PE 354: Drilling Engineering II

S. Adjei, Ph.D.
 Drilling II-Course content
Drilling Fluid. Drilling Hydraulics. Wellheads and casing hangers. Well control;
primary control, warning signs of kicks, secondary control, well killing procedures,
BOP equipment, BOP stack arrangements. Oil well cementing

Casing; introduction, component parts of a casing string, properties of casing. API

specifications, standards and bulletins, Rig-site operations, casing design.
Directional Drilling, MWD, Directional Surveying

2
 Reference Materials
• Amoco Production Company, drilling fluid manual, Amoco Production
Company
• Bourgoyne, A.T., Millheim, K.K., Chenevert, M.E. and Young, F.S., 2006.
Applied Drilling Engineering. Textbook Series. SPE, Richardson, Texas, 2, p.2.
• Heriot Watt University, Drilling Engineering, Heriot Watt University 2005
• Hussain Rabia, Well construction, Graham & Trotman, 1985
• Shell, Shell intensive training program manual, Shell
• T Jr, B.A., Millheim Keith, K., Chenevert Martin, E. and Young Jr, F.S., 2006.
Applied drilling engineering. First Printing Society of Petroleum.

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 Introduction:
Drilling Fluid (Mud)
S. Adjei (Ph.D.)
Petroleum Eng. Dept.
KNUST-Ghana
 Objectives of Lecture

• Know the functions of mud

• Know the classes of mud
• Know the role of mud additives
• Perform basic density and volume calculations
• Discuss mud rheology; measurements and models
• Perform capacity, volume and displacement calculations

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 FUNCTIONS OF DRILLING MUD
• Cools and lubricates the bit.

• To clean the hole of cuttings made by the bit.

• To exert a hydrostatic pressure sufficient to prevent formation fluids entering the

borehole.

• Provides stability to the wellbore - hole maintains size and cylindrical shape.

• Helps in formation evaluation- examination of cuttings.

• Transmits hydraulic energy to the drill bit and downhole tools.

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 Drilling Window
• Refers to the space between the formation and fracture pressures

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 Types of Drilling Fluid
1. Water-Based Drilling Fluid-(solid particles are suspended in water or brine)

2. Non-aqueous Drilling Fluid (NAF)

Oil is the continuous external phase and water, usually brine, as the dispersed
phase. The water is emulsified in the oil.

ü 100% Oil-based mud; diesel/kerosene as base fluid

ü100% Synthetic-based mud; synthetic oil as base fluid (mineral oils,
biodegradable esters, olefins )
üInvert emulsions (emulsified brine); - most common-typical ratios of oil to water
are 70/30 to 90/10.

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 Advantages of NAF
• Tolerate higher concentrations of drill solids
• Are less susceptible to chemical contamination
• Can be used to drill salt formations
• Are generally more temperature stable
• Provide better lubricity
• Have lower fluid loss
• Reduce the risk of stuck pipe
• Produce higher rates of penetration
• Cause less wellbore enlargement
• Limit corrosion
• Reduce the risk and consequence of gas hydrates
• Cause less formation damage
• Provide improved wellbore stability
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 Disadvantages of NAF
• Higher cost
• Extra handling and disposal controls for both mud and drill cuttings due to HSE
considerations,
• More difficult supply logistics of base oil,
• Potential for water contamination
• NAFs have more problems with lost circulation and remedying lost circulation
with these systems is more difficult.
• Natural gas and other gasses are highly soluble in NAFs at higher pressures,
such that influxes may be difficult to detect.

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3. Gas-based mud (air/foam)
üGas-based mud (GBM) is a type of drilling fluid or mud that uses a gas, typically
compressed air or nitrogen, as the continuous phase.
üSuitable for highly permeable formations-thin stable film with sealing properties,
minimizing fluid loss.
üSuitable for zones prone to gas influx.
üGBMs provide enhanced well control capabilities due to their lower hydrostatic
pressure compared to liquid-based drilling fluids. This is particularly beneficial
when drilling in formations with narrow pressure margins or depleted zones, as it
reduces the risk of wellbore instability and fluid influx.

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 Drill-in Fluid
• Completion fluids that can also be drilling fluid use to drill the producing interval.
• Drill-in mud is tailored to the specific reservoir characteristics, including
permeability, pore pressure, temperature, and fluid compatibility considerations.

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 Drilling Fluid Additives
• Viscosity modifiers: imparts viscosity to improve the hole-cleaning and solids-
suspension capabilities of drilling fluids (sodium bentonite, attapulgite (salt-based
mud), polymers- (xanthamgum, Carboxymethycellulose-CMC,
Hydroxyethylcellulose- HEC)

• Filtration control agents: reduce the filtrate that will invade a permeable
formation and limit the filter cake thickness. E.g. bentonite, polymers-
polyanionic cellulose (PAC), starch, gilsonite.
üImproves filter cake quality
üMechanisms include physical blocking of pore spaces, inhibition, thickening
(viscosity), and deflocculation. Thinners such as lignite and lignosulfonate reduce
fluid loss by deflocculating clay materials and providing fine particles for sealing.

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• Scale inhibitors; scale formation is caused by the reaction between the
minerals present in the formation water and mud.
• The main reactions that occur are typically related to the precipitation of
minerals such as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), calcium sulfate (CaSO4), or
barium sulfate (BaSO4).
• These minerals precipitate when there are changes in temperature, pressure,
or the chemical composition of the drilling fluids or formation water.
• Scale inhibitors work to inhibit the crystallization that forms scale.

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 Lubricants
• Torque refers to the rotational force required to rotate the drill string.
• Torque is influenced by various factors such as the weight of the drill string, the friction
between the drill string and the wellbore, the drilling fluid properties, and the angle of
the wellbore.
• Excessive torque can lead to drill string failure.
• Drag refers to the resistance encountered by the drill string as it moves through the
wellbore.
• Drag is caused by the friction between the drill string and the wellbore walls, as well as
any restrictions or changes in the wellbore geometry.
• Excessive drag can impede drilling progress, increase energy consumption, and
potentially cause pipe sticking.
• Lubricants reduce friction between the drill string and the wellbore walls during drilling
operations. E.g diesel, mineral and synthetic oils (olefins and esters) and vegetable oils.
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• Corrosion inhibitors/scavengers
üCorrosion inhibitors (e.g. amine based-additives) form a protective layer on
metal surfaces, reducing the risk of corrosion caused by the presence of corrosive
agents in the drilling fluids or formation fluids.
üOxygen scavengers (e.g. sodium sulfite) are used to remove oxygen from the
mud, hence limits corrosion.
• Biocides are chemicals that inhibit bacterial and possibly fungal growth in drilling
and completion fluids
• Shale inhibitors; shales interact with water causing swelling. This results in in
wellbore instability, bit balling and pipe sticking (brine, polymers). These drilling
additives inhibit swelling and dispersive shales.

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Weighting Agent ; Increases slurry density

Examples;
ü Barite (4.49 g/cm3)
üSiderite (3.08 g/cm3)
üCalcium carbonate (2.7–2.8 g/cm3)
ü Hematite (5.05 g/cm3)
ü Ilmenite (4.6 g/cm3)
üGalena (7.5 g/cm3)
üCalcium chloride

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Thinners or Dispersants (lignosulfonate, lignite)

ü Viscosity reduction
üImproves rheology
üimproves fluid-loss control and reduce filter cake thickness
üMaintain pumpability

Flocculants
ü These are used to cause the colloidal particles in suspension to form
aggregates, causing solids to settle out.
ü Flocculants are used in controlling the solids content.
ü Flocculants enhances the efficiency of solids control equipment.
ü The most common are salt, hydrated lime, gypsum and sodium
tetraphosphates. 18
• Surfactants;
üFor oil-based mud, they are used to form the water-in-oil emulsion. E.g.,
polyamine, polyamidoamine.
üIn WBMs, surfactants that are used to prevent bit and bottomhole assembly
(BHA) balling when drilling reactive clays and shales (lubricating properties).

• Defoamers; It is designed to reduce surface tension and break foam bubbles and
air-entrapment. Defoamers include: octyl alcohol and other fatty alcohols.

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• pH/alkalinity control agents; (caustic soda, sodium bicarbonate, potassium
hydroxide)
üMost drilling fluid additives are designed to function within a pH range of 8.5 to
10.
üThese agents may increase or decrease the alkalinity.
üControlling pH helps inhibit corrosion and promote wellbore stability.

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 Lost Circulation Materials (LCM)
• Loss circulation is the partial or
complete loss of cement or mud into
the formation

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 Classification of Loss Circulation

• Losses are classified by the loss rate in barrels/hour.

1. Seepage losses; less than 10 bbl/hr.

üDue to incomplete sealing of a permeable formation
üControlled by the addition of fibers and fine granules (wood fiber, cotton fiber,
mineral fiber, shredded automobile tires, paper pulp)

2. Partial losses; range between 10 to 50 bbl/hr.

üCaused by natural or partially induced fractures.
üControlled by through the addition of granular materials (expanded perlite,
calcium carbonates)
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3. Severe losses ; exceeds 50 bbl/hr.
üDue to large fractures or gravel zones.
üTreatment consists of squeezes, plugs, including cement if losses remain
uncontrollable.

4. Total loss; 100%

üControl with cement squeeze

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 Fluid Contamination
Fluid contamination mud refers to the presence of unwanted
substances or materials that can negatively impact the performance
and properties of the drilling fluid;

1. Acid gases; H2S, CO2

2. Divalent cations; leads to scale formation, clay hydration and swelling

üCa2+
üMg2+

3. Solids

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 Solid Contamination
• Effect of solids
üReduced penetration rate
üIncreased drilling fluid maintenance costs
üGreater difficulty in maintaining optimum rheological pumps
üIncreased frequency and opportunity for differential pipe sticking
üDecreased bit life
üEquipment damage and wear

Types of Solids
üLow gravity solids; viscosifiers (bentonite, attapulgite)
üHigh gravity solids (weighting materials)
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 Management of Solid Contamination
1.Solids control equipment: Utilizing solids control equipment, such as shale shakers,
desanders, desilters, and centrifuges, helps remove solid particles from the mud.
These equipment separate and discard the larger cuttings and particles, allowing
cleaner mud to be recirculated.
2.Particle-size control: Controlling the size distribution of solid particles through proper
drilling fluid design and selection of appropriate mesh sizes for solids control
equipment can optimize solids removal efficiency.
3.Regular monitoring and testing: Regularly monitoring the mud properties and
conducting regular mud tests, such as mud weight, viscosity, and solids content
analysis, can help detect and address solid contamination issues promptly.
4.Proper drilling fluid formulation: Selecting appropriate additives and viscosifiers to
optimize drilling fluid properties, such as gel strength and filtration control, can help
mitigate solid contamination and maintain mud performance.
5.Effective hole cleaning practices: Implementing effective hole cleaning practices,
such as maintaining adequate flow rates and optimizing the drilling parameters, can
help remove cuttings and reduce the accumulation of solids in the wellbore.
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Density and Volume Calculations

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 Mud Balance

Conversion of Specific gravity to pounds per gallon (PPG)

• Specific gravity = Mud weight, ppg/ 8.33
e.g. What is the specific gravity of a 10 ppg mud?

SG = 10ppg / 8.33 ppg

= 1.2
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 Density Increase using Barite
Sacks of barite / 100 bbl of mud = [1490 (W2 – W1)] / (35 –
W2)

W1= initial fluid weight (ppg)

W2 = Desired fluid weight (ppg)

Question;
How many sacks of barite is required to increase the density of 300
bbls of mud from 14 ppg to 15 ppg.

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 Solution
Sacks of barite / 100 bbl of mud = [1490 (15 – 14)] / (35 – 15)
= 74.5 sacks of barite/100 bbl of mud

Hence, Sacks of barite / 300 bbl of mud = 224 sacks of barite

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Volume of Mud in bbl Increase Due to Adding Barite

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 Weight Reduction with Fresh Water (Dilution)

% by volume water = Vi [(W1 – W2) / (W2 – 8.33)]

Vi= initial volume, bbl
W1= Initial fluid density (ppg)
W2= Desired fluid density (ppg)

What volume of water will be necessary to reduce the density of 1200 bbls of
15.2 ppg mud to 13.5 ppg?
% by volume water = 1200 [(15.2 – 13.5) / (13.5 – 8.33)]
= 395 bbl
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 Weight Reduction with Oil
% by volume oil = Vi [(W1 – W2) / (W2 – 7.2)]
Vi= initial volume, bbl
W1= Initial fluid density (ppg)
W2= Desired fluid density (ppg)

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 Rheology
• Rheology is the study of deformation and flow of matter.
• In this case the flow behavior of mud.
• It involves understanding how the mud's viscosity, shear stress, and shear rate interact
to determine its flow characteristics.
• Rheological properties of drilling mud are crucial for efficient drilling operations and
wellbore stability.
• Shear stress (𝞽), lbf/100ft2: is the force required to overcome the resistance within the
mud as it flows.
• Shear stress is influenced by factors such as the mud's viscosity, solids content, and
shear rate.
• Shear rate (˙γ), 1/s: fluid flows in layers with each layer flowing at different velocities
(upper layers have higher velocities). The rate of change of velocity at which one layer
of fluid passes over an adjacent layer is the shear rate.
• Shear rate represents the rate at which the mud is being sheared.
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Significance of shear stress and shear rate measurements in drilling mud include:
1.Mud Pump Performance: helps in optimizing mud pump performance by
selecting appropriate pump speeds and mud flow rates. It ensures efficient mud
circulation, reducing the risk of fluid-related issues such as stuck pipe or lost
circulation.
2.Hole Cleaning and Cuttings Transport: aid in evaluating the mud's ability to carry
drill cuttings to the surface.
3.Wellbore Stability: monitoring shear stress and shear rate helps assess the
mud's ability to maintain wellbore stability.
4.Drilling Efficiency: optimal flow behavior and viscosity promote smooth drilling
operations, reducing energy consumption, torque and drag, and overall drilling
costs.

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• Viscosity (𝝁),cP: internal resistance/friction of a fluid to motion. This arises as a
result of electrical forces between adjacent molecules. It is the relationship
between shear stress and shear rate.
• Gel strength (lbf/100ft2): This is a measurement of the attractive forces of the
mud while at rest or under static conditions. The strength of the gels indicates
the static solids suspension ability of the mud.
• Yield point (YP), lbf/100 ft2 : The yield point (YP) is a measure of the electro-
chemical attractive forces within the mud under flowing conditions.

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 Viscosity Measurement
1. Funnel Viscosity; the test consists of filling
the funnel to the bottom of the screen with
mud (1500 ml) and timing how long it takes for
one quart (946 ml) to flow out of the funnel.
The time in seconds is reported as the funnel
viscosity.
• Fresh water at 70°F will have a funnel viscosity
of 26 secs/q

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• Pitt (2000) introduced a new formula to measure the effective viscosity by
Marsh funnel

• The viscosity of 1.2 g/cm3 mud measured using the marsh funnel is 50 seconds.
Calculate the effective viscosity.

The effective viscosity (µe) of a fluid is a fluid’s viscosity under specific conditions. These conditions
include shear rate, pressure and temperature.
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 2. Viscometer
• A direct indicating rotational viscometer is used
to measure the viscosity at different shear rates
to determine the rheology model coefficients.
• The outer cylinder rotates at a constant speed
and the viscous drag of the fluid on the inner
cylinder or bob exerts a torque that is indicated
on a calibrated dial.
• The torque is proportional to shear stress and
the rotational speed is proportional to shear
rate.
• The indicated dial reading times 1.067 is
equivalent to shear stress in lb./100 sq. ft. And
the rotational speed in rpm times 1.703 is
equivalent to shear rate in reciprocal of seconds
(1/s)
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 Filtration or fluid loss Test
• Filtration or fluid loss is a relative measure of the liquid that could invade a
permeable formation through deposited mud solids.
• This liquid is called filtrate and the deposited solids are called filter cake or
mud cake.
• There are two standard filtration tests that measure the volume of filtrate
collected after a 30-min period of time using filter paper.
• These tests are the low-temperature/low-pressure fluid loss test, often called
the American Petroleum Institute (API) test- (ambient temp and 100 psi) , and
the high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) test.
• A desirable filter cake is one that has ultralow permeability and is thin.

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• A desirable filter cake is achieved by minimizing the drill solids
content (colloidal-sized solids) of the drilling fluid and
maintaining the proper concentration of filtration control
additives.
• For most WBMs, the best quality filter cake is achieved by
using an adequate quantity of high-quality bentonite.

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 Types of Fluids
1. Newtonian fluids (water); viscosity is independent of shear rate but
dependent on temperature.

2. Non-Newtonian fluids; viscosity is dependent on shear rate and

temperature.

üTime dependent; viscosity is dependent on time

• Thixotropic; viscosity decreases over time under constant shearing-mud
• Rheopectic; viscosity increases over time under constant shearing-lubricant

üTime independent; viscosity is dependent on shear rate

• Shear thinning/pseudoplastic; increasing shear rate causes the viscosity to
decrease-cement slurry, mud
• Shear thickening/dilatant-increasing shear rate causes the viscosity to
increase. , e.g., corn starch 42
 Rheological Models
A rheological model is a description of the relationship between the shear stress
and shear rate

1. Newtonian model
2. Non-Newtonian models

43
 Newtonian Fluid Model

• Viscosity is constant (independent of shear rate) at

a given temperature
• E.g. water, light crude oil, gases
44
 Rheological Models for Non-Newtonian Fluids

The most common non-Newtonian models include;

1. Bingham Plastic Model

2. Power Law Model
3. Herschel-Bulkley Model
4. Casson Model etc

45
 Bingham Plastic Model
• The drilling fluid will resist flow initially until
the shear stress exceeds a certain limit to break
the interparticle bonding present in the fluid.
• Once the fluid begins to flow, the shear stress
and shear rate have a linear relationship.
Behaves as a rigid body at low shear rates and
flows as a viscous fluid at high shear rate.
• The yield point and plastic viscosity are
sufficient to predict the shear stress for a
given shear rate

46
 Bingham Plastic Model

Plastic viscosity; relates to the resistance to flow due to interparticle friction. The plastic
viscosity is affected by the size, shape, and concentration of particles in the mud system. As
mud solids increase, the plastic viscosity increases.
μp = θ600 − θ300

Yield point; It is a function of the interparticle attraction of the solids in the mud.
The yield point is controlled by chemical thinners, dispersants, and viscosifiers.
τy = θ300 − μp

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 Limitations of Bingham plastic
• Cannot account for fluid behavior at
low shear rates (annulus).
The 300- and 600-rpm shear rates are
generally greater than annulus shear
rates, resulting in calculated shear
stresses greater than the actual values.

• Nevertheless, this model has been

used to characterized all fluid types
used in oil-well drilling.

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 Power Law Model
• Used predict the performance of a
pseudoplastic fluid (shear thinning)
• Pseudoplastic fluids have no yield point;
flows as soon as pressure is applied
• Viscosity is constant after certain shear
rate

ü Use to model mud containing long

polymer chains suspended in the
continuous phase fluid
ü Use to model some cement slurries

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Power Law Model

50
 Power Law Model
The index “n” ; indicates how much the fluid diverges from Newtonian

üif n = 1 then the fluid is Newtonian

üif n < 1, the fluid behavior becomes shear thinning (preferred for effective hole
cleaning)
üif n >1, the fluid behavior is termed “dilatant”

• K is related to a fluid’s viscosity at low shear rates

• A fluid’s hole-cleaning and suspension effectiveness can be improved by
increasing the “K” value. The consistency index “K” is usually reported as lb-sec–
n/100 ft2,

51
 Herschel-Bulkley Model
• The Herschel-Bulkley model combines the
advantages of the power law and Bingham
Plastic models by describing pseudoplastic flow
while still allowing for a yield stress to initiate
the flow.
• The τy value describes the suspension
characteristic of the fluid for very low flows.
•

52
 Herschel-Bulkley Model
The fluid yield stress τy is normally taken as the 3 rpm reading, with the
flow behavior index n and the consistency index K then calculated from the
600 or 300 rpm values or graphically

53
Summary of Fluid Types

54
Capacity, Volume and Displacement
Calculations

55
 Capacity (BBL/FT)
• Capacity is the maximum theoretical volume the pipe / hole section can hold.
• It represents the total amount of space available.
• It is defined as the volume per foot.
üIt represents the maximum amount of fluid that can be pumped or circulated
through the pipe without causing damage or exceeding operational limits.

56
 Pipes, Casing, Collar and Hole Capacity
• Capacity of Tubulars: as related to drill pipe, drill collars and other tubulars is the volume of
fluid the pipe can contain. The pipe ID is used in the calculation.

• Capacity of Hole: the volume of fluid the wellbore can contain when there is no drill string
in the well. The hole diameter, Dh, or casing ID are used in the equation above.

Dh= diameter of Hole

ID = inner diameter

ü The total pipe (or hole capacity) is then the sum of each different section volume from surface to total depth.
E.g; Pipe cap. = PCap + PCap + PCap +...+ PCap
57
 Annulus Capacity

•ID = Inside diameter of casing or bit diameter (in.)

•OD = Outside diameter of drillpipe or drill collars (in.)

58
 Volume
• The volume is the actual internal volume present/measured in a pipe, hole or annulus.

Total hole Volume (pipe in hole) = pipe volume + annular volume

Volume (bbl) = capacity (bbl/ft) x interval length

ü The total annular volume is then the sum of each annular volume from the surface to the total depth:
ü Total ann. vol. = AV1 + AV2 + AV3 +...+ AVn

ü The total hole volume with no pipe in the hole is then the sum of each different hole section volume from
the surface to the total depth:

Circulating system vol.= surface system vol. (tanks) + hole vol.

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 Pipe Displacement Volumes
• Displacement: volume of mud displaced from the wellbore when
the drillstring/casing is run into the wellbore full of fluid.

• Pipe displacement volumes are important when determining if the hole is

taking or giving the correct volume of fluid when tripping pipe or running
casing.

a. Open-End Pipe – Displacement: as related to drill pipe, drill collars and

tubulars is the volume of fluid that the pipe will displace if placed into fluid
open-- ended to allow it to fill inside - (e.g., pipe without float valve)
b. Closed-End Pipe - Displacement: as related to drill pipe, drill collars and
tubulars is the volume of fluid that the pipe will displace if placed into fluid with
the lower end closed to allow no fluid inside.
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• Open-ended Pipe: (e.g., pipe without float valve)

Displacement volume, bbl = Displacement Capacity x Measured Depth (MD)

ü Drill pipe float valves, or, are downhole safety valves that create barriers to prevent unwanted flow of fluids
up the drill string.

• Closed-ended Pipe (e.g., plugged hole, float valve present)

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 Bottoms-Up (Bit to Surface Time)
• During drilling operations, it is important to know the bottoms-up (BU) or bit
to surface time.
• This is the time required for the mud at the bit to be circulated up the
annulus to the surface.
• It is important to know this time when circulating the hole clean prior to
tripping, estimating the depth at which cuttings are being generated or when
circulating and evaluating an influx from the well.

• Bottoms up (min) = Annular Volume (bbls) / Circulation rate/pump output (bbls/min)

• Bottoms up (stk) = Annular Volume (bbls) / Circulation rate/ pumpout put (bbls/stk)

62
 Surface to bit

• This is the time required for the mud at the pump suction to be pumped down
the drill string to the bit.
• This is used when displacing cement jobs, spotting pills for lost circulation, stuck
pipe or other operations and during well control procedures to know when a
new mud weight has reached the bit.

63
64
 Tutorial

Note : use measured depth in computations

65
• Calculate the drill pipe capacity, pipe volume, open end displacement, closed end
displacement, annular volume and total volume flow given the following conditions.
!!
1
5000 𝑓𝑡 5!! 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 4.276!! 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑎 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 8 .
2

66
 Pipe capacity
!!" %.'()! !!"
• 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦, #$
= *+',.% = 0.017762 #$

67
 Annular capacity
-. ! /0- ! 1.2! /2! !!"
• *+',.%
= *+',.%
= 0.0459 #$

68
 Open-ended pipe displacement
𝑂𝐷' − 𝐼𝐷'
1029.4

2! /%.'()! !!"
= 0.0062524 --- capacity
*+',.% #$

!!"
• Open ended pipe displacement = 0.0062524 #$
x 5000 𝑓𝑡
= 31.262 bbl

69
Close-ended displacement of pipe
𝑂𝐷' 5' 𝑏𝑏𝑙
= = = 0.0243
1029.4 1029.4 𝑓𝑡

!!"
= 0.0248 #$
x 5000 ft

= 124 bbl

70
• Total volume = Drillstring volume + annulus volume

üDrillstring volume= pipe inner volume + collar inner volume

• Annular volume
üDrill collar (open hole or cased hole)
üDrillpipe (openhole and cased hole)

• Note: The measured depth (MD) instead of the total vertical depth (TVD) is used in
these calculations.

71