓
n ⃓ i 1 1
⃓ n2n ⃓ = √ → < 1.
⃓
n
n2 2

74
 ∞
n
+ i)n
∑︁
b)
3n
(1 converges absolutely, because
n=1

√ √
n√
√︃⃓
n ⃓
n n
⃓ n
2
⃓ n (1 + i) ⃓ = 2→ < 1.
⃓
3 3 3

∞
∑︁ (−i)n
c) converges conditionally, because the series
3n−17
n=1

∞ ∞
(−i)n (−i)n
∑︂ (︃ )︃ ∑︂ (︃ )︃
Re i Im
n=1
3n − 17 n=1
3n − 17

converges (it is enough to realize that

∞
∑︂ (−i)n −i −1 i 1 −i
= + + + + + ··· ,
n=1
3n − 17 3 · 1 − 17 3 · 2 − 17 3 · 3 − 17 3 · 4 − 17 3 · 5 − 17

and to use the Leibniz criterion on the series, and the easy observation that from the
convergence of the series a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · follows the convergence of the series 0 + a1 +
0 + a2 + 0 + a3 + · · · ), and furthermore

∞ ⃓ ∞ ⃓
⃓ (−i)n ⃓ ∑︂
⃓ ⃓
∑︂ ⃓ 1 ⃓
⃓ 3n − 17 ⃓ = ⃓ 3n − 17 ⃓ = ∞
⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓
n=1 n=1

(see the integral criterion).

Exercise 47.
Find the domain of convergence of a given series (that is nd all z ∈ C, for which the given
series converges).

∞ (︁ z+1 )︁n
1
∑︁
a) ;
n2 z−1
n=1

∞ (︂ n )︂
z n2
∑︁
b)
n!
+ zn
.
n=1

Solution:
a) For z=1 the series clearly diverges. For z ∈ C∖ {1} we have that

√︄⃓ (︃ )︃n ⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓
n ⃓ 1 z + 1 ⃓⃓ 1
⃓ ⃓z + 1⃓ ⃓z + 1⃓
⃓ n2 z − 1 ⃓ = √ 2 ·⃓
⃓ ⃓ →⃓
⃓ ⃓,
( n n) z − 1⃓ z − 1⃓

z+1 ⃓
⃓ ⃓
and therefore the given series converges absolutely for every z ∈ C such that ⃓ < 1,
⃓ z+1 ⃓ z−1
and diverges for every z ∈ C for which ⃓ ⃓ > 1.
z−1
⃓ 1 (︁ z+1 )︁n ⃓
⃓ = 12 , and therefore the series ∞ 12 z+1 n converges
⃓ z+1 ⃓ ∑︁ (︁ )︁
If ⃓ ⃓ = 1, we have ⃓ 2
z−1 n z−1 n n=1 n z−1
absolutely.

75
 Summary: the given series converges (absolutely) for every

{︃ ⃓ ⃓ }︃
⃓z + 1⃓
z ∈ z ∈ C: ⃓ z − 1 ⃓ ≤ 1 = {z ∈ C : Re z ≤ 0}.
⃓ ⃓

b) Because for every z ∈ C∖ {0}

⃓ zn+1 ⃓
⃓ ⃓
⃓ (n+1)! ⃓ |z|
⃓ zn ⃓ = → 0 < 1,
⃓ n! ⃓ n + 1
∑︁∞ zn
the series n=1 n! converges absolutely in C. Because for every z ∈ C∖ {0}
√︄⃓ ⃓ √
⃓ 2 ⃓ ( n n)2
n ⃓n ⃓ 1
⃓ z n ⃓ = |z| → |z| ,
∑︁∞ n2
the series n=1 z n converges absolutely for |z| > 1 and diverges for |z| < 1. If |z| = 1 we
have ⃓ 2⃓
⃓n ⃓
⃓ ⃓ = n2 → ∞ =
/ 0,
⃓ zn ⃓
∑︁∞ n2
and therefore the series n=1 z n diverges.
Let us now dene
n (︃ k
k2
)︃
∑︂ z
sn (z) := + k ,
k=1
k! z
n
∑︂ zk
s∗n (z) := ,
k=1
k!
n
∑︂ k2
s∗∗
n (z) := .
k=1
zk

Then for every z∈C and n∈N we have that

sn (z) = s∗n (z) + s∗∗

n (z),
sn = sn (z) − s∗n (z),
∗∗

and furthermore (we already know that) lim s∗n (z) ∈ C for every z ∈ C, and therefore for
every z∈C we have that

lim sn (z) ∈ C ⇔ lim s∗∗

n (z) ∈ C.

76
 Summary: the given series covnerges (absolutely) on the set {z ∈ C : |z| > 1}.

Exercise 48.
Find the radius of convergence R of the given power series

∞ ∞
zn nn n
∑︁ ∑︁
a)
n2011
; e)
n!
z ;
n=1 n=1

∞ ∞ (︁ )︁
nn (z − 1)n ; cos(in) z n ;
∑︁ ∑︁
b) f)
n=1 n=0

∞ n (z−1)n ∞
√3 (n2 − n − 2)z n ;
∑︁ ∑︁
c) ; g)
n=1 (3n−2)2n n=0

∞ ∞
∑︁ (z+1+i)n ∑︁ zn
d) ; h) .
3n (n−i) (n+8)!
n=0 n=0

Solution:
a)
√︃
n 1 1
= √ 2011 → 1,
n2011 ( n)
n

and therefore
R = 1.

b)
√
n
nn = n → ∞,
and therefore
1
R= = 0.
∞

c) Because
√︄
3n 3 1 3
n √︁ = √ √︁ √ →√
(3n − 2)2n 2 n
2
3n − 2
√
n
√ √
(it is enough to realize that for n ≥ 3 we have that 1 ≤ 3n − 2 ≤ n n · n n → 1), and
therefore √
2
R= .
3

77
d)
⃓ ⃓
⃓ n+1 1 ⃓ ⃓ ⃓ i ⃓
⃓ 3 (n+1−i) ⃓ 1 ⃓⃓ n − i ⃓⃓ 1 ⃓⃓ 1 − n ⃓⃓ 1
⃓
1 ⃓= ⃓ = ⃓ 1−i → ,
⃓ 3n (n−i) ⃓ 3 n + 1 − i 3 1+ n 3
⃓ ⃓ ⃓

and therefore
R = 3.

e)
(n+1)n+1 )︃n
1 (n + 1)n (n + 1)
(︃
(n+1)! 1
nn = = 1+ → e,
n!
n+1 nn n
and therefore
1
R= .
e
f)

⃓ cos(i(n + 1)) ⃓ ⃓ ei(i(n+1)) + e−i(i(n+1)) ⃓

⃓ ⃓ ⃓ ⃓
⃓ ⃓=⃓ ⃓=
⃓ cos(in) ⃓ ⃓ eiin + e−iin ⃓
1
e−(n+1) + en+1 en
= · 1 =
e−n + en en
1
en en+1
+e
= 1 → e,
en en
+1

and therefore
1
R= .
e
g)
⃓ (n + 1)2 − (n + 1) − 2 ⃓
⃓ ⃓
⃓ ⃓ → 1,
⃓ n2 − n − 2 ⃓
and therefore
R = 1.

h)
1
(n+9)! 1
1 = → 0,
(n+8)!
n+9
and therefore
R = ∞.

Exercise 49.
Find the sum of the power series in the disk of convergence

∞ ∞
zn
nz n ;
∑︁ ∑︁
a) b) ;
n
n=1 n=1

78
 ∞ ∞
z 2n+1
(n2 − n − 2)z n .
∑︁ ∑︁
c) ; e)
2n+1
n=0 n=0
∞ n
z
(−1)n+1 n+1
∑︁
d) ;
n=1

Solution:
√
a)
n
n → 1, and therefore the radius of convergence of a given series is 1.
For every z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

∞ ∞
(︄ ∞ )︄′
∑︂ ∑︂ ∑︂ z n
nz n = z nz n−1 =z n =
n=1 n=1 n=1
n
(︄ ∞ )︄′ (︃ )︃′
∑︂
n z
=z z =z =
n=1
1−z

1−z+z z
=z = .
(1 − z)2 (1 − z)2
√︂
1
b)
n
n
→ 1, therefore the radius of convergence is 1.
∑︁∞ zn
Let us dene the function f (z) := n=1 n . Then for every z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

∞
′
∑︂ 1
f (z) = z n−1 = .
n=1
1−z

From this, because

|z| < 1 ⇒ 1 − z ∈ Ω := {w ∈ C : |w − 1| < 1} ,

1
ln′ w = v Ω,
w

Ω
−1 11

there is a c∈C such that for each z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

f (z) = − ln(1 − z) + c.
Furthermore f (0) = − ln 1 + c = 0, and therefore c = 0.
Summary: for each z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

∞
∑︂ zn
= f (z) = − ln(1 − z).
n=1
n

79
c)
⃓ ⃓
⃓ 1 ⃓
⃓ 2n+3 ⃓
⃓ 1 ⃓ → 1,
⃓ 2n+1 ⃓
and therefore the radius of convergence is 1.
∑︁∞ z 2n+1
Let us dene f (z) := n=0 2n+1 . Then for every z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

∞
′
∑︂ 1
f (z) = z 2n = =
n=0
1 − z2
1 −1 1 1
= + .
2z −1 2z +1
From that it follows that there is c ∈ C, such that for each z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

1 1
f (z) = − ln(1 − z) + ln(1 + z) + c.
2 2
And because 0 = f (0) = c for each z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have that

∞
∑︂ z 2n+1 1 1
= − ln(1 − z) + ln(1 + z).
n=0
2n + 1 2 2

√︂
1
d) n
n+1
→ 1, and therefore the radius of convergence is 1.
∑︁∞ n+1 z n+1
Let f (z) := n=1 (−1) n+1
. Then for z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have that

∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂
′ n+1 n
f (z) = (−1) z = − (−z)n =
n=1 n=1
z+1−1
= .
1+z
From that it follows that there is a c∈C such that

f (z) = z − ln(1 + z) + c,
and because 0 = f (0) = c we have

∞
{︄
1 ln(1+z)
∑︂ zn f (z) =1− , 0 < |z| < 1,
(−1)n+1 = z z

n=1
n+1 0, z = 0.

e)
⃓ (n + 1)2 − (n + 1) − 2 ⃓
⃓ ⃓
⃓ ⃓ → 1,
⃓ n2 − n − 2 ⃓
and therefore the radius of convergence is 1.

For every z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have that

∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂
2 n 2 n n
(n − n − 2)z = nz − nz − 2 zn
n=0 n=0 n=0 n=0

(it is enough to realize that each of the series is absolutely convergent).

80
Furthermore (|z| < 1):

•
∞
∑︂ 1
zn = ,
n=0
1−z

∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂
n n
nz = nz = z nz n−1 =
n=0 n=1 n=1
(︄ ∞
)︄′ )︃′
zn
(︃
∑︂ z
=z n =z =
n=1
n 1−z

1−z+z z
=z 2
= ,
(1 − z) (1 − z)2

∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂
2 n 2 n
nz = n z =z n2 z n−1 =
n=0 n=1 n=1
(︄ ∞
)︄′ (︄ ∞
)︄′
n
∑︂ z ∑︂
=z n2 =z nz n =
n=1
n n=1
)︃′
(1 − z)2 + z 2 (1 − z)
(︃
z
=z =z =
(1 − z)2 (1 − z)4
z+1
=z ,
(1 − z)3

and therefore for every z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have that

∞
∑︂ z 2 + z − z(1 − z) − 2(1 − z)2 2 − 4z
(n2 − n − 2)z n = 3
= .
n=0
(1 − z) (z − 1)3

81
Exercise 50.
Find the sum of the given series

∞ ∞
∑︁ 1
∑︁ (−1)n
a) ; b) .
n2n n2n
n=1 n=1

Solution:
Let us consider the function
∞
∑︂ zn
f (z) := .
n=1
n2n
1
Because √
n
n2n
→ 21 , the power series in the denition of the function f has the radius of

convergence 2. Therefore for every z ∈ C, 0 < |z| < 2, we have that

∞ ∞
′
∑︂ z n−1 1 ∑︂ (︂ z )︂n
f (z) = = =
n=1
2n z n=1 2

1 z2 1
= z = .
z1− 2
2−z

Therefore there is a c ∈ C for which f (z) = − ln(2−z)+c. And because f (0) = 0 = − ln 2+c,
for every z ∈ C, |z| < 2 we have that

f (z) = − ln(2 − z) + ln 2.

a)
∞
∑︂ 1
= f (1) = ln 2,
n=1
n2n

b)
∞
∑︂ (−1)n 2
= f (−1) = − ln 3 + ln 2 = ln .
n=1
n2n 3

Exercise 51.
Find the Taylor series of the function f centered at z0 and nd its radius of convergence,
where

z+1
a) f (z) := z 2 +4z−5
, z0 = −1; e) f (z) := sin(3z 2 + 2), z0 = 0;
z
b) f (z) := z 2 +i
, z0 = 0; 1
f) f (z) := (z−1)3
, z0 = 3;
1+z
c) f (z) := ln 1−z
, z0 = 0;
d) f (z) := e3z−2 , z0 = 1; g) f (z) := sin2 z, z0 = 0.

82
Solution:
2 1 1 1
a) f (z) = 3 z+5
+ 3 z−1
,

−5 −1 1

and therefore the radius of convergence is 2 and for every z ∈ C, |z + 1| < 2, it holds,
that

2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1
f (z) = · + · = · z+1 − · =
3 4 + z + 1 3 −2 + z + 1 12 1 + 4 6 1 − z+1
2
∞ n ∞
1 ∑︂ n (z + 1) 1 ∑︂ (z + 1)n
= (−1) − =
6 n=0 4n 6 n=0 2n
∞ (︃
(−1)n
)︃
∑︂ 1
= n
− (z + 1)n =
n=0
6·4 6 · 2n
∞
∑︂ (−1)n − 2n
= (z + 1)n .
n=1
6· 4n

(︂ √ √ )︂
2 2
b) z2 + i = 0 if and only if z=± 2
− 2
i ,

and therefore the sought Taylor series has the radius of convergence 1.
For every z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have that

∞ (︃ 2 )︃n
z 1 z ∑︂ n z
f (z) = · 2 = (−1) =
i 1 + zi i n=0 i
∞
∑︂ (−1)n 2n+1
= n+1
z =
n=0
i
∞
∑︂
= in−1 z 2n+1 .
n=0

83
c) Because clearly

1+z
z ↦→ 1−z

11

(0 ↦→ 0, 1 ↦→ ∞, −1 ↦→ 0), the radius of convergence is 1. For every z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we

have that

1 − z 1 − z + (1 + z) 2
f ′ (z) = · 2
= =
1+z (1 − z) (1 + z)(1 − z)
∞
2 ∑︂
= = 2z 2n ,
1 − z2 n=0

and therefore there is a c∈C such that

∞
∑︂ z 2n+1
f (z) = 2 + c.
n=0
2n + 1

And because f (0) = 0 = c, for every z ∈ C, |z| < 1 we have that

∞
∑︂ z 2n+1
f (z) = 2 .
n=0
2n + 1

d) Clearly the radius of convergence is ∞. We know that for every z∈C we have ez =
∞ n
z
∑︁
, and therefore
n!
n=0

f (z) = e3z−2 = e3(z−1)+1 = e e3(z−1) =

∞
∑︂ e · 3n
= (z − 1)n .
n=0
n!

e) The radius of convergence is ∞ and for any z∈C we have that

∞
∑︂ z 2n+1 n
sin z = (−1) ,
n=0
(2n + 1)!
∞
∑︂ z 2n
cos z = (−1)n .
n=0
(2n)!

84
 From this it follows that for every z∈C we have that

f (z) = sin(3z 2 ) cos 2 + cos(3z 2 ) sin 2 =

∞ ∞
∑︂ 32n+1 n 4n+2
∑︂ 32n 4n
= cos 2 · (−1) z + sin 2 · (−1)n z =
n=0 ⏞
(2n + 1)! n=0
(2n)!
⏟⏟ ⏞ ⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:αn =:βn
∞
∑︂
= an z 2n ,
n=0

where a2k := βk and a2k+1 := αk for every k ∈ N ∪ {0}.

f)

1 3

Clearly the radius of convergence is 2. For every z ∈ U (3, 2) we have that

1 1 1 1
= = · =
z−1 2+z−3 2 1 + z−3
2
∞ (︃ )︃n ∑︂ ∞
1 ∑︂ z−3 (−1)n
= − = n+1
(z − 3)n
2 n=0 2 n=0
2
and
(︃ )︃′′ (︃ )︃′
1 1 1
= − =2 .
z−1 (z − 1)2 (z − 1)3
From this it easily follows, that for each z ∈ U (3, 2) we have that
(︃ )︃′′
1 1
f (z) = =
2 z−1
(︄ ∞ )︄′
n
1 ∑︂ (−1)
= n+1
n(z − 3)n−1 =
2 n=1 2
∞
1 ∑︂ (−1)n
= n+1
n(n − 1)(z − 3)n−2 =
2 n=2 2
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
= n(n − 1)(z − 3)n−2 =
n=2
2n+2
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
= (n + 2)(n + 1)(z − 3)n .
n=0
2n+4

85
g) The radius of convergence is ∞ and for any z∈C we have that

1 − cos(2z)
f (z) = sin2 z = =
2
∞
1 1 ∑︂ (2z)2n
= − (−1)n =
2 2 n=0 (2n)!
∞
∑︂ 22n−1 2n
= (−1)n+1 z .
n=1
(2n)!

Exercise 52.
Find the domain of convergence of the given Laurent series (that is nd all z ∈ C, for which
the given series converges).

∞
2−|n| z n ;
∑︁
a)
n=−∞

∞
∑︁ (z−i)n
b) .
n2 +1
n=−∞

Solution:

a)

∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂ ∞
∑︂
−|n| n −n n
2 z = 2 z + 2−n z −n =
n=−∞ n=0 n=1
∞ ∞
∑︂ 1 n 1 1
∑︂
= n
z + .
n=0
2 n=1
2n z n

∞ √︂
1 n 1 1
∑︁
Because the power series
2n
z has the radius of convergence 2 (clearly
n
2n
→ 2
),
n=0
the following implications hold:

∞
∑︂ 1 n
|z| < 2 ⇒ z converges absolutely,
n=0
2n
∞
∑︂ 1 n
|z| > 2 ⇒ z diverges.
n=0
2n

⃓ 1 n⃓ ∞
1 n
∑︁
If |z| = 2, then ⃓ nz ⃓ = 1 → 1 =
2 / 0, and therefore the series
2n
z diverges.
n=0
∞
1 1
∑︁
Let us now consider the regular part of the given series, that is the series . We
2n z n
n=1

86
 have found out that
⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓1⃓
⃓ ⃓ < 2 tj. |z| > 1 ⇒ 1 1
(︂ )︂ ∑︂
converges absolutely,
⃓z ⃓ 2 n=1
2n z n
⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓1⃓
⃓ ⃓ > 2 tj. |z| < 1 ⇒ 1 1
(︂ )︂ ∑︂
diverges,
⃓z ⃓ 2 n=1
2n z n
⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓1⃓
⃓ ⃓ = 2 tj. |z| = 1 ⇒ 1 1
(︂ )︂ ∑︂
diverges.
⃓z ⃓ 2 n=1
2n z n

Conclusion: the given series converges (absolutely) for every

(︃ )︃ {︃ }︃
1 1
z ∈ P 0, , 2 = z ∈ C : < |z| < 2 ,
2 2

elsewhere it diverges.

2i
2i

ii
22
1 22
22

b)
∞ ∞ ∞
∑︂ (z − i)n ∑︂ 1 n
∑︂ 1 1
2
= 2
(z − i) + .
n=−∞
n +1 n=0
n +1 n=1
n + 1 (z − i)n
2

Because
1
(n+1)2 +1
1 → 1,
n2 +1
we know that

∞
∑︂ 1
|z − i| < 1 ⇒ (z − i)n converges absolutely,
n=0
n2 +1
∞
∑︂ 1
|z − i| > 1 ⇒ (z − i)n diverges.
n=0
n2 + 1

If |z − i| = 1, we have that

∞ ⃓ ∞
⃓ (z − i)n ⃓ ∑︂
⃓
∑︂
⃓= 1
⃓
⃓ n2 + 1 ⃓ 2
,
n=0
n +1 n=0

∞
∑︁ (z−i)n
and therefore (see the integral criterion) the series converges absolutely.
n2 +1
n=0

87
 We have (also) found that
⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓ 1 ⃓ ∑︂ 1 1
⃓ ⃓ < 1 (tj. |z − i| > 1) ⇒ converges absolutely,
⃓z − i⃓
n=1
n + 1 (z − i)n
2

⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓ 1 ⃓ ∑︂ 1 1
⃓ ⃓ > 1 (tj. |z − i| < 1) ⇒ diverges,
⃓z − i⃓
n=1
n + 1 (z − i)n
2

⃓ ⃓ ∞
⃓ 1 ⃓ ∑︂ 1 1
⃓ ⃓ = 1 (tj. |z − i| = 1) ⇒ converges absolutely.
⃓z − i⃓
n=1
n + 1 (z − i)n
2

Summary: the given series converges (absolutely) for every z ∈ {z ∈ C : |z − i| = 1}.

Elsewhere it diverges.

Exercise 53.
Find the Laurent series of the function f on the given annulus

cos z z
a) f (z) := z2
, 0 < |z| < 1; f) f (z) := (z 2 +1)2
, 0 < |z − i| < 2;
1
b) f (z) := z 2 +1
, |z| > 1;
z−sin z
g) f (z) := z4
, 0 < |z| < ∞;
z 2 +1
c) f (z) := z(z−i) 2
, 1 < |z − i| < 1;
z+2
1 5 h) f (z) := z 2 −4z+3
, 2 < |z − 1| < ∞;
d) f (z) := 2z−5
, |z| > 2
;

1 1
e) f (z) := z(z−2)
, 1 < |z − 2| < 2; i) f (z) := z(z−3)2
, 1 < |z − 1| < 2.
Solution:
a) For every z ∈ C, 0 < |z| < 1 we have that
∞ 2n ∞ 2n−2
cos z 1 ∑︂ n z
∑︂
nz
f (z) = = (−1) = (−1) .
z2 z 2 n=0 (2n)! n=0 (2n)!

(This holds even for every z ∈ C∖ {0}.)

b) For every z ∈ C, |z| > 1 we have that
∞ (︃ )︃n ∑︂∞
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ 1 (−1)n
f (z) = 2 = 2 = 2 − 2 = .
z +1 z 1 + z12 z n=0 z n=0
z 2n+2

1
c) For every z ∈ C, 2
< |z − i| < 1 we have that

z2 + 1 z+i i
f (z) = = =1+ =
z(z − i) z z
i 1
=1+ =1+ =
i+z−i 1 + z−i
i
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
=1+ (z − i)n =
n=0
in
∞
∑︂
=1+ in (z − i)n .
n=0

(This holds even for every z∈C such that 0 < |z − i| < 1.)

88
 5
d) For every z ∈ C, |z| > 2
we have that

∞ (︃ )︃n
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ 5 1
f (z) = = · 5 = =
2z − 5 2z 1 − 2z 2z n=0 2 zn
∞
∑︂ 5n 1
= n+1 z n+1
=
n=0
2
∞
∑︂ 5n−1 1
= n zn
.
n=1
2

e) For every z ∈ C, 1 < |z − 2| < 2 we have that

1 1 1
f (z) = = · =
z(z − 2) z−2 2+z−2
1 1 1
= · · =
z − 2 2 1 + z−2
2
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
= (z − 2)n−1 =
n=0
2n+1
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
= (z − 2)n−1 .
n=0
2n+1

(This holds even for every z∈C such that 0 < |z − 2| < 2.)

f ) Because for every z ∈ C, 0 < |z − i| < 2 we have that

(︃ )︃
z 1 z+i−i 1 1 i
f (z) = 2 = = −
(z + 1)2 (z − i)2 (z + i)2 (z − i)2 z + i (z + i)2
and furthermore

∞
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ 1
= = · z−i = (−1)n n+1
(z − i)n ,
z+i 2i + z − i 2i 1 + 2i n=0
(2i)

(︃ )︃2 (︃ )︃′ ∞
1 1 ∑︂ 1
− = = (−1)n n (z − i)n−1 =
z+i z+i n=1
(2i)n+1
∞
∑︂ (−1)n+1
= (n + 1)(z − i)n .
n=0
(2i)n+2

For every z ∈ C, 0 < |z − i| < 2 we have

∞ (︃
(−1)n+1
)︃
∑︂ 1
f (z) = (−1)n n+1
+ n+2
i (n + 1) (z − i)n−2 =
n=0
(2i) (2i)
∞ (︃
−in+1 in+1
∑︂ )︃
= n+1
+ n+2 (n + 1) (z − i)n−2 .
n=0
2 2

89
g) For every z∈C we have that

∞ ∞
∑︂ z 2n+1
n
∑︂
n+1 z
2n+1
z − sin z = z − (−1) = (−1) ,
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=1 (2n + 1)!

and therefore for every z ∈ C, z =

/ 0 we have that

∞ 2n−3
z − sin z ∑︂ n+1 z
f (z) = = (−1) .
z4 n=1
(2n + 1)!

h) For every z ∈ C, 2 < |z − 1| < ∞ we have

−1 1 −3
3

z+2 3 1 5 1
f (z) = = · + · .
z2 − 4z + 3 2 1−z 2 z−3
In addition
∞
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ 2n
= = · 2 = n+1
,
z−3 −2 + z − 1 z − 1 1 − z−1 n=0
(z − 1)

and therefore for every z ∈ C, 2 < |z − 1|, we have

∞
∑︂ 5 · 2n−2
3 1
f (z) = − + =
2 z − 1 n=1 (z − 1)n
∞
∑︂ 5 · 2n−2
1
= + .
z − 1 n=2 (z − 1)n

i) Because for every z ∈ C, 1 < |z − 1| < 2, we have that

2i
ii

1 21 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f (z) = 2
= · + · + · ,
z(z − 3) 9 z 9 3 − z 3 (z − 3)2

90
 and in addition

∑︂ (−1)n ∞
∑︂ (−1)n−1 ∞
1 1 1 1
= = · 1 = = ,
z 1+z−1 z − 1 1 + z−1 n=0
(z − 1)n+1 n=1
(z − 1)n
∞
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ (z − 1)n
= =− · = − ,
z−3 −2 + z − 1 2 1 − z−1
2 n=0
2n+1

)︃2 )︃′ ∞ ∞
n(z − 1)n−1
(︃ (︃
1 1 ∑︂ ∑︂ n+1
=− = = (z − 1)n ,
z−3 z−3 n=1
2n+1 n=0
2n+2

for every z ∈ C, 1 < |z − 1| < 2 we have that

∞ ∞ (︃
1 (−1)n−1 ∑︂ 1
)︃
∑︂ 1 1 n+1
f (z) = n
+ · n+1 + · n+2 (z − 1)n =
n=1
9 (z − 1) n=0
9 2 3 2
∞ ∞
∑︂ 1 (−1)n−1 ∑︂ 3n + 5
= n
+ n+2
(z − 1)n .
n=1
9 (z − 1) n=0
9 · 2

Exercise 54.
Find the Laurent series of the function f on all maximal anuli centered at z0 , on which the
function f is holomorphic, where

z 2 −z+3
a) f (z) := z 3 −3z+2
, z0 = 0;
z+1
b) f (z) := z2
, z0 = 1 + i.

Solution:
a)
z2 − z + 3 z2 − z + 3 1 1
f (z) = 3
= 2
= + ,
z − 3z + 2 (z − 1) (z + 2) z + 2 (z − 1)2
and because f is clearly holomorphic on C ∖ {−2, 1}, we have precisely three maximal
anuli:

−2
−2 11

α) P (0, 0, 1),
β ) P (0, 1, 2),
γ ) P (0, 2, ∞).

91
α) If z ∈ C, |z| < 1, we have

(︃ )︃′
1 1 1 1 −1
f (z) = + = · + =
z + 1 (z − 1)2 2 1 + z2 z−1
∞ )︃′
1 ∑︂ (−1)n n
(︃
1
= z + =
2 n=0 2n 1−z
∞
(︄ ∞ )︄′
∑︂ (−1)n ∑︂
= zn + zn =
n=0
2n+1 n=0
∞ ∞
∑︂ (−1)n n
∑︂
= z + n(z n−1 ) =
n=0
2n+1 n=1
∞ (︃
(−1)n
∑︂ )︃
= + n + 1 zn.
n=0
2n+1

β) For every z ∈ C, 1 < |z| < 2, we have that

∞ )︃′
(−1)n
(︃
∑︂
n −1 1
f (z) = z + 1 =
n=0
2n+1 z 1− z

∞
(︄ ∞
)︄′
∑︂ (−1)n ∑︂
= zn − z −n−1 =
n=0
2n+1 n=0
∞ ∞
∑︂ (−1)n n
∑︂ 1
= z + (n + 1) =
n=0
2n+1 n=0
z n+2
∞ ∞
∑︂ (−1)n n
∑︂ n−1
= z + .
n=0
2n+1 n=2
zn

γ) For every z∈C such that |z| > 2 we have that

∞
1 1 ∑︂ n−1
f (z) = 2 + =
z 1+ z n=2
zn
∞ ∞
∑︂ (−1)n · 2n ∑︂ n−1
= + =
n=0
z n+1 n=2
zn
∞
1 ∑︂ (−2)n−1 + n − 1
= + .
z n=2 zn

92
 √
b) Because f is clearly holomorphic on C ∖ {0} and |z0 − 0| = 2, we have precisely two
maximal anluli:

ii

11

√
α) P (1 + i, 0, 2),
√
β ) P (1 + i, 2, ∞).
√
α) For z ∈ C, |z − 1 − i| < 2, we have that

z+1 1 1
f (z) = 2
= + 2
z z z
and furthermore

1 1 1 1
= = · =
z 1+i+z−1−i 1 + i 1 + z−1−i
1+i
∞
∑︂ (−1)n
= n+1
(z − 1 − i)n ,
n=0
(1 + i)
(︃ )︃′ ∑︂∞
1 1 (−1)n+1
=− = n (z − 1 − i)n−1 ,
z2 z n=1
(1 + i)n+1

and therefore

∞ (︃
(−1)n (−1)n+2
∑︂ )︃
f (z) = n+1
+ n+2
(n + 1) (z − 1 − i)n .
n=0
(1 + i) (1 + i)

√
β) For every z ∈ C, |z − 1 − i| > 2 we have that

∑︂ (−1)n (1 + i)n ∞
1 1 1 1
= = · 1+i = ,
z 1+i+z−1−i z − 1 − i 1 + z−1−i n=0
(z − 1 − i)n+1
(︃ )︃′ ∑︂∞
1 1 (−1)n (1 + i)n (n + 1)
=− = ,
z2 z n=0
(z − 1 − i)n+2

and therefore

∞
∑︂ (−1)n (1 + i)n + (−1)n−1 (1 + i)n−1 n
1
f (z) = + .
z − 1 − i n=1 (z − 1 − i)n+1

93
Exercise 55.
Classify each of the isolated singularities of the function f, where

2 3 1−ez
a) f (z) := z 5 + 4z 3 − 2 + z
+ z2
; g) f (z) := 2+ez
;

z 2 −4 1
b) f (z) := z−2
; h) f (z) := e z2 ;
1
c) f (z) := z−z 3
; i) f (z) := 1
;
(z−3)2 (2−cos z)
z4 z
d) f (z) := z 4 +1
; j) f (z) := sin z
;

ez z
e) f (z) := z 2 +4
; k) f (z) := z 2 sin z+1 ;

z 2 +4 1−cos z
f) f (z) := ez
; l) f (z) := sin2 z
.

Solution:

2 3
a) The function f (z) = z 5 + 4z 3 − 2 + z
+ z2
has two isolated singularities: 0 and ∞.
Clearly we have that

• 0 is a pole of the order 3 of f,

• ∞ is a pole of the order 5 of f.

z 2 −4
b) The function f (z) = z−2
has two isolated singularities: 2 and ∞.

• Because
z2 − 4
lim = lim (z + 2) = 4,
z→2 z−2 z→2

2 is a removable singularity of f.
•
f (z)
lim =1=
/ 0,
z→∞ z
and therefore ∞ is a simple pole of f.

1 1
c) The function f (z) = 3
= has four isolated singularities: 0, 1, −1
z−z z(1 − z)(1 + z)
and ∞.

• 0, 1 and −1 are simple poles of f.

• Because
1 1
lim f (z) = lim (︁ 1 )︁ = = 0,
z→∞ z→∞ z 3
z2
−1 −∞

∞ is a removable singularity of f.

94
 z4
d) f (z) = z 4 +1
and because

{︃ }︃
4 1 + i 1 − i −1 − i −1 + i
z +1=0 ⇔ z ∈ √ , √ , √ , √ ,
2 2 2 2

the function f has ve isolated singularities:

• 1+i √ , −1−i
√ , 1−i √ −1+i
and √ are simple poles of f
2 2 2 2

• and, because lim f (z) = 1, ∞ is a removable singularity of f.

z→∞

ez
e) The function f (z) = z 2 +4
has three isolated singularities: 2i, −2i and ∞.

• 2i and −2i are simple poles of f.

• Because

ex ex
l'H. ex l'H.
lim f (x) = lim = lim = lim = ∞,
x→∞ x→∞ x2 + 4 x→∞ 2x x→∞ 2
x∈R x∈R x∈R x∈R

e2nπi 1
f (2nπi) = = → 0,
(2nπi)2 + 4 −4n2 π 2 + 4

lim f (z) does not exist, and therefore ∞ is an essential singularity of f.

z→∞

z 2 +4
f ) The function f (z) = ez
has only one isolated singularity, which is ∞.

• Because

lim f (x) = 0,
x→∞
x∈R

lim f (x) = ∞ · ∞ = ∞,
x→−∞
x∈R

the limit lim f (z) does not exist. From this fact it follows that ∞ is an essential
z→∞
singularity of f .

95
 1−ez
g) Because f (z) = 2+ez
, and at the same time

2 + ez = 0 ⇔ z = Ln(−2) = ln 2 + (2k + 1)πi =: zk , k ∈ Z,

f has isolated singularities precisely in the points zk .

• Furthermore

[(2 + ez )′ ]z=zk = [ez ]z=zk = −2 =

/ 0,
[1 − ez ]z=zk = 3=
/ 0,

and therefore zk = ln 2 + (2k + 1)πi, k ∈ Z, are simple poles of f.

Be careful: ∞ is not an isolated singularity of f.

1
h) f (z) = e z2 and for every z ∈ C∖ {0} we have that

∞
∑︂ 1 1
f (z) = 2n
.
n=0
n! z

From this it follows that

• 0 is an essential singularity of f,
• ∞ is a removable singularity of f.

1
i) f (z) = (z−3)2 (2−cos z)
and because

eiz + e−iz
2 = cos z = ⇔ 4 = eiz + e−iz ⇔
2 √
2iz iz iz 4 ± 16 − 4 √
⇔ e − 4e + 1 = 0 ⇔ e = =2± 3>0 ⇔
2
√ √
⇔ iz = Ln(2 ± 3) = ln(2 ± 3) + 2kπi, k ∈ Z ⇔
√
⇔ z = zk := 2kπ − i ln(2 ± 3), k ∈ Z,

the function f has isolated singularities in the points 3 and zk , k ∈ Z.

• Easily we can compute that

[(2 − cos z)′ ]z=zk = [sin z]z=zk =

/ 0,
√
and therefore f has in the points zk = 2kπ − i ln(2 ± 3), where k ∈ Z, simple
poles.

• It is clear that 3 is a pole of the order 2 of the function f.

(∞ is not an isolated singularity of f .)

96
 z
j) The function f (z) = sin z
has clearly isolated singularities in the roots of the function
sinus.

Think through the fact that

• 0 is a removable singularity of f,
• kπ , where k ∈ Z∖ {0}, are simple poles of f.
(∞ is not an isolated singularity of f .)
z
k) The function f (z) = z 2 sin z+1 has precisely two isolated singularities: −1 and ∞.
• −1 is an essential singularity of f (because lim f (z) does not exist),
z→−1
f (z) (︁ z
)︁
• ∞ is a pole of the order two of f (because lim 2 = lim sin = sin 1 =
/ 0).
z→∞ z z→∞ z+1

1−cos z
l) The function f (z) = sin2 z
clearly has isolated singularities in the roots of the function
sinus.

• Because5
1 − cos z l'H. sin z 1
lim 2 = lim = ,
z→2kπ sin z z→2kπ 2 sin z cos z 2
we have that the points 2kπ , where k ∈ Z, are removable singularities of f.
• Because
(︁ )︁
(︁ )︁2 1 − cos z l'H. 2 z − (2k + 1)π l'H.
lim z − (2k + 1)π · = 2 lim =
z→(2k+1)π sin2 z z→(2k+1)π 2 sin z cos z
l'H. 1
= −2 lim =2= / 0,
z→(2k+1)π cos z
the points (2k + 1)π , where k ∈ Z, are poles of the order 2 of the function f.
(∞ is not an isolated singularity of f .)

Exercise 56.
Prove the L'Hôpital's rule:

Let f and g be a holomorphic, non-constant functions on some ring neighbourhood of a point

z0 ∈ C and let lim f (z) = lim g(z) = 0.

z→z0 z→z0
Then we have that
f (z) f ′ (z)
lim = lim ′ .
z→z0 g(z) z→z0 g (z)
Solution:
From the assumptions it follows that there are p, q ∈ N, neighbourhood U (z0 ) of z0 and
functions f1 and g1 , which are holomorphic and non-zero on U (z0 ) such that for every
z ∈ U (z0 ) {z0 } we have that
∖

f (z) = (z − z0 )p f1 (z),
g(z) = (z − z0 )q g1 (z).
5 We are using L'Hôpital's rule proven in the following exercise.

97
Therefore
⎧
⎪∞, p < q,
f (z) f1 (z) ⎨
lim = lim (z − z0 )p−q = 0, p > q,
z→z0 g(z) z→z0 g1 (z) ⎪
⎩ f1 (z0 )
g1 (z0 )
, p = q,

and

f ′ (z) p(z − z0 )p−1 f1 (z) + (z − z0 )p f1′ (z)

lim = lim =
z→z0 g ′ (z) z→z0 q(z − z0 )q−1 g1 (z) + (z − z0 )q g1′ (z)

pf1 (z) + (z − z0 )f1′ (z)

= lim (z − z0 )p−q =
z→z0 qg1 (z) + (z − z0 )g1′ (z)
⎧
⎨∞,
⎪ p < q,
= 0, p > q,
⎩ f1 (z0 )
⎪
g1 (z0 )
, p = q.

The theorem is proven.

Exercise 57.
Compute the residue of the function f in all of its isolated singularities, where

1
a) f (z) := z+z 3
; f) f (z) := tan z ;
z2 f (z) := 1
b) f (z) := (1+z)3
; g)
sin z
;

c) f (z) := 1
(z 2 +1)3
; h) f (z) := cotg3 z ;

d) f (z) := z 3 +1
; i) f (z) := sin z · sin z1 ;
z−2
1 sin(πz)
e) f (z) := z 6 (z 2 +1)2
; j) f (z) := (z−1)3
.

Solution:
1 1
a) The function f (z) = 3
= has clearly four isolated singularities:
z+z z(z − i)(z + i)
0, i, −i a ∞. Now we will use (as in several following exercises) the [1, Theorem 44, part
(iii)]:

1
[︁ ]︁
• res f (0) = = 1,
1+3z 2 z=0
1 1
= − 21 ,
[︁ ]︁
• res f (i) = =
1+3z 2 z=i 1−3

1 1
= − 12
[︁ ]︁
• res f (−i) = =
1+3z 2 z=−i 1−3

and [1, Theorem 44, part (v)]:

res f (∞) = − 1 − 12 − 21 = 0.
(︁ )︁
•

98
 z2
b) The function f (z) = (1+z)3
clearly has two isolated singularities.

• −1 is a pole of the order three of f, and therefore

1 [︁ 2 ′′ ]︁
res f (−1) = (z ) z=−1 = 1.
2
• res f (∞) = −1.
1
c) The function f (z) := (z2 +1)3 has three isolated singularities: poles of the order three at
the points i and −i and a removable singularity at ∞.
• [︃(︃ )︃′′ ]︃ [︃ ]︃
1 1 1 1
res f (±i) = = 3·4 =
2 (z ± i)3 z=±i 2 (z ± i)5 z=±i
1 3
=6 5
= ∓ i,
(±2i) 16

• res f (∞) = 0.

z 3 +1
d) The function f (z) = z−2
has two isolated singularities: 2 (simple pole) and ∞.
•
z3 + 1
[︃ ]︃
res f (2) = = 9,
1 z=2

• res f (∞) = −9.

1 1
e) Because f (z) = = , the numbers ±i are poles of the order
z 6 (z 2 + 1)2 z 6 (z + i)2 (z − i)2
two of f, 0 is a pole of the order 6 of f and ∞ is a removable singularity of f .

• [︃(︃ )︃′ ]︃
1
res f (±i) = =
z 6 (z ± i)2 z=±i
[︃ 5
6z (z ± i)2 + z 6 2(z ± i)
]︃
=− =
z 12 (z ± i)4 z=±i
7
= ± i.
4
1
• Because f (z) = 1 : (z 6 + 2z 8 + z 10 ) = z6
+ ···, 6
we have that res f (∞) = 0,
• res f (0) = − 47 i + 74 i − 0 = 0.
sin z π
f ) The function f (z) = tan z = cos z
has simple poles in the points
2
+ kπ , where k ∈ Z, and
(︂ π [︃ ]︃
sin z
)︂
res f + kπ = = −1.
2 − sin z z= π2 +kπ

(∞ is not an isolated singularity of f .)

6 In the Laurent series of f the coecient of
1
0.
z is equal to

99
 1
g) f (z) = sin z
has simple poles in the points kπ , where k ∈ Z, and

[︃ ]︃
1
res f (kπ) = = (−1)k .
cos z z=kπ

cos3 z
h) f (z) = cotg3 z = sin3 z
has poles of the order three in the points kπ , where k ∈ Z,
and

z2 z4 z3 z5 z3
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
cos z 1 z
= 1− + − ··· : z− + − ··· = − − − ··· ,
sin z 2 24 6 120 z 3 45

and therefore

z3 z3 z3
(︂ cos z )︂3 (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
1 z 1 z 1 z
= − − − ··· − − − ··· − − − ··· .
sin z z 3 45 z 3 45 z 3 45
1
res f (0) is a coecient of
z
, therefore

(︃ )︃
1
res f (0) = 3 − = −1.
3

Because the function f has a period π, that is f (z) = f (z − kπ), we have that

res f (kπ) = res f (0) = −1 for every k ∈ Z.

i) f (z) = sin z · sin z1 has an isolated singularity at 0 and at ∞.

Because for every z ∈ C∖ {0} we have that
(︄ ∞ )︄ (︄ ∞ )︄
2n+1
∑︂ z ∑︂ 1 1
f (z) = (−1)n (−1)k · 2k+1 = · · · ,
n=0
(2n + 1)! k=0
(2k + 1)! z

7
we have that
res f (0) = res f (∞) = 0.

sin(πz)
j) The function f (z) = (z−1)3
has two isolated singularities: 1 and ∞.
• Because 1 is a pole of the order two of f,
(︃ )︃′ (︃ )︃′
sin(πz) sin(πz)
res f (1) = lim (z − 1)2 = lim =
z→1 (z − 1)3 z→1 z−1
π cos(πz)(z − 1) − sin(πz) l'H
= lim =
z→1 (z − 1)2
l'H −π 2 sin(πz)(z − 1) + π cos(πz) − π cos(πz)
= lim =
z→1 2(z − 1)
(︃ 2 )︃
π
= lim − sin(πz) = 0.
z→1 2
7 The Laurent series of f has non-zero coecients only for the even powers of z.

100
 Other possible solution:

sin(πz) sin(π(z − 1))

f (z) = 3
=− =
(z − 1) (z − 1)3
∞ 2n+1
1 ∑︂
n π
=− 3
(−1) (z − 1)2n+1 =
(z − 1) n=0 (2n + 1)!
∞
∑︂ π 2n+1
= (−1)n+1 (z − 1)2n−2 .
n=0
(2n + 1)!

The just computed Laurent series of the function f has non-zero coecients only
for the even powers of (z − 1), and therefore res f (1) = 0.
• res f (∞) = 0.

Exercise 58.
Using the residue theorem compute the integrals

a)
∫︂
cos z
dz, where γ(t) := 3eit , t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩;
γ z3

b)
∫︂
1 1
cos dz, where γ(t) := 18eit , t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩;
γ z+2 z

c)
z3
∫︂
dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 2};
k z4 − 1

d)
z3 1
∫︂
e z dz, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 2};
k z+1

e)
∫︂
z+1
z sin dz, where γ(t) := 2e−it , t ∈ ⟨0, 6π⟩;
γ z−1

f)
eπz
∫︂
dz,
γ 2z 2 − i
where γ is simple, closed, piecewise smooth positively oriented curve such that

π
int γ = {z ∈ C : |z| < 1 ∧ 0 < arg z < };
2

g)
∫︂
dz
, where k = {z ∈ C : |z| = 2}.
k z 5 (z 10− 2)

101
Solution:
a)

3
⟨γ⟩

cos z
Clearly z=0 is a pole of the order three of the function , and therefore
z3
∫︂
cos z cos z
3
dz = 2πi res 3 =
γ z z=0 z
1
= 2πi [(cos z)′′ ]z=0 =
2
= πi [(− sin z)′ ]z=0 =
= πi [− cos z]z=0 = −πi.

b)

−2 18
⟨γ⟩

Clearly
∫︂
1 1 (︂ )︂ (︁ )︁
cos dz = 2πi res f (−2) + res f (0) = 2πi − res f (∞) .
z + 2⏟⏟ z⏞
γ⏞
=:f (z)

For every z ∈ C, |z| > 2 we have that

∞ ∞
1 1 1 1 ∑︂ 2n ∑︂ 2n
= 2 = (−1)n n = (−1)n n+1 ,
z+2 z 1+ z
z n=0 z n=0
z

and therefore (︄ ∞
)︄ (︄ ∞ )︄
∑︂ (−2)n−1 ∑︂ 1 1
f (z) = (−1)n .
n=1
zn n=0
(2n)! z 2n

From this it follows that

1
res f (∞) = −(−2)0 · (−1)0 · = −1,
0!
∫︂
1 1
cos dz = −2πi res f (∞) = 2πi.
γ z+2 z

102
c)

i
−1
1 2
−i
k

z3
∫︂ (︂ )︂ (︁ )︁
dz = 2πi res f (1) + res f (−1) + res f (i) + res f (−i) = 2πi − res f (∞) .
z4 − 1
k⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:f (z)

For every z ∈ C, |z| > 1 we have that

∞ )︃n ∞
z3
(︃
1 1 1 ∑︂ 1 ∑︂ 1
f (z) = 4 = z3 4 = = ,
z −1 z 1 − z14 z n=0 z4 n=0
z 4n+1

and therefore

res f (∞) = −1,

z5
∫︂
(︁ )︁
dz = 2πi − res f (∞) = 2πi.
k z4 − 1

d)

−1 0 2
k

Clearly
z3 1
∫︂ (︂ )︂ (︁ )︁
e z dz = 2πi res f (−1) + res f (0) = 2πi − res f (∞) .
z +⏟⏟1 ⏞
k⏞
=:f (z)

Because for every z ∈ C, |z| > 1 we have that

∞ ∞
z3 1 ∑︂
n 1
∑︂
n 1
= z2 1 = z 2
(−1) n
= (−1) n−2
,
z+1 1+ z n=0
z n=0
z
(︄ ∞ )︄ (︄ ∞ )︄
∑︂ 1 ∑︂ 1 1
f (z) = (−1)n n−2 ,
n=0
z n=0
n! z n

we have
(︃ )︃
1 1 1 1 1
res f (∞) = − (−1) · + (−1)1 · + (−1)2 · + (−1)3 ·
0
= .
3! 2! 1! 0! 3

103
 Therefore

z3 1
∫︂
(︁ )︁ 2πi
e z dz = 2πi − res f (∞) = − .
k z+1 3

e)

 3× around

1 2
⟨γ⟩

Clearly
∫︂
z+1
z sin dz = −3 · 2πi res f (1).
γ⏞ z−1
⏟⏟ ⏞
=:f (z)

Because

(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
z+1 z−1 2 2
sin = sin + = sin 1 + =
z−1 z−1 z−1 z−1
2 2
= sin 1 cos + cos 1 sin ,
z−1 z−1

we have for every z ∈ C, z =

/ 1,

(︃ )︃
2 2
f (z) = (z − 1 + 1) sin 1 cos + cos 1 sin =
z−1 z−1
∞
[︄ ∞
]︄
2n 2n
∑︂ 2 1 ∑︂ 2 1
= sin 1 (−1)n 2n−1
+ (−1)n 2n
+
n=0
(2n)! (z − 1) n=0
(2n)! (z − 1)
[︄ ∞ ∞
]︄
2n+1 2n+1
n 2 1 n 2 1
∑︂ ∑︂
+ cos 1 (−1) + (−1) .
n=0
(2n + 1)! (z − 1)2n n=0 (2n + 1)! (z − 1)2n+1

Therefore

22 1
(︃ )︃ (︃ )︃
0 2
res f (1) = (−1) sin 1 + cos 1 (−1) = −2 sin 1 + 2 cos 1,
2! 1!
∫︂
z+1 (︁ )︁
z sin dz = −3 · 2πi res f (1) = 12πi sin 1 − cos 1 .
γ z−1

104
f ) Because
i 1+i
2z 2 − i = 0 ⇔ z 2 = ⇔ z=± ,
2 2

i
i
2 ⟨γ⟩
1 1
2

we have that

eπz eπz
∫︂ (︃ )︃
dz = 2πi res =
γ 2z 2 − i z= 1+i
2
2z 2 − i
1+i
eπ( 2 ) π π
= 2πi (︁ 1+i )︁ = (i − 1)e 2 .
4 2 2

1
g) Because the function f (z) := z5 (z10 −2)
clearly has 12 isolated singularities, 11 of which (0
10
and the roots of z = 2) lie inside k and the twelfth is ∞,

√
0 10
22
k

we have ∫︂
dz (︁ )︁
= 2πi − res f (∞) .
k z 5 (z 10 − 2)
√
10
For every z ∈ C, 2 < |z|, we have that

∞ ∞
1 1 1 ∑︂ 2n ∑︂ 2n
f (z) = 15 = = ,
z 1 − z210 z 15 n=0 z 10n n=0
z 10n+15

and therefore ∫︂
dz (︁ )︁
= 2πi − res f (∞) = 0.
k z 5 (z 10
− 2)

105
Exercise 59.
8
Using the residue theorem compute the integrals .

a) e)
∫︂ π ∫︂ π
dx cos x
; dx;
−π 5 + 3 cos x −π 3 + 2 sin x

b) f)
∞
x2 dx 2π
cos2 (2x)
∫︂ ∫︂
; dx;
−∞ x4 + 6x2 + 25 0 5 − 4 cos x
c) g)
∞ ∞
x4 + 1
∫︂
dx
∫︂
dx; ;
0 x6 + 1 −∞ 1 + x6

d) h)
∞ ∞
x2
∫︂
dx
∫︂
dx; .
0 (x2 + 1)3 −∞ x2 +x+1

Solution:

a) Let us dene the curve γ(t) := eit , t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩. Then, using the change of variables
9

eix = z ,

eix + e−ix z + z1
cos x = = ,
2 2
1
ieix dx = dz, tj. dx = dz,
iz

we get
∫︂ π ∫︂ ∫︂
dx 1 1 2 dz
= (︂ 1
)︂ dz = .
−π 5 + 3 cos x γ 5 + 3 z iz
z+
γ i(10z + 3z 2 + 3)
2

Because

√ {︃ }︃
2 −10 ± 100 − 36 1
3z + 10z + 3 = 0 ⇔ z = ⇔ z ∈ − , −3 ,
6 3

−3 − 13

8 The integrals should be understood as  real integrals of functions of real variable

9 See [1, Chapter 9.3, part a)].

106
 we have that

∫︂ π ∫︂
dx 2 dz
= 2
=
−π 5 + 3 cos x γ i(10z + 3z + 3)
(︃ )︃
2
= 2πi res1 =
z=− 3 i(3z 2 + 10z + 3)
[︃ ]︃
1 4π π
= 4π = = .
6z + 10 z=− 1 8 2
3

b) We start by observing that

z 4 + 6z 2 + 25 = 0 ⇔ z 2 = −3 ± 4i ⇔ z ∈ {1 + 2i, −1 − 2i, −1 + 2i, 1 − 2i} .

Let k⊂C be the boundary of the set {z ∈ C : |z| < 3 ∧ Im z > 0}.

k
2i

−1 1

10
Then it holds

∞
x2 dx z 2 dz
∫︂ ∫︂
= =
−∞ x4 + 6x2 + 25 4 2
k z + 6z + 25

z2 z2
(︃ )︃
= 2πi res + res =
z=1+2i z 4 + 6z 2 + 25 z=−1+2i z 4 + 6z 2 + 25

z2 z2
(︃[︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ )︃
= 2πi + =
4z 3 + 12z z=1+2i 4z 3 + 12z z=−1+2i
(︃[︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ )︃
z z
= 2πi + =
4z 2 + 12 z=1+2i 4z 2 + 12 z=−1+2i
(︃ )︃
1 + 2i −1 + 2i
= 2πi + =
4(−3 + 4i) + 12 4(−3 − 4i) + 12
(︃ )︃
1 + 2i −1 + 2i π (︂ )︂ π
= 2πi − = 1 + 2i + 1 − 2i = .
16i 16i 8 4

10 See [1, Chapter 9.3, part b)].

107
c) Because the problem

z 6 + 1 = 0 ∧ Im z ≥ 0

has exactly three solutions:

√
i π6 3 1
z1 := e =+ i,
2 2
i π2
z2 := e = i,
√
5 3 1
z3 := e 6 πi = − + i,
2 2
x4 +1
and the function is even, we have that
x6 +1

∞ ∞
x4 + 1 x4 + 1
∫︂ ∫︂
1
dx = dx =
0 x6 + 1 2 −∞ x6 + 1
z4 + 1
∫︂
1
= dz =
2 k z6 + 1
3
1 ∑︂ z4 + 1
= 2πi res 6 ,
2 j=1
z=zj z + 1

where k⊂C is the boundary of the set {z ∈ C : |z| < 2 ∧ Im z > 0}.

−1 1

Therefore, because

z4 + 1
[︃ 4 ]︃
z +1 1
res 6 = 5 √
= (−i),
z=z1 z + 1 6z 6
z= 23 + 21 i

z4 + 1 z4 + 1
[︃ ]︃
2
res 6 = 5
= (−i),
z=z2 z + 1 6z 6
z=i

z4 + 1 z4 + 1
[︃ ]︃
1
res 6 = 5 √
= (−i),
z=z3 z + 1 6z 6
z= − 3 + 1 i 2 2

we have that
∞
x4 + 1
∫︂
2
dx = π.
0 x6 + 1 3

108
 x2
d) The function
(x2 +1)3
is even, and therefore for k ⊂ C, which is the boundary of the set

{z ∈ C : |z| < 2 ∧ Im z > 0} ,

k
i

−1 1

we have that
∫︂ ∞ ∞
x2 dx x2 dx z 2 dz
∫︂ ∫︂
1 1
2 3
= 2 3
= =
0 (x + 1) 2 −∞ (x + 1) 2 k (z 2 + 1)3
)︃′′ ]︃
z2 z2
(︃ )︃ [︃(︃
1 1
= 2πi res = πi =
2 z=i (z 2 + 1)3 2 (z + i)3 z=i
)︃′ ]︃
2z(z + i)3 − z 2 3(z + i)2
[︃(︃
πi
= =
2 (z + i)6 z=i
[︃(︃ 2 )︃′ ]︃
πi −z + 2zi
= =
2 (z + i)4 z=i

πi (−2z + 2i)(z + i)4 − (−z 2 + 2zi)4(z + i)3

[︃ ]︃
= =
2 (z + i)8 z=i

πi 4(2i)3
(︃ )︃
2πi π
= 8
= 55 = .
2 (2i) 2i 16
e) Let γ(t) := eit , where t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩. Then
π 1
z+
∫︂ ∫︂
cos x z 1 1
dx = z− z1
dz =
−π 3 + 2 sin x γ 2 3+2 iz
2i

z2 + 1
∫︂
1 1
= 2
dz.
2 γ z z + 3iz − 1
(We've used the change of variables eix = z , see [1, Chapter 9.3, part a)]).

Because √
2 −3 ± 5
z + 3iz − 1 = 0 ⇔ z = i,
2

⟨γ⟩

√ 1
−3+ 5
2
i
√
−3− 5
2
i

109
 we have that

π
z2 + 1
∫︂ ∫︂
cos x 1 1
dx = 2
dz =
−π 3 + 2 sin x 2 γ⏞ z z + 3iz − 1
⏟⏟ ⏞
=:f (z)

(︂ −3 + √5 )︂
(︄ )︄
1
= 2πi res f (0) + res f i =
2 2
(︄[︃ )︄
z2 + 1
]︃ [︃ 2 ]︃
z +1
= πi + =
z 2 + 3iz − 1 z=0 z(2z + 3i) z= −3+√5 i
2
(︄ [︃ ]︃ )︄
2 − 3iz
= πi −1 + = πi(−1 + 1) = 0.
2 − 6iz + 3iz z= −3+√5 i
2

f ) We will use the change of variables eix = z ,

z + z1
cos x = ,
2
z 2 + z12
cos 2x = ,
2
1
dx = dz.
iz

For γ(t) := eit , where t ∈ ⟨0, 2π⟩, we have that

2π )︃2
cos2 2x z4 + 1
∫︂ ∫︂ (︃
1 1 1
dx = z 2 +1 iz
dz =
0 5 − 4 cos x γ 4 z2 5−2 z
1 (z 4 + 1)2
∫︂
1
= dz =
γ 4i z4 5z − 2z 2 − 2
1 (z 4 + 1)2
∫︂
1
= )︁ dz =
−2(z − 2) z − 21
(︁
γ 4i z4
⏞ ⏟⏟ ⏞
=:f (z)
(︃ (︃ )︃)︃
2πi 1
= res f (0) + res f .
4i 2

⟨γ⟩

1 1 2
2

110
 and because

)︃′′′ ]︃
(z 4 + 1)2
[︃(︃ (︃ )︃
1 1 255 255
res f (0) = = − =− ,
3! 5z − 2z 2 − 2 z=0 6 8 48
(︃ )︃ [︃ 4
(z + 1)2
]︃
1 1 289
res f = = ,
2 z4 5 − 4z z= 1 48
2

we have that

2π
cos2 2x
∫︂
17
dx = π.
0 5 − 4 cos x 48

g) Because the equation z6 + 1 = 0 has, assuming Im z ≥ 0, exactly three solutions:

√
i π6 3 1
z1 = e = + i,
2 2
π
z2 = ei 2 = i,
√
5
πi 3 1
z3 = e 6 =− + i,
2 2

1
for the function f (z) := 1+z 6
we have that

∫︂ ∞
dx (︂ )︂
= 2πi res f (z1 ) + res f (z2 ) + res f (z3 ) =
−∞ 1 + x6

3 3
∑︂ 1 ∑︂ zk
= 2πi 5
= 2πi 6
=
k=1
6z k k=1
6z k

2πi (︁ )︁
=− z1 + z2 + z3 =
6
(︄ √ √ )︄
π 3 1 3 1
=− i + i+i− + i =
3 2 2 2 2

π 2π
= − i 2i = .
3 3

111
h) Because
√
2 1 3
z +z+1=0 ⇔ z =− ± i,
2 2
for k⊂C dened as the boundary of the set {z ∈ C : |z| < 2 ∧ Im z > 0} we have that

∫︂ ∞ ∫︂
dx dz
2
= 2
=
−∞ x + x + 1 k z +z +1
(︃ )︃
1
= 2πi res √ =
z=− 21 + 23 i z2 + z + 1
[︃ ]︃
1
= 2πi =
2z + 1 z=− 1 + √3 i
2 2

1 2π
= 2πi √ =√ .
−1 + 3i + 1 3

−1 1

112
Bibliography
[1] J. Bouchala, M. Lampart: An Introduction to Complex Analysis, 2021,
am.vsb.cz/bouchala.
[2] J. Bouchala: Funkce komplexní prom¥nné, 2012, am.vsb.cz/bouchala.
[3] J. Bouchala (and O. Bouchala): e²ené p°íklady z komplexní analýzy, 2020,
am.vsb.cz/bouchala.
[4] J. Bouchala, O. Vlach, J. Zapletal: Line Integrals and Surface Integrals, 2022,
am.vsb.cz/bouchala.
[5] J. Bouchala, P. Vodstr£il, J. Zapletal: Series, 2022, am.vsb.cz/bouchala.
[6] I. ƒerný: Foundations of Analysis in the Complex Domain, Academia, Praha, 1992.

[7] Z. Eberhard, E. Zeidler, W. Hackbusch, H. Schwarz, B. Hunt: Oxford Users' Guide to

Mathematics, OUP, Oxford, 2004.

113