CRDR Prelims

COMPUTED AND DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
RAD 113
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
December 1943 – the British built the first operating working computer
called Colossus decrypt the German military
codes.
Colossus (world’s first fixed program digital electronic

computer)- Built during WWII from over 1700 bulbs it was used to break
the codes of the German Lorenz SZ40 Cipher machine used by the
german high commands.
1944 – first general-purpose modern computer was built at Harvard

University. (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), known
simply as the Mark 1 (electromechanical device that was exceedingly slow
and was prone to malfunction)
COMPUTER LANGUAGE
COMPUTER LANGUAGE
Two main categories for classifying computer programs:
Systems software- consists of programs that make it easy for the user to
operate a computer to its best advantage.
Also known as the operating system (OS), MAC-OS, Windows, and Unix are
popular operating system.
Application software- application programs are those written in a higher level

language expressly to carry out some user function by a computer
manufacturer, by a software manufacturer or by the user themselves to guide
the computer to perform a specific task .
SOFTWARE MANIPULATIONS
HEXADECIMAL NUMBER SYSTEM
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
COMPONENTS
• Main printed circuit board in general-purpose computers
and other expandable systems.
• Data bus: built-in physical data chain that enables efficient

communication of hardwares.
• Allows the applications and devices to work together as one
integrated system
• Chipset: allows and coordinates uninterrupted data
through the bus.
•The heart of every workstation
•CPU (primary element that allows the

computer to manipulate data and carry out
software instructions)
•Provides the instructions and processing

power the computer needs to do its work
1. Primary memory
•Solid state, made of silicon (semiconductor) technology,
and very fast but limited in size.
2.Secondary memory
•Required when primary memory is insufficient and when
data needs to be transferred to another location.
Primary Memory:
1.RAM (Random access memory)
2.ROM (Read only memory)
•RAM– the short-term memory of the computer.
•ROM - permanent memory, cannot be erased

-used to store special program (BIOS)(basic input/output
system).
The two types of RAM are dynamic RAM (DRAM) and static
RAM (SRAM).
•DRAM chips are more widely used, but SRAM chips are faster.
•SRAM retains its memory even if power to the computer is

lost but it is more expensive than DRAM and requires more
space and power.
Three variations of ROM chips are used in special situations; PROM,
EPROM, and EEPROM.
•PROM (programmable read-only memory) chips are blank chips

that a user, with special equipment, can write programs to. After the
program is written, it cannot be erased.
•EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) chips are

similar to PROM chips except that the contents are erasable with the
use of a special device that exposes the chip to ultraviolet light
•EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only

memory) can be reprogrammed with the use of special electron
impulses.
•A second processor and extra memory built for displaying
images.
•Necessary for greater capacity usage of high-interfaced

applications
• The place where data are stored permanently even if the
computer is powered off.
• Archival form of memory
Types of Storage:
1.Solid-state drive (SSD)

2.Hard-disc drive (HDD)
•HDD: Slow, fragile, cheap
•SSD: Fast, durable, expensive
• Printers are another form of output device and are
categorized by the manner in which the print
mechanism physically contacts the paper to print an
image.
• Impact printers such as dot matrix and high-speed

line printers have direct contact with the paper.
• Such printers have largely been replaced by

nonimpact printers.
• The two types of nonimpact printers used with

microcomputers are laser printers and ink-jet
printers
• A system designed to transfer data from one network access point to
another or more access points via data switching transmission lines and
system controls
• Data networks consist of communication systems such as:
• Circuit switches
• leased lines,
• packet switching networks
• A system designed to transfer data from one network access point to
another or more access points via data switching transmission lines and
system controls
• Data networks consist of communication systems such as:
• Circuit switches
• leased lines,
• packet switching networks
• FIGURE 14-12 This 1946 Wurlitzer jukebox with its 78-rpm
platters serves as a model for the optical disc jukebox of
the picture archiving and communication system
(PACS) network. (Courtesy Raymond Wilenzek, Tulane
University.)
• Describes the transfer of data from a sender to a receiver across a
distance.
• A computer network is any system of two or more computers that

are linked together.
• The practice of teleradiology involves the transfer of medical

images and patient data.
• PACS typically consists of many different large storage devices,
which could be a combination of any of the storage devices
preciously discussed.
• Also, images are transferred via a network of usually fiberoptic lines
that run throughout the hospital or facility.
• Having all of these digital images available on a network has made
reading medical imaging examination results extremely
convenient.
• Teleradiology is the practice in
which radiologists remotely
read examination results and
write reports.
COMPUTED
RADIOGRAPHY
Computed Radiography Terms
• IP = imaging plate
• PD = photodiode
• PMT = photomultiplier tube
• PSL = photostimulable luminescence
• PSP = photostimulable phosphor
• SP = storage phosphor
• SPS = storage phosphor screen
Computed Radiography
SEQUENCE OF ACTIVIY FOR SCREEN- FILM RADIOGRAPHY
Computed Radiography
Computed radiography is a form of digital radiography

imaging systems.
Photostimulable Luminescence
• The europium (Eu) is present in only very small

amounts.
• It is an activator and is responsible for the storage

property of the PSL.
• The activator is similar to the sensitivity center of a

film emulsion because without it, there would be no
latent image.
PHOTOSTIMULABLE PHOSPHOR
IMAGING PLATE
• The PSP screen is housed

in a rugged cassette that
appears similar to a
screen-film cassette
(Figure 15-6).
• In this form as an image

receptor, the PSP screen-
film cassette is called an
imaging plate (IP).
Light Stimulation–Emission
• Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) and optically

stimulated luminescence (OSL) are the main
radiation detectors used for occupational radiation
monitoring
• Light is emitted when a TLD crystal is heated. Light

is emitted when an OSL crystal is illu-minated. PSL
is similar to OSL.
THE COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY READER
IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS
The four principal characteristics of any medical image are spatial
resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts.
Image Noise
MECHANICAL FEATURES
OPTICAL FEATURES
COMPUTER CONTROL
Image Receptor Response Function
PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS
PATIENT CHARACTERISTICS
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
EXPOSE
STIMULATE
READ
ERASE
COMPUTED AND DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY
WEEK 5
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
He reported a clever approach
to describing & identifying the

EHSAN SAMEI various DR
imaging systems
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
- Captures the x-ray
○ In CR, the capture element is the

Capture element photostimulable phosphor
(barium
fluorohalide)
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
Transfers the x-ray-generated

Coupling element
signal to the collection element
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
May be a photodiode, a
charge-coupled device, or a thin-

Collection element film transistor (TFT)
DIGITAL
RADIOGRAPHY
Digital radiography is more efficient in time,
space, and personnel than screen-film
radiography.
DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY
SCANNED PROJECTION RADIOGRAPHY
CHARGE-COUPLED DEVICE
CESIUM IODIDE/CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE
CESIUM IODIDE/CHARGE COUPLED DEVICE
CESIUM IODIDE/AMORPHOUS SILICON
AMORPHOUS SELENIUM
AMORPHOUS SELENIUM
DIGITAL
MAMMOGRAPHY
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY
TOMOSYNTHESIS
Thank you!

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COMPUTED AND DIGITAL

Colossus (world’s first fixed program digital electronic

1944 – first general-purpose modern computer was built at Harvard

Application software- application programs are those written in a higher level

• Data bus: built-in physical data chain that enables efficient

•CPU (primary element that allows the

•Provides the instructions and processing

•RAM– the short-term memory of the computer.

•ROM - permanent memory, cannot be erased

•SRAM retains its memory even if power to the computer is

•PROM (programmable read-only memory) chips are blank chips

•EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory) chips are

•EEPROM (electronically erasable programmable read-only

•Necessary for greater capacity usage of high-interfaced

• Archival form of memory

1.Solid-state drive (SSD)

• Impact printers such as dot matrix and high-speed

• Such printers have largely been replaced by

• The two types of nonimpact printers used with

• A computer network is any system of two or more computers that

• The practice of teleradiology involves the transfer of medical

Computed radiography is a form of digital radiography

• The europium (Eu) is present in only very small

• It is an activator and is responsible for the storage

• The activator is similar to the sensitivity center of a

• The PSP screen is housed

• In this form as an image

• Thermoluminescent dosimetry (TLD) and optically

• Light is emitted when a TLD crystal is heated. Light

to describing & identifying the

○ In CR, the capture element is the

Transfers the x-ray-generated

charge-coupled device, or a thin-

Digital radiography is more efficient in time,

space, and personnel than screen-film

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